(A) Ehlermann 06 Prelims 16/5/06 15:32 Page i EUROPEAN COMPETITION LAW ANNUAL 2004: The Relationship Between Competition Law and the (Liberal) Professions (A) Ehlermann 06 Prelims 16/5/06 15:32 Page ii (A) Ehlermann 06 Prelims 16/5/06 15:32 Page iii EUROPEAN COMPETITION LAW ANNUAL: 2004 The Relationship Between Competition Law and the (Liberal) Professions Edited by Claus-Dieter Ehlermann and Isabela Atanasiu OXFORD – PORTLAND OREGON 2006 (A) Ehlermann 06 Prelims 16/5/06 15:32 Page iv Published in North America (US and Canada) by Hart Publishing c/o International Specialized Book Services 920 NE 58th Avenue, Suite 300 Portland, OR 97213-3786 USA Tel: +1 503 287 3093 or toll-free: (1) 800 944 6190 Fax: +1 503 280 8832 E-mail: orders@isbs.com Web Site: www.isbs.com © The contributors and editors severally, 2006 The Editors and Contributors have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, to be identified as the authors of this work All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any mean, without the prior permission of Hart Publishing, or as expressly permitted by law or under the terms agreed with the appropriate reprographic rights organisation Enquiries concerning reproduction which may not be covered by the above should be addressed to Hart Publishing at the address below Hart Publishing, Salters Boatyard, Folly Bridge, Abingdon Rd, Oxford, OX1 4LB Telephone: +44 (0)1865 245533 Fax: +44 (0) 1865 794882 email: mail@hartpub.co.uk WEBSITE: http//:www.hartpub.co.uk British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data Available ISBN 13: 978-1-84113-612-7 (hardback) ISBN 10: 1-84113-612-3 Typeset by Hope Services Ltd, (Abingdon), Oxon Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd, Kings Lynn, Norfolk (A) Ehlermann 06 Prelims 16/5/06 15:32 Page v PERMANENT SPONSORS OF THE A N N UA L E U I C O M P E T I T I O N WORKSHOPS Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP Contact: Calvin S Goldman, QC Commerce Court West 199 Bay Street Toronto, Ontario Canada M5L 1A9 Tel: 416 863 22 80 Fax: 416 863 26 53 E-mail: cal.goldman@blakes.com Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton Contact: Prof Mario Siragusa Rome Office Piazza di Spagna 15 I-00187 Rome Tel: (06) 695 221 Fax: (06) 692 00 665 E-mail: msiragusa@cgsh.com Hengeler, Müller, Weitzel, Wirtz Contact: Jochen Burrichter Trinkausstrasse D-40213 Düsseldorf Germany Fax: 00 49 211 83 04 222 E-mail: jochen.burrichter@hengeler.com Howrey Simon Arnold & White Contact: James Rill Esq 1299 Pennsylvania Ave., NW Washington, DC 20004 Tel: (001 202) 383 65 62 E-mail: rillj@howrey.com Fax: (001 202) 383 66 10 (A) Ehlermann 06 Prelims vi 16/5/06 15:32 Page vi Permanent Sponsors of the Annual EUI Competition Workshops Martinez Lage & Asociados Contact: Santiago Martínez Lage Claudio Coello 37—28001 Madrid Tel (34) 91 426 44 70 – Fax (34) 91 577 37 74 E-mail: smlage@m-lage.es Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom L.L.P Contact: Prof Barry Hawk Brussels Office 523 Avenue Louise B-1050 Brussels Tel: (32 2) 639 03 00 Fax: (32 2) 639 03 39 E-mail: bhawk@skadden.com White & Case/Forrester Norral & Sutton Contact: Prof Ian Forrester Brussels Office 62, rue de la Loi B-1040 Brussels Tel: (32 2) 219 16 20 Fax: (32 2) 219 16 26 E-mail: forreia@brussels.whitecase.com Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP Contact: John Ratliff Bastion Tower Place du Champ de Mars/Marsveldplein