Aggregation and Divisibility of Damage Tort and Insurance Law

W Tort and Insurance Law Vol 26 Edited by the European Centre of Tort and Insurance Law together with the Institute for European Tort Law of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Ken Oliphant (ed.) Aggregation and Divisibility of Damage With Contributions by Ewa Bagińska Andreas Bloch Ehlers Attila Fenyves Suzanne Galand-Carval Israel Gilead Michael D Green Brooks M Hanner Ernst Karner Christian Lahnstein Richard Lewis Attila Menyhárd Alberto Monti Ken Oliphant Olaf Riss Albert Ruda Joseph Solé Feliu Marlene Steininger Thomas Thiede Gerhard Wagner SpringerWienNewYork European Centre of Tort and Insurance Law Reichsratsstraße 17/2 1010 Vienna, Austria Tel.: +43 4277 29650 Fax: +43 4277 29670 E-Mail: ectil@ectil.org Austrian Academy of Sciences Institute for European Tort Law Reichsratsstraße 17/2 1010 Vienna, Austria Tel.: +43 4277 29651 Fax: +43 4277 29670 E-Mail: etl@oeaw.ac.at This work is published with the financial support of the Austrian Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, the European Commission and Munich Re The sole responsibility lies with the authors, the above-mentioned sponsors are not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained herein This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machines or similar means, and storage in data banks © 2009 Springer-Verlag / Wien Printed in Germany Springer-Verlag Wien New York is part of Springer Science + Business Media springer.at Typesetting: Composition & Design Services, Minsk, Belarus Printing: Strauss GmbH, 69509 Mörlenbach, Germany Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free bleached paper SPIN: 12578481 Library of Congress Control Number: 2009941078 ISSN 1616-8623 ISBN 978-3-211-92208-8 SpringerWienNewYork Preface Whether the harm for which compensation is sought in an action in tort is regarded as a single indivisible loss or a plurality of losses can have a number of important ramifications If there are several losses, it may be that more than one of the claimant’s interests is affected and that only some of his losses are considered to be recoverable damage Whether or not consequential loss is regarded as an independent harm, to be addressed separately, or as part of the whole damage also bears upon this question of recoverability, as well as upon the application of statutes of limitation of action Where there exist liability caps and minimum damage thresholds, the question may arise whether these apply once only, to the whole of the claim, or to each of several different components of the overall claim A plurality of losses may also be reflected in the application of the laws of contributory negligence These problems relating to the divisibility of damage may be particularly pressing in cases where there are multiple claimants or multiple defendants If two or more claimants have rights over the same damaged property (e.g as joint owners or as owner and licensee), whether they are regarded as having suffered the same loss or independent losses may have implications for the claims they can bring Conversely, if two or more defendants concurrently injure a single claimant, how their individual liability is determined may turn (at least in part) on whether the claimant’s injury is considered a single indivisible harm or a plurality of losses A number of more specific questions arise here in respect of joint (or “solidary”) liability To deal with problems relating to the proof of causation in mass tort scenarios – where, for example, it is clear that several independent wrongdoers have injured numerous different people, but it proves difficult or impossible to establish a causal nexus between individual defendants and individual claimants – some jurisdictions have developed exceptional rules which allow for the imposition of liability on the basis of the defendant’s creation of a risk, whether or not it can be shown that the risk eventuated and caused harm In English law, the Fairchild decision (Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Homes Ltd [2002] UKHL 22) provides an example, as does the theory of “market share” liability developed in the United States What is considered the nature of the damage in such cases, and whether or not it is divisible, are crucial questions Questions relating to the divisibility of damage also arise in relation to the conflict of laws If a single wrongful act or omission causes several losses in VI Preface different jurisdictions, could this mean that a different tort law is applied to each several loss? In what circumstances might effects experienced in different jurisdictions be regarded as merely aspects of the same indivisible loss, and what would be the implications in private international law? Additionally, the divisibility of damage may have implications from the point of view of