master toefl junior advance language form and meaning grammar

1 One of the purposes of the TOEFL Junior Language Form and Meaning test is to measure a test taker’s grammar and vocabulary.. 2 The second purpose of the TOEFL Junior Language Form and

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ị : Master rTOEFL lunior Advanced ¬ “Language Form and | Mebning |

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Each book in the Master TOEFL Junior series includes a carefully researched and detailed guide to each part of the TOEFL Junior Test This series was designed to give test takers the skills and knowledge needed to obtain a high score on the TOEFL Junior Test

| have geared this guide towards students who wish to assess their graso of the communication skills necessary for participating in an English language learning environment The TOEFL Junior Test provides parents and educators with objective information about improvements in a student’s English ability over time It also serves as

a comprehensive measurement that can be helpful in gaining students admission to selective educational programs This book will be a great asset to EFL students who wish to enter middle schools and exchange programs across America

| wish to acknowledge the enthusiastic efforts of my writing assistants: Emma

Siemasko and Sun-won Kim

Lastly, I’d like to thank my family for being there while this Master TOEFL Junior

series was being put together | could not have done it without the love and support of

my wife, Bora Lee, and our new baby, Si-woo Hahn

Richie Hahn

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Verb Forms

Unit 2 Continuous & Perfect Tenses

Unit 3 Passive VOICE oon cocccccsccsssssssnesensunsinssuncovscnsensseustsenaesse Unit 4 Modal Auxiiary Verbs 10 cnnseuuei Unit s Conditionals

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Verbals

Unit1 Infintives

Uni2 Gerunds cceo Uni3g3 Partciples

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a 110-minute multiple-choice test

What You Can Expect During the Test

- The test will be done at a secure testing center The testing center will have one or iwo

testers who will watch test takers The testers will check your identification to be sure you are who you Say you are The testers will then explain how to do the test, and give you the materials to do the test The testers cannot help answer any questions as you do the test ' Test takers can take notes on their test papers during the test At the end of the test, the testers will take your papers Students who are caught trying to bring notes from outside into the testing center will be disqualified Also, students may not leave the test center with any notes or information found in the test booklet Consequences may include not getting a test score These rules exist so students do not give TOEFL Junior exam infor- mation to future test takers

* Test takers cannot have any electrical devices on during the test Leave them at home or turned off in your bag If a test taker is caught using an electrical device, they could be kicked out of the test center Electrical devices include cell phones, MP8 players, radios, calculators, pocket computers and electronic dictionaries

» At the start of each section, students will be given instructions for that section All the information needed to finish the test is in the written instructions provided by the test

center

Go to the bathroom before the test You cannot leave the test room until your break

- Total 126 Questions = 3 Sections x 42 Questions

« Time Given = 110 Minutes

» The TOEFL Junior is a paper-based test

The TOEFL Junior test:

Offers an objective measure of a student’s English proficiency

Provides scores that can be used as a placement tool for students on exchange programs or entering into other programs aimed at increasing English proficiency

Provides test takers with the fundamentals of the much more difficult TOEFL iBT test

Can indicate where a student requires more practice in a particular area of English

Helos with decisions regarding readiness to study abroad

Informs educators of where a student needs to be instructed

Gauges a test taker’s improvement over time

1 One of the purposes of the TOEFL Junior Language Form and Meaning test is to measure a test taker’s grammar and vocabulary A test taker’s abilities to use and recognize appropriate grammatical structures and vocabulary in English are important enabling skills Though these enabling skills may not seem so important by themselves, they allow a student to be able to participate in an English learning environment These skills are a tool Language Form tests students on sentence structure, verb form, modifier, relative clause, comparison, and word form Language Meaning tests students on their vocabulary

2 The second purpose of the TOEFL Junior Language Form and Meaning test is to measure how weil a student can apply their knowledge of grammar and vocabulary

to a variety of academic (expositions, biographies, fiction) and non-academic (announcements, advertisements, correspondence) texts Students need to be able

to read a text and understand the meaning of it while grasping how the language form and language meaning coniribute to the text Students must be able to do this for a wide variety of school-related texts

woke

Language Form and Meaning test assesses the ability to demonstrate proficiency in key

enabling skills Such as grammar and vocabulary in context

in a School Curriculum 4 Passages Word Count

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Here are the seven different types of questions on the Language Form and Meaning test, grouped into two different categories This book will look at each type of question and provide grammar points on how to answer each question type and test material to practice with For now, here is a summary of the question types:

