Research about overall job satisfaction at hoa sen group

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM  RESEARCH PROJECT (BMBR5103) RESEARCH ABOUT OVERALL JOB SATISFACTION AT HOA SEN GROUP STUDENT’S FULL NAME : LE MINH QUAN STUDENT ID : CGS00019377 INTAKE : MARCH 2015 ADVISOR’S NAME & TITLE : NGUYEN THE KHAI (DBA) Ho Chi Minh City,July 2016 ADVISOR’S ASSESSMENT ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ADVISOR’S SIGNATURE ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… NGUYEN THE KHAI (DBA) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ACKNOWLEDGMENT S After studying at Hutech I have gained a lot of valuable knowledge from the teacher to be able to complete this topic, and well on her chosen path The first word I would like to thank administrators, teachers taught you in international training institutes a most sincere thank you to the teachers directly teach, mentor and impart to you is professional knowledge while studying in the school I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr KHAI NGUYEN (DBA), who instructed, gave me a chance and inspired me to this research I also would like to express my thanks to my colleagues who helped me with very useful information to this assignment Thanks all employees of Hoa Sen Goup for their precious comments and helps to collect data for this research And, I also specially thank to my members of family, friends and colleagues always mobilize me to finish this research Thank you very much, HCMC, July 2016 CONTENTS ABSTRACT PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 About Hoa Sen Group 1.2 Research objective 1.3 Object and Scope of Research 1.4 Research Methods 1.5 Research problem statement 1.6 Structure of research - PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2.1 Definition of Constructs 10 Overall Job Satisfaction - 10 Goal and Process Clarity 12 Work Control l3 Supervisor Support - 14 Performance Appraisal System Knowledge 15 2.2 Argument for the relationship among the constructs - 16 The Goal and Process Clarity and Overall Job Satisfaction - 16 The relationship between Work Control and Overall Job Satisfaction - 18 The relationship between Supervisor Support and Overall Job Satisfaction 19 The relationship between Performance Appraisal System Knowledge and Overall Job Satisfaction 21 2.3 Hypotheses and Research model 24 Hypothese 24 Research model 24 Concept of Research Model 25 PART III RESEARCH METHODS -26 3.1 Research design 26 3.2 Desgin template scale -25 3.3 Data collection progress 31 3.4 Data Analysis 32 PART IV ANALYSIS RESULT -34 4.1 Reliability statistic -34 4.2 Descriptive statistic 35 4.3 Correlation statistic 35 4.4 Hypotheses Testing Results 36 Hypothesis Testing Result -36 Hypothesis Testing Result -38 Hypothesis Testing Result -39 Hypothesis Testing Result -40 PART V CONCLUSION -42 5.1 The result and discussion 42 5.2 The Limitation of research 44 5.3 Recommendation -44 REFERENCES 46 APPENDIX 50 Appendix 1: Survey Questionnaires 50 Appendix 2: Presentation Slides 56 FIGURE AND TABLE LIST FIGURE Figure 1: Hoa Sen Group Head Office - Figure 2: Organization structure Figure 3: Ownership structure - Figure 4: Training and HR development Figure 5: Training activities - Figure 6: Research model - 24 Figure 7: Concept of Reasearch model - 25 LIST TABLE Table 1: Goal and Process Clarity questionnaire 27 Table 2: Work Control questionnaire - 28 Table 3: Supervisor Support questionnaire - 29 Table 4: Performance Appraisal System Knowledge questionnaire 30 Table 5: Overall Job satisfaction questionnaire 31 Table 6: Time table for sending, receiving and checking survey - 32 Table 7: Reliability statistics - 34 Table 8: Descriptive statistic - 35 Table 9: Correlations 36 Table 10: Model Summary (H1) - 37 Table 11: Coefficientsa (H1) - 37 Table 12: Model Summary (H2) - 38 Table 13: Coefficientsa (H2) - 38 Table 14: Model Summary (H3) 39 Table 15: Coefficientsa (H3) - 39 Table 16: Model Summary (H4) - 40 Table 17: Coefficientsa (H4) - 41 Business Research Methods P a g e / 57 ABSTRACT This research aimed to identify the factors that impact the satisfaction among staff working at Hoa Sen Group The research results indicated four groups of factors (variables) which had impacted on these on these staff’s satisfaction namely Goal and Process Clarity (GPC), Work Control (WC), Supervisor Support (SS), and Performance Appraisal System Knowledge (PASK) on Overall Job Satisfaction (OJS) in Hoa Sen Group Practical data were collected from 256 