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Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá 08/10/2006 ễn ng phỏp ting Anh Cu trỳc chung ca mt cõu ting Anh: Mt cõu ting Anh thng bao gm cỏc thnh phn sau õy: Vớ d: SUBJECT John and I We He I VERB ate studied runs like COMPLEMENT a pizza "present perfect" MODIFIER last night last week very fast walking 1.1 Subject (ch ng): Ch ng l ch th ca hnh ng cõu, thng ng trc ng t (verb) Ch ng thng l mt danh t (noun) hoc mt ng danh t (noun phrase - mt nhúm t kt thỳc bng mt danh t, trng hp ny ng danh t khụng c bt u bng mt gii t) Ch ng thng ng u cõu v quyt nh vic chia ng t Chỳ ý rng mi cõu ting Anh u cú ch ng (Trong cõu mnh lnh, ch ng c ngm hiu l ngi nghe Vớ d: Don't move! = ng im!) Milk is delicious (mt danh t) That new, red car is mine (mt ng danh t) ụi cõu khụng cú ch ng tht s, trng hp ú, It hoc There úng vai trũ ch ng gi It is a nice day today There is a fire in that building There were many students in the room It is the fact that the earth goes around the sun 1.2 Verb (ng t): Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá 08/10/2006 ng t l t ch hnh ng hoc trng thỏi ca ch ng Mi cõu u phi cú ng t Nú cú th l mt t n hoc mt ng ng t Ng ng t (verb phrase) l mt nhúm t gm mt hoc nhiu tr ng t (auxiliary) v mt ng t chớnh I love you (ch hnh ng) Chilli is hot (ch trng thỏi) I have seen the movie three times before (auxiliary: have; main verb: seen) I am going to Sai Gon tomorrow (auxiliary: am; main verb: going) 1.3 Complement (v ng): V ng l t hoc cm t ch i tng tỏc ng ca ch ng Cng ging nh ch ng, v ng thng l danh t hoc ng danh t khụng bt u bng gii t, nhiờn v ng thng ng sau ng t Khụng phi cõu no cng cú complement V ng tr li cho cõu hi What? hoc Whom? John bought a car yesterday (What did John buy?) Jill wants to drink some water (What does he want to drink?) She saw John at the movie last night (Whom did she see at the movie?) 1.4 Modifier (trng t): Trng t l t hoc cm t ch thi gian, a im hoc cỏch thc ca hnh ng Khụng phi cõu no cng cú trng t Chỳng thng l cỏc cm gii t (prepositional phrase), phú t (adverb) hoc mt cm phú t (adverbial phrase) Chỳng tr li cõu hi When?, Where? hoc How? Mt cm gii t l mt cm t bt u bng mt gii t v kt thỳc bng mt danh t (VD: in the morning, on the table, ) Nu cú nhiu trng t cõu thỡ trng t ch thi gian thng i sau cựng John bought a book at the bookstore (Where did John buy a book?) She saw John at the movie last night (Where did she see John? When did she see him?) She drives very fast (How does she drive?) Chỳ ý rng trng t thng i sau v ng nhng khụng nht thit Tuy nhiờn trng t l cm gii t khụng c nm gia ng t v v ng She drove on the street her new car (Sai) She drove her new car on the street (ỳng) Noun phrase (ng danh t) 2.1 Danh t m c v khụng m c (Count noun/ Non-count noun): ã Danh t m c: L danh t cú th dựng c vi s m, ú nú cú hỡnh thỏi s ớt v s nhiu Nú dựng c vi a hay vi the VD: one book, two books, ã Danh t khụng m c: Khụng dựng c vi s m, ú nú khụng cú hỡnh thỏi s ớt, s nhiu Nú khụng th dựng c vi a, cũn the ch mt s trng hp c bit VD: milk (sa) Bn khụng th núi "one milk", "two milks" (Mt s vt cht khụng m c cú th c cha Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá 08/10/2006 cỏc bỡnh ng, bao