A Language Form

1 Sentence structure — Asking about the way a sentence is put together

2 Vero form — Asking what form of the verb should be used (past, future, present, etc.)

3 Modifier — Finding the correct adjective, adjective phrase, verb, or adverb that modifies

a noun, or the correct adverb or adverbial phrase that modifies the entire sentence

4 Relative clause — Finding the correct relative clause based on the relationship between

two sentences

5 Comparison — Finding the appropriate comparative (more, better, bigger) or super-

lative (the most, the best, the biggest) phrase in a sentence

6 Word form — Finding the appropriate word forms based on the grammar of the

sentence and text

B Language Meaning

¢, Vocabulary — Finding the appropriate noun, adjective, modifier, preposition, or

conjunction for a given sentence

This book contains seven parts

1 The Orientation ~ This portion of the book

2 The Diagnostic Test ~ This section of the book will assess your current grammatical

knowledge and vocabulary The diagnostic test tells you your strengths and also what you

should focus on to improve your skills Additionally, the diagnostic test gives you a grade you

can refer back to once you have taken the practice tests You'll be able to see how much

your skills have improved since you began this book

3 Grammar Points ~ Each unit has grammar points to help you understand the types of

grammatical questions that will be on the test The grammar points in this book are based on

the knowledge necessary to score well on the test This information may be a review or

may be brand new Either way, it’s important to understand these particular grammar points

before taking the test

4 The Guided Exercises ~ Each grammar point has a practice test with 4 questions

These tests might be an announcement, a set of instructions, an e-mail, or an advertisement

where the test taker needs to fill in missing portions by choosing from multiple choices

5 The Unit Tests ~ Each unit (containing 5-10 grammar points) has a unit test with 8

questions These tests are similar to the previous practice tests, only they have more

questions and cover more grammar points Unit Tests are usually a student essay, an

article from a magazine, or a passage from a textbook _

6 The Chapter Tests ~ There are 3 chapters with 3-5 units each At the end of each

chapter, there is a chapter test with a passage containing 8 questions These chapter tests

contain material from the chapters’ units, along with the grammar points within those units

7 The Actual Test ~ The last section of this book is your chance to see what you have

learned and how much you have improved It will give you a feeling for what you should

expect in the Language Form and Meaning section of the TOEFL Junior test

Global Index Report

This segment of the report allows you to compare your TOEFL Junior score against a sample of ETS

native English speaking scores

Lexile Measures

The Lexile Measure is the standard method of assessing reading ability all over the world It measures the general abilities of a test taker in understanding and translating English passages created by Metametrix

CEFR: Common European Framework of Reference

The TOEFL Junior test is now used in accord with the Common European Framework of Reference

The TOEFL Junior was endorsed in 2000 by the European Council for use within Europe The TOEFL

Junior provides test takers with a total index and details of their score based on each section of the test (listening, language form and meaning, and reading)

Rating Certificate

This is an official level rating certificate The first 3 levels classify a test taker’s English ability as gold (1), silver (2), or bronze (3) The last two levels do not reward a medal grace

_* Shows a student's likely level in the U.S _ * Tests logical thinking and reading

_ Grading System and CEFR ị ~ comprehension skills

abroad "in secondary school

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_ * Widely accepted as an objective measure ofa —* Recommends customized reading books to

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(A) still (B) very

1 The concept of gravity is (C) never relatively new It

(D) often

(A) was (B) being

2 (C) has been about 300 years since Isaac Newton watched apples

(D) had been

fall from a tree, which led him to develop his theory

The correct answer to Sample 1 is (A), “still.” The correct answer to Sample 2 is (C),

1 My friend Marissa told me that you her class to the tide pools this week

2 Normaily I wouldn’t ask special permission on a field trip, but 1 am especially

(A) some students (B) none students

3 interested in tide pools If (C) some of your students can’t go, do you think I could

