VERB + V-ING These verbs are followed by v-ing (not to): stop finish miss risk delay postpone involve practise fancy imagine enjoy like consider avoid dislike hate admit deny love suggest mention continue mind quit I enjoy dancing (not ‘I enjoy to dance ’) Would you mind closing the door Ann suggested going to the cinema Have you ever considered going to live in another country? Suddenly everybody stopped talking I’ll the shopping when I’ve finished cleaning the flat He tried to avoid answering my question I don’t fancy going out this evening Note that the negative form: not + v-ing When I’m on holiday, I enjoy not having to get up early The following verbs can have the structure: verb + preposition + v-ing go on (carry on) put off give up keep (on) talk about apologise for succeed in insist on think of dream of approve of decide against feel like look forward to object to We can’t go Everybody put He has given Don’t keep We talked She apologised Have you succeeded They insisted I’m thinking I wouldn’t dream She doesn’t approve We’ve decided Do you feel I’m looking forward Do you object on off up (on) about for in on of of of against like to to living like this discussing it till next week smoking interrupting me going to America not telling the truth finding a job yet? paying for the meal buying a new house asking them for the money gambling moving to London going out tonight? meeting her again working on Sunday? Thefollowing verbs can have the structure: verb + object + preposition + v-ing congratulate on accuse of suspect of prevent from stop from thank for forgive for warn against verb + I congratulated They accused Nobody suspected What prevented The police stopped I forgot to thank Please forgive They warned Verb + v+ing vs verb + to + infinitive object + Ann me the man him everyone them me us preposition + v-ing on passing the exam of telling lies of being a spy from coming to see us? from leaving the building for helping me for not writing to you against buying the car Page VERB + TO + INFINITIVE Structure: verb + to + infinitive : offer agree refuse ask decide plan arrange expect hope aim learn want deserve afford forget manage attempt wish fail pretend try threaten swear promise claim tend appear seem It was late, so we decided to take a taxi home Tom was in a difficult situation, so I agreed to lend him some money He is going to learn to drive next month I waved to Mary but failed to attract her attention The thief refused to stop at the red light I like George but I think he tends to talk so much Ann pretended not to see me as she passed me in the street The robbers threatened to kill all workers in the bank I swear not to tell you a lie They deserved to be sent to prison After dare / help you can use the infinitive with or without to: I wouldn’t dare to tell him or I wouldn’t dare tell him But after daren’t (or dare not) you must use the infinitive without to: I daren’t tell him what happened (without to) Can you help me to move this table or Can you help me move this table After the following verbs you can use a question word (what,where,how,whether… ) + to… Ask decide know We asked Have you decided I don’t know Do you understand remember forget how where whether what explain learn understand wonder to get to the station to go for your holiday? to apply for the job or not to do? Also: show / tell / ask/ advise / teach somebody what / how / where to something: Can you show me how to answer this question? Ann will tell you what to He taught us what to know about the country After make and let we use : verb + object + infinitive (without to ) The customs officer made him open his case My parents didn’t let me go out alone when I was a baby Hot weather makes me feel tired Let me carry your bag for you We ‘make somebody do…’, but the passive is ‘be made to do…’( infinitive with to ) He was made to open his case These verbs have two possible structures Compare: Advise recommend encourage Verb + V-ing (without an object) I wouldn’t recommend staying in that hotel She didn’t allow smoking in her house Passive: Smoking isn’t allowed in her house Verb + v+ing vs verb + to + infinitive allow permit forbid Verb + object + to + infinitive I wouldn’t recommend anybody to stay in that hotel object She didn’t allow us to smoke in her house Passive: We aren’t allowed to smoke in her house Page C¸ch dïng would Ta dùng would (‘d) giả định tình hay hành động: It would be nice to have a holiday but we can’t afford it Thật tốt có ngày nghỉ có I’m not going to bed yet I’m not tired and I wouldn’t sleep Tôi không ngủ đâu Tôi không mệt không ngủ Để diễn tả điều tương tự khứ, ta dùng would have (done): They