European Tort Law 2005 Tort and Insurance Law Tort and Insurance Law Yearbooks

W Tort and Insurance Law Yearbook European Tort Law 2005 Edited by the European Centre of Tort and Insurance Law together with the Research Unit for European Tort Law of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Helmut Koziol Barbara C Steininger (eds.) European Tort Law 2005 With Contributions by Håkan Andersson Irene Kull Bjarte Askeland Rok Lampe Ewa Bagi´nska Milda Lauc`´iene Elena Bargelli Peter Loser Søren Bergenser Attila Menyhárd Agris Bita-ns Olivier Moréteau Willem H van Boom Ken Oliphant Matthias Cornils André G Dias Pereira Eugenia Dacoronia Andrea Pinna Anton Dulak Eoin Quill Isabelle C Durant Robert Rebhahn Michael Faure Jordi Ribot Jörg Fedtke Albert Ruda Herkus Gabartas Alessandro P Scarso Michael D Green Barbara C Steininger Suvianna Hakalehto-Wainio Christian Takoff Ton Hartlief Vibe Ulfbeck Jir`´í Hrádek Gerhard Wagner Bernhard A Koch SpringerWienNewYork European Centre of Tort and Insurance Law Landesgerichtsstraße 11 1080 Vienna, Austria Tel.: +43 40127 1688 Fax: +43 40127 1685 E-Mail: ectil@ectil.org Austrian Academy of Sciences Research Unit for European Tort Law Landesgerichtsstraße 11 1080 Vienna, Austria Tel.: +43 40127 1687 Fax: +43 40127 1685 E-Mail: etl@oeaw.ac.at This work is published with the financial support of the Austrian Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Munich Re and Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Gedruckt mit Unterstützung des Bundesministeriums für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Kultur in Wien This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machines or similar means, and storage in data banks © 2006 Springer-Verlag/Wien Printed in Austria Springer-Verlag Wien New York is part of Springer Science + Business Media springeronline.com Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for the information contained in this book This also refers to that on drug dosage and application thereof In each individual case the respective user must check the accuracy of the information given by consulting other pharmaceutical literature Typesetting: Composition & Design Services, Minsk, Belarus Printing and binding: Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Gesellschaft m.b.H., 3580 Horn, Austria Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free bleached paper SPIN: 11608899 CIP data applied for ISSN 1616-8623 ISBN-10 3-211-31135-1 SpringerWienNewYork ISBN-13 978-3-211-31135-6 SpringerWienNewYork Preface A harmonisation of European law presupposes sound mutual knowledge of the jurisdictions involved in the harmonisation process However, partly due to language problems it is not always easy to obtain information about all these jurisdictions, especially as far as new developments are concerned Against this background, the European Centre of Tort and Insurance Law and the Research Unit for European Tort Law decided to publish a Yearbook on European Tort Law containing reports on the most interesting new developments in the field of tort law in different European countries The fifth Yearbook on European Tort law includes reports on most EU Member States, including the new Member States the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia Contributions from Switzerland and Norway, an overview of the developments in the field of EC law as well as a report on Bulgarian tort law are also included Furthermore, the Yearbook includes a comparative overview and several essays on key issues of tort law, five of which focus on questions of public liability These essays, as well as the most important results of the country reports and the comparative overview, were presented and discussed at the 5th Annual Conference on European Tort Law in Vienna from 20 to 22 April 2006 The opening lecture of the Conference on “The Impact of the Jury on American Tort Law” as well as a contribution on the topic of “Harmonizing European Tort Law” are also published in the present Yearbook The 6th Annual Conference on European Tort Law will again take place in Vienna from 12 to 14 April 2007 In publishing the Yearbook we pursue the idea of providing a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in the law of torts of many European countries thereby enabling scholars as well as practitioners from different national backgrounds to keep abreast of questions concerning tort law Furthermore, we hope that the Yearbook will enhance and promote a greater understanding of the respective national legal and judicial systems which is essential for a successful harmonisation of