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Aruna et al / IJDFR volume Issue 1, Jan- Feb 2012 Available online at www.ordonearresearchlibrary.org ISSN 2229-5054 Review Article INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG FORMULATION AND RESEARCH PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OFRAPHANUSSATIVUS: G Aruna*1, Venu Gopal Yerragunt1 , Akondi Buchi Raju1 St Peter’s institute of pharmaceutical sciences, Hanmakonda,Warangal (A.P)-506001 Received: Dec 2011; Revised: 12 Jan 2012; Accepted: Feb 2012 ; Available online: Mar 2012 ABSTRACT In India, medicinal plants are widely used by people as folk remedies or in different indigenous systems of medicine like Siddha, Unani and Ayurveda They are also used in the pharmaceutical preparations.Raphanus sativusis an annual herb, consumed as vegetable It belongs to the family Brassicaceae Root, leaves, seeds and fresh juice of the plant possessed significant therapeutic value Biologically active ingredients of Raphanus sativus have diverse applications These compounds belong to the natural products called flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, saponins.Carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, tannins & polyphenols.In Africa, root of the plant is used for cure of many diseases like gall bladder trouble, diabetes, hepatitis and gastrointestinal disorders.This review givesa view mainly on distribution, pharmacological activities of Raphanus sativus plant extracts.Leaves and roots of Raphanus sativus have been used in various parts of the world to treat cancer and as antimicrobial and antiviral agents This review givesa view mainly on phytochemistry, pharmacological activities of Raphanus sativus plant extracts Keywords: Raphanus sativus, Plant Extract, active constituents INTRODUCTION Raphanus sativus ( radish) is an edibleroot vegetable of the Brassicaceae family that was domesticated in Europe in pre-Roman times They are grown and consumed throughout the world Radishes have numerous varieties, varying in size, color and duration of required cultivation time There are some radishes that are grown for their seeds; oilseed radishes are grown, as the name implies, for oil production.Greek name of the genus Raphanus means "quickly appearing" and refers to the rapid germination of these plants The common name "radish" is derived from Latin (Radix = root) and its taxonomical classification is as follows: Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms 43 Aruna et al / IJDFR volume Issue 1, Jan- Feb 2012 Aruna et al / IJDFR volume Issue 1, Jan- Feb 2012 (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Brassicales Family: Brassicaceae Genus: Raphanus Species: sativus Radishes (Raphanus sativus L.) are a member of the cruciferous vegetable family.Radishes have been used as medicinal foods for a variety of ailments including liver dysfunction and poor digestion A number of studies have demonstrated that radishes or radish extracts have biological activity including antioxidant, antimutagenic, and anti proliferative effects Raphanus sativus is an annual or biennial herb which exists in several different forms Four botanical varieties are recognised within the species, R sativus L., namely radicula, Niger, mougri and oleifera, the first two of which are grown for their tuberous roots, while oleifera is grown primarily for the oil in its seeds.The stems may be simple or branched, the basal leaves are long, often pinnately lobed and coarsely toothed, but sometimes are not serrated, while the cauline leaves are simple and linear The flowers are in long terminal racemes, usually white or lilac with purple veins The fruit are narrow, indehiscent, 2.5-7.5 cm long and about 1.25 cm in diameter, with a long tapering beak There are usually 6-12 globose seeds, yellow to chocolate-brown in colour The tap root (except in var mougri) is swollen, and varies from almost globular, cylindrical or conical in shape, in the oriental types, and weighing up to 15 kg The flesh is normally white, though in some may be pink to red In the salad radish the skin is usually red (occasionally white); in the Oriental radish it is normally white Figure1: Raphanus sativus PHYTOCHEMISTRY: 44 Aruna et al / IJDFR volume Issue 1, Jan- Feb 2012 Aruna et al / IJDFR volume Issue 1, Jan- Feb 2012 The different successive extracts so obtained were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening by applying different qualitative testes for phytoconstituents The different extracts contained alkaloids,carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, amino acids