Sustainable human security an integrated approach for institutional social responsibility and governance capacity development fostering human protection, sustainable development and multi

VNU Journal of Science: Legal Studies, Vol 31, No (2015) 30-42 DISCUSSION Sustainable Human Security: An Integrated Approach for Institutional Social Responsibility and Governance Capacity Development Fostering Human Protection, Sustainable Development and Multi - Sector Empowerment1 Nguyễn Khắc Hải*,1, Marco Tavanti2 VNU School of Law, Hanoi, 114 Xuân Thủy Street, Cầu Giấy, Hanoi, Vietnam University of San Francisco, School of Management (SOM) Received 06 January 2015 Revised 26 February 2015; Accepted 20 March 2015 Abstract: The concept of “sustainable human security” provides an integrated framework for adequately addressing development and cooperation in complex situations of conflict, violence and fragility From the 1994 Human Development Report (HDR), the notion of human security has evolved beyond traditional national and military security and includes such issues as development and respect for human rights Expanding on the international community's efforts to agree on a comprehensive Post-2015 development agenda, the notion of sustainable human security provides an even more integrated approach relevant to governments and societies affected by extreme poverty, recurring conflicts, systemic violence, human rights violations and exploitation of natural resources The comprehensive framework has practical implications for the governance capacity development approaches as well as for program monitoring and evaluation and multi-sector partnerships As human security shifts the attention from a state-centered to a people-centered approach to security, sustainable human security aims at considering environmental and systemic elements inherent to the understanding and resolution of contemporary and future human insecurities Keywords: Human Security, Development, Sustainability Introduction∗1 agenda expressed in the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), numerous human security concerns were raised That very same year, the United Nations launched the idea of an independent Commission for Human Security, which was formalized three years later reaffirming the global human responsibility toward ‘freedom of want’ and ‘freedom from fear’ [1] Development – specifically addressed in the “freedom from want” needed to be In the year 2000, while world governments agreed on a comprehensive development _ ∗ Corresponding author Tel.: 84-946555595 Email: vnucriminology@gamil.com Sustainable human security integrates the notion of national security with human development, human rights, human dignity and systemic change It provides a framework international relations and global cooperation policies for transitional societies 30 N.K Hải, M Tavanti / VNU Journal of Science: Legal Studies, Vol 31, No (2014) 30-42 recognized in the “old” challenges of poverty, education, health, but also in the ‘new’ opportunities represented by opportunities, sustainability and partnerships Primarily all States but all actors in our increasingly globalizing were clearly perceived as ‘socially responsible’ for both the ‘opportunities’ and ‘threats’ of a globalized society affected by ongoing terrorism, economic crises and environmental vulnerability This paper explores the evolution of human security emerging from national perspectives into sustainable integrated frameworks and institutional capacity development implications The notion of sustainable human security is a paradigm that suggests most of the contemporary understandings on human security, human development, human dignity and human sustainability The notion of sustainable human security emerges from at least thirty years of reflections in line with sustainable development; human rights based development, human security and human development The World Commission on Environment and Development and the Human Development Reports have been instrumental in making an integrated notion of sustainable development as a precursor for sustainable human security Along with other important United Nations documents and world conferences, they have contributed to a comprehensive definition of human security including the social, environmental and political aspects In the next sections of this paper we present how human security integrates well with sustainable, institutional, and systemic perspectives for adequately responding to the global (transborder) challenges and opportunities of our human societies 31 From National Security to Human Security Modern global slavery, pandemic health crises, international criminal organizations, economic crisis, international terrorism, mass migration and refugee crises illustrate the vexing “beyond border” challenges of the 21st century These kinds of threatsoperate outside of nationally protected borders and state responsibilities They require coordinated international cooperation through multilateral mechanisms and adequate infrastructure, to mitigate, prevent, protect, and remedy the damages to vulnerable populations Effective interventions and institutions require different paradigms from those developed in the 17th Century around the notion of state-centered ‘national security’ With that traditional idea, states had a monopoly of rights and means toprotect its citizens The establishment and reinforcement of state power and state security would simply guarantee order, prosperity and peace Unfortunately, the numerous in-state social problems and inadequacies of these models, 21st century challenges these statecentered