civil procedure, for example, in determining which national courts have jurisdiction, the appropriate forum within that jurisdiction, and the recovery of costs Another issue here is whether a final judgment in, or settlement of, proceedings brought in respect of a given wrongful act or omission has the effect of barring subsequent claims in the event that the claimant should suffer further harm Modern procedural forms which allow class or representative actions by or on behalf of multiple individuals may also require the court to consider the divisibility of the damage suffered These issues arising in respect of substantive and procedural tort law are mirrored by a set of issues relating to insurance law and practice, where the question whether the damage consists in a single loss, or a set of distinct losses, arises most clearly in the application of caps and deductibles But even distinct losses may be aggregated, and so subject to a single cap or deductible, by the use of such devices as aggregate limits and claims series clauses The aggregation and divisibility of damage are therefore phenomena that can be identified in both tort law and insurance, and study of the different approaches and techniques applied provides an opportunity to explore on multiple levels the complex interactions between the two domains This project deals with issues of aggregation and divisibility on a wideranging basis, covering tort law, procedural law and insurance It takes a comparative approach, with country reports from 11 national perspectives structured around a common questionnaire These are supplemented by three special reports from the perspectives of the conflict of laws, the economic analysis of law and insurance There follow a comparative summary and a set of concluding reflections The twin aims of the study are to provide illumination about fundamental but somewhat overlooked issues relating to the basic legal concept of damage – specifically, issues concerning the question: one loss or several losses? – and to explore the interrelationship of tort law and insurance in a wholly new context The project was initially suggested by our long-time friend and supporter, Christian Lahnstein of Munich Re, who also contributed a special report for this volume I would like to express my gratitude to Munich Re, and also the Austrian Ministry of Education, Science and Culture and the European Commission, for their support of this project A first draft of the Questionnaire was prepared by o Univ.-Prof i.R Dr Dr h.c Helmut Koziol, whose contribution I gratefully acknowledge It was he who persuaded me to act as project leader in this difficult and challenging, but innovative and ultimately rewarding investigation The project could not have been completed without the considerable efforts of many members of ECTIL/ETL staff, amongst whom I must particularly highlight Mag Marlene Steininger, who discharged her responsibilities as project assistant extremely effectively, and Donna Stockenhuber M.A., for her very thorough copy-editing I Preface VII would also like to thank Dr Olaf Riss, Mag Kathrin Strobach-Karner, Fiona Salter-Townsend LL.B., LL.M and Stuart David Wallace LL.B., LL.M for their contributions Ken Oliphant Vienna, September 2009 Table of Contents Questionnaire COUNTRY REPORTS 11 Aggregation and Divisibility of Damage in Austria: Tort Law (Ernst Karner/Olaf Riss) 13 I General 13 II Liability for Damage 14 III Procedural Aspects 36 Aggregation and Divisibility of Damage in Austria: Insurance (Attila Fenyves) 51 IV Insurance Aspects 51 Aggregation and Divisibility of Damage in Denmark: Tort Law and Insurance (Andreas Bloch Ehlers) 63 I General 63 II Liability for Damage 63 III Procedural Aspects 78 IV Insurance Aspects 87 Aggregation and Divisibility of Damage in England and Wales: Tort Law (Ken Oliphant) 95 I General 95 II Liability for Damage 95 III Procedural Aspects 116 Aggregation and Divisibility of Damage in England and Wales: Insurance (Richard Lewis) 125 I Introduction 125 II Specific Questions in Part IV of the Questionnaire 126 III Conclusion 141 X Table of Contents Aggregation and Divisibility of Damage in France: Tort Law and Insurance (Suzanne Galand-Carval) 143 I General 143 II Liability for Damage 144 III Procedural Aspects 158 IV Insurance Aspects 166 Aggregation and Divisibility of Damage in Germany: Tort Law and Insurance (Gerhard Wagner) 175 I General 175 II Liability for Damage 178 III Procedural Aspects 198 IV Insurance Aspects 210 Aggregation and Divisibility of Damage in Hungary: Tort Law and Insurance (Attila Menyhárd) 221 I General 221 II Liability for Damage 227 III Procedural Aspects 242 IV Insurance Aspects 249 Aggregation and Divisibility of Damage in Israel: Tort Law (Israel Gilead) 255 I General 255 II Liability for Damage 256 III Procedural Aspects 269 Aggregation and Divisibility of Damage in Italy: Tort