European tort law At this point, we would like to express our gratitude for the support of this project by the Austrian Ministry of Education, Science and Culture; the Austrian Ministry of Justice; Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer; the Kulturabteilung der Stadt Wien, Wissenschafts- und Forschungsförderung and Munich Re Without their support this project could never have been realised Moreover, we would like to thank the staff of the Research Unit for European Tort Law VI Preface and the European Centre of Tort and Insurance Law Special thanks go to Mag Lisa Zeiler for making the Conference such a success and Donna Stockenhuber M.A for once again taking on the delicate and time-consuming task of proof-reading the entire manuscript Moreover, we would like to thank Simone Sartor for preparing the Index, Mag Kathrin Karner-Strobach for unifying the style of the footnotes and Dr Nora Wallner for her help with the final manuscript Helmut Koziol and Barbara C Steininger Vienna, September 2006 Table of Contents Essays I Liability for Failure to Regulate Health and Safety Risks (Willem H van Boom and Andrea Pinna) II Foreseeing Liability for Breach of EC Law Reflections on the ECJ’s Differing Notions of Illegality (Matthias Cornils) 23 III State Liability in Times of Budgetary Crisis (Jörg Fedtke) 42 IV The Impact of the Jury on American Tort Law (Michael D Green) 55 V Public Liability in Comparison – England, France, Germany (Robert Rebhahn) 68 A Introduction 68 B Overview of the National Systems 71 C The Liability for Unlawful Behaviour in Detail 74 D Conclusion 91 VI Tortious Liability of Regulatory Authorities (Alessandro P Scarso) 94 A Introduction 94 B Liability of Regulatory Authorities Under Italian Law 95 C Comparative Material 107 D Liability of Regulatory Authorities Under “European Law” 111 E Conclusion 114 VIII Table of Contents Reports 117 I Austria (Barbara C Steininger) 118 A Legislation 118 B Cases 128 C Literature 140 Appendix: Working Group Draft 142 II Belgium (Isabelle C Durant) 156 A Legislation 156 B Cases 162 C Literature 180 III Czech Republic (Jiří Hrádek) 186 A Legislation 186 B Cases 193 C Literature 208 IV Denmark (Vibe Ulfbeck and Søren Bergenser) 211 A Legislation 211 B Cases 211 C Literature 218 V England and Wales (Ken Oliphant) 221 A Legislation 221 B Cases 225 C Literature 246 VI Estonia (Irene Kull) 251 A Legislation 251 B Cases 254 C Literature 258 VII Finland (Suvianna Hakalehto-Wainio) 262 A Legislation 262 B Cases 262 C Literature 266 Table of Contents IX VIII France (Olivier Moréteau) 270 A Legislation 270 B Cases 274 IX Germany (Jörg Fedtke) 281 A Legislation 281 B Cases 283 C Literature 298 X Greece (Eugenia Dacoronia) 306 A Legislation 306 B Cases 306 C Literature 329 XI Hungary (Attila Menyhárd) 332 A Legislation 332 B Cases 332 C Literature 346 XII Ireland (Eoin Quill) 348 A Legislation and Official Reports 348 B Cases 352 C Literature 365 XIII Italy (Elena Bargelli) 368 A Legislation 368 B Cases 370 C Literature 379 XIV Latvia (Agris Bit2ns) 380 A Legislation 380 B Cases 392 C Literature 396 Contributors 697 ily Law” His main fields of research are tort law, family law and contract law Albert RUDA University of Girona Facultat de Dret Campus de Montilivi E-17071 Girona Spain Tel.: (+34-972) 418 142 Fax: (+34-972) 418 146 ruda@elaw.udg.es Website: civil.udg.es/ ruda Albert Ruda was born in 1975 in Barcelona He graduated from the University of Girona in 1997, where as an assistant professor he is currently teaching law of obligations, contracts and consumer law After having been Van Calker scholar at the Swiss Institute of Comparative Law (2001), he published a short dissertation on barter agreements of immovables (2002) and has recently presented a Doctoral Thesis on liability for pure ecological damage (2006) under the direction of Prof Dr M Martín-Casals Member of the Observatory of European and Comparative Private Law of the University of Girona, he has extensive experience as a webmaster He has also done research stays at ECTIL (Vienna, 2001 and 2003) and the Centrum voor Aansprakelijkheidsrecht at the Tilburg University (2004) and the Faculty of Law of the University of Cambridge (2006) Alessandro P SCARSO University of Parma Strada dell’Università 12 43100 Parma Italy Tel.: +39 0521 034508 Fax: +39 521 034511 Alessandropietro scarso@unipr.it Alessandro Scarso is Associate Professor of Private Law at the University of Parma He studied Economics and Law in Milan He is enrolled in the Milan Law Society and is a Certified Public Accountant He has taught Private Law, Contract Law, Family Law and