employees out of 300 employees in the company by means of a questionnaire Statistical techniques such as descriptive statistics, correlation and linear regression were employed The results of the study indicated a positive significant relationship between Supervisor Support, Goal and Process Clarity and Overall Job Satisfaction Empirical results also indicated that the Work Control were having slightly impact on Overall Job Satisfaction, while, Performance Appraisal System Knowledge was not having significant impact on Overall Job Satisfaction The results can provide the reference for Management Team about the relationship between Goal and Process Clarity (GPC), Work Control (WC), Supervisor Support (SS), and Performance Appraisal System Knowledge (PASK) on Overall Job Satisfaction (OJS) in Hoa Sen Group I hope results of this research will help the CEO; managers of Hoa Sen group have some reference angle in human resource management to improve and increase our quality resource based on job satisfaction of employees as well as you should have perception clearly that job satisfaction of employees will impact to working effective, ability of competitiveness of the company on Vietnam market Key Words: Goal and Process Clarity (GPC), Work Control (WC), Supervisor Support (SS), Performance Appraisal System Knowledge (PASK), Overall Job Satisfaction (OJS) Student: Le Minh Quan (ID: CGS00019377) Business Research Methods P a g e / 57 PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 About Hoa Sen Group General introduction Hoa Sen Group Joint Stock Company (HSG) was established in 2001 In 2007, HSG changed to operate as Group model The Company has two main business divisions including steel products and construction materials, port operation and logistics In construction materials business, it mainly manufactures cold-rolled steel, coated steel alloys and other specialized steel products for construction; including production of plastic-based construction materials Its assembly line applies the most advanced technology of Japan with effective capacity The company's products are distributed to 82 subsidiaries and more than 10,000 agents In the current, the company has got big market share of steel manufacture and consumption being 21% In the ending of March 2015, total chartered capital is VND1008 billion In the end of 2015, the company has 130 subsidiaries and about 10,000 stores Through Nov 2014: The company retained the No.1 market share of galvanized steel sheet and No.2 of steel pipe Figure 1: Hoa Sen Group Head Office History  On Aug 8, 2001: The company originated from Hoa Sen Joint Stock Company was established with the initial chartered capital of VND30 billion Student: Le Minh Quan (ID: CGS00019377) Business Research Methods  P a g e / 57 On Mar 16, 2007: The company increased their chartered capital to VND400 billion and renamed to Hoa Sen Group  On Nov 8, 2007: The company renamed as Hoa Sen Group Joint Stock Company  In Dec 2007: The company merged with their subsidiaries including Hoa Sen Tole Joint Stock Company, Hoa Sen Construction Material Joint Stock Company, Hoa Sen Mechanics and Construction Joint Stock Company  On Nov 5, 2008: The company listed on HOSE with the chartered capital of VND570 billion  In 2011: The company inaugurated Phrase in Project of the Phu My Hoa Sen Tole factory, established 13 more retail branches, increased the total branch to 106 branches  In 2012: The company's export revenue reached USD180 million, became the leading glid tole exporter in South East Asia  Until March 2015, the company's chartered capital is VND1008 billion Industry  Manufacturing of cold-rolled steel, coated steel alloys and other specialized steel products for construction; manufacturing of black, coatedzinc steel pipes and others  Manufacturing of steel, zinc cell  Manufacturing of coated steel net, coated-zinc steel wire, and other steel wires  Manufacturing of PVC ceiling board  Manufacturing of construction material  Trading construction materials and consumption goods Vision and mission Vision: Become a leading economic group in building material field in Vietnam and in the region with a sustainable development strategy that focuses on traditional products such as coated steel sheet, steel, plastic and is based on building and Student: Le Minh Quan (ID: CGS00019377) Business Research Methods P a g e / 57 developing core competitive advantages: vertically integrated value chain; distribution - retail network; strong, friendly and