B-1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: (32 2) 285 49 08 Fax: (32 2) 285 49 49 E-mail: john.ratliff@wilmerhale.com (A) Ehlermann 06 Prelims 16/5/06 15:32 Page vii CONTENTS List of Sponsors Table of Cases INTRODUCTION v ix xix PANEL ONE: ECONOMIC ASPECTS PANEL DISCUSSION INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT BY MARIO MONTI DISCUSSION Working Papers: I Benito Arruñada: Managing Competition in Professional Services and the Burden of Inertia II Amelia Fletcher: The Liberal Professions—Getting the Regulatory Balance Right III Marc Hameleers, Jeroen van den Heuvel Rijnders and Sander Baljé: Towards a Smarter Protection of Public Interests in the Liberal Professions IV Harald Herrmann: Antitrust Law Compliance and Professional Governance: How Can the European Commission Trigger Competitive Self-regulation? V Frédéric Jenny: Regulation, Competition and the Professions VI Frank H Stephen: The Market Failure Justification for the Regulation of Professional Service Markets and the Characteristics of Consumers VII Roger van den Bergh: Towards Efficient Self-regulation in Markets for Professional Services 49 51 73 85 101 131 143 155 PANEL TWO: LEGAL ISSUES 177 PANEL DISCUSSION 179 Working Papers: I Pamela Brumter Coret: Freedom of Establishment and Freedom to Provide Services for Regulated Professions in the Internal Market: New Initiatives by the Commission II John D Cooke: Vocation as Commodity 217 219 229 (A) Ehlermann 06 Prelims 16/5/06 15:32 Page viii viii Contents III Harry First: Liberal or Learned? European and US Antitrust Approaches to the Professions IV Ian S Forrester: Where Law Meets Competition: Is Wouters Like a Cassis de Dijon or A Platypus? V Hans Gilliams: Competition Law and Public Interest: Do We Need to Change the Law for the (Liberal) Professions? VI Calvin S Goldman and Benjamin R Little: The Regulated Conduct Defence in Canada VII Luc Gyselen: Anti-competitive State Action in the Area of Liberal Professions: An EU/US Comparative Law Perspective VIII William Kolasky: Antitrust and the Liberal Professions: The US Experience IX Santiago Martínez Lage and Rafael Allendesalazar Corcho: Professions and Competition in Spain: A Long and Winding Road X Assimakis P Komninos: Resolution of Conflicts in the Integrated Article 81 EC 239 271 295 335 353 397 409 451 PANEL THREE: INSTITUTIONAL/POLITICAL ISSUES 473 PANEL DISCUSSION 475 Working Papers 515 I II III IV V Lowri Evans, Maija Laurila and Ruth Paserman: Professional Services: Recent EU Developments and Work in Progress Allan Fels: The Australian Experience Concerning Law and the Professions William E Kovacic: Competition Policy Research and Development, Institutional Interdependency, and the Future Work of Competition Agencies in the Professions Mark C Schechter and Christine C Wilson: The Learned Professions in the United States: Where Do We Stand Thirty Years after Goldfarb? Mario Siragusa: Critical Remarks on the Commission’s Legal Analysis in its Report on Competition in Professional Services Bibliography 517 529 547 555 583 591 (A) Ehlermann 06 Prelims 16/5/06 15:32 Page ix TABLE OF CASES 1.EC Courts: Aalborg Portland A/S and Others v Commission, Joined Cases C-204/00 P, C-205/00 P, C-211/00 P, C-213/00 P, C-217/00 P and C-219/00 P [2004] ECR I-123 313 Adoui v Belgium and City of Liège, and Cornuaille v Belgium (“Belgian Barmaids”), Joined Cases 15 and 116/81, [1982] ECR 1665 291 Åklagaren v Krister Hanner, Case C-438/02, judgment pending 