Law and Insurance (Alberto Monti) 275 I General 275 II Liability for Damage 276 III Procedural Aspects 284 IV Insurance Aspects 289 Aggregation and Divisibility of Damage in Poland: Tort Law and Insurance (Ewa Bagińska) 295 I General 295 II Liability for Damage 296 III Procedural Aspects 316 IV Insurance Aspects 322 554 Joseph SOLÉ FELIU University of Girona Facultat de Dret Campus de Montilivi E-17071 Girona, Spain Tel.: (+34-972) 418 141 Fax: (+34-972) 418 146 sole@elaw.udg.edu Marlene STEININGER Institute for European Tort Law Reichsratsstraße 17/2 A-1010 Vienna, Austria Tel.: (+43-1) 4277-29666 Fax: (+43-1) 4277-29670 marlene.steininger@ oeaw.ac.at Contributors Josep Solé was born in 1968 in Girona He graduated from the University Autonoma of Barcelona in 1991 He is currently Senior Lecturer of Civil Law at the University of Girona He submitted his Doctoral Thesis on the concept of defect in product liability (1996), obtaining the Extraordinary Doctorate Prize (2000) He has written several books and articles in the field of product liability, tort law and, to a lesser extent, family law He is a member of the Institute of European and Comparative Private Law of the University of Girona, and fellow of the European Centre of Tort and Insurance Law (ECTIL, Vienna) Born in 1982 Marlene Steininger spent a semester in Austin, Texas as an exchange student before graduating in 2001 The same year she gave birth to her daughter In 2002 she began to study law at the University of Vienna In addition to her law studies, Marlene Steininger also commenced degree courses in history and politics After various part-time jobs such as an intership in the news department of the Austrian private television and proof-reading various legal scientific papers, she became a student assistant at the (former) Research Unit for European Tort Law of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 2005 By the end of 2007 she completed her studies with the degree of Magistra iuris Since October 2007 Marlene Steininger has been employed as a research assistant at the Institute for European Tort Law and also for the Austrian Society for Bank Research She is currently working on her thesis on the problems resulting from the techniques of assisted reproduction with donor sperm in the field of parentage law and tort law under the supervision of o Univ.-Prof.i.R Dr Dr h.c Helmut Koziol Contributors Thomas THIEDE Institute for European Tort Law Reichsratsstraße 17/2 A-1010 Vienna, Austria Tel.: (+43-1) 4277-29658 Fax: (+43-1) 4277-29670 thomas.thiede@ oeaw.ac.at Gerhard WAGNER University Bonn, Rechts- und Staatswissenschaftliche Fakultät Adenauerallee 24-42 53113 Bonn, Germany Tel.: (+49-228) 739251 Fax: (+49-228) 739273 555 Thomas Thiede studied Law, Economics and Political Sciences at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany where he obtained the degrees of Bachelor of Laws in 2003 and Master of Laws (Comparative and EU Law) in 2005 from the Faculty of Law and Economics Furthermore he passed his First German State Exam (Referendarsexamen) in October 2006 His primary research interests are in Comparative Law, the Conflict of Laws as well as Tort Law Thomas Thiede has contributed to a number of leading academic journals and books, including articles on International Civil Procedure, the Conflict of Laws, Personaltity Rights and Tort Law in General He is now employed as a Research Assistant for the Institute for European Tort Law of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna Born 1962, Dr jur, University of Göttingen, Germany, 1989; LL.M., University of Chicago, 1995 Since 1999, full professor of German and European Private Law, Civil Procedure, Conflicts Law and Comparative Law at the Faculty of Law and Economics at the Rheinische FriedrichWilhelms-University in Bonn His main fields of research are the law of torts, contracts, civil procedure, arbitration and mediation, with each subject treated from a domestic and European or comparative perspective His methodological commitment is to the economic analysis of law Wagner co-authors a standard text book on the German law of torts (Kötz/Wagner, Deliktsrecht, 10th ed 2006) and is the author of a comprehensive commentary on the German law of torts, including the law of product liability (Münchener Kommentar zum BGB, Vol 5, 5th ed 2009, §§ 823–852, Produkthaftungsgesetz) Articles include a treatment of the foundations of European Tort Law (in: Reinhard Zimmermann (ed.), Grundstrukturen des Europäischen Deliktsrechts, 2003, p 189–340), a review of the Comparative Law of Tort (Reinhard Zimmermann/Mathias Reimann (ed.), Oxford Handbook on Comparative Law, 2006) In addition, Wagner served as 556 Contributors editor and co-author of a volume exploring the Draft Common Frame of Reference (The Draft Common Frame of Reference – Perspectives from Law and Economics, 2009) Index The