community - oriented brand; unique governance system and corporate culture as well as pioneering in technological innovation investment in order to maximize added value for shareholders, employees and society Mission: Provide products with international quality and reasonable prices under the Hoa Sen brand in order to meet customers’ needs and contribute to changing the country’s architectural landscape and developing the community Organization structure Figure 2: Organization structure Student: Le Minh Quan (ID: CGS00019377) Business Research Methods P a g e 46 / 57 REFERENCES 1) Deepa,S., Palaniswamy,R., Kuppusamy,S.,(2014) Effect of Performance Appraisal System in Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction and Productivity The Journal Contemporary Management Research, 8(1), 72 - 82 2) Karimi,R., Malik,M.I.,& Hussain,S.,(2011) Examining the Relationship of Performance Appraisal System and Employee Satisfaction International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(22) 3) Fields, Dail L., (2002) Taking the measure of work: a guide to validated scales for organizational research and diagnosis California: Sage Publication 4) Dessler,G.,(2013) Human resource management, 13th ed USA: Courier Kendallville 5) Saeed, R el al.,(2013) Factors influencing job satisfaction of employees in telecom sector of Pakistan Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 16(11), 1476-1482 6) Latif, S., Gulzar, A (2011) The impact of organizational and supervisory support on survivors’ organizational commitment after downsizing in telecom sector of pakistan International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 1(5), 55-61 7) Locke, E.A.,(1996) Motivation through conscious goal setting Applied & Preventive Psychology, 5, 117-124 8) Labuschagne,M ,Bosman,J ,& Buitendach,J H.,(2005) Job insecurity, job satisfaction and work locus of control of employees in a government organization Retrieved on 12, Sept, 2014 from http://dspace.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10394/2373/labuschagne_margie.pdf? sequence=1 9) Eisenberger,R.et al.,(2002) Perceived Supervisor Support: Contributions to Perceived Organizational Support and Employee Retention Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 565–573 Student: Le Minh Quan (ID: CGS00019377) Business Research Methods P a g e 47 / 57 10) Kinzl,J F.,(2004) Influence of working conditions on job satisfaction in anaesthetists British Journal of Anaesthesia, 94 (2), 211–15 11) Cawley,B.D., Keeping,L.M., and Levy, P.E.,(1998) Participation in the Performance Appraisal Process and Employee Reactions: A Meta-Analytic Review of Field Investigations Journal of Applied Psycholog, 83(4), 615-633 12) Stazyk,E.C., Davis,Jr.,R.S , Liang,J.,(2012) Examining the links between workforce diversity, organizational goal clarity, and job satisfaction Retrieved on 20, Sept, 2014 from http://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/centers/cwf/individuals/pdf/DiversityClarit yandSatisfaction.pdf 13) Cole,L.E., Cole,M.S Employee satisfaction and organizational performance: a summary of key findings from applied psychology Retrieved on 10, Sept, 2014 from http://www.teammax.net/files/LiteratureReview.pdf 14) Tanjeen,E.,(2013) A study on factors affecting job satisfaction of Telecommunication industries in Bangladesh IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 8(6), 80-86 15) Parvin,M.M.,Kabir,.M.M.N.,(2011) Factors affecting employee job satisfaction of pharmaceutical sector Australian Journal of Business and Management Research,1(9),113-123 16) Hansson,A.S, and Anderz´en,I.,(2009) Goal clarity as an instrument for improved organizational wellbeing in the Church of Sweden Work, 33,53–58 doi 10.3233/WOR-2009-0843 17) Sawyer,S.E.,(1992) Goal and process clarity: Specification of multiple constructs of role ambiguity and a structural equation model of their antecedents and consequences Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(2), 130-142 18) E Shoemaker,M.,(1999) Leadership Practices in Sales Managers Associated with the Self-Efficacy, Role Clarity, and Job Satisfaction of Individual Industrial Salespeople Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, XIX(4), 1-19 Student: Le Minh Quan (ID: CGS00019377) Business Research Methods P a g e 48 / 57 19) Khan,Z., Ali,H., Ehsan,N., and Mirza,E Impact of Goal Clarity on Organizational Commitment in Telecommunication Organizations of Pakistan Retrived on 10, Sept, 2014 from http://www.wbiconpro.com/707-Ibtisam.pdf 