notions and required a re-examination of security in its more complex forms Since 2000, there have been several studies and international reports that have reaffirmed the shift from national security to “human security” In spite of the numerous national examples and state leadership approaches that simply resemble old models, the trends to reconsider security from beyond national borders and centered on human protection, human possibilities and human participation seems to be an irreversible and necessary process Human security is not necessarily a substitute to national security The state remains the fundamental purveyor of security and human security complements state security by N.K Hải, M Tavanti / VNU Journal of Science: Legal Studies, Vol 31, No (2014) 30-42 32 enhancing human rights, strengthening human development, and recognizing human dignity The Cold War largely shaped the traditional notions of security concentrating its concerns on the State’s ability to counter external threats Using the “human security” notion, the comprehensive and “beyond national identity” notion of humanity becomes the focus of attention and discernments for what constitute “threats” and “security” The mutual dependency that “national security” has with “human security” depends on the fact that national efforts may be insufficient, inadequate (or sometimes contradicting) the guarantee of people’s security In this respect, the notion of global citizenship - in itself an oxymoron - is actually helpful in understanding the rights and responsibilities of multi-stakeholder actors, sectors, institutions and organization [2] Various multilateral mechanismsfor legitimizing intervention in an inter-national (not necessarily global) legal environment are very helpful but often inadequate The design, ratification and alignment of conventions and treaties would need to be expanded and applied around updated topics that adequately address the main threats to human survival Although national security addresses some shared topics with human security, the emphasis and responsibility implications change within a “human” rather than a “national” perspective The Obama administration, especially with the input provided under Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton and the US ambassador to the United Nations Samantha Powers, has made advances in the integration of national security with human security Although with numerous controversies and backlashes, as in the case of the Libya intervention and the 2012 Benghazi attack, the US national security policies have been strategically integrating women empowerment and combatting trafficking in persons with smart power approaches in military, political, economic, environmental, maritime, and cyber securities Despite some politically driven short-term perspectives of US foreign policy, the now established 3D approach (Development, Diplomacy and Defense), reflects many of the development and human dignity concerns of human security while preserving the national preoccupation for adequate and effective defense The following table briefly summarizes the relation between national security and human security with their common characteristics and different emphasis Table 1: Comparing National and Human Security [3] Actors National Security States (primarily military) National organizations Goals Securing territories, including economic and political interests of the state Threats Terrorism, rogue states, weapons of mass destruction (WMD) Originated by unfriendly states, weak states, and rival states Human Security Individuals (multi-stakeholders and multi-sector) International organizations Security wellbeing of individuals and community so that they can live free from fear, want, and free to live in dignity Poverty, crime, diseases, inequality, lack of biodiversity, etc Originated by non-state actors and translational issues like climate change, repressive regimes and illegally armed groups N.K Hải, M Tavanti / VNU Journal of Science: Legal Studies, Vol 31, No (2014) 30-42 Strengths Military power, economic productivity, control of borders, appeal of values Basis National interests, national laws, national politics Clearly the notion of human security, much more than national security, incorporates values and paradigms associated with human development The field of international human development has been associated with the promotion of wellbeing, along policy priorities like empowerment, inclusiveness, sustainability, equity and productivity The study and practice of international human security has to with security, stability, and sustainability of development gains along policy goals for protection and promotion of human survival (freedom from fear), daily life (freedom from want), and the avoidance of indignities (life of dignity) The close association of human security with human development helps up to better understand how it historically emerged and the sustainable trajectories of its current advances From Human Security to Sustainable Human Security The notion of human security is a recent phenomenon Although numerous documents have confirmed the fundamental relationship between peace, security, development and the environment, it was the 1994 UNDP Human Development Report (HDR) that created and shaped the concept of human security [4] Ten years later, Kofi Annan’s 2005 report, entitled In Larger Freedom: Towards Development, Security and Human Rights for All, demonstrated how the integration of these fields was interlinked to other UN reforms Even 33 Level of opportunities, tolerance and equality in society, women empowerment