Principles of European Private Law at Bocconi University in Milan and at the University of Parma, both at a graduate and postgraduate level He is a member of the editorial staff of Responsabilità civile e previdenza, and an ECTIL fellow 698 Contributors Barbara C STEININGER Research Unit for European Tort Law Landesgerichtsstraße 11 A-1080 Vienna, Austria Tel.: (+43-1) 401271610 Fax: (+43-1) 401271685 barbara.steininger @oeaw.ac.at Barbara Steininger was born in Feldkirch (Austria) in 1977 and was brought up bilingually (German/ Dutch) She studied law in Vienna and Leiden and graduated in 1999 Between 1998 and 2000 she worked as a student assistant at the Institute of Roman Law, University of Vienna Between 1999 and 2003 Barbara Steininger worked at the European Centre of Tort and Insurance Law in Vienna Since 2002 she has been a staff member of the Research Unit for European Tort Law of the Austrian Academy of Sciences In 2002 Barbara Steininger conducted research at the Maastricht European Institute for Transnational Legal Research (METRO) in Maastricht and at the Institut Suisse de Droit Comparé in Lausanne From June to December 2004 she was on leave for work at the University of Geneva In 2005 she finished her doctoral thesis under the supervision of Prof Helmut Koziol (“Verschärfung der Verschuldenshaftung”) and completed a nine month full-time court internship at various courts in Vienna Christian TAKOFF University of Sofia Zar Osvoboditel Blvd 15 1000 Sofia Bulgaria christian_takoff@yahoo com www.geocities.com/ christian_takoff Christian Takoff (1965) was born in Sofia, Bulgaria, where he enjoyed his legal education as well He acquired his Master degree in law at the University of Sofia (1992), his Legum magister degree (LL.M.) in Hamburg, Germany (1995) and his doctorate at the University of Sofia (1997) His thesis “The Bank Guarantee” (1997) dealt with doctrinal and practical issues concerning the respective ICC-Rules and the Bulgarian banking legislation Christian Takoff was an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow in Hamburg (2004–2006) As of 1992 he is assistant professor at the University of Sofia (since 1996 major assistant professor) Since 1997, Christian Takoff holds tenure main lecturer at the the Veliko Turnovo University (Bulgaria) in Civil Law as well His current field of interest covers general part of the civil law, law of contracts and comparative law He has more than 20 publications and monographs The newest ones “Voluntary representation” deal with the problems of agency in Bulgarian law under comparative perspective, and Contributors 699 the “Method for solving of civil cases” – with theoretical and practical issues of the legal methodology Christian Takoff works as legal advisor and arbitrator at the Arbitration Court of the Bulgarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry as well Christian Takoff participated at the Supervisory Board of the State Agency for Postprivatisation Control (2000–2004) Vibe ULFBECK University of Copenhagen Studiegaarden, Studiestraede 1455 Copenhagen, Denmark Tel.: 35323148 Vibe.Ulfbeck@jur.ku.dk Vibe Ulfbeck was born in 1966 and graduated as a lawyer at the University of Copenhagen in 1990 In 1991 she obtained an LL.M degree at the University of Cambrigde, UK From 1991–1992 she was employed in the Danish Justice Department and since 1993 she has been at the University of Copenhagen where she obtained her doctorate in 2000 In 2004 she was appointed professor of private law Gerhard WAGNER Universität Bonn Rechts- und Staatswissenschaftliche Fakultät Adenauerallee 24-42 53113 Bonn Germany Tel.: +49 228 739251 Fax: +49 228 739273 Born 1962, Dr jur., University of Göttingen, Germany, 1989; LL.M., University of Chicago, 1995 As of 1999, professor of German and European Private Law at the Faculty of Law and Economics at Bonn University His main field of research is the law of torts, both from a domestic and European perspective He has written one of the major commentaries on the German law of torts (Münchener Kommentar zum BGB, Vol 5, 4th ed 2004); published a textbook on the subject, together with Kötz (Deliktsrecht, 10th ed 2006), contributed to a volume on the foundations of European tort law (Zimmermann (ed.), Grundstrukturen des Europäischen Deliktsrechts, 2003, 189 – 340) and taken care of the section on the Law of Torts in the forthcoming Oxford Handbook on Comparative Law (Zimmermann/Reimann, ed.) Another major contribution was a consultation paper on the reform of the law of damages written for the Deutsche Juristentag (Neue Perspektiven im Schadensersatzrecht, 