bỡ m c VD: one glass of milk - mt cc sa) ã Mt s danh t m c cú hỡnh thỏi s nhiu c bit VD: person - people; child - children; tooth teeth; foot feet; mouse mice ã Mt s danh t m c cú dng s ớt/ s nhiu nh ch phõn bit bng cú "a" v khụng cú "a": an aircraft/ aircraft; a sheep/ sheep; a fish/ fish ã Mt s cỏc danh t khụng m c nh food, meat, money, sand, water ụi c dựng nh cỏc danh t s nhiu ch cỏc dng, loi khỏc ca vt liu ú This is one of the foods that my doctor wants me to eat ã Danh t "time" nu dựng vi ngha l "thi gian" l khụng m c nhng dựng vi ngha l "thi i" hay "s ln" l danh t m c You have spent too much time on that homework (thi gian, khụng m c) I have seen that movie three times before (s ln, m c) Bng sau l cỏc nh ng dựng c vi cỏc danh t m c v khụng m c WITH COUNTABLE NOUN a(n), the, some, any this, that, these, those none, one, two, three, many a lot of a [large / great] number of (a) few fewer than more than WITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUN the, some, any this, that None much (thng dựng cõu ph nh, cõu hi) a lot of a large amount of (a) little less than more than Mt s t khụng m c nờn bit: sand food meat water money news measles (bnh si) soap information physics air mathematics mumps (bnh quai b) politics economics homework Note: advertising l danh t khụng m c nhng advertisement l danh t m c, ch mt qung cỏo c th no ú Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá 08/10/2006 There are too many advertisements during TV shows 2.2 Cỏch dựng quỏn t khụng xỏc nh "a" v "an" Dựng a hoc an trc mt danh t s ớt m c Chỳng cú ngha l mt Chỳng c dựng cõu cú tớnh khỏi quỏt hoc cp n mt ch th cha c cp t trc A ball is round (ngha chung, khỏi quỏt, ch tt c cỏc qu búng) I saw a boy in the street (chỳng ta khụng bit cu no, cha c cp trc ú) 2.2.1 Dựng an vi: Quỏn t an c dựng trc t bt u bng nguyờn õm (trong cỏch phỏt õm, ch khụng phi cỏch vit) Bao gm: ã Cỏc t bt u bng cỏc nguyờn õm a, e, i, o: an aircraft, an empty glass, an object ã Mt s t bt u bng u, y: an uncle, an umbrella ã Mt s t bt u bng h cõm: an heir, haft an hour ã Cỏc t m u bng mt ch vit tt: an S.O.S/ an M.P 2.2.2 Dựng a vi: Dựng a trc cỏc t bt u bng mt ph õm Chỳng bao gm cỏc ch cỏi cũn li v mt s trng hp bt u bng u, y, h VD: a house, a university, a home party, a heavy load, a uniform, a union, a year income, ã ng trc mt danh t m u bng "uni " phi dựng "a" (a university/ a uniform/ universal/ union) (Europe, eulogy (li ca ngi), euphemism (li núi tri), eucalyptus (cõy khuynh dip) ã Dựng cỏc thnh ng ch s lng nht nh nh: a lot of/a great deal of/a couple/a dozen ã Dựng trc nhng s m nht nh thng l hng ngn, hng trm nh a/one hundred - a/one thousand ã Dựng trc "half" (mt na) nú theo sau mt n v nguyờn vn: a kilo and a half, hay nú i ghộp vi mt danh t khỏc ch na phn (khi vit cú du gch ni): a half - share, a half - holiday (ngy l ch ngh na ngy) ã Dựng vi cỏc n v phõn s nh 1/3 a/one third - 1/5 a /one fifth ã Dựng cỏc thnh ng ch giỏ c, tc , t l: $5 a kilo, 60 kilometers an hour, times a day 2.3 Cỏch dựng quỏn t xỏc nh "The" Dựng the trc mt danh t ó c xỏc nh c th v mt tớnh cht, c im, v trớ hoc ó c cp n trc ú, hoc nhng khỏi nim ph thụng, cng bit The boy in the corner is my friend (C ngi núi v ngi nghe u bit ú l cu