level along the Human Development Index (HDI) capturing quality of life, educational opportunities, and life expectancy Universal human needs and values, international law, conventions and treaties though several member states and scholars have failed to fully grasp the importance of modeling the international agenda and priorities toward human security, there is progress For instance, twenty years after the HDR report, the notion of “sustainable human security” appears to be a natural evolution and convergence of numerous achievements in the understanding and prioritization of human development, sustainable development and human rights In addition, the recent inclusion of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that emerged after the 2012 Rio+20 Conference with the continuation of the MDGs in the Post-2015 development agenda is a promising sign The integrated notion of sustainable human security represents the next stage in global responsibility to building a peaceful, secure, prosperous, and sustainable future for all It integrates concerns for peace, poverty, pollution and participation with a human-centered perspective The notion of sustainable human security emerges from at least thirty years of reflection in line with sustainable development, human rights based development, human security and human development The 1983 Brundtland Report, Our Common Future, was a groundbreaking achievement in defining the concept of sustainable development – “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” [5] The World Commission on Environment and Development (also known as the Brundtland 34 N.K Hải, M Tavanti / VNU Journal of Science: Legal Studies, Vol 31, No (2014) 30-42 Commission for the leadership of Gro Harlem Brundtland, former Prime Minister of Norway) insisted on the importance of going beyond the traditional economic and physical understanding of development and poverty, and it provided a definition for including social, environmental and political aspects It also insisted that “development” is about improving our common situation, for both developed and developing countries This human-centered understanding of development reached a fuller understanding with the publication of the first Human Development Report (HDR) and the introduction of the 1990 Human Development Index (HDI) Under the leadership and vision of Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen, the report placed people at the center of the development process and reassessed development not only on economic terms, but also on health and education Poverty was contextualized not simply in economic terms, but as a quality of life matter Therefore, rather than simply concentrating on capital wealth, development began being envisioned in terms of providing choice and freedom, with “people” representing “the real wealth of a nation” [6] The sustainable challenges to - and opportunities in - development were further defined during the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, together with the 2002 Rio+10 (or Johannesburg Summit), and the 2012 Rio+20 Summit Analysis of documents that emerged from these summits clearly underscores the importance of integrating economic factors in N.K Hải, M Tavanti / VNU Journal of Science: Legal Studies, Vol 31, No (2014) 30-42 development (prosperity) with social (people), environmental (planet) and governance (political) elements The Agenda 21 document that emerged from the first Earth Summit further highlighted the governmental and intergovernmental responsibilities necessary for executing sustainable development at local, national and international levels Additionally, the Johannesburg Summit most certainly contributed to the integration of governance into the economic, social and environmental pillars of sustainability It also reaffirmed the governance commitment toward the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and further advanced understanding of sustainable capacity development Unfortunately, the event was eclipsed by the heavy political, security and military pressures emerging from the War-on Terror in the immediate Post 9/11 period The Future We Want documents emerging from the Rio+20, as well as the merging of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with the MDGs in the Post-2015 development agenda, reaffirmed the need for a sustainable, human centered development approach In spite of the many shortcomings and setbacks, the global understanding and international commitment to a better world have converged into a more integrated approach Sustainable human security is a paradigm that encompasses most of these understandings and developments The Intersecting Dimensions of Sustainable Human Security President Franklin D Roosevelt, who included “freedom from want” and “freedom from fear” in his celebrated 1941 State of the Union Speech, anticipated a broader understanding of human rights and what later came to be known as “human security” Since then, our understanding of human security has been evolving, just as it has for human rights It 35 started with first-generation concepts of civil and political rights (e.g., right to life and political participation), morphed into a secondgeneration focus on economic, social and cultural rights (e.g., the right to subsistence), and emerged from the process as the so-called third-generation of solidarity rights (e.g., right to peace, right to clean environment) Since 1994, the notion of human security has expanded into four pillars and typologies of fear, sifting from an emphasis on nation-states to a human-centered perspective For example, reflections