and volatile oil The aqueous, methanolic andhydrophobic radish extracts or specific phytochemicals that are present in radishes including glucosinolates and isothiocyanates studies have shown that radishes contain other phytochemicals that have been associated with beneficial health effects including phenolic acids and anthocyanins Radish sprouts contained significantly greater concentrations of glucosinolates (3.8-fold) and isothiocyanates (8.2-fold) than the mature radish taproot and also contained significantly greater concentrations of phenolics (on average 6.9-fold) The anthocyanin concentrations of the mature radish taproot were significantly greater than in the sprouts of red, pink, and purple varieties The primary anthocyanidins present in the red and pink radish varieties were pelargonidin and delphinidin, while the primary anthocyanidin in the purple radish variety was cyanidin.1-8 Twelve acylated anthocyanins were isolated from the red radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses Six of these were identified as;pelargonidin3-O-[6-O-(E)-feruloyl-2-Obeta-D-glucopyranosyl]-(1 >2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside]-5-O-(beta-D-glucopyranoside), pelargonidin 3-O-[6-O-(E)-caffeoyl-2-O-(6-(E)-feruloyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1 >2)-beta-D- glucopyranoside]-5-O-(beta-D-glucopyranoside), pelargonidin 3-O-[6-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl-2-O-(6-(E)-caffeoyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1 >2)-beta-D- glucopyranoside]-5-O-(beta-D-glucopyranoside), pelargonidin 3-O-[6-O-(E)-feruloyl-2-O-(6-(E)-caffeoyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1 >2)-beta-D- glucopyranoside]-5-O-(beta-D-glucopyranoside), pelargonidin 3-O-[6-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl-2-O-(6-(E)-feruloyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1 >2)-beta-D- glucopyranoside]-5-O-(beta-D-glucopyranoside), and pelargonidin 3-O-[6-O-(E)-feruloyl-2-O-(2-(E)-feruloyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1 >2)-beta-D- glucopyranoside]-5-O-(beta-D-glucopyranoside) 45 Aruna et al / IJDFR volume Issue 1, Jan- Feb 2012 Aruna et al / IJDFR volume Issue 1, Jan- Feb 2012 CyanidinePelargonidin chloride Delphinidine chloride glucoraphasatin Glucoraphenin 46 Aruna et al / IJDFR volume Issue 1, Jan- Feb 2012 Aruna et al / IJDFR volume Issue 1, Jan- Feb 2012 MEDICINAL USES: Radishes have long been grown as a food crop, but they also have various medicinal actions.The plant is used in the treatment of intestinal parasites, though the part of the plant used is not specified.The root is best harvested before the plant flowers Its use is not recommended if the stomach or intestines are inflamed The leaves, seeds and old roots are used in the treatment of asthma and other chest complaints The juice of the fresh leaves is diuretic and laxative The seed is carminative, diuretic, expectorant, laxative and stomachic It is taken internally in the treatment of , abdominal bloating, wind, acid regurgitation, diarrhea and bronchitis The root is antiscorbutic, antispasmodic, astringent, cholagogue, and diuretic It is crushed and used as a poultice for burns, bruises and smelly feet Radishes are also an excellent food remedy for stone, gravel and scorbutic conditions The plant contains raphanin, which is antibacterial and antifungal It inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, E coli, streptococci, Pneumococci etc.Radish preparations are useful in liver and gall bladder troubles The roots are said to be useful in urinary complaints, piles and in gastrodynia.The roots stimulate the appetite and digestion, having a tonic and laxative effect upon the intestines and indirectly stimulating the flow of bile Consuming radish generally results in improved digestion, but some people are sensitive to its acridity and robust action.The plant also shows anti-tumor activity PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES: Part of plant Type of extract Activity Active constituents leaves Ethanolic extract Hepato protective …………… root Aqueous extract DPPH scavenging Glycosides,flavonoids,alkaloids , tannins & polyphenols Fruit powder Aqueous& ethonolic extract Cardio protective ……………… leaves Methonolic extract Anti cancer and Glycosides & flavonoids anti microbial 47 Aruna et al / IJDFR volume Issue 1, Jan- Feb 2012 Aruna et al / IJDFR volume Issue 1, Jan- Feb 2012 Seed Aqueous& methonolic extract Anti-microbial Inhibitory response on lipid peroxidation Tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids & flavonoids Root