helped me a lot I don’t know what I would have done without their help Họ giúp đỡ nhiều Tôi làm giúp đỡ họ I didn’t go to bed I wasn’t tired, so I wouldn’t have slept Tôi không ngủ Tôi không mệt, không ngủ Để biết rõ cách dùng would câu có if, xem UNIT 37, UNIT 38, UNIT 39 B So sánh will (’ll) would (’d): I’ll stay a bit longer We’ve got plenty of time Tôi lại lâu chút Tôi có nhiều thời gian I’d stay a bit longer but I really have to go now (so I can’t stay longer) Tôi muốn lại lâu chút thật phải (vì lại lâu được) Đôi would/wouldn’t thể khứ will/won’t Hãy so sánh: present TOM: I’ll phone you on Sunday Tôi gọi điện cho anh vào chủ nhật ANN:I promise I won’t be late Tôi hứa không trễ LIZ: Damn! The car won’t start Chán quá! Chiếc xe không nổ máy Past Tom said he’d phone me on Sunday Tom nói anh gọi điện cho vào chủ nhật Ann promised that she wouldn’t be late Ann hứa cô không đến trễ Liz was angry because the car wouldn’t start Liz bực xe không nổ máy C I wish… would… Hãy khảo sát ví dụ sau: It is raining Jill wants to go out, but not in the rain She says: Trời mưa Jill muốn dạo chơi, trời mưa Cô nói: I wish it would stop raining Ước trời tạnh mưa Câu nói Jill phàn nàn trời mưa muốn trời tạnh mưa Chúng ta dùng I wish… would… muốn điều xảy hay muốn làm việc Người nói không lòng với hoàn cảnh The phone has been ringing for five minutes I wish somebody would answer it Điện thoại đổ chuông phút ớc có trả lời điện thoại I wish you would something instead of just sitting and doing nothing Tôi mong anh làm việc thay ngồi chỗ chẳng làm Bạn dùng I wish… wouldn’t… để phàn nàn việc mà làm lặp lặp lại I wish you wouldn’t keep interrupting me Tôi mong anh không tiếp tục ngắt lời Ta dùng I wish… would… cho hành động hay thay đổi, tình hay hoàn cảnh Hãy so sánh: I wish Sarah would come (= I want her to come) Ước Sarah đến (= mong cô đến) I wish Sarah were (hay was) here now (không nói ‘I wish Sarah would be…’) Ước Sarah I wish somebody would buy me a car Ước mua cho xe Nhưng I wish I had a car (không nói ‘I wish I would have…’) Ước có xe Để hiểu rõ “I wish… were/had…” xem UNIT 38B 39C D Bạn dùng would bạn nói công việc xảy ramột cách thường xuyên khứ: When we were children, we lived by the sea In summer, if the weather was fine, we would all get up early and go for a swim (= we did this regularly) Khi nhỏ, sống cạnh biển Vào mùa hè, thời tiết tốt, tất thường dậy sớm bơi (= làm việc thường xuyên) Verb + v+ing vs verb + to + infinitive Page Whenever Arthur was angry, he would walk out of the room Mỗi Arthur tức giận, ông thường khỏi phòng Hãy so sánh When ? (+ Past simple) How long….? (+present perfect): A: When did it start raining? Trời mưa từ vậy? B: It started raining an hour ago / at o’clock Trời bắt đầu mưa cách / lúc A: How long has it been raining? Trời mưa lâu chưa? B: It’s been raining for an hour / since o’clock Trời mưa / từ lúc A: When did Joe and Carol first meet? Joe Carol gặp lần vậy? B: They first met a long time ago / when they were at school Họ gặp lần lâu / họ học A: How long have Joe and Carol known each other? Joe Carol biết rồi? B: They’ve known each other for a long time / since they were at school Họ biết từ lâu / từ họ học B Ta dùng for since để nói việc xảy Chúng ta dùng for nói khoảng thời gian (như two hours, six weeks…): I’ve been waiting for two hours Tôi chờ hai tiếng đồng hồ Sally’s been working here for six months (không nói “since six months”) Sally làm việc tháng Chúng ta dùng since đề cập tới bắt đầu khoảng thời gian (như o’clock, Monday, 1985…): I’ve been waiting since o’clock Tôi chờ tới Sally’s been working here since April (= from April until now) Sally làm việc từ tháng tư Cũng dùng for câu khẳng định (nhưng câu phủ định bắt buộc) They’ve been maried (for) ten years (dùng for hay không được) Họ cưới 10 năm They haven’t had holiday for ten years (bạn phải dùng for câu này) Họ chưa nghỉ phép lần mười năm qua Ta không dùng for + all (all day, all my life….) I’ve lived here all my life (không nói “for all my life”) Tôi sống đời C Ta nói “It’s (a long time / two years…) since something happened”: It’s two years since I last saw Joe (= I haven’t seen for two years = Tôi không gặp Joe hai năm / Lần cuối gặp Joe cách hai năm) Đã hai năm từ gặp Joe lần cuối It’s ages since we went to cinema (= We haven’t been to cinema for ages = không xem phim nhiều năm rồi) Đã nhiều năm không xem phim Thể nghi vấn là: How long is it since…? How long is it since you last saw Joe ? (= When did you last see Joe? = Bạn gặp Joe lần cuối nào?) Đã từ bạn gặp Joe lần cuối ? How long is it since Mrs Hill die? (= When did Mrs Hill die? = Bà Hill năm nào?) Verb + v+ing vs verb + to + infinitive Page