tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Civil Engineering Project Management tailieuxdcd@gmail.com This page intentionally left blank tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Civil Engineering Project Management Fourth Edition Alan C Twort BS , FICE, FCIWEM C and J Gordon Rees BS (Eng), FICE, FCIArb C OXFORD AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 200 Wheeler Road, Burlington, MA 01803 First published 1966 Second edition 1972 Reprinted in 1975, 1978, 1980, 1984 Third edition 1995 Fourth edition 2004 Copyright © 2004, A.C Twort and J Gordon Rees All rights reserved The right of A.C Twort and J Gordon Rees to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1T 4LP Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (ϩ44) 1865 843830, fax: (ϩ44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.co.uk You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’ British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 7506 5731 For information on all Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at http://books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in Great Britain tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Contents Preface Acknowledgements xiii xiv The development of construction procedures 1.1 The nature of civil engineering work 1.2 The most widely used contracts for construction 1.3 Other long-standing procedures Lump sum construction contracts Cost reimbursement contracts Design and build contracts 1.4 Growing use of design, build and operate contracts 1.5 Developments in the later 1980s 1.6 New approaches to construction contracts in the 1990s 1.7 Introduction of ‘Private Finance Initiative’ 1.8 Public–Private Partnerships 1.9 Partnering 1.10 Project Management 1.11 Operational or service contracts and ‘Facilities Management’ 1.12 Framework Agreements 1.13 Influence of computers and information technology 1.14 A criticism of certain systems 1.15 Ancillary contractual practices 1 3 4 8 10 11 11 13 14 Procedures for design and construction 2.1 Promoter’s obligations 2.2 Importance of feasibility studies 2.3 Options for design (a) Design by promoter or a consultant (b) Outline designs provided with detailed design by others (c) Layout design by promoter; detailed design by contractor (d) Functional specification by promoter: design by contractor 2.4 Options for construction (a) Direct labour construction (b) Construction divided into trades (c) Main civil contractor supplies all ancillary services 17 17 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 tailieuxdcd@gmail.com vi Contents 2.5 2.6 2.7 (d) Civil contractor constructs; promoter orders plant separately (e) Civil contractor orders all plant (f) Plant supplier arranges building design and construction Construction using forms of management contracting (a) Construction management (b) Management contracting Design and build procedures and other options (a) Design and build or ‘turn-key’ contracts (b) Design, build and operate contracts (c) Engineer, procure and construct contracts (d) Partnering (e) ‘Term’ or ‘Serial’ contracting Comment on possible arrangements 21 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 25 26 26 26 27 Payment arrangements, risks and project cost estimating 3.1 Methods of payment under different types of contract (a) Rates only contracts (b) Rates and prices for re-measurement contracts (c) Lump sum contracts (d) Cost reimbursement contracts (e) Target contracts (f) Payment under design, build and operate contracts 3.2 Other payment provisions (a) Price variation provisions (b) Payment terms (c) Bonus payments (d) ‘Ex-contractual’ payments (e) Pre-payments 3.3 Contractual risks arising during construction 3.4 Producing an initial cost-estimate of a project 3.5 Estimating the cost of a project at design stage 3.6 Project cost control 29 29 29 29 31 31 32 32 32 32 33 33 34 34 35 36 37 39 Contract conditions used for civil engineering work 4.1 Standard conditions of contract 4.2 Contract conditions produced by the UK Institution of Civil Engineers (a) ICE Conditions of Contract for Works of Civil Engineering Construction (b) ICE Conditions for Ground Investigations (c) ICE Minor Works Conditions (d) ICE Design and Construct Conditions (e) ICE Term Version (f) ICE Engineering and Construction Contract (g) Partnering Addendum 40 40 40 40 41 42 42 43 43 44 tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Contents 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Conditions published by the International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) FIDIC ‘Red Book’ Conditions, 4th Edition 1999 New forms Other conditions for civil engineering or building work GC/Works/1 – General Conditions of Government Contracts for Building and Civil Engineering Works, Edition (1991) Joint Contracts Tribunal Conditions Conditions mainly for plant and equipment supply I Mech E Model Form A I Mech E/IEE; MF/1 FIDIC 2nd and 3rd Editions: ‘Yellow Book’ I Chem E ‘Red Book’ Conditions