Methonolic extract Root Methonolic extract Anti tyrosinase Phenolics, flavonoids & L&freeze dried juice &anti-oxidant ascorbic acid ……………… Gastroprotective freshly squeezed ………… radish juice Crude extract Histaminergic Spasmolytic …………… ……………… Choleretic ……………… leaves sprouts flavonoids, anthocyanins and sufurated constituents Table1:Different Activites of extracts of Raphanus sativus Hepatoprotective activity: It is reported that the methonolic extract of leaves of Raphanus sativus active against paracetamol induced hepato toxicity Paracetamol increced the activity of hepatic enzymes like SGOT, SGPT, serum LDH, serum AP The crude Raphanus sativus leaves powder decrese SGOT, SGPT, serum LDH, serum AP, serum total bilirubin, serum total protein levels.9-10 DPPH scavenging activity: An antioxidant is a molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals, which start chain reactions that damage cells Antioxidant defenses fall in to two main categories, those whose role is to prevent the generation of free radicals and those that intercept any radicals that are generated Various animal studies have shown that antioxidants delay or protect against the 48 Aruna et al / IJDFR volume Issue 1, Jan- Feb 2012 Aruna et al / IJDFR volume Issue 1, Jan- Feb 2012 oxidative damage produced by the free-radical reaction and a protective role against ailments mediated by free radicals.DPPH· is one of the few stable and commercially available organic nitrogen radicals Aqueous extracts of theRaphanus sativus showed appreciable free radical scavenging activitie.11-12 Cardio protective activity: The chronic cardio toxicity may result from summation of multiple biochemical pathways of cellular damage, which ultimately yields distruption of myocardiocyte integrity and loss of cardiac function Nitricoxide (NO) is a key molecule involved in the pathophysiology of heart; disregulation of activity of nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) and of NO metabolism seems to be a common feature in cardiac diseases Over production of ROS and NO yields to reactive nitrogen species, particularly, powerful oxidant molecule peroxynitrite (ONOO-), which may produce the marked cardiotoxicity.13 Cyclosporine has been found to induce the necrosis and apoptosis of cardiac tissue leading to the changes in the biochemical parameters i.e elevation of serum levels of AST, LDH and uric acid Hence uric acid may serves as an additional marker of free radical reactions in patients with acute myocardial infarction and acute coronary insufficiency The reported results have validated the folkloric use of the drug tested for the use in the therapy of cardiac diseases Anti-cancer and anti-microbial activity: Lobak is reported as good remedy used for treatment of anti-tumor, anti infection, chemoprevention for breast cancer and immunomodulator 14 Anti-cancer and anti-microbial activity of methonolic extract of leaves of Raphanus sativus was reported.Insoluble ethyl acetate fraction from methanol extract was the most active (100 μg/mL, 84% death) against A salina On the other hand, the soluble ethyl acetate fraction from methanol extract exhibited strong inhibitory activity against S aureus (10.64 mm) Anti-microbial activity: The plant contains raphanin, which is antibacterial and antifungal15 It also has been found to be strongly active on Escherichiacoli, Pseudomonas pyocyaneus, Salmonella typhi and Bacillus subtilisetc.16It inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, Pneumococci It is also active against many food born pathogenic and food spoilage bacteria such as Listeria, Micrococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus and Pedicoccusspps.17 Antimicrobial proteins and peptides in plants have most commonly been discovered in seeds where they accumulate to high level and may also function as storage proteins The seed extract having variable degree of inhibition The crude water extract of seed inhibited moderate antifungal activity while showed highest antibacterial activity against Hafnia alvei and Enterobacter agglomerans exhibited It has been observed that 49 Aruna et al / IJDFR volume Issue 1, Jan- Feb 2012 Aruna et al / IJDFR volume Issue 1, Jan- Feb 2012 rude water extract posses highest antibacterial activity Crude water extract showed significant inhibition against some fungal strain like Spadicoides stoveri and Paecilomyces variotii while some fungal strain having insignificant inhibition Inhibitory response on lipid peroxidation: Free radicals are continuously produced in body of all living organisms mainly due to oxidation