2006) Wagner is a fellow of ECTIL and participated in research projects such as “Children in Tort Law” 700 Contributors (Vol I ed by Martín-Casals), sponsored by the European Science Foundation, and “Tort Law and Liability Insurance” (Wagner, ed., 2005) Other than the law of torts and damages his research interests focus on European civil practice and domestic as well as international arbitration Index The numbers refer to the marginal notes and the letters refer to the reports; A stands for Austria, B for Belgium, BP for the Report of Willem H van Boom and Andrea Pinna, BU for Bulgaria, C for the report of Matthias Cornils, CH for Switzerland, CO for the Comparative Overview, CZ for the Czech Republic, D for Germany, DK for Denmark, E for Spain, EST for Estonia, EU for European Union, EW for England and Wales, F for France, FE for the report of Jörg Fedtke, G for the report of Michael D Green, GR for Greece, H for Hungary, I for Italy, IRL for Ireland, LT for Lithuania, LV for Latvia, N for Norway, NL for the Netherlands, P for Portugal, PL for Poland, R for the report of Robert Rebhahn, S for Sweden, SK for Slovakia, SLO for Slovenia and W for the report of Gerhard Wagner ability to work, see earning capacity abortion PL 74, 77, 80–81, 84 act of God, see force majeure additional compensation, see damages, additional ~ adequacy D 16; N 12 administrative acts, see public liability adventure activities EW 53 advertising EW affection damage, see psychological harm AIDS see HIV alternative compensation systems D 52 alternative lawful behaviour A 15, 55 animals A 10; B 100; CH 54; CZ 12; D 32–35, 57, 61; DK 8–10; E 1–3; GR 9–12; H 30–32; NL 20; SLO 34 asbestos IRL 40; NL 27–33 assessment of damages, see damages, calculation of ~ associations B 2, 9–10, 83 auditors D 27–31 authority B 67–76; EST 18 aviation A 9; D 6, 60; EST 9–11; NL 26; P8 bank B 116; CH 8, 16, 26–28; D 63; E 31–32; GR 13; H 36; LT 22–23; PL 54–59; SK 16–20 bankruptcy EST 7; S 3; SK 1–5, barristers, see lawyers battery CZ 53 Bill of Rights EW 1–5 blood D 48–51; F 17 breach of duty EW 1–3; F 22; I 27–32; IRL 14, 17–20, 28; N 43; P 91; PL 8; SK 16 burden of proof A 7, 13, 43, 58; B 37– 40; CH 40; D 50, 53; E 14, 28, 40; EST 11; GR 42; H 31–32; LT 31; N 39; NL 34; P 75–77; PL 39–44; SK 30; SW 36 reversal of the ~ A 10–11, 33–35; CZ 108; D 4, 43–47; NL 46 cableway A capacity A 8, 16 care EW effective ~ NL 7–11 catastrophes E 4–5; GR 1, 19–24; IRL causal uncertainty B 77–82; NL 46 702 causation A 6; B 65, 98; CH 1; D 51, 56; DK 37; E 30, 45, 51; EW 8–15, 52; F 5, 22–25; H 3, 5, 17, 46; IRL 17– 20; PL 9, 14, 93 alternative ~ A legal ~ B 80; BU 68–69, 89–90 proof of ~ B 79; EW cheque GR 13–15, 78, 80 child abuse, see sexual abuse children, see minors church EW 47 cigarettes, see smoking civil code reform A 1–26; CZ 1–7; F 1– 11 civil immunity B 88–90; CZ 75–77; EW 29; IRL 21–24, 41 claims culture EW 1–2; NL 55 compensation, see damages compensation funds E 8, 12; FIN confidence EW 33, 37, 40–42 conflict of laws EU 10–14 consent, informed ~ A 51–52; PL 28, 34, 38–45; S 44 constitutional rights CH 58; CZ 32–43; D 57; IRL 32–33; LT 42 constructions A 10; E 19–22 consumer protection BU 118; D 40–42; I 12–24; P 13–23 contra bonos mores, see good faith contract CH 43, 47; D 56; E 53; H 2; I 16–24 breach of ~ E 31, 34; GR 27; H 36– 38; S 64; SK 16 contractual liability A 2, 61; B 24–31; BU ff.; CZ 5, 9; D 24–26; E 33–36; EST 13, 16–17; EW 44; F 3–8; FIN 17; GR 84; H 12–14, 36–38; I 18–26; LV 77; NL 52; S 22, 64; SW 43 contribution N 18 contributory negligence A 16; CZ 10; D 53; DK 9; EU 15; EW 45–46, 50; F 13; I 37–41; IRL 27; N 25, 33, 47– 48; NL 38–39, 48–49; PL 55, 60, 63– 64 control H 42–44 corruption P 85 court expert, see expert, witness crime victims CH 2–3; EW 27–28; FIN 3; LT 3; PL 1–4; S 55; SLO 1–4 criminal act E 43–46; FIN 3; N 29–31; S 16, 26, 33–35, 50 Index criminal procedure B 111; CH 2; CZ 54– 61; LV 21–28 damage continuing ~ CZ 48 direct ~ BU 65; EST 14 future ~ D 37, 43; E 19; EW 56; GR 74; PL 17–18 indirect ~ GR 45, 49–51 reflex ~ P 94 damages additional ~ EW 36 adjustment of ~ EW 15 aggravated ~ EW 30; IRL 29–31, 34; S 33, 37 bereavement ~ A 42–43, 46; GR 35– 42, 62–74 calculation of ~ A 18; CO 37; CZ 95–97; D 53; E 52; EW 50; IRL 34; N 6–10, 37–38; NL 57; S 53 exemplary ~ see punitive damages general ~ D 56, 59, 65; CZ 39 mass ~ NL 3, 62, 71 quantum of ~ A 29, 44; B 62; BU 82–84, 127; CH 3, 11; CO 40–41; CZ 16, 52; E 6, 12, 18, 28, 34; EST 4, 21; FIN 1; IRL 6, 8–13, 32–35; LT 14, 21; LV 14–15; PL 20; S 55; SLO 5– 8, 16, 19, 29 danger A 7, 9, 13; B 33, 37; D 38–39, 42; E 39; GR 20, 