I Chem E ‘Green Book’ Conditions Other associated conditions ACE Forms of Agreement CECA Sub-contract forms vii 45 45 45 46 46 46 47 47 48 48 48 48 49 49 49 Preparing contract documents 5.1 Initial decisions 5.2 Roles of the key participants in a construction contract 5.3 The contract documents Instructions to tenderers General and particular conditions of contract The specification Bill of quantities or schedule of prices Tender and appendices The contract drawings 5.4 Bond, insurance, etc 5.5 Writing specifications 5.6 Co-ordinating contracts for construction Plant supply contracts Site preparation contracts Co-ordination requirements 5.7 The specification of general requirements 5.8 The specification for workmanship and materials 50 50 51 52 53 53 53 53 54 54 54 55 57 57 58 59 59 61 Tendering 6.1 Methods used for obtaining tenders 6.2 Tendering requirements and EC rules 6.3 Procedures under selective tendering 6.4 Requirements for fast completion 6.5 Issuing tender documents 6.6 Considering tenders Opening tenders 64 64 65 67 69 69 71 71 tailieuxdcd@gmail.com viii Contents Qualification attached to tenders Checking tenders 6.7 Checking prices and comparing tenders 6.8 Choosing a tender 6.9 Offer by a tenderer to complete early 6.10 Procedure for accepting a tender Publications giving guidance on tendering Appendix: UK Regulations 72 72 73 75 76 76 78 79 The contractor’s site organization 7.1 Contractor’s site personnel 7.2 The agent 7.3 Site field personnel 7.4 Site office personnel 7.5 Accounting methods 7.6 Providing constructional plant and equipment 7.7 The contractor’s use of sub-contractors 7.8 Recent measures to alleviate sub-contract disputes 80 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 The employer and his engineer 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The role of the employer’s engineer under ICE conditions 8.3 A note on alternative provisions of the ECC conditions 8.4 Limitations to the engineer’s powers under ICE conditions 8.5 The engineer’s duty to provide all necessary drawings to the contractor 8.6 Quality assurance considerations References 89 89 89 91 91 92 The resident engineer’s duties 9.1 The engineer’s representative on site – the resident engineer 9.2 Powers not delegated to the resident engineer 9.3 Usual powers delegated to the resident engineer 9.4 Some common problems 9.5 Some important points the resident engineer should watch 9.6 The resident engineer’s duties with regard to safety 9.7 Relationship between the resident engineer and the contractor’s agent 9.8 Handling troubles 9.9 More difficult cases of trouble 9.10 The resident engineer’s staff 9.11 Gifts and hospitality 96 96 96 97 98 99 100 100 10 Health and safety regulations 10.1 Legal framework 10.2 The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994 107 107 107 93 95 101 102 104 106 tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Contents ix The Health and Safety Plan required under CDM Regulations The Health and Safety File required under CDM Regulations Training Approved Code of Practice under CDM Regulations The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 10.8 Risk assessment Reasonably practicable 10.9 The Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996 10.10 Other major regulations Publications 109 110 111 111 112 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 113 114 115 115 119 11 Starting the construction work 11.1 Pre-commencement meeting and start-up arrangements 11.2 The contractor’s initial work 11.3 The resident engineer’s work Work before going to site The site office 11.4 Early matters to discuss with the agent 11.5 Some early tasks for the resident engineer 11.6 Meeting the employer 11.7 Setting up the clerical work 120 120 121 122 122 123 124 125 125 126 12 Site surveys, investigations and layout 12.1 Responsibility 12.2 Levelling 12.3 Plane surveying 12.4 Setting out verticality, tunnels and pipelines 12.5 Setting out floor levels 12.6 Site investigations 12.7 Trial pits 12.8 Exploratory holes Rotary core drilling Light cable percussion drilling Percussion drilling 12.9 Other means of ground investigation 12.10 Judging the safe bearing value of a foundation 12.11 Testing apparatus for a site soils laboratory For moisture content determinations For grading analyses of soils For in situ density test (sand replacement method) For compaction tests 12.12 Site layout considerations Haulage roads Planning bulk excavation 128 128 129 129 130 131 132 132 133 133 134 135 135 136 136 136 137 137 137 138 138 139 tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Plate 2a An early use of a large tunnel mole for driving the 11.0 m diameter hydropower supply tunnels on the Mangla dam project, Pakistan, 1963 Plate 2b A Euclid R60 522 kW dump truck, 36 m3 heaped capacity VME Construction Equipment GB Ltd, Duxford, Cambridge, UK tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Plate 3a A Terex TS24C 552 kW twin-engined 36 m3 capacity scraper for earth-moving Terex Equipment