letters refer to the reports and the numbers refer to the marginal numbers; AI stands for the Austrian report on insurance law, AT for the Austrian report on tort law, CL for the report from the conflict of laws perspective by T Thiede, CR for the concluding reflections, CS for the comparative summary, D for Germany, DK for Denmark, E for Spain, EA for the Economic Analysis by I Gilead, EI for England and Wales: insurance law, ET for England and Wales: tort law, F for France, H for Hungary, I for Italy, IA for the special report on insurance aspects by C Lahnstein, IL for Israel, PL for Poland and US for the United States Actions consolidation of ~ AT 95; D 91; E 77 ff.; US 65 class ~, see class action for declaration AT 26 joinder of ~ AT 94, 106; CR 51; CS 81; D 90, 147; DK 42, 77 f.; E 50, 52, 63 ff.; ET 33 f.; H 52; I 47; PL 87 f., 94; US 64, 78 representative ~ AT 100 ff.; CS 89 ff.; D 95 ff.; DK 85; ET 74; H 54; I 42 ff.; PL 90 f.; US 74 ff adequacy D 25; EI 19; ET 8, 11 f.; IL 11, 14; PL 20; US 36 ff aggregate limit clause AI 16 ff.; CS 103 ff.; D 110, 123; DK 101 f.; E 96, 98; EI 16 f., 33, 48; F 100; H 63; I 53; IA 10; PL 97, 108 ff.; US 90 air traffic AT 34; D 37; E 6, 22; ET 24 f.; H 27; I 15; PL 35; US 16 asbestos CS 44, 51; CR 25; E 44; EI 18, 40 ff.; 44, 52; IA 1, 13; US 15, 43 f., 83, 94 auditors AI 13 ff.; AT 32,50; CS 102; D 115 ff.; DK 98 ff.; E 95; EI 31 f.; H 62; PL 106 f.; US 89 Bad faith AT 14, 30, 100; CS 89; D 34; E 14; IL 50 f blood transfusion CS 45; D 94; F 40 ff., 59, 87; US 83 Brussels I Regulation AT 75; CL 1, ff., 16 ff.; CR 65; CS 58 f.; D 73 f.; DK 62; ET 56; I 33 Brussels Convention AT 73; CL 7; I 33 f buildings insurance AI ff.; CS 99; CR 28; D 110; DK 92 ff.; E 92; EI 27 ff.; I 49; H 60; PL 101; US 85 burden of proof CS 45, 53; E 7, 43; F 77; PL 24, 62; US 2, 32 reversal of the ~ CS 45; D 71; US 41 Caps ~ in insurance law AI 9; CR 2, 11, 18, 37; CS 96, 99; DK 90; D 108, 119; EI ff., 16 f., H 57 ff., 67, IA ff.; PL 96 ff.; 108 ff., 116, 124 ff.; E 90, 92, 96 f.; US 90 ~ in procedural law E 69 ~ in tort law AT 31 ff., 48 ff.; CR 35; CS 22 ff., 29, 31; D 37 f., 46 f.; DK 19 ff., 39 f.; E 20 ff., 28 ff., ET 21 ff., 30; F 16; H 27, 30; IL 15, 17; I 15; PL 32 ff.; US 14 ff 22 ff causal indeterminacy AT 66 ff.; CR 44; CS 44 ff., 51 ff.; D 63 ff.; DK 54 ff.; 558 E 43 ff.; ET 49 ff.; F 37 ff.; H 13, 41 ff., 49; I 27 ff.; IL 31 ff., PL 57 ff., 69 f.; US 39 ff causation AT 15, 59 ff.; CR 44, 71 ff.; CS f., 37 f., 97 f., 106; DK 54 ff.; E 36, 98; EA 24, 29, 35, 47, 54; EI 50 f.; H 35; IA 16; PL 12; US 30 f., 82 f.; see also causal indeterminacy alternative ~ AT 60,66; CS 47; CR 35; D 56, 68; DK 56; PL 57; US 40 multiple ~ E 3; EI ff., 53 potential ~ AT 60, 66 f., 69; CS 47, 54; PL 57 proximate ~, see adequacy psychological ~ AT 61; DK 49 claims see also under actions ~ made principle, see insurance triggers partial ~ AT 86 ff., 90; CR 36, 41, 55 ff.; CS 66, 69; D 82 ~ series clause AI 4, 15, 20 ff., 42; CS 102, 105 ff., 110; CR 22; DK 103 ff.; D 108, 119 ff., 124 f., 128, 131; E 97 f.; EI 34; F 101; H 64 I 52 ff.; IA 9, 18; PL 107, 111 ff.; US 83, 91 ff value of the ~ AT 78 ff., 87, 96; CS 64 ff.; D 77 ff.; DK 66 ff.; E 53; ET 58 ff.; F 54 ff.; H 47; I 36; IL 43; PL 75 ff.; US 51 ff class action AT 93, 99; CS 83 ff., 95; D 93 f.; DK 79 ff., 87 f.; E 66 ff., 89; ET 69, 73; F 71; H 53; I 41 ff.; PL 89; US 68 ff., 77 f collective redress AT 97 ff., 106; CR 51; CS 81 ff., 89 ff., 94 ff.; D 89, 94, 100 ff., 103 f.; DK 87 f.; ET 67 ff., 72, 76; F 71 ff.; H 56; I 48; IL 51 f.; PL 93 ff.; US 68, 78; see also under mass torts comparative negligence CR 72; EA 24 ff., 32 f., 38 ff., 54; IL 4; US 2, 32, 62; see also under contributory negligence compensation form of ~ AT 21, 33,35,37,51; CS 30; D 47; DK 26; ET 62 funds F 20; PL 33 Index competition law AT 102; CS 89; D 96 ff.; E 51, 66, 87; H 51 concerted action AT 61 f., 64 f.; CS 40 ff.; DK 49, 51 f.; E 38, 41; ET 45 ff.; IL 21 ff., 29 f.; PL 49 f., 42 f.; US 35 f conflict of laws CL ff.; CR 65 ff.; CS 58 f.; E 47 ff.; F 51 f consequential loss, see damage constitutional law AI 30; E 7, 12; 25, 75; H 30; US 16 consumer protection AT 96 f.; 100 ff.; CS 89, 91, 93; D 96 ff.; DK 85; E 66 ff., 85 ff.; F 71, 74 f., 86; H 53 f.; I 41 ff.; PL 90 f.; US 75 f contribution between joint tortfeasors CL 28; CR 35, 71 ff.; CS 20, 39; ET 52, F 35; I 21, 23; IL 13, 28; PL 51, 68 contributory negligence AT ff., 19 f., 90 f.; CR 35, 71 ff.; CS ff., 16; D 18, 26 ff., 86; DK f., 12 ff., 73; E 10, 15, 57; EA 32 f., 38 ff.; ET 7, 13; F 6, 11; H 19, 22, 50; I 7, 11, 39; IL ff., 10 f., 49; PL 13 ff., 26; US 2, 7, 11, 19, 33 f., 61 f criminal ~ law D 55, 58; E 38, 40; ET 48 ~ procedure CR 41, CS 95; F 77; E 67, 75; I 48 Damage concept of ~ AT 1; CR 43 ff., 71; D ff.; E f.; F ff.; H ff., ff.; I ff.; PL ff., 96 consequential ~ AT 17 ff., 22 ff., 63; CL 13 f.; CR 31, 43 ff., 69 