32; H 21–23; I 33–39; IRL 14–16 increased ~ A 10; NL 8, 12 danno biologico I 2–7 death A 20, 27, 36–39; B 77; BU 139; CZ 15, 25–28, 32–37, 41, 53; D 17, 53; E 35, 39, 43, 52; EU 15; EW 27, 31; GR 16–24, 35–45, 52, 59, 62–66; H 6, 33, 49; I 33; LV 34 defamation A 22; D 66; EW 57; IRL 8– 13, 35 defect A 11; B 35–43, 44–48; GR 20–24; LT 30 defences A 7–8; CH 53–55; CZ 54; F 5; SLO 15–17, 34–36 delictual capacity CZ 58 disability LV 42–49 disclaimer, see waiver of liability discrimination A 20; D 1–5; LV 45–49, 59–64; S 38 disfiguration A 30–31 Index dolus eventualis GR 20–24 drugs FIN 6, 20; IRL 32 duty legal ~ CZ 8, 74; GR 20–23 of prevention CH 22; D 51; DK 18; F 10; GR 85 to inform A 56–58; CH 6; CZ 7, 12; D 43, 51; E 14–17, 40–41; EST 7; F 22–25; FIN 34–38; I 36; PL 40, 44 to mitigate the loss F 10 to protect D 25; EST 12; GR 21; LT 41 to supervise B 28–29; BU 32–37; E 38; F 6, 13, 17; GR 5, 32–34; NL 56, 58; SK 36–39 to warn E 16; GR 2–8; P 81–84 duty of care A 7, 13; D 16–17, 57, 67; EW 2, 16, 18, 20–29; H 34; IRL 22; NL 18, 21, 27–30, 46, 70; P 80, 82; PL 59, 61 objective legal ~ A 63 earning capacity CH 12; CZ 29–31; DK 17; EST 9; GR 39 ECHR, see human rights economic torts D 55; EW 33–43; NL 69; S 11 emotional harm, see psychological harm employees’ liability EST 12–13; PL 12; SK employers’ liability BU 119; CZ 4, 70– 77; DK 17–19; E 43, 46; F 18; H 12– 14, 18–20; IRL 2; LV 57–66; NL 1, 9, 21–25, 27–31, 34–37, 67–68, 72 immunity, see civil immunity enterprise liability A 11–12 environment EW 52; H 48, 51; LT 8–12 environmental liability A 22; B 100; CH 56; CZ 93–97; D 68; DK 5–7; E 9– 12, 23–26; FIN 21; LT 44; NL 12, 60 equal treatment of men and women D 2; LV 60 estate agents DK 32; N 13–16 evidence A 35, 58; B 9; EST 10–11; EW 13, 55; GR 17–18; IRL 32; S 54, 57 expert A 59–63; H 15–17 witness A 60; SLO 12 family life CO 31; D 16–22; EW 31; I 31; IRL 33 703 family of the victim, see persons close to the victim fault A 7–8, 35; B 34–39, 51–57, 62–66, 69, 74, 85, 108; BU 54–64, 85, 96; CH 1, 20, 40; CZ 5, 8, 32, 52, 59; D 21, 26; E 21–22, 33, 38; EST 20; EW 57; F 6; GR 16–18, 32, 55–56, 59– 61; H 5, 7–8, 10, 17, 24–26; LV 68– 70; PL 9, 63–64 fear A 20; FIN 30; SLO 31 flexible system A 24; H 17, 38, 46 force majeure A 9; B 39; E 39; F 13; P 92 foreseeability DK 16; E 13–14, 34; EW 7, 21, 38; GR 20–21, 32; P 92 fraud B 8, 12, 14, 52–57; BU 3, 86; CH 34; DK 23; GR 13–15; H 15; LT 22; P 85; PL 46, 48, 52, 58–62, 93; S 15; SK 16–23 freedom of establishment LV 51 freedom of expression B 87–89, 97; EW 35; P 88–99; SLO 21 freedom of the press LT 42; P 88–89 funeral costs CZ 15, 33; D 53; PL 2; SLO 5, 10 good faith CH 31; E 36, 38; EST 4; EW 22; GR 4–8, 39; H 14 harassment S 38 harmonization of tort law S 60; W ff health A 20, 29–30, 46; CO 22; CZ 15, 30, 44–52; D 23, 38, 40–42; E 27, 30; EW 6; GR 49–51; I 33–42; P 9; SLO 2, 5–6 HIV D 48–51 holidays E 39; PL 91 homicide, see death household damage CH 12–15; EST 15 human rights CO 3–4, 18, 21, 24; CZ 64–67; D 7–15, 34–35; DK 14–16, 39; EST 18–19; EW 21–26, 29–31; FIN 20, 26, 30; I 8–11, 30, 32; IRL 8, 41; LT 14, 16; LV 46; N 43; S 4, 7; SLO 27 illegal, see wrongfulness illegality defence IRL 25–28 imprisonment CZ 62–69; D 7–15, 17; H 15; IRL 32; S 26–28, 50 indirect loss, see damage, indirect ~ 704 information, see duty to inform incorrect ~ A 52, LV 31–32 injunction CZ 20–24; EW 32 injury bodily ~ A 22, 30; B 114; BU 105; CO 22, 36; CZ 48, 53; DK 20; E 27, 39; EST 9; EW 8; F 3, 8, 27; GR 3, 6, 22–25, 28, 46–48, 50; LT 29; LV 36– 37; N 20; NL 21, 36; P 34, 102, 104; PL 16; SLO 2, 5, 14, 22, 30–31, 33 permanent ~ DK 14–18 personal, see personal injury prenatal ~ IRL 39 serious ~ A 20; EU 15; H 33; IRL 6; N 32; PL 6–8 insurance BU 99, 110; CH 5–8, 13, 34– 37; D 69; EST 15, 21–22; GR 75; I 1, 12, 22; IRL 6; NL 25–26, 51, 59; SLO 37; S compulsory ~ B 6, 117 liability ~, see liability, insurance intellectual property DK 38; EST 2–4; EW 42; I 43; LT 45–46; N 2–5 intent A 18, 42, 46, 50; E 43–46; D 10, 24–25; F 20; GR 16: P 21–22; PL interest A 5, internet CH 57; E 48 intoxication A 27, 36, 40; EU 6, 15, 26; S 33, SLO 14, 30 invalidity severe ~, see disability jury G ff lawyers B 80; CH 48; CZ 12; D 62; IRL 17–20; NL 61; P 1–3; PL 5; SLO 40 legal person BU 3; CO 21; H 51; GR 58 liability contractual, see contractual liability for other persons B 6, 100; F 6, 31; NL 58 for things A 9; CH 20, CZ 78–85; F 29–33; GR 1; P 60–63, 81 insurance B 6, 9, 117; CH 29–33; D 6, 25–26, 55; E 2, 43–45, 47; F 20; GR 1, 76; H 24–26; LV 33–38; N 7; NL 21, 25; P 2–8; SK joint ~ B 6; BU 3, 101, 108; EW 47– 48 joint and several ~ B 