10, 181, 271 Albany International v Bedrijfspensioenfonds Textielindustrie, Brentjens’ Handelsonderneming v Bedrijfspensioenfonds voor de Handel in Bouwmaterialen, and Maatschappij Drijvende Bokken v Pensioenfonds voor de Vervoer- en Havenbedrijven, in Cases C-67/96, C-115-117/97, and respectively C-219/97, [1999] ECR I-6121 321–3, 469–70 AOK Bundesverband and Others v Ichthyol-Gesellschaft Cordes, Hermani & Co., Mundipharma GmbH, Gödecke GmbH, Intersan, Institut für pharmazeutische und klinische Forschung GmbH, Joined Cases C-264/01, C-306/01, C-354/01 and C-355/01, [2004] ECR I-2493 299, 378 Asia Motor France v Commission, Case T-154/98, [1999] ECR II-703 304,313 Autotrasporti Librandi, Case C-38/97 [1998] ECR I-5955 305 Béguelin Import v G.L Import-Export, Case 22/71, [1971] ECR 949 393 BNIC v Clair, Case 123/83, [1983] ECR 391 302, 321, 365, 369, 370, 378, 380, 387 Bouchoucha, Case C-61/89, ECR I-3551 222 Brentjens’ Handelsonderneming BV v Stichting Bedrijfspensioenfonds voor de Handel in Bouwmaterialen, Joined Cases C-115/97 to C-117/97, [1999] ECR I-6025 470 Bundesanstalt für den Güterfernverkehr v Gebrüder Reiff GmbH & Co KG, Case C-185/91, [1993] ECR I-5801 588 Bureau National Interprofessionnel du Cognac (BNIC) v Aubert, Case 136/86, [1987] ECR 4789 362 Centro Servizi Spediporto, Case C-96/94, [1995] ECR I-2883 302, 588 Cipolla v Fazari, Case 94/04, judgment pending 355, 373 CNSD v Commission, Case T-513/93, [2000] ECR II-1807 295, 314–5, 355 Colegio de Oficiales de la Marina Mercante Española v Administración del Estado, Case C-405/01, [2003] ECR I10391 299 (A) Ehlermann 06 Prelims x 16/5/06 15:32 Page x Table of Cases Commission and France v Ladbroke Racing Ltd., Joined Cases C-359/95 P and C-379/95 P [1997] ECR I-6265 355, 375–6 Commission v France, Case C-96/85, [1986] ECR 1475 280 Commission v Italy, Case 35/96, [1998] ECR I-3851 (CNSD) 243, 295, 331, 354, 366, 368–70, 372–3, 377, 382–3, 385, 388, 390, 392, 394–5, 588 Consorzio Industrie Fiammiferi (CIF) v Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato, Case C-198/01, [2004] ECR I-8055 6, 8, 168, 188, 197, 239, 249, 251–2, 267, 305, 307, 312, 355, 373, 374–8, 380, 387–8, 394, 475, 495–6, 499–500, 504–5, 523, 588 Consten and Grundig v Commission, Joined Cases 56 and 58/64, [1966] ECR 449 357 Council of the City of Stoke on Trent and Norwich City Council v B and Q plc, Case C-169/91, [1992] ECR I-6635 288 Courage Ltd v Bernard Crehan, Case C-453/99, [2001] ECR I-6297 467 Criminal Proceedings against Harry Franzén, Case C-189/95, [1997] ECR I-5909 288 Criminal Proceedings against Ohra Schadeverzekeringen NV, Case C-245/91, [1993] ECR I-5851 274, 366, 367–8 Criminal Proceedings against Wolf W Meng, Case C-2/91, [1993] ECR I-5751 274, 301, 305–7, 311, 313, 315, 331, 366, 367–8 Cullet v Leclerc, Case 231/83, ECR 305 362–3, 364, 380–1, 390 Delta Schiffahrts- und Speditionsgesellschaft, Case C-153/93, [1994] ECR I-2517 302, 314, 588 Deutsche Paracelsus Schulen v Gräbner, Case 294/00, [2002] ECR 6515 326 Deutscher Apothekerverband eV v 0800 DocMorris NV and Jacques Waterval, Case C-322/01, [2003] ECR I-14886 68 Diego Calì & Figli, Case C-343/95, [1997] ECR I-1547 299 DLG, Case C-250/92, [1994] ECR I-5641 214 Eco Swiss China Time Ltd v Benetton International NV, Case C-126/97, [1999] ECR I-3055 467 Édouard Leclerc v Au Blé Vert, Case 229/83, [1985] ECR 306, 308, 362 European Night Services 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