f.; CS 12 ff.; D 4, 23 ff., 29 ff., 40, 59, 61, 74, 107; DK 10 ff., 46 f.; E 12 ff.; ET ff.; F ff., 19, 52, 59; H f., 21 ff., 27; I 10 ff.; IL ff.; PL 20 ff., 41; US f., 10 ff different kinds of ~ AT 2,4 ff., ff., 14; CR 31, 40; CS ff., 8, 29; D ff., 17, 21 f.; DK ff., 6, 40; E 2, ff., f.; ET ff., ff.; F ff., f.; H ff., 15 ff., 19 f.; I ff.; IL ff.; PL ff., 15; US ff future ~ AT 25 f.; CR 56 f., 62; D 32; ET 62; PL 22, 27 f Index indirect ~, see consequential damage long tail ~ AI 33 ff., 41 f.; CS 108 ff.; CR 18, 23 f.; D 32, 126 ff., 132 ff.; D 126 ff.; DK 106 ff.; E 99 ff., 103 ff.; EI 14, 35 ff., 46 f.; F 102 ff., 107 f.; H 65 f.; I 55 ff.; IA 11 ff.; PL 116 ff., 123; US 83, 94 ff non-pecuniary ~ AT 6, 30; CS 3; D f., 14, 21 f.; E 6, 24; H ff., 16 f., 22, 48; I 4, 6, 9; PL 1, f., 80, 83; US 16 ff property ~ AT 6; CS 14; D 21; ET 10 f.; PL 2, 21; US 12 remoteness of ~, see adequacy damages exemplary ~, see punitive damages special ~ ET ff general ~ ET ff punitive ~ CS 23, 29; US 16, 18, 22, 24 deceit ET 12 deductibles AI 11 ff.; CS 100 ff.; CR 11, 37; D 114, 121; DK 95, 97; E 95; EI 16 f., 31; F 82, 88 ff.; H 58 f., 61 f.; I 50, 52; PL 102 ff.; 120, US 86 ff depecage CL 31 ff., 37 ff difference theory CS 33; PL 2, 40,42, 96, 101 disgorgement of gains CS 89; D 96, 99 distribution mechanism AT 36; D 38 draft civil code H 21; IL 38 f duty ~ of care ET 3, 18, 59; IL 3, ~ to inform AI f.; D 133; PL 121 f Earning capacity DK 22, 29 f., 35 economic analysis CS 9, 39; EA ff employees’ liability H 30; PL 38 employers’ liability AT 67; CR 74; ET 49; PL 38 employment discrimination US 24, 70 enterprise liability US 42 environmental liability AI 24, 36; D 37, 126, 129 ff., 136 f.; CL 11; E 3; F 77; H 10; PL 60; US 74 exposure to risk CS 49; EI 39, F 43 f.; US 83; 94 559 Fait dommageable CS 48 f.; F 48 f., 51 ff., 95, 103, 107 false imprisonment, see imprisonment fees attorney ~ AT 80; CL 64; CS 64; D 90, 102; H 47; I 36: PL 76; US 52, 70 court ~ AT 79; CS 66; CR 36; DK 66 f.; D 79; H 47; PL 76 foreseeability AT 25 f.; CL 29, 40; CR 56, 62 f.; CS 43, 72; D 24, 32 f.; DK 71 f.; E 14, 18, 40 f., 49, 55 f.; ET 11 f., 18, 48; F 36; H 21; I 25; IL 9, 14, 30; PL 22, 55; US 36, 57 forum shopping CL 3, 13, 21, 42 full compensation principle AT 30; CL 25, 32; D f 13; E 6; 25, 28; H 1, 3, 15; PL 21 funeral costs AT 15 f.; CS 11; PL 16; see also loss Hague Convention on Traffic Accidents CL 20 f hours clause CS, 107; H 59; IA 9; US 91 Good faith, see bad faith Imprisonment false ~ ET 17 injunctions AT 100; CS 89; D 96; US 70, 74 insurance CR ff., 14 ff.; IA ff compulsory ~ AI 12; CS 112; CR 16 f.; H 61; PL 118; 126 environmental liability ~ AI 24, 36; CR 19; D 126, 129 f., 136 f.; EI 14 fire ~ AI 5, f., 10; CS 99; D 110 ~ contract interpretation of ~ AI 6; CS 96, 99, 104; EI 3, 15; F 86, 97; I 51, IA 6; US 79 ff termination of ~ AI 23, 36 ff., 41 f.; CS 108 f., 110 f.; D 130, 132 ff.; DK 107 ff.; E 99, 103 ff.; EI 46 f.; H 65; I 55 ff.; PL 116 ff.; US 96 validation of ~ AI 30; CS 109; DK 107; E 101 f.; D 122, 130, 133 ~ premiums CR 18; US 14 560 ~ terms, see standard insurance terms legal expenses ~ AI 28 nuclear risk ~ E 93 product liability ~ AI 25; CS 106, 108, 110 f.; D 125, 132 ff.; DK 101 ff., 110; EI 45; H 64, 66; IA professional liability ~ AI 13 ff.; CS 102; D 122; E 98, 101; H 58 f., 64; I 52, 59; PL 107; US 87, 92, 95 property ~ EI 13; IA 2, 7; PL 95; US 90 storm ~ AI 5, f.; CS 99 traffic liability ~ AI ff.; D 135; E 90; EI 48; H 57; IA ; PL 119 US 90, 97 ~ triggers: accident CR 19, 25; E 99; EI ff.; PL 115; US 81, 88 claims made CS 101 f., 109, 111; CR 23 f.; DK 102, 105 ff.; E 99 ff.; EI 45 ff.; I 52 ff.; US 86 ff., 95 contravention AI 13, 15; 26, 34; CS 100, 102; D 114, 117 ff damage event AI (2 ff.), 22, 33, 41; CS 96 ff., 103, 108 ff.; D 107 ff., 112, 126 f., 132; DK 89 ff., 95 f., 98 f.; E 90 f., 94 f., 98; 102; EI 19 f.; H 57 ff., 61; I 49 ff.; US 89 delivery AI 25, 37 discovery of damage D 129 f general CS 96 f., 100 f.; CR 25 ff.; D 106 ff., 118, 126 ff., 132; EI ff., 38 ff.; IA 5, 16 f.; PL 116 ff., 126; US 86 ff., 94 f.; occurrence CS 108 ff.; CR 21, 25 f.; E 101; EI 15 ff.; I 53, 56; PL 99, 103, 106 f., 114, 123; US 80 ff., 88 f., 91 violation, see contravention intellectual property CL 27; D 75; E 51 Joinder, see actions joint ~ and several liability, see solidary liability Index ~ creditors AT 53; D 49, 97; F 29 ~ fault F 33 ff ~ ownership, see ownership jurisdiction diversity ~ US 48, 67, 78 domestic ~ AT 70 ff.; CS 60 ff.; D 73 ff.; DK 62 ff.; E 51 f.; ET 56 f.; F 48 ff.; H 45 f.; I 33 ff.; IL 40 ff.; PL 71 ff.; US 47 ff international ~ CL ff., 37; CR 49, 65 ff.; CS 58 f.; E 47 ff transfer of ~ AT 107; D 90 f.; ET 33, 72; US 66 Limitation, see prescription lis pendens AT 85,87, 89 f.; CL 18; D 2; E 70; loss consequential ~, see damage economic ~, see pure economic loss emotional ~, see mental injury extrinsic ~ CS 