58–66; CZ 10; E 11; GR 26–27, 32; SK Index limited ~ EST 5, 14; P 16, 20 restriction of ~ A 14 solidary ~ A 6; EST 8, 15–17; F 18, 22; N 16 third party ~ B 89; BU 3; D 3, 56; S 16 liberty D 23–24 limitation B 111; BU 3, 73; CZ 105–106; GR 20–24, 75–77; IRL 3; LV 14; NL 50–51; S 45–48 litigation D 39; EW 1–4, 56; IRL 7, 36 loss of amenities of life A 36–37; EW 9; IRL 33 of chance B 77–82; EW 8–15; H of earnings BU 127–131; CH 12, 17; CZ 29–31; DK 14–18; H 1; I 4; IRL 12; LV 64; S 4, 15, 26, 60 of profit A 12, 18; BU 67; CZ 89– 92; GR 43–44, 46–48; H 2; P 21 of use P 93 lump sum A 18; CO 37; CZ 15, 25–28, 38, 108; EW maintenance CH 9–11; CZ 15; D 53; FIN 2; GR 35–42, 45 manager’s liability EST 5–8 marine pollution E 7–8; GR 1; IRL 3; P 10–12 marriage GR 35–42; I 27–32 media B 97; CH 16–19; D 27–35, 66; E 27; EW 32–43; LT 42–43; LV 29–32; P 46, 85; SLO 21; S 66 medical expenses A 27–30; GR 49–51; IRL medical law D 48–51; P 24, 29; PL 87, 94, 97; SLO 43 medical liability A 51–58; D 43–47, 48–61, 70; E 17; EW 7; F 17– 20; FIN 23–25; H 9–10, 18–20, 27–29, 33–35, 39–41; LT 13–14, 21; NL 14, 65–66; P 52, 68–80; PL 27–28 medical treatment A 27; BU 132; CZ 15, 47–49; D 43–47, 53; E 13; EW 8–15; F 22–26; I 27; IRL 12; P 90, 97–99; PL 2, 92; S 44; SLO 22, 34, 41–42, 43 mental shock A 28, 46, 48–50 military service CZ 25–28 mining A Index minors A 8, 44; D 16–22, 54, 71; F 12– 16; FIN 21; GR 32–34; IRL 38; N 32; NL 17–19; SK 31–39; SLO 18– 20 Montreal Convention D 60 moral hazard E 45 motor insurance EU 3–7, 13, 16–26; I 12; LV 33–41 motor vehicles A 9–10; B 49–57; CH 12, 29; CZ 78–85; D 72; EST 12; EU 15–18; GR 2–8, 28–30, 46, 52; H 24–26, 30–32; IRL 29; LV 33–41; NL 38, 41–44; PL 46 multiple tortfeasors A 6; B 58–66; CZ 10; D 53; DK 33; E 11; GR 25–27; N 4; PL 93 negligence A 14, 46; B 61–64; CZ 8–9; D 24–25; DK 3, 6–7, 12–13, 19; E 38; EW 1–3, 8–28, 44–45, 48, 52; F 7–8; FIN 20–21, 26, 29, 31–32; GR 14–18, 20–22; H 20; LT 13, 29, 32; P 71, 91; PL 9–13, 78; S 5, 23, 26, 30– 31, 45–47, 62 gross ~ A 18, 42, 46; B 8, 12, 85; CZ 6; DK 22; IRL 16; P 21–22 negotiorum gestio EW 54 neighbours DK 14; H 42–44; NL 13; SLO 14 nervous shock, see mental shock non-pecuniary loss A 1, 5, 19–20, 36– 47, 50; B 85; BU 104–107, 133–135; CH 12; CO 3, 7, 29, 31, 36, 39; CZ 13–15, 32, 37–38, 65–69; D 4, 10– 12, 37, 40, 43, 52; DK 15–16; E 20, 22, 31–34; EST 10–11; EW 56; FIN 7–20, 30; GR 33, 53–56, 59–61, 70; H 6, 15, 21–23, 27–29, 50; I 4, 8–11, 27–32, 38; IRL 33; LT 1, 4, 13–21, 29, 41; LV 1–4, 21–24, 52– 55, 64–67; NL 4; P 31–32, 35–42, 46, 50–51, 68, 71–73, 95–96; PL 16– 21, 25, 77, 86, 90, 92; S 4, 6, 10–11, 33, 35, 38, 50, 66; SLO 2, 6, 18, 22– 25, 32 notaries LT 22–28 nuclear liability A nuisance B 93, E 28–29; NL 13 occupational diseases IRL occupier’s liability IRL 14–16 705 omission BU 46; E 56; GR 2–6; H 22; P 91; PL 10, 14, 96 pain and suffering A 27, 53; CO 40, 42; CZ 15, 44, 65; D 12, 19, 37, 43, 52– 53, 73; DK 18; EW 9; GR 54–55, 59–75; H 39–40; LT 13; LV 34–41; P 72; PL 20–23, 26; S 51–53, 59 parents’ liability EW 1–19; F 15–16; GR 30; NL 17–19; SK 31–35 pecuniary loss A 5; BU 70, 104, 136– 137; D 4, 37, 40, 43; DK 11, EST 3, 9–11, 14, 18; EW 7; FIN 7–16; GR 33, 53–56, 60; H 6, 21–23; I 3, 27; IRL 35; LT 1, 4–5, 26, 36; LV 1–5, 23–25; NL 42–43; P 95; PL 18, 24; SK 11; SLO 2, 6–9, 25, 37, 37 periodical payments A 18; EW personal injury BU 139; CH 53; CO 7; CZ 25–28; D 53; E 1, 18, 52; EU 4– 5; EW 7, 11, 52, 55, 56; F 1; FIN 2, 13; I 1–7; IRL 4–6, 12, 14, 25, 33– 35; LT 4–5; N 35, 37, PL 19–26; S 49, 52 personality rights A 20; CH 16; CO 3, 19–20, 25; CZ 14–15, 37–38; D 7– 15, 27–35, 74; H 49; I 8–11, 29–30, 43; LT 42–43; LV 5, 10; P 85–89; SLO 18, 21, 27; S 33 persons close to the victim A 20, 39, 40, 44–47; BU 139–141; CO 32–33; GR 52–58, 62–74; H 6; LT 13; P 35; SLO 22 perte d’une chance, see loss, of chance pharmaceuticals D 32; F 21–26 police EW 27–28; S 32, 63; SLO 30–32 polluter pays principle LT post-traumatic stress disorder E 39; EW 27 prescription, see limitation press, see media presumption GR 32; LT 34 of causation A of fault CZ 9; I 36; P 61, 65–67 Principles of European Tort Law A 5; CH 1; CZ 98–101; E 26; F 6, 9; N 43; NL 74 privacy A 20; D 27–31; EW 32–43 product liability A 12, 22; B 95, 101, CZ 3, 12; D 36–39, 41, 56, 75; EW 58; F 706 3; FIN 21; H 36–38; NL 32–33, 58; P 43–45; PL 46–52; EU 12, 28 professional liability D 57; E 5, 42; EST 23; EW 20–26; GR 19–24; H 15–17; IRL 17–20; PL 9–13 property damage A 48–50; CH 54; CZ 14–16; EST 4; EU 4–5; FIN 13; NL 5; SLO 11 proportionate liability B 82, CZ 46; EW 55 protective norm EW 27; GR 9–12 protective purpose