20) Spector,P.E, Cooper,C.L, Sanchez,J.I, O'driscoll,M., Sparks,K.,(2002) Locus of control and well-being at work:how generalizable are western findings? Academy of Management Journal, 45(2), 453-466 21) Herald Monis, T N Sreedhara, (2010) Correlates of employee satisfaction with performance appraisal system in foreign MNC BPOS operating in India Annals of the University of Petroşani, Economics, 10(4), 215-224 22) Kampkötter,P.,(2014) Performance Appraisals and Job Satisfaction Retrieved on 07, Sept, 2014 from http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.470483.de/diw_sp06 72.pdf 23) Alvi,M.H, Surani,M., Hirani,S.,(2013) The Effect of Performance Evaluation on Employee’s Job Satisfaction in Pakistan International Airlines Corporation (2013) Retrived on 12, Sept, 2014 from http://mpra.ub.uni- muenchen.de/46415/1/ 24) Bhate,R.,(2013) Supervisor supportiveness: Global Perspectives Retrieved on 12, Sept, 2014 from http://www.bc.edu/research/agingandwork/archive_pubs/QI3.html 25) Lyons, T.F.,(1971) Role Clarity, Need for Clarity, Satisfaction, Tension, and Withdrawal Organizational Behavior And Human Performance, 6, 99-110 26) Sargent, L.D., Terry, D.J.,(1998) The effects of work control and job demands on employee adjustment and work performance Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology, 71, 219-236 27) Baloyi,S., Waveren, C.C van ,& Chan,K.Y.,(2014) The role of supervisor support in predicting employee job satisfaction from their perception of the performance management system: a test of competing models in engineering environments South African Journal of Industrial Engineering, 25(1), 85-95 Student: Le Minh Quan (ID: CGS00019377) Business Research Methods P a g e 49 / 57 28) Rashid Saeed,R et al.,(2013) Factors Influencing Job Satisfaction of Employees in Telecom Sector of Pakistan Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 16 (11),1476-1482 doi: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2013.16.11.12075 29) Shumaila Latif,S., Gulzar,A.,(2011) The impact of organizational and supervisory support on survivors’ organizational commitment after downsizing in telecom sector of Pakistan International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences,1(5), 55-61 30) Sargent,L.D., & Terry, D.J., (1998) The effects of work control and job demands on employee adjustment and work performance Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology, 71, 219-236 31) Berghe, J.V.,(2011) Job Satisfaction and Job Performance at the Work Place Retrieved on 02, Sept, 2014 from http://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/28669/Vanden_Berghe_Jae.pdf?s equence=1 32) Aziri, B.,(2011) Job satisfaction: a literature review Management research and practice, 3(4), 77-86 33) Nunnally, J C (1978) Psychometric theory, 2nd ed New York: McGrawHill 34) About us Hoa Sen Group: http://hoasengroup.vn/?utm_source=SEM&utm_medium=CPC&utm_campaign =Chi%E1%BA%BFn%20d%E1%BB%8Bch%3A%20HOA%20SEN%20GRO UP_SEM_April%2019 35) Report finance HSG https://www.vndirect.com.vn/portal/tin-trong-nuoc/HSG-Report-Insider-Trade1062508.shtml Student: Le Minh Quan (ID: CGS00019377) Business Research Methods P a g e 50 / 57 APPENDIX Appendix 1: Survey Questionnaires SURVEY NUMBER _ QUESTIONNAIRE Dear Mr./Ms! My name is Le Minh Quan I’m a student of MBA Collaboration Program at Open University Malaysia and Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology I am conducting the research for my thesis My research thesis is about: Job Satisfaction at Hoa Sen Group I would like to look for your help by answering the following questionnaire All of your information will be strictly confidentially kept and be solely used for the purpose of my studying and meaningful to fulfillment of my graduation thesis In case you have any questions regarding the survey, please call at me at my mobile number 0919.639.546 or contact with me through my email at minhquan158bsa@gmail.com Thank you very much for your time and suggestions Student: Le Minh Quan (ID: CGS00019377) Business Research Methods P a g e 51 / 57 Question Scale Please check the box that best corresponds to your answer for each question below I Goal and Process Clarity questionnaire = Very uncertain and = very certain Goal clarity items My duties and responsibility The goal and objectives for my job How my work relates to the overall objectives of my work unit The expected results of my work What aspects of my work will lead to a positive evaluation? Process clarity item