12; E 12 f intrinsic ~ CS 12; E 12 ~ of chance AT 66; CS 48; D 70; F 43; I 27; IL 32 ~ of earnings AT 2, 21; DK 13, IL 8; PL 23 non-pecuniary ~, see damage pure economic ~ AI 26, 38; AT 5, 30, 74; CL 13; CS 3, 17, 21; D 20, 23, 29, 53, 115 f 119; ET 18 f.; H ricochet ~ E 13; F 50 f.; I 2; PL 17 ff Market share liability AT 68 f.; CS 55 f.; D 72; DK 60; E 45; ET 54; F 47; H 43 f.; I 31; IL 39; PL 65; US 40 f., 45 f mass torts AT 95, 98, 106 ff.; CS 94 f.; D 94, 103 ff.; DK 87 f.; E 75, 89; ET 70, 76; 77; H 56; I 48; PL 93 f.; US 67, 73, 78 matter in dispute, see subject matter of litigation medical accident F 20 ff medical liability CS 45; D 71; DK 24 f., 32 f.; IL 14, 36; PL 62 f.; US 15 ff., 22 f., 93 mental injury AT 30; CS 3, 100; D 7; ET 3, 20; IL 3, Index mitigation of loss ET 6; IL 11 motor vehicles, see traffic liability motor vehicle liability insurance, see traffic liability insurance multiple tortfeasors AT 59 ff.; CL 16 f., 25, 28; CS 36 ff., 59; CR 31, 71 ff.; D 2, 54 ff.; DK 48 ff.; E 35 ff.; EA 24, 32 ff., 38 ff., 57; ET 42 ff.; F 31 ff.; H 34 ff.; I 21 ff.; IL 1, 21 ff.; PL 48 ff., 69 f.; US f., 30 ff Nuclear liability CS 22; D 46; E 6, 23; ET 22 f.; H 27; PL 32 f nuisance CR 74; ET 2, 10; F 18; US 56 Ownership AT 53 ff.; CS 32 ff.; CR 31, 51; D 48 ff.; DK 41 ff.; E 31 f., 64; ET 31 ff.; F 27 ff.; H 12, 31 f.; IL 18 f.; I 19; PL 40 f.; US 26 ff Pain and suffering AT 12, 88; CR 36, 56; CS 8, 69; D 5,14, 19, 28, 84; DK 20; ET 6; I 11 permanent injury DK 21, E 24; 26 F 20, 60; US 56 personal injury AT 33 ff.; CL 31 ff.; CR 44, 56 ff.; CS 24, 29, 68, 70, 84; D 5; DK 19 ff., 71; E 24 f., 28; EI ff.; ET 62; F 62 f.; H 49; IA 2; IL 17; PL 35, 88; 119 f.; US 60, 73 personality rights AT 30; CL 12 ff., 20, 27 perte d’une chance, see loss of chance pharmaceuticals DK 24 f., 31 f.; EI 45; ET 70; US 41 prescriptive right, see right of use prescription AT 23 ff., 86; CR 48, 64, 68 ff.; CS 18 ff.; D 2, 30 ff., 83, 85; DK 16 f.; E 7, 18, 55; ET 14 ff.; F 14; H 24; I 12 f.; IL 12 f.; PL 29 f., 122; US 12 presumption CL 34; CS 45; F 37 ff.; PL 62 prevention CL 25; EA 5, 12 f., 30; F 91; H 24, 35, 42; PL 102 Principles of European Tort Law CL 15; IL product liability AI 25, 37, 41 f.; AT 38 ff.; CL 20; CS 10, 22, 27 f.; D 39 ff., 125, 132 ff.; DK 37 f., 101 ff., 108 561 ff.; E 3, 20 f., 26 f., 28, 30, 49, 100, 103 ff.; EA 53; ET 19, 26 ff.; EI 45, 52; F 5, 8, 17, 23 f.; 107; H 14 ,21, 28 f., 64, 66; I 8, 16 f.; IA f.; IL 15,17; 16 f., 57, PL 36 f., 69, 113, 123; US 41 f., 45, 83, 94, 96 proportional liability AT 61 f., 66, 68; CS 37 f., 51 f.; CR 35; D 63 ff., 69 ff.; DK 58 f.; E 35; EI 44; ET 51 ff.; IL 32 ff.; US 34 protected interests AT f., 18, 30, 48; CL 13;CR 40; CS ff., 13; D 6, 10, 20, 107; E 5, 7; ET f.; F 2; H 6, 15 f., 18; IL 2; US ff., 10 protective purpose theory AT 18; D 11 f pure economic loss, see loss Reinsurance CR 13, 17; EI 18, 21, 23, IA remedies AT 84, 96; D 80f; US 53; see also disgorgement of gains; injunctions and restitution in kind res judicata AT 85 ff., 89 ff.; CR 33, 45, 50, 53 f., 55 ff.; 60 ff.; CS 68 ff., 74 ff.; D 2, 83 ff., 97; DK 70 ff., 82; E 54 ff., 83; ET 62 ff.; F 57 ff., 64 ff.; H 48 ff.; I 37 ff.; IL 44 ff.; PL 78 ff.; US 4, 7, 11, 54 ff., 59 ff restitution in kind AT 55 f.; H ricochet victims, see loss right of use AT 56; CS 35; D 52 f.; DK 46; ET 39; H 33; PL 43 f.; US 28 Rome II Regulation CL 19 f., 22 ff., 28 ff., 35 ff.; CR 65 ff Settlements – out of court AT 92; CR 53; CS 80; D 87 f.; DK 74 f.; E 58 ff.; ET 66; H 51; I 40; IL 50; PL 84 ff.; US 63 sexual abuse US 81, 92 f social security law AT 67; D 67 solidary liability AT 59 ff., 66 f.; CR 35, 71 ff.; CS 37 ff., 51 ff.; D 54 ff., 65 f.; DK 48 f., 56 ff.; E 4, 35 ff., 45; EA 57; EI 44; ET 42 f., 49, 51 ff.; F 31 ff.; H 35 ff., 42; I 21 ff.; IL 13, 21 ff.; PL 45 ff., 58 f., 64, 66, 70; US 2, 33 ff Spanish Pool for Environmental Risks CR 22; E 100; IA 562 standard insurance terms AI 6, D 107, 112 f., 132 f.; EI 2; H 57 state liability US 25 strict liability AT 33 ff., CL 25; CS 22, 29; D 15, 37 f., 46 f.; E ff., 37; EA 30; ET 21 ff., H 19; IL 17; PL 59 f subject matter of litigation AT 85; CR 36, 56; CS 69; D 2, ff., 82 f., 86 Terrorism CR 27; ET 21 ff., 28; IA 2, 8; US 83 test cases AT 96; CS 92 ff.; D 100 ff.; E 88; ET 70 f.; H 55; PL 92; US 70, 77 third party liability insurance AI 4, 12, 14 f., 18 f.; 20 ff., 43; CS 100 f., 106, 112; D 111, 114, 116, 119, 135 ff.; DK 97; 110; E 106; EA 50 ff.; EI 4; F 109, H 57 f., 61, 67; I 58 f PL 124 f.; US 86 ff., 97 thresholds ~ in insurance law, see deductibles ~ in civil procedure D 78, 80 f.; H 47; E 69; US 51 ~ in tort law AT 38 ff., 47 ff.; CS 26; DK 28 ff., 38 ff.; ET 26 ff.; Index F 5, 17 ff., 25; D 39 ff., 45 f.; H 28 ff.; IL 16; I 16 f., PL 36 ff.; E 26 f., 30; US 20, 34 traffic liability AT 33; D 15,18, 38,47; CL 20 f.; CS 4, 8; E f., 12, 24 f., 28, 51; IL 10, 15, 17 Unity