(D) any of your students

(A) asking

(B) denying

4 take their place? I hope you don’t mind my (C) deciding and I thank you for your time

(D) predicting

Sincerely,

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Jenny Howard (Miss Whiteborne’s class)

Master TOEFL Junior Advanced ° Language Forrn and Meaning

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Questions 5-8 refer to the following announcement

The Maple School Spelling Team has advanced to the statewide spelling competition Students

6 spelling words were not easy and many of the words were spelled in (C) illogical ways

(D) mathematic

(A) cannot have had

(B) should have had

(A) any as team,

(8) any other teams,

(C) ail the other team, (D) all the other teams,

8 School team spelled their words better than qualifying themselves for

Questions 9-14 refer to the following part of a short story

(A) attending (B) to attend

9 When Chioe moved to a new town and (C) has to attend a new school, she was |

(D) had to attend

very excited After all, she was someone who looked forward to new experiences and

(A) reach (B) leave

10 adventures She was sad to (C) bother _ | her old friends, but was excited about the idea of

that the first friend she made was a boy named Timothy

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Master TOEFL tunior Advanced « Language Form and Meaning

with his dog on Chloe’s quiet street “We’re always looking for people to play with.”

After that, Chloe and Timothy met every day after school, teaching each other new things about

(A) traveled (B) had traveled

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15 The Oregon Trail was a migration route that was used by Americans moving west

17 journey In the United States at this time, people (C) were not enjoying living in crowded

(D) have not been enjoying living

| GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE >

Master TOEFL Junior Advanced » Language Farm and Meaning

(A) that felt many families

(B) that many families felt

20 (C) what felt many families they had to do Many people died on the trail because of diseases (D) what many families felt

21 such as cholera and scurvy Others (C) were accidentally nin over wagons Still, most

(D) were accidentally ran over by

(A) that (B) when (C) where (D) which

22 people made it all the way to Oregon, they could start a new life Today, the

Many people are coming to my party tonight

That ugly dog has been eating your trash

2 Pronouns

She is coming to my house on Saturday

ls this where we stop to fill the car with gas?

3 Gerunds

« A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing, e.g walking

Skiing is a fun and interesting sport thai | do in the winter

Hiking is a great way to exercise and see the ouidoors

4, To-infinitives

- Examples of to-infinitives are to be, to have, to bring, to steal, or to sing

To eat candy is an enjoyable experience

To unite a country is difficult, but meaningful

5 Noun clauses

What she was talking about was interesting

Whether they come or not is unimportant to us

A ball used for exercise should be firm (Participle phrase) The play that Molly stars in is in the school theater (Relative clause)

Master TOEFL Junior Advanced » Language Form and Meaning

Questions 1-4 refer to the following advertisement

If you excel in your studies and would like to help younger students, you should become an after-

(A) Do (B) Doing (C) Done

(A) These students need

(B) That these students need

(C) What need these students (D) What these students need

2 and there are many students who could use your help! is an

(A) Highly motivated tutor (B) Highly motivated tutors

(C) Tutors are highly motivated with passion for teaching

3 inspiring older student to help them

(D) Being highly motivated tutors

(A) Anyone wants (B) Anyone who want

4, have raised the test scores of many Cove School students (C) Anyone who wants a fulfilling

(D) Anyone who wanting

3 Gerunds She loves swimming in the summer

| was thinking of taking a swimming class at the community center

4 To-infinitives

| want to develop smartphone applications

My sister started to scream when she broke her arm

5 Noun clauses

| heard that it is not easy to live abroad

| was wondering if you could write a recommendation letter for me

| really like travel with you

to travel / traveling

1 want (plan, decide, intend, hope, promise) + to-v

Those women want to talk about something intimate

Who first decided to eat chicken eggs?