A 55, 61; D 22 psychiatric injury A 27; EW 16–18, 20, 56; PL 17–19 psychological harm A 30, 37, 41, 46; CH 12–13; CZ 32, 62–69; DK 14; E 13; EST 9–11; FIN 11; GR 52–58, 60– 61; H 12, 27–29; NL 35–37, 68; SLO 18–20, 22 public liability B 18–19, 34–43, 88–92, 104–105, 110; BP ff.; BU 120, 153; C ff.; CH 2; EU 30–35; CO 10–17; CZ 53–61, 62–69, 86–92, 102–104; D 8–26, 57–58, 79; DK 35–37, 39; E 6, 48–49; EST 18; EW 31, 58; F 12– 16; FE ff.; FIN 9–20, 21, 34–38; GR 81–82; H 42–44, 52; IRL 23–24, 31, 33; LT 21–34; LV 1–20; N 23– 24, 28; NL 56, 73; P 24–30, 56–59, 73; PL 1–4, 29, 36, 38–45, 68–70, 88, 95; R ff.; S 4, 26; SK 9, 12–13; SLO 30–32 punitive damages A 5; EU 13; EW 30; F 10; D 76 pure economic loss A 7, 12, 62; CH 42, 54; E 5, 7; EST 23; EW 12; FIN 34– 38; IRL 24; N 45–46; P 100; PL 90; S 16–24, 39, 60, 64 railways A rape CZ 25–28 recourse A 6; B 18–22, 25, 62; EW 6; P 23 redress, see recourse reduction clause A 21; BU 82–84; N 29– 31 relationship A 40; D 27–31; GR 28– 30 special ~ A 7, 49 remedies CO 29; D 15; DK 39; EST 2–3; EU 30; EW 22; LT 42 Index restitution in kind A 17–19, 31; BU 70– 72; CZ 13; EST 18; P 46–51 reversal rule, see burden of proof, reversal of the ~ risk GR assumption of ~ A 9; D 9; E 39; IRL 27; N 47–50 road transport A 22; B 33–43; E 52; F 2– 3; GR 79; H 6–8 ROME II EU 10; W 4, 10–11, 56, 60 RSI NL 34 safety of premises CH 23–24; E 35–38; GR 19–21, 59–61 of roads H 6–8; P 103 scope of employment F 19–20 self defence, see defence service providers, see internet sexual abuse A 20; EW 16, 20, 24, 47; S 50–53, 66; SLO 18, 5–29 sexual life, loss of ~ SLO 26 sexual self-determination A 20 shortened life expectancy A 36; D 36; EW 8–15; GR 38; IRL 31 smoking D 36–39, 77; I 33–42 social services D 16–22; EW 16–18 solicitors, see lawyers sports A 10; D 20–21; F 28–33; H 21– 23; NL 41; P 90–91; SLO 37 standard of care D 4, 19; EW 1–2, 21; H 20 state liability, see public liability statutory duty D 18–22; F 20; IRL 1–2 breach of ~ A 55 sterilisation CH strict liability A 9; B 117; BU 13, 18–24; CH 1, 24–25; CO 8; CZ 78–85, 93; D 52, 55; DK 8–10; E 24–26; EST 20; EW 57; F 6, 9; FIN 21; GR 29, H 8, 24–26, 30–35; LT 12, 33; NL 17–20; P 54; SLO 41–42 subcontractor EW 44 tax PL 65–73; S third party B 49–57; CH 46, 50–52; CO 30; EST 3, 5, 16–17; N 9,12; P 33, 94; S 39 tort law reform A 1–26; EW 52 traffic liability E 1–3; EU 13; N 20; NL 5, 38–40; SLO 22 travel agencies E 39–40 Index unfair competition CZ 3, 17; EU 12; H 2–5; LT 35–40 unjust enrichment B 8; CZ 18; EST 4, EW 36, 40; GR 83; N 17–19 VAT (value-added tax) D 80 Verkehrssicherungspflichten A vicarious liability A 13; B 13, 90; BU 25–31, 108, 111–114, 142–143; CH 1; E 6; EW 44–51; FIN 21; GR 28– 30 violence victims EW 27; LT 1–7 vis maior, see force majeure volunteers B 1–15; NL 25, 64 707 waiver of liability CZ 6, 105 work accidents E 19; GR 19–24, 59–61; IRL wrongful birth CH 54; CO 26; E 50; F 17; H 9–11, 18–20, 27–28; IRL 39; LT 13; P 105; PL 74–85 wrongful life CO 27–28; E 50; H 11; NL 6, 15–16, 72, 74; P 105 wrongfulness A 7, 25, 35; B 54–57, 74– 75; BU 48–53, 91–94; CZ 14, 56; EST 4; D 9, 13; GR 4–6, 20, 32, 38, 60; H 4, 14–17, 50; I 18; LT 24–27, 37, 40; N 2–3, 22; NL 18–19; P 84, 91; PL 9–13, 31, 35, 71, 78, 96 Publications Principles of European Tort Law Volume 1: The Limits of Liability: Keeping the Floodgates Shut Edited by Jaap Spier Kluwer Law International, The Hague Hardbound ISBN 90-411-0169-1 1996, 162 pp Volume 5: Unification of Tort Law: Damages Edited by Ulrich Magnus Kluwer Law International, The Hague Hardbound ISBN 90-411-1481-5 2001, 255 pp Volume 2: The Limits of Expanding Liability Eight Fundamental Cases in a Comparative Perspective Edited by Jaap Spier Kluwer Law International, The Hague Hardbound ISBN 90-411-0581-6 1998, 244 pp Volume 6: Unification of Tort Law: Strict Liability Edited by Bernhard A Koch and Helmut Koziol Kluwer Law International, The Hague Hardbound ISBN 90-411-1705-9 2002, 444 pp Volume 3: Unification of Tort Law: Wrongfulness Edited by Helmut Koziol Kluwer Law International, The Hague Hardbound ISBN 90-411-1019-4 1998, 144 pp Volume 7: Unification of Tort Law: Liability for Damage Caused by Others Edited by Jaap Spier Kluwer Law International, The Hague Hardbound ISBN 90-411-2185-4 2003, 335 pp Volume 4: Unification of Tort Law: Causation Edited by Jaap Spier Kluwer Law International, The Hague Hardbound ISBN 90-411-1325-8 2000, 161 pp Volume 8: Unification of Tort Law: Contributory Negligence Edited by Ulrich Magnus and Miquel Martín-Casals Kluwer Law International, The Hague Hardbound ISBN 90-411-2220-6 2004, 300 pp Publications