moderate doctrine of ~ AT 29 of damage CR 48, 68; CS 97; D 31 ff of incident CS 97; E 91, 94, 98 of time, place and cause CS 98; CR 27 f.; EI 20 ff., 31 unjust enrichment ET 35 f unlawfulness AT 5, D 11 Vicarious liability CL 15; PL 38 Vorverlegung des Verschuldensbezuges CS 14; D 24 f Work accidents D 67; DK 26, 34 f.; EA 12 ff.; see also employees’ liability and employers’ liability Publications Principles of European Tort Law Volume 1: The Limits of Liability: Keeping the Floodgates Shut Edited by Jaap Spier Kluwer Law International, The Hague Hardcover ISBN 90-411-0169-1 1996, 162 pp Volume 2: The Limits of Expanding Liability Eight Fundamental Cases in a Comparative Perspective Edited by Jaap Spier Kluwer Law International, The Hague Hardcover ISBN 90-411-0581-6 1998, 244 pp Volume 3: Unification of Tort Law: Wrongfulness Edited by Helmut Koziol Kluwer Law International, The Hague Hardcover ISBN 90-411-1019-4 1998, 144 pp Volume 4: Unification of Tort Law: Causation Edited by Jaap Spier Kluwer Law International, The Hague Hardcover ISBN 90-411-1325-8 2000, 161 pp Volume 5: Unification of Tort Law: Damages Edited by Ulrich Magnus Kluwer Law International, The Hague Hardcover ISBN 90-411-1481-5 2001, 225 pp Volume 6: Unification of Tort Law: Strict Liability Edited by Bernhard A Koch and Helmut Koziol Kluwer Law International, The Hague Hardcover ISBN 90-411-1705-9 2002, 444 pp Volume 7: Unification of Tort Law: Liability for Damage caused by Others Edited by Jaap Spier Kluwer Law International, The Hague Hardcover ISBN 90-411-2185-4 2003, 335 pp Volume 8: Unification of Tort Law: Contributory Negligence Edited by Ulrich Magnus and Miquel Martín-Casals Kluwer Law International, The Hague Hardcover ISBN 90-411-2220-6 2004, 300 pp Volume 9: Unification of Tort Law: Multiple Tortfeasors Edited by W.V Horton Rogers Kluwer Law International, The Hague Hardcover ISBN 90-411-2319-9 2004, 313 pp 564 Publications Volume 10: Unification of Tort Law: Fault Edited by Pierre Widmer Kluwer Law International, The Hague Hardcover ISBN 90-411-2098-X 2005, 393 pp Tort and Insurance Law Volume 1: Cases on Medical Malpractice in a Comparative Perspective Edited by Michael Faure and Helmut Koziol Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-83595-4 2001, 331 pp Volume 5: Deterrence, Insurability and Compensation in Environmental Liability Future Developments in the European Union Edited by Michael Faure Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-83863-5 2003, 405 pp Volume 2: Damages for NonPecuniary Loss in a Comparative Perspective Edited by W.V Horton Rogers Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-83602-0 2001, 318 pp Volume 6: Der Ersatz frustrierter Aufwendungen Vermögens- und Nichtvermögensschaden im österreichischen und deutschen Recht By Thomas Schobel Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-83877-5 2003, 342 pp Volume 3: The Impact of Social Security on Tort Law Edited by Ulrich Magnus Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-83795-7 2003, 312 pp Volume 4: Compensation for Personal Injury in a Comparative Perspective Edited by Bernhard A Koch and Helmut Koziol Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-83791-4 2003, 501 pp Volume 7: Liability for and Insurability of Biomedical Research with Human Subjects in a Comparative Perspective Edited by Jos Dute, Michael G Faure and Helmut Koziol Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-20098-3 2004, 445 pp Volume 8: No-Fault Compensation in the Health Care Sector Edited by Jos Dute, Michael G Faure, Helmut Koziol Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-20799-6 2004, 492 pp Publications Volume 9: Pure Economic Loss Edited by Willem H van Boom, Helmut Koziol and Christian A Witting Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-00514-5 2004, 214 pp Volume 10: Liber Amicorum Pierre Widmer Edited by Helmut Koziol and Jaap Spier Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-00522-6 2003, 376 pp Volume 11: Terrorism, Tort Law and Insurance A Comparative Survey Edited by Bernhard A Koch Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-01867-0 2004, 313 pp Volume 12: Abschlussprüfer Haftung und Versicherung Edited by Helmut Koziol and Walter Doralt Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-20800-3 2004, 180 pp Volume 13: Persönlichkeitsschutz gegenüber Massenmedien/The Protection of Personality Rights against Invasions by Mass Media Edited by Helmut Koziol and Alexander Warzilek Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-23835-2 2005, 713 pp 565 Volume 14: Financial Compensation for Victims of Catastrophes Edited by Michael Faure and Ton Hartlief Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-24481-6 2006, 466 pp Volume 15: Entwurf eines neuen österreichischen Schadenersatzrechts Edited by Irmgard Griss, Georg Kathrein and Helmut