2 finish (enjoy, give up, mind, consider, suggest) + v-ing

He enjoys tormenting his teacher with silly questions

Let’s consider going green

Questions 1-4 refer to the following notice from a school principal

1 Unfortunately, the roof of our 200-year-old school has started

rainstorm left a lot of water damage in ceilings all over the school This time, the water began to

puddle on the floor, making it dangerous for students to walk through the halls The School Board has

(A) call

(B) calling

(C) to call (D) to be called

2 decided

(A) to need the problems fixed

(B) the problems need to be fixed

(C) need the problems to be fixed

(D) fix the problems needed to be

(C) to find

(D) finding

a team of roofers to go about fixing our leak problems We’ve told them

as soon as possible Still, this issue will take a long time to

solutions If it rains, please be careful in the

hallways We’ll set up buckets to catch the leaks, but that won’t solve everything ễ

Answer Key :p 140

O03 Special Uses of “There” and “It”

“There” and “it” as preparatory subjects

1 “There’ as a preparatory subject

There has definitely been a decline in poverty in India

There are a number of other important considerations

2 “It” as a preparatory subject

it is possible to extract a tooth without pain

It is believed that breathing has a profound effect on man’s physical functioning

3 Emphatic “it”: It is/was ~ that Aiden has subscribed to this magazine for a year

= Itis Aiden who/that has subscribed to this magazine for a year

= Itis this magazine that Aiden has subscribed to for a year

= Itis fora year that Aiden has subscribed to this magazine

— | found it very hard te change the background of my web page [0]

| thought it necessary to urge the brothers to visit you in advance

He made it clear what he wanted

Master TOEFL Junior Advanced » Language Form and Meaning

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Questions 1-4 refer to the following article from an art magazine

The Musee du Louvre in Paris, France is one of the biggest art museums in the world

2 in the world King Philip Uf who first built the Louvre He built it as a

(A) all tea came into

2 in the Americas This tea tax stated that

(A) Britain to tax them

3 Many colonists believed it was unfair

(B) to tax them for Britain (C) for Britain to tax them (D) for Britain taxing them

if they were not allowed to have

4 representatives in the British government In November 1773,

5, anumber of American cities All cities protested and managed

Master TORFL Junior Advanced » Language Form and Meaning

(A) ships full tea

(B) ships full of tea

(D) ships were full of tea

(A) turn

(B) turning (C) to turn (D) they turned

the ships away,

except for Boston The governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Hutchinson, refused

(A) allowing the tea

(B) to allow the tea

(C) the tea to allow

(D) allowed the tea

to be returned to Britain The colonists reacted by boarding the ships

7 in Boston harbor and dumping | (¢) of three shiploads of taxed tea

(D) three shiploads of taxed tea was

from the East India

Company into the water This event was one of the significant events that led to the American

Revolutionary War This war freed the United States of America from British rule, enabling

2 Gerunds

My favorite thing is singing in the shower

3 To-infinitives I’m sick What | need is to take a long nap

4, Noun clauses The problem is that the earth is running out of fossil fuel supplies

» Adjectives/participles as subject complements

1 Adjectives Rachel was sad about her grandmother dying

2, Participles She often feels embarrassed on stage

This math problem looks easity

easy

* Linking Verb: be, remain, keep, stay

become, get, grow, turn, go look, sound, smell, taste, feel

A glacier is a huge mass of ice and snow that moves slowly over the land

_PCs have become a powerful tool for study

Those pants look really great on you

Master TOEFL Junior Advanced ° Language Form and Meaning

ee

Questions 1-4 refer to the following set of instructions

In order to paint a still life, you must first arrange your objects Place them in a way that is

(A) interested and satisfied

(B) interest and satisfaction

(C) interesting and satisfied to you Don’t rush Only stop arranging when you are

(D) interesting and satisfying |

choose your colors, and go!