emerging from the practices of human security in Japan have emphasized the “freedom from want” aspect [7] Likewise, those emerging from Canada have emphasized “freedom from fear” [8] Meanwhile, Kofi Annan’s In Larger Freedom (2005) introduced yet another expansion of traditional notions of human security: freedom to live in dignity – just as the 2005 introduction of the notion of environmental security expanded the paradigm, thus evincing a fourth expansion of human security that incorporates sustainable institutional reforms of global environmental governance [9] We emphasize, however, that just as with the expanding notion of human rights, human security is indivisible Thus, no state or program should stress one aspect of human security at the expense of others Although the literature on human security is significant, more work is needed to deepen our understanding of the integrated notion of sustainability with human security and the implications on sustainable development, human rights, labor rights, environmental rights, anti-corruption, climate change, and international law among others [10] This said, the following is a brief overview of the four expansions (or four pillars) of the current concept of “sustainable human security” 36 N.K Hải, M Tavanti / VNU Journal of Science: Legal Studies, Vol 31, No (2014) 30-42 Freedom from Fear (Human Survival): Human security is about human emergency It starts with the protection of individuals and communities from natural and man-made disasters alongside other situations of violence and conflicts However, this element of human survival cannot be dissociated from other forms of security, as violent threats are often strongly associated with poverty, lack of capacity, exploitation and inequity Humanitarian emergency assistance, peace building, conflict prevention, management and resolution are part of the shared global responsibility to the foundation of human security The difference with national security is that threats are perceived and evaluated not in relation to nation-states but to human beings and humanity Personal security is integral to human security Personal security is often interlinked with other forms of fear caused by community, political, national and public threats The freedom from fear includes protecting people from physical violence, whether caused by governmental authorities, non-state actors, violent individuals, violent crime or other forms of abuse Freedom from Want (Human Development): Human security is about human development It includes freedom from want often visible in extreme poverty, recurring poverty and systemic poverty It is expressed by a subset of security fields well known in the development literature These include economic security, food security, health security, educational security, and environmental securities While “freedom from fear” is foremost about human survival and emergency, the “freedom from want” dimension of human security is foremost about human development and availability of opportunity Economic security represents a system that guarantees a basic income for individuals and families through adequately remunerative work and “decent work” [11] A public policy system designed around the notion of economic security would also provide a publicly financed safety net as a last resort for unemployment and other situations in which basic income from remunerative work is insufficient Food security is another central dimension of human security It implies that all people at all times have both physical and economic access to basic food According to the United Nations, food insecurity is not caused by food availability in itself, but by other factors such as food price speculation, poor distribution, lack of purchasing power, and inadequate policies, or deliberate strategies in violent contexts [12] Health Security is also integral to human security It is a major priority in the MDGs and it aims to guarantee a minimum protection from diseases and unhealthy lifestyles Freedom from Shame (Human Dignity): Human security is about human dignity Beyond the emergency and development foundation expressed in the freedom from fear and freedom from want, the third dimension of human security has to with the recognition of the fundamental human rights of every individual Hence respect for the rule of law and the body of international law that guarantee and promote quality of life in all its aspects is at the core of this dimension This includes elements of diversity respect and human fulfillment in line with racial, ethnic, cultural, gender, socio-economic and other types of diversity The respect, protection and preservation of human (biocultural) diversity in its intertwined dimensions of biological, cultural and linguistic is critical to diversity of life and the preservation of human life N.K Hải, M Tavanti / VNU Journal of Science: Legal Studies, Vol 31, No (2014) 30-42 37 Freedom from Vulnerability (Human Sustainability): Human security is about human sustainability The environmental challenges of our society have a human security perspective [13] From this perspective, human security is closely related to environmental challenges and environmental security The focus is the protection of people from short and long-term natural disasters, especially through the reduction and mitigation of man-made threats in nature These include access to clean water and resources in developing countries and climate threats due to pollution, global warming, and greenhouse gases that threat human survival in this planet The objective and priorities of intervention are about diminishing human