Koziol Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-30827-X 2006, 146 pp Volume 16: Tort Law and Liability Insurance Edited by Gerhard Wagner Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-24482-4 2005, 361 pp Volume 17: Children in Tort Law Part I: Children as Tortfeasors Edited by Miquel Martín-Casals Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-24480-8 2006, 476 pp Volume 18: Children in Tort Law Part II: Children as Victims Edited by Miquel Martín-Casals Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-31130-0 2007, 320 pp Volume 19: Tort and Regulatory Law Edited by Willem H van Boom, Meinhard Lukas and Christa Kissling Springer, Vienna/New York Hardcover ISBN 978-3-21131133-2 2007, 477 pp 566 Publications Volume 20: Shifts in Compensating Work-Related Injuries and Diseases Edited by Saskia Klosse and Ton Hartlief Springer, Vienna/New York Hardcover ISBN 978-3-21171555-0 2007, 236 pp Volume 23: Tort Law of the European Community Edited by Helmut Koziol and Reiner Schulze Springer, Vienna/New York Hardcover ISBN 978-3-21177585-1 2008, 693 pp Volume 21: Shifts in Compensation for Environmental Damage Edited by Michael Faure and Albert Verheij Springer, Vienna/New York Hardcover ISBN 978-3-21171551-2 2007, 338 pp Volume 24: Economic Loss Caused by Genetically Modified Organisms Edited by Bernhard A Koch Springer, Vienna/New York Hardcover ISBN 978-3-21177987-3 2008, 747 pp Volume 22: Shifts in Compensation between Private and Public Systems Edited by Willem H van Boom and Michael Faure Springer, Vienna/New York Hardcover ISBN 978-3-21171553-6 2007, 246 pp Volume 25: Punitive Damages Edited by Helmut Koziol and Vanessa Wilcox Springer, Vienna/New York Hardcover ISBN 978-3-21192270-1 2009, 322 pp European Tort Law Yearbook European Tort Law 2001 Edited by Helmut Koziol and Barbara C Steininger Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-83824-4 2002, 571 pp European Tort Law 2004 Edited by Helmut Koziol and Barbara C Steininger Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-24479-4 2005, 674 pp European Tort Law 2002 Edited by Helmut Koziol and Barbara C Steininger Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-00486-6 2003, 596 pp European Tort Law 2005 Edited by Helmut Koziol and Barbara C Steininger Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-31135-1 2006, 711 pp European Tort Law 2003 Edited by Helmut Koziol and Barbara C Steininger Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-21033-4 2004, 493 pp European Tort Law 2006 Edited by Helmut Koziol and Barbara C Steininger Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 978-3-211-70937-5 2008, 576 pp Publications European Tort Law 2007 Edited by Helmut Koziol and Barbara C Steininger Springer, Vienna/New York Hardcover ISBN 978-3-21177991-0 2008, 661 pp Principles of European Tort Law Text and Commentary Edited by the European Group on Tort Law Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-23084-X 2005, 282 pp Digest of European Tort Law Volume 1: Essential Cases on Natural Causation Edited by Bénédict Winiger, Helmut Koziol, Bernhard A Koch and Reinhard Zimmermann Springer, Vienna/New York Hardcover ISBN 978-3-21136957-9 2007, 632 pp 567 European Tort Law 2008 Edited by Helmut Koziol and Barbara C Steininger Springer, Vienna/New York Hardcover ISBN 978-3-21192797-7 2009, 708 pp 568 Publications EUROTORT EUROTORT is the first comprehensive database of European cases on tort law This web-based research tool shall allow both researchers as well as practitioners to access the vast wealth of jurisprudence on tort law throughout Europe in a single language (English) and with a standardized index system With a single search string, the most important aspects of tort law can be researched either in any one of the jurisdictions covered, in a selection of countries or without geographical limitation The interface allows various types of retrievals including simple pattern search (full text search) and more elaborate retrievals like the search in specific database fields such as time period or keyword At present, the collection contains almost 1,600 decisions from 26 European countries, all categorized and indexed The cases have been selected by experts from each respective jurisdiction, who have also drafted the English texts presenting the facts of the case and an abstract of the decision Access to the database is free (subject to prior registration) at www.eurotort org EUROPEAN TORT LAW BLOG Recently we have added a new feature to our homepages, namely an ECTIL/ ETL blog and we would like to invite you to send us information which could be posted Perhaps there is an upcoming event which you would like to publicize, you have discovered links which could be useful to others or you have written an article which you would like to present If so, just send us an English summary and we will add this to our blog www.europeantortlaw.net