In any case, you can call him a genius

(e.g elect, think, name)

2 To-infinitives

The bad weather caused them to cancel the match

(e.g want, expect, require, ask, tell, allow, enable)

3 Bare infinitives

My teacher made me apologize for what | had said

(Verbs of perception: see, watch, hear, feel, witness, notice Causative verbs: have, make, /et)

» Adjectives /participles as object complements

1 Adjectives

| found her attitude strange

(e.g make, believe, leave)

2 Participles

@ v-ing (active and continuous meaning) —

| saw him crossing the road (Emphasis on seeing an action in progress)

Cf | saw him cross the road (Emphasis on seeing the whole of an action)

@ v-ed (passive meaning)

| heard my name repeated several times

3 Structures with ‘as’

We regarded him as a genius

(e.g describe, refer to, look upon, think of)

My name is Emily Watson and I am in charge of this year’s Talent Show Committee The Committee

knows Gregson School is full of talent, but not everyone likes to be on stage The performers are not

the only ones who make

students

(A) a success the show,

(B) the show a success

(C) the show to succeed

(D) the show succeeding

Student volunteers allow parents, teachers, and

the show Anyway, we are looking for people to volunteer for stage

(A) build (B) built crew Also, last year, we made some students (C) building the set We’ll have volunteers

Questions 1-8 refer to the following biography

1 Martin Luther King, Jr was

(A) an African-American activist, (B) activist an African-American,

(C) an activist is African-American, ˆ pastor, and civil (D) in an African-American activist,

rights leader who fought for the freedoms of African-Americans during the 1950s and ’60s

2 Equality and peace around the world was

(A) what he really wanted

(B) what did he really want

(C) that he really wanted

(D) he really wanted that

King is

using nonviolent methods to promote change One of these nonviolent

methods was the Montgomery Bus Boycott In Montgomery, Alabama and in many other places in the

4 American South, African-American bus riders were required

(A) give up their seats _(B) giving up their seats

(C) to give up their seats for white

(D) that gave up their seats

Master TOEFL Junior Advanced « Language Form and Meaning

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passengers and sit at the back of the bus After Rosa Parks, a middle-aged black woman,

was arrested for refusing to give up her seat, King successfully organized a bus boycott to make

(A) the black voice heard

(B) heard the black voice

(C) to hear the black voice

(D) the black voice hear

(A) the greatest speeches

CB) one the greatest speech (C) one of the greatest speech (D) one of the greatest speeches

(A) the youngest person ever receive (B) to ever receive the youngest person

7 in history King became (C) the youngest person to ever receive

(D) ever received the youngest person

the Nobel Peace prize in 1964

(A) died youngly

(B) died a young

8 Unfortunately, King (C) dead a young man

(D) died a young man

Singular Agreement on the Verb

Singing songs makes me happy

To be angry is not productive

What I'd really like is a new bike for my birthday

Each person in my family is good at different things

Each of these students is going to be in the school play tomorrow

Every student in Mrs Adam’s class eats lunch in the cafeteria

Two kilometers is not a long distance

Three hours is enough time to finish my homework

185 centimeters is the height of my father

2.3 kilograms equals 5 pounds

One million dollars given to charity helps many people

everyone § someone = anyone noone

everybody somebody anybody nobody

everything something anything nothing

Everyone in the room has just come from the baseball game

Something interesting happens every cay

Nobody knows what will happen next -

The United States has many different kinds of people (e.g the Netherlands) Mathematics is important for students to learn (e.g economics, statistics) Rabies is a disease that comes from animal bites (e.g measles, diabetes)

Master TOEFL Junior Advanced ° Language Form and Meaning

Units of measurement for distance, time, height, weight, money

(A) What I'd reaily like

(B) I'd really like that

1 I was very sick and could not focus on my schoolwork (C) That Pd really like is to have

(D) What Id really like is (A) Two days

(B) In two days

2, the weekend to finish (C) Two days is definitely enough time for me to complete it

(D) Two days are (A) All

(A) the United Arab Emirates is

(B) in the United Arab Emirates

(C) the United Arab Emirates are

(D) the United Arab Emirates to be

4 you'll allow me to take the extension Anyway,

_Few professional soccer players practice less than 5 times a week

A few of the foods on the table are my favorites

Both parks in my city are nice to walk in

Both of the buildings were built in 1969

Several students in my class are going on the field trip

Several of the middle school’s physical education classes are taught in English

Many car accidents occur when a driver is using his or her cell phone

Many of the teachers at my school park their cars in the lot

Not my family but my friends are the problem

Master TOEFL Junior Advanced ¢ Language Form and Meaning