processes.Antioxidant system of the body is generally able to combat the oxidative stress produced after normal physiological processes18 Modern civilization is facing a variety of mental and physical stress, pollutant stress, stress caused by consuming fast food, etc These stresses culminate into generation of free radicals and the antioxidant system of body fails to combat this situation Oxidation of lipid molecules of membrane causes its damage resulting into the development of several physiological and pathological disorders Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by any means is the best way to avoid these disorders in the body It was reported that the plant inhibits lipid peroxidation by increasing the activity of enzymatic antioxidants like catalase and also by increasing or maintaining the levels of glutathione Antiurolithiatic activity: The aqueous extract of the bark of Raphanus sativus was tested for its antiurolithiatic and diuretic activity The urolithiasis was experimentally induced by implantation of zinc disc in the urinary bladder of rats Significant decrease in the weight of stones was observed after treatment in animals which received aqueous extract in comparison with control groups This extract showed an increase in the 24 h urine volume as compared to the control Anti tyrosinase &anti-oxidant activity: Two different types of R sativus L root extracts, i.e., the freeze-dried juice and the methanolic extract were evaluated for their inhibitory effect on mushroom tyrosinase and their scavenging activity on DPPH, superoxide anion and singlet oxygen.The chemical contents of the two extracts in terms of total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and L-ascorbic acid were determined to find correlation with their antityrosinase and antioxidant activities The methanolic extract of the radish sprout exhibited hydroxyl radical scavenging potency 1.8-fold higher than that of L-ascorbic acid 19 It is suggested that flavonoids, together with sinapinic acid esters, may significantly contribute to the antioxidant activity of radish roots andsprouts Also, black radish, which is a variety of R sativus, possesses antioxidant and free radicalscavenging properties It is very likely that the Thai radish roots may possess significant antityrosinase and antioxidant activities which will have beneficial effects on the skin Gastro protective activity: Ethanol and strong alkalis induces the formation of ulcers Necrotizing agents induced gastric lesion formation that may be due to stasis in gastric blood flow which contributes to the development of the hemorrhage and 50 Aruna et al / IJDFR volume Issue 1, Jan- Feb 2012 Aruna et al / IJDFR volume Issue 1, Jan- Feb 2012 necrotic aspects of tissue injury It is known that necrotizing agents that induce ulcers are inhibited by agents which enhance mucosal defensive factors such as PGE2.The radish juice possesses an antigastric ulcer effect, being presumably attributed to its phenolic,terpenoidal and sulphurated constituents through preventing the accumulation of excessive free radicals and protecting the gastric tissue against noxious chemical challenges This may be related to its PG generating, antioxidant and/or preserving mucus secreting properties and by strengthening the mucosal barrier integrity, which is the first line of defense against endogenous and exogenous ulcerogenic agents20 CONCLUSION A review on processing of Raphanus sativus has revealed Raphanus sativus as a highly potential functional and valuable ingredient that exhibits relatively impressive biological functions of great interest in pharmaceutical and food industries REFERENCES: Takaya Y, Kondo Y, Furukawa T, Niwa M 2003 Antioxidant constituents of radish sprout(Kaiware-daikon), Raphanus sativus L J Agric Food Chem 51(27):8061–6 Salah-Abbes JB, Abbes S, Haous Z, Oueslati R 2009 Raphanus sativus extract prevents and ameliorateszearalenone-induced peroxidative hepatic damage in Balb/c mice J Pharm Pharmacol61(11):1545– 54 3.Yamasaki M, Omi Y, Fujii N, Ozaki A, Nakama A, Sakakibara Y, SuikoM, Nishiyama K 2009.Mustard oil in “Shibori aikon” a variety of Japanese radish, selectively inhibits the proliferationof H-ras-transformed 3Y1 cells Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 73(10):2217–21 4.Beevi SS, Mangamoori LN, Subathra M, Edula JR 2010 Hexane extract of Raphanus sativusL roots inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in human cancer cells by modulatinggenes related to apoptotic pathway Plant Foods Hum Nutr 65(3):200–9 Visentin 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