How to divide my time among the tasks required of my job How to schedule my work day How to determine the appropriate procedures of each work task The procedures I use to my job are correct and proper 10 Considering all your work tasks, how certain are you that you know the best ways to these tasks Student: Le Minh Quan (ID: CGS00019377) Business Research Methods II P a g e 52 / 57 Work Control questionnaire = very little, = little, = a moderate amount, = much, = 5 very much 11 How much control you have over the variety of methods you use in completing your work? 12 How much can you choose among a variety of tasks or projects to do? 13 How much control you have personally over the quality of your work? 14 How much can you generally predict the amount of work you will have to on any given day? 15 How much control you personally have over how much work you get done? 16 How much control you have over how quickly or slowly you have to work? 17 How much control you have over the scheduling and duration of your rest breaks? 18 How much control you have over when you come to work and leave? 19 How much control you have over when you take vacation or days off? 20 How much are you able to predict what the results of decisions you make on the job will be? 21 How much are you able to decorate, rearrange, or personalize your work area? III Supervisor Support questionnaire = strongly disagree, = disagree, = uncertain, = agree to some extent, = strongly agree Student: Le Minh Quan (ID: CGS00019377) Business Research Methods 22 My supervisor takes the time to learn about my career goals and aspirations 23 My supervisor cares about whether or not I achieve my goals 24 My supervisor keeps me informed about different career opportunities for me in the organization 25 My supervisor makes sure I get the credit when I accomplish something substantial on the job 26 My supervisor gives me helpful feedback about my performance 27 My supervisor gives me helpful advice about improving my performance when I need it 28 My supervisor supports my attempts to acquire additional training or education to further my career 29 My supervisor provides assignments that give me the opportunities to develop and strengthen new skills 30 My supervisor assigns me special project that increase my visibility in the organization IV P a g e 53 / 57 Performance Appraisal System Knowledge questionnaire = strongly disagree, = disagree, = slightly disagree, = slightly agree, = agree 31 I understand the performance appraisal system being used in my agency 32 My supervisor and I concur on the meaning of the criteria used in the performance appraisal system 33 I understand the objectives of the present performance appraisal system 34 I have a real understanding of how the performance Student: Le Minh Quan (ID: CGS00019377) Business Research Methods P a g e 54 / 57 appraisal system works 35 I not understand how my last performance appraisal rating was determined (R) 36 I know the criteria used by my employer to evaluate my performance 37 I understand the standards of performance my employer expects 38 My employer clearly communicates to me the objectives of the performance appraisal system (R) 39 I would benefit from additional training in the process of the appraisal system V Overall Job satisfaction questionnaire = completely satisfied, = completely unsatisfied 40 All in all, how satisfied are you with the persons in your work group? 41 All in all, how satisfied are you with your supervisor? 42 All in all, how satisfied are you with your job? 43 All in all, how satisfied are you with this organization, compared to most? 44 Considering your skills and the effort you put into your work, how satisfied are you with your pay? 45 How satisfied you feel with the progress you have made in this organization up to now? 46 How satisfied you feel with your chance for getting ahead in this organization in the future? Student: Le Minh Quan (ID: CGS00019377) Business Research Methods P a g e 55 / 57 Personal Information (Optional) Name: Gender:  Male  Female Age  Under 24 years old  from 24 to 36 years old  From 36 to 45 years old  above 45 years old Academic degree  High school  Colleges Degree  Bachelor Degree  Master Degree  Doctoral Degree Working seniority  Under year  from to years  From to years  above years Working position  Direct employee  Office staff  Manager  Senior Manager Thank you very much! Student: Le Minh Quan (ID: CGS00019377)  Supervisor/Team leader Business Research Methods Appendix 2: Presentation Slides Student: Le Minh Quan (ID: CGS00019377) P a g e 56 / 57 Business Research Methods Student: Le Minh Quan (ID: CGS00019377) P a g e 57 / 57 Business Research Methods Student: Le Minh Quan (ID: CGS00019377) P a g e 58 / 57 Business Research Methods Student: Le Minh Quan (ID: CGS00019377) P a g e 59 / 57 Business Research Methods Student: Le Minh Quan (ID: CGS00019377) P a g e 60 / 57 [...]