Ltd, Motherwell, Scotland Plate 3b A Kato 162 kW tracked excavator, with 1.6 m3 bucket ACP Holdings, Leicester, UK tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Plate 4a Rollers compacting side slopes of power channel; filter layers and concrete to follow Ghazi Barotha Hydropower project, Pakistan 1999 Plate 4b A badly rutted formation, probably due to excessive moisture content of the fill tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Plate 5a Ten metre diameter steel can to form hydropower penstock, Ghazi Barotha Hydropower project, Pakistan 2001 Plate 5b It can be easier to get out of this sort of trouble than to decide whether the conditions ‘could not reasonably have been foreseen by an experienced contractor’ under Clause 12 of the ICE conditions tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Plate 6a A problem for the designer under the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994 who has to pay ‘adequate regard to the need to avoid foreseeable risks’ (see p 107 et seq.) The designer may decide a stable berm should be cut into the hillside before the pipe trench is excavated Plate 6b Steel piling sometimes does not go where the civil engineer thinks it has – especially when he was not aware the ground contained boulders or other obstructions tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Plate 7a Erosion of a newly placed embankment by rainfall runoff from the formation above This is likely to be a contractor’s risk, as it is ‘a condition due to weather conditions’ under ICE conditions Clause 12 Plate 7b An early photo showing unsafe conditions not now permissible The designer would now have to consider any safer alternative route for the trench, or require a safe berm to be cut into the hillside first to give a shallower trench The contractor must fully support the trench sides and require his men to wear hard hats tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Plate 8a Presumably somebody thought this trench was stable – and was proved wrong Plate 8b The ubiquitous backhoe loader used on many sites That shown is the JCB 3CX 56.5 kW, with shovel up to 2.3 m wide and hoe bucket 0.3–0.9 m wide JCB Ltd, Rocester, UK tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Plate 9a A Mastenbroek 17/17 trenching machine with variable-offset heavy-duty cutting chain for trenches up to 0.6 m wide by 1.8 m depth Larger machines are made J Mastenbroek & Co Ltd, Boston, UK Plate 9b A properly supported trench tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Plate 10a It is almost universal to use the hydraulic excavator also as a crane Plate 10b Well-designed steel shuttering for a single-lift wall pour of concrete Safety regulations require full boarding and a toeboard to the access walkway tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Plate 11a An early photo of congested pipework being built in the base of a shaft, taking more than a week to complete Hard hats must now be worn Plate 11b A sophisticated gantry for handling and placing pre-cast concrete bridge and other units Ghazi Barotha Hydropower project, Pakistan 2001 tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Plate 12a On any job not properly supervised the strangest things can happen It looks as if someone forgot the reinforcement until after the first placement of concrete A resident engineer would stop the work and require it to be redone properly Plate 12b Judging the quality of a concrete mix – a satisfactory mix Photos from Concrete Materials and Practice by LJ Murdock, KM Brook, JD Dewar, 6th edition, Edward Arnold, 1991 tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Plate 13a Judging the quality of a concrete mix – an over-sanded mix Photos from Concrete Materials and Practice by LJ Murdock, KM Brook, JD Dewar, 6th edition, Edward Arnold, 1991 Plate 13b Judging the quality of a concrete mix – a mix that is too harsh Photos from Concrete Materials and Practice by LJ Murdock, KM Brook, JD Dewar, 6th edition, Edward Arnold, 1991 tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Plate 14a The typical fluidity of pumped concrete; but it still needs vibrating in place Plate 14b Reinforcement must be accurately dimensioned and bent, and laps must be provided that permit the steelfixer to make adjustments for unavoidable discrepancies in the concrete work tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Plate 15a Column base excavations are always liable to fill with rainwater A sump should have been excavated beside each to permit dewatering before concreting Plate 15b Sand runs on a concrete wall surface tailieuxdcd@gmail.com Plate 16a If reinforcement is not designed to provide for easy access this is what happens to it Nor should the platform be used for access with uneven gaps, no railing or toe boards, etc Plate 16b Accurately placed reinforcement, strong enough to walk on Plate 16c Concrete which needs to be cut out: honeycombing and apparently inadequate cover to reinforcement tailieuxdcd@gmail.com