vulnerability while increasing resilience and building sustainable capacity An individual’s human rights and development revolve around the possession of these four fundamental freedoms The sustainable human security movement incorporates the notion that every human being has the right to live in a secure environment, live with access to all necessary resources, and live with pride and dignity The concept of “sustainability” in regards to human security altogether focuses on the long-term solutions for the overarching aspects of human security, including the institutional, economic, social, 38 N.K Hải, M Tavanti / VNU Journal of Science: Legal Studies, Vol 31, No (2014) 30-42 and environmental aspects Since human development is one of the most important issues in the world today, it is essential to have frameworks such as sustainable human security to create a foundation in which the fundamental freedom to human life can be fully exuberated and developed The sustainable human security framework offers essential guidelines for addressing the underlying causes of numerous levels of human insecurity One of those insecurity levels rests in the social and political corruption plaguing many national governments today Corruption, as further discussed below, systematically undermines the positive work being done through a sustainable human security framework [14] In order for these essential human freedoms to become reality, anticorruption methods must interlock and strongly reinforce the sustainable human security framework The connection between these two frameworks can positively benefit each other while holistically and most effectively addressing the most destabilizing acts of corruption today It is with this mindset we further inspect the characteristics of corruption Sustainable Capacity Human Security Development for The notion and frameworks of sustainable human security are helpful todiscern international policy priorities for intervention and cooperation However, the principles alone are inadequate to obtain and sustain a global human community free from human insecurities due to violence, poverty, marginalization and vulnerability The development of individual, organizational and institutional capacities are key for the fulfillment of this global social responsibility of our and future generations That is why “capacity development”-especially through the shaping and development of appropriate legal, political, economic and social infrastructures – has become the priority of intergovernmental organizations and United Nations specialized agencies like the UNDP, OHCHR, UNHRC, UNEP, UNHCR among others Building capacity has become an essential strategy for achieving effective, sustainable and human international development Numerous institutions and organizations engaged in development focus on capacity building in their missions, operations and objectives But what is capacity building? In general there are three levels of capacity building: personal, organizational and institutional Effective strategies and methods for building capacity for sustainable human security need to aim at intervening and collaborating in initiatives and projects maximizing the “C3” core at the intersection of these three interconnected levels for capacity building: [15] 1) The personal/leadership level: with an emphasis on developing those essential skills and attitudes that allows young professionals to effectively engage in diverse cultures, complex political and social situations 2) The organizational / managerial level: with a support for enhancing organizational capacity to become self-sustained economically and in their ability plan, produce, assess and replicat esustainable outcomes 3) The institutional / systemic level: with a special assistance at providing the necessary legal frameworks for the promotion of human rights, labor rights, environmental rights and anti-corruption The institutional framework has always been recognized as being central for achieving a sustainable future Yet, many still think that a fragmented and non-institutionalized approach would generate an economically viable, socially N.K Hải, M Tavanti / VNU Journal of Science: Legal Studies, Vol 31, No (2014) 30-42 inclusive and environmental bearable future Since the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, the Agenda 21 documents have played a vital role in making concrete steps toward sustainable capacity development The institutional capacity of a country is vital to the promotion, protection and participation into a sustainable economic, societal and environmental development Along with financial capital, social capital and natural capital, institutional capital is the glue that holds together the sustainable future we want It is manifested in the governance, rule of law, international engagement capacity It emphasizes the importance of the normative and rule-making aspects of development Twenty years later, the concept of three mutually reinforcing pillars of sustainable development needs to be recognized and incorporated into the Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development (IFSD) The role of local, state, national, regional and international institutions will highly influence the policies and practices integrated with sustainable development The “sustainable human security” paradigm, intersected by the concrete steps offered by a “sustainable capacity development” echoes the notions and methods associated with the “human rights based approach” The achievement of sustainable capacity in people, organizations and institutions in development / transition passes through human rights Hence it enhances the institutional / systemic capacity, responsibility and sustainability of a right-based approach to development Therefore, the SCII approach is a human rights-based sustainable development model centered on academic institutions and supported by cooperation and partnerships across public, private and nonprofit sectors [16] The 1997 UNESCO Declaration on the 39 Responsibilities of the Present Generation Towards the Future Generation integrates rights with responsibilities in the context of sustainable development and ‘intergenerational solidarity.’ Article of the declaration states that “the present generations have the responsibility of ensuring that the needs and interests of present and future generations are fully safeguarded” The rights and responsibilities toward future generations are at the core of the very notion of sustainable development as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” [17] A rights-based typical intervention focuses on increasing the capacity of the rights-holders to claim their rights as well as increasing the capacity of the duty bearers to fulfill the rights of the rights-holders The focus on rights is ultimately a contribution to increasing the institutional and people-centered sustainability Through this approach the human rights and institutional responsibilities are seen as part of the same equation for empowerment, accountability and, ultimately, capacity development This is at the core of the human rights based approach to development This human rights based approach to sustainable development (HR2SD) expands on the human rights-based approach to development (HRBA) by integrating and centering the notion of human rights and human development with the economic, social, environmental pillars of sustainability Appropriate projects, programs and policies aiming at promoting sustainable human security would need to employ a capacity development approach that is sustainable, systemic and human rights based This will obviously require the active engagement of multiples stakeholders 40 N.K Hải, M Tavanti / VNU Journal of Science: Legal Studies, Vol 31, No (2014) 30-42 and a diverse set of actors and institutions It would also require the active contribution of scholars from multidisciplinary perspectives that could offer precise, integrated and appropriate solutions for a shared sustainable and secure future for all Conclusion In this paper we have discussed the emergence of new paradigms in the international community The integrated global communities of our times, the shared human threats and international responsibility to adequately respond to today’s cross-border challenges, requires new integrated paradigms As “sustainability” is becoming central for international development, the political, institutional and systemic values of sustainability are central also for human security Both “sustainability” (as the integration of social, economic, environmental and political frameworks) and “human security” (as the integration of freedom from fear, want and life in dignity) are integrated paradigms In spite of the resistance of some scholars who prefer to narrowly define the world though their own subject specific lenses, the complexity of our world problems (poverty, corruption, human trafficking, climate change, humanitarian disaster, and human rights, just to mention a few of the main challenges) require integrated and coordinated solutions Only multidisciplinary, multilateral and multi-sector solutions could be adequate to respond to these challenges in the current and future times These approaches require capable individuals, organizations and institutions They also require a “human rights” based approach that would consider empowerment of people (in their rights) and the capacity development of institutions (in their responsibilities) for our common humanity and our common future Although these considerations are theoretical and systemic in nature, their importance is not to be undermined as many of today’s practical solutions and policy priorities still lack such an integrated and multi-framework approach This is a contribution that only highlights some of the main notions to be considered, but that can also be easily translated into concrete and detailed blueprints for applying the notion of “sustainable human security” into specific areas of intervention for institutional social responsibility, governance capacity development, human protection, sustainable development and multi-sector empowerment References [1] The 2003 creation of the independent Commission on Human Security was an initiative of the Government of Japan with the active support of the UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, UNHCR, and UNDP [2] To learn more about the global citizenship and its relevance to global social responsibility and intervention read Clark, A (2010) The ABCs of human survival: A paradigm for global citizenship Edmonton: AU Press See also Shallcross, T., & Robinson, J (2006) Global citizenship and environmental justice Amsterdam: Rodopi Another good publication is Cabrera, L (2010) The practice of global citizenship Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [3] Adapted from various studies in human security including Reveron, D S., & Mahoney-Norris, K (2011) Human security in a borderless world Boulder, CO: Westview Press [4] Human Development Report 1994, New Dimensions of Human Security Available at http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr1994/ [5] Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future Available at http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm N.K Hải, M Tavanti / VNU Journal of Science: Legal Studies, Vol 31, No (2014) 30-42 [6] Access the full text and summaries of the UNDP’s Human Development Reports (HDR) at http://hdr.undp.org/en/ See also Amartya Sen Development As Freedom New York: Knopf, 1999 [7] The Government of Japan considers Freedom from Fear and Freedom from Want to be equal in developing Japan’s foreign policy See http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/human_secu/ [8] Canada has been a critical player in the efforts to ban landmines and has incorporated the "Freedom from Fear" agenda as a primary component in its own foreign policy See also the works and contributions of the Vancouver, Canada’s Human Security Report Project (HSRP) at http://www.hsrgroup.org/ [9] Bogardi, Janos, and Hans Günter Brauch "Global Environmental Change: A Challenge for Human Security–Defining and conceptualising the environmental dimension of human security." UNEO–Towards an International Environment Organization–Approaches to a sustainable reform of global environmental governance (BadenBaden: Nomos) (2005): 85-109 [10] For an overview of the concept of human security in its expanding notions see: Goucha, Moufida, and John Crowley, eds Rethinking human security John Wiley & Sons, 2009 See also the valuable contributions provided by: Kaldor, Mary Human security Polity, 2007; Human Security Centre Human Security Report 2005: war and peace in the 21st century Oxford University Press, 2005; McRae, Robert Grant, and Don Hubert, eds Human security and the new diplomacy: Protecting people, promoting peace McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2001; Tadjbakhsh, Shahrbanou, and Anuradha Chenoy Human security: Concepts and implications Routledge, 2007 You may also find additional resources and information on human security in the WEInstitute human security online library at http://www.weinstitute.org/human security.html [11] The International Labour Organization (ILO) has embraced the notion of ‘decent work.’ “Decent work sums up the aspirations of people in their working lives It involves opportunities for work that is productive and delivers a fair income, [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] 41 security in the workplace and social protection for families, better prospects for personal development and social integration, freedom for people to express their concerns, organize and participate in the decisions that affect their lives and equality of opportunity and treatment for all women and men.” Read more at www.ilo.org/global/topics/decent-work Tavanti, Marco “From Famine to Food Security: Understandings human and food security implications for Somalia and the Horn of Africa (HOA).” Somalia Strategy Review, Vol (June) 2012: pp 1-8 To further explore the human security dimensions of environmental challenges see the works of the International Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP) at http://www.ihdp.unu.edu and the United Nations University’s Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) at http://www.ehs.unu.edu/ Kumar, R 2005 Corruption, human rights, and development: Sovereignty and state capacity to promote good governance American Society of International Law, Vol 99; p 416-419 Read more about ‘sustainable capacity’ from the Sustainable Capacity International Institute (SCII) at http://www.sciinstitute.org/capacity.html Also find more resources on human security and capacity from the World Engagement Institute website and the International Journal of Sustainable Human Security (IJSHS) at http://www.weinstitute.org/human-security.html Dr Marco Tavanti and Dr Sfeir Younis have argued for the need of an integrated approach to sustainable capacity development - one that is based on human rights and institutional responsibilities Read more from Tavanti, Marco& Sfeir-Younis, Alfredo “Human Rights Based Sustainable Development: Essential Frameworks for an Integrated Approach.”The International Journal of Sustainability Policy and Practices,Vol 8, 2013, Volume 8, Issue 3, pp 21-35 UNESCO Declaration on the Responsibilities of the Present Generations Available at http://www.unesco.org/cpp/uk/declarations/genera tions.pdf 42 N.K Hải, M Tavanti / VNU Journal of Science: Legal Studies, Vol 31, No (2014) 30-42 An Ninh Con Người Bền Vững: Cách tiếp cận hợp cho trách nhiệm thể chế xã hội phát triển lực quản trị nhằm tăng cường bảo vệ người, phát triển bền vững phát huy đa thành phần Nguyễn Khắc Hải, Marco Tavanti Khoa Luật, Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội, 144 Xuân Thủy, Cầu giấy, Hà Nội Trường Đại học San Francisco, Khoa Quản lý, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco Tóm tắt: An ninh người bền vững hợp khái niệm an ninh quốc gia với phát triển người, quyền nhân phẩm người, thay đổi hệ thống Nó cung cấp khn khổ quan hệ quốc tế sách hợp tác toàn cầu cho xã hội chuyển đổi Khái niệm “an ninh người” phân tích theo q trình phát triển thuật ngữ có tính lịch sử Liên Hiệp Quốc cấp độ quốc tế Nó mở rộng làm rõ để hiểu động lực mối quan hệ với thách thức (và hội bền vững) bối cảnh phát triển lực thể chế tương thích với thành phần xã hội cơng cộng, tư nhân, dân có liên quan đến thách thức quốc gia quốc tế bảo vệ thúc đẩy nhân phẩm người thông qua quyền người gắn với trách nhiệm tổ chức Nghiên cứu xây dựng khái niệm theo phát triển lịch sử từ an ninh quốc gia hợp quyền người với phát triển bền vững Nghiên cứu góp phần xây dựng tảng lý luận để xem xét phù hợp bất cập khái niệm an ninh người bền vững bối cảnh khả kinh tế-xã hội trị-pháp lý quốc gia Từ khóa: An ninh người, phát triển, tính bền vững