... job satisfaction is the one given by Spector, according to whom job satisfaction has to do with the way how people feel about their job and its various aspects It has to do with the extent to which people like one dislike their job That's why job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction can appear in any given work situation Job satisfaction represents a combination of positive or negative feelings that... towards the job indicate job dissatisfaction (Armstrong, 2006) Job satisfaction is the collection of feeling and beliefs that people have about their current job People’s levels of degrees of job satisfaction can range from extreme satisfaction to extreme dissatisfaction In addition, to having attitudes about their jobs as a whole, people also can have attitudes about various aspects of their jobs such... is related positively to Overall Job Satisfaction  Hypothesis 2: Work Control is related positively to Overall Job Satisfaction  Hypothesis 3: Supervisory Support is related positively to Overall Job Satisfaction  Hypothesis 4: Performance Appraisal System Knowledge is related positively to Overall Job Satisfaction Research model According to the above literature review and to achieve the research. .. and Hansson (1996), job satisfaction correlated negatively with both job- related tension and control problems Job satisfaction correlated positively with job- related well-being, satisfaction with rate of pay, perceived job competence, and perceived job control (Norman et al., 1995; Wright & Cordery, 1999) Rice, Gentile, and McFarlin (1991) found that facet importance moderated the relationship between... and the Overall Job Satisfaction  To assess whether there is a positive relationship between Supervisor Support and the Overall Job Satisfaction  To assess whether there is a positive relationship between Performance Appraisal System Knowledge and the Overall Job Satisfaction 1.3 Object and Scope of Research Audience research is the level of satisfaction in the work of the staff are working at Head... Business Research Methods P a g e 11 / 57 business organization, brings with it the needs, desires and experiences which determinates expectations that he has dismissed Job satisfaction represents the extent to which expectations are and match the real awards Job satisfaction is closely linked to that individual's behavior in the work place (Davisetal.,1985) Job satisfaction is a worker’s sense of... (Kaliski., 2007) Job satisfaction can be defined also as the extent to which a worker is content with the rewards he or she gets out of his or her job, particularly in terms of intrinsic motivation (Statt, 2004) The term job satisfaction refers to the attitude and feelings people have about their work Positive and favorable attitudes towards the job indicate job satisfaction Negative and unfavorable attitudes... Plan in Hoa Sen Group The survey of employee satisfaction will be limited range of issues related to the job The personal information is collected at the Group Lotus 1.4 Research Methods Research methods used in this topic is the qualitative and quantitative methods, including:  Qualitative methods used in assessing the situation Brief history employees in recent years through secondary data, and group. .. remains something internal that has to do with the way how the employee feels That is job satisfaction presents a set of factors that cause a feeling of satisfaction Vroom in his definition on job satisfaction focuses on the role of the employee in the work place Thus he defines job satisfaction as affective orientations on the part of individuals toward work roles which they are presently occupying (Vroom,1964)... supervisors or subordinates and their pay (George et al., 2008) Job satisfaction index was developed by Schriesheim and Tsui (1980) It uses six items to form an index that describes overall job satisfaction The scale includes single questions to assess the degree of satisfaction with the work itself, supervision, co-workers, pay, promotion opportunities, and the job in general Job satisfaction can be considered