Volume 9: Unification of Tort Law: Multiple Tortfeasors Edited by W.V Horton Rogers Kluwer Law International, The Hague Hardbound ISBN 90-411-2319-9 2004, 313 pp 709 Volume 10: Unification of Tort Law: Fault Edited by Pierre Widmer Kluwer Law International, The Hague Hardbound ISBN 90-411-2098-X 2005, 391 pp Tort and Insurance Law Volume 1: Cases on Medical Malpractice in a Comparative Perspective Edited by Michael Faure and Helmut Koziol Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-83595-4 2001, 331 pp Volume 5: Deterrence, Insurability and Compensation in Environmental Liability Future Developments in the European Union Edited by Michael Faure Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-83863-5 2003, 408 pp Volume 2: Damages for NonPecuniary Loss in a Comparative Perspective Edited by W.V Horton Rogers Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-83602-0 2001, 318 pp Volume 6: Der Ersatz frustrierter Aufwendungen Vermögens- und Nichtvermögensschaden im österreichischen und deutschen Recht By Thomas Schobel Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-83877-5 2003, 342 pp Volume 3: The Impact of Social Security on Tort Law Edited by Ulrich Magnus Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-83795-7 2003, 314 pp Volume 4: Compensation for Personal Injury in a Comparative Perspective Edited by Bernhard A Koch and Helmut Koziol Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-83791-4 2003, 501 pp Volume 7: Liability for and Insurability of Biomedical Research with Human Subjects in a Comparative Perspective Edited by Jos Dute, Michael G Faure and Helmut Koziol Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-20098-3 2004, 445 pp Volume 8: No Fault Compensation System in the Health Care Sector Edited by Jos Dute, Michael G Faure and Helmut Koziol Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-20799-6 2004, 492 pp 710 Publications Volume 9: Pure Economic Loss Edited by Willem H van Boom, Helmut Koziol and Christian A Witting Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-00514-5 2004, 214 pp Volume 14: Financial Compensation for Victims of Catastrophes Edited by Michael Faure and Ton Hartlief Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-24481-6 2006, 466 pp Volume 10: Liber Amicorum Pierre Widmer Edited by Helmut Koziol and Jaap Spier Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-00522-6 2003, 376 pp Volume 15: Entwurf eines neuen österreichischen Schadenersatzrechts Edited by Irmgard Griss, Georg Kathrein and Helmut Koziol Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-30827-X 2006, 146 pp Volume 11: Terrorism, Tort Law and Insurance A Comparative Survey Edited by Bernhard A Koch Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-01867-0 2004, 313 pp Volume 12: Abschlussprüfer Haftung und Versicherung Edited by Helmut Koziol and Walter Doralt Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-20800-3 2004, 180 pp Volume 13: Persönlichkeitsschutz gegenüber Massenmedien/The Protection of Personality Rights against Invasions by Mass Media Edited by Helmut Koziol and Alexander Warzilek Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-23835-2 2005, 713 pp Volume 16: Tort Law and Liability Insurance Edited by Gerhard Wagner Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-24482-4 2005, 361 pp Volume 17: Children in Tort Law Part I: Children as Tortfeasors Edited by Miquel Martín-Casals Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-24480-8 2006, 476 pp Volume 18: Children in Tort Law Part II: Children as Victims Edited by Miquel Martín-Casals Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-31130-0 2006, 315 pp Volume 19: Tort and Regulatory Law Edited by Willem H van Boom, Meinhard Lukas and Christa Kissling Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-31133-5 (forthcoming) Publications 711 European Tort Law Yearbook European Tort Law 2001 Edited by Helmut Koziol and Barbara C Steininger Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-83824-4 2002, 571 pp European Tort Law 2003 Edited by Helmut Koziol and Barbara C Steininger Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-21033-4 2004, 493 pp European Tort Law 2002 Edited by Helmut Koziol and Barbara C Steininger Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-00486-6 2003, 596 pp European Tort Law 2004 Edited by Helmut Koziol and Barbara C Steininger Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-24479-4 2005, 674 pp Principles of European Tort Law Text and Commentary Edited by the European Group on Tort Law Springer, Vienna/New York Softcover ISBN 3-211-23084-X 2005, 282 pp