no) The earth is round (Ch cú mt trỏi t, cng bit) Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá 08/10/2006 Vi danh t khụng m c, dựng the nu núi n mt vt c th, khụng dựng the nu núi chung Sugar is sweet (Ch cỏc loi ng núi chung) The sugar on the table is from Cuba (C th l ng trờn bn) Vi danh t m c s nhiu, chỳng cú ngha i din chung cho mt lp cỏc vt cựng loi thỡ cng khụng dựng the Oranges are green until they ripen (Cam núi chung) Athletes should follow a well-balanced diet (Vn ng viờn núi chung) 2.3.1 Sau õy l mt s trng hp thụng dng dựng The theo quy tc trờn: ã The + danh t + gii t + danh t: The girl in blue, the Gulf of Mexico ã Dựng trc nhng tớnh t so sỏnh bc nht hoc only: The only way, the best day ã Dựng cho nhng khong thi gian xỏc nh (thp niờn): In the 1990s ã The + danh t + i t quan h + mnh ph: The man to whom you have just spoken is the chairman ã The + danh t s ớt tng trng cho mt nhúm thỳ vt hoc vt: The whale = whales (loi cỏ voi), the deep-freeze (thc n ụng lnh) ã i vi man mang ngha "loi ngi" tuyt i khụng c dựng the: Since man lived on the earth (k t loi ngi sinh sng trờn trỏi t ny) ã Dựng trc mt danh t s ớt ch mt nhúm, mt hng ngi nht nh xó hi: The small shopkeeper: Gii ch tim nh/ The top offcial: Gii quan chc cao cp ã The + adj: Tng trng cho mt nhúm ngi, chỳng khụng bao gi c phộp s nhiu nhng c xem l cỏc danh t s nhiu Do vy ng t v i t i cựng vi chỳng phi ngụi th s nhiu: The old = The old people; The old are often very hard in their moving ã The + tờn gi cỏc i hp xng/ dn nhc c in/ ban nhc ph thụng: The Back Choir/ The Philharmonique Philadelphia Orchestra/ The Beatles ã The + tờn gi cỏc t bỏo (khụng chớ)/ tu bin/ cỏc khinh khớ cu: The Times/ The Titanic/ The Hindenberg ã The + h ca mt gia ỡnh s nhiu = gia ỡnh nh: The Smiths = Mr/ Mrs Smith and children ã Thụng thng khụng dựng the trc tờn riờng tr trng hp cú nhiu ngi hoc vt cựng tờn v ngi núi mun ỏm ch mt ngi c th s ú: There are three Sunsan Parkers in the telephone directory The Sunsan Parker that I know lives on the First Avenue ã Tng t, khụng dựng "the" trc ba n: breakfast, lunch, dinner: We ate breakfast at am this morning Tr mun ỏm ch mt ba n c th: The dinner that you invited me last week were delecious ã Khụng dựng "the" trc mt s danh t nh home, bed, church, court, jail, prison, hospital, school, class, college, university v.v nú i vi cỏc ng t v gii t ch chuyn ng ch i n ú l mc ớch chớnh hoc ú cng vỡ mc ớch chớnh: Students go to school everyday The patient was released from hospital Nhng nu n ú hoc ú khụng vỡ mc ớch chớnh thỡ dựng "the" Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá 08/10/2006 Students go to the school for a class party The doctor left the hospital for lunch 2.3.2 Bng s dng "the" v khụng s dng "the" mt s trng hp in hỡnh Cú "The" Khụng "The" + Dựng trc tờn cỏc i dng, sụng ngũi, + Trc tờn mt h bin, vnh v cỏc cm h (s nhiu) Lake Geneva The Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gufl, the Great Lakes + Trc tờn cỏc dóy nỳi: The Rocky Mountains + Trc tờn nhng vt th nht v tr hoc trờn th gii: The earth, the moon + The schools, colleges, universities + of + danh t riờng The University of Florida + The + s th t + danh t The third chapter + Trc tờn mt ngn nỳi Mount Vesuvius + Trc tờn cỏc hnh tinh hoc cỏc chũm Venus, Mars + Trc tờn cỏc trng ny nu trc nú l mt tờn riờng Stetson University + Trc tờn cỏc cuc chin tranh khu vc vi iu + Trc cỏc danh t i cựng vi mt s m kin tờn khu vc ú phi c tớnh t hoỏ Chapter three, Word War One The Korean War (=> The Vietnamese economy) + Trc tờn cỏc nc cú hai t tr lờn (ngoi tr Great Britain) The United States, The Central African Republic + Trc tờn cỏc nc c coi l mt qun o hoc mt qun o The Philipines, The Virgin Islands, The Hawaii + Trc tờn cỏc ti liu hoc s kin lch s The Constitution, The Magna Carta + Trc tờn cỏc nhúm dõn tc thiu s the Indians + Trc tờn cỏc nc ch cú mt t: China, France, Venezuela, Vietnam + Trc tờn cỏc nc m u bng New, mt tớnh t ch hng: New Zealand, North Korean, France + Trc tờn cỏc lc a, tnh, tiu bang, thnh ph, qun, huyn: Europe, Florida Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá + Trc tờn cỏc mụn hc c th The Solid matter Physics 08/10/2006 + Trc tờn bt kỡ mụn th thao no baseball, basketball + Trc cỏc danh t tru tng (tr mt s trng hp c bit): freedom, happiness + Trc tờn cỏc nhc c cp n cỏc nhc c ú núi chung hoc chi cỏc nhc c ú + Trc tờn cỏc mụn hc núi chung The violin is difficult to play mathematics Who is that on the piano + Trc tờn cỏc ngy l, tt Christmas, Thanksgiving + Trc tờn cỏc loi hỡnh nhc c cỏc hỡnh thc õm nhc c th (Jazz, Rock, classical music ) To perform jazz on trumpet and piano 2.4 Cỏch s dng another v other Hai t ny thng gõy nhm ln Dựng vi danh t khụng m c Dựng vi danh t m c an + other + danh t m c s ớt = mt cỏi na, mt cỏi khỏc, mt ngi na, mt ngi khỏc (= one more) another pencil = one more pencil the other + danh t m c s ớt = cỏi cui cựng cũn li (ca mt b), ngi cũn li (ca mt nhúm), = last of the set the other pencil = the last pencil present Other + danh t m c s nhiu = my cỏi na, my cỏi khỏc, my ngi na, my ngi khỏc (= more of the set) other pencils = some more pencils The other + danh t m c s nhiu = nhng cỏi cũn li (ca mt b), nhng ngi Khụng dựng Other + danh t khụng m c = mt chỳt na (= more of the set) other water = some more water The other + danh t khụng Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá cũn li (ca mt nhúm), = the rest of the set the other pencils = all remaining pencils 08/10/2006 m c = ch cũn sút li the other water = the remaining water ã Another v other l khụng xỏc nh the other l xỏc nh; nu ch ng l ó bit (c nhc n trc ú) thỡ ta cú th b danh t i sau another hoc other, ch cn dựng another hoc other nh mt i t l Khi danh t s nhiu b lc bt (trong cỏch núi tt nờu trờn) thỡ other tr thnh others Khụng bao gi c dựng others + danh t s nhiu: I Don 't want this book Please give me another (another = any other book - not specific) I Don 't want this book Please give me the other (the other = the other book, specific) This chemical is poisonous Others are poisonous too (others = the other chemicals, not specific) I Don 't want these books Please give me the others (the others = the other books, specific) ã Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta dựng one hoc ones ng sau another hoc other thay cho danh t: I Don 't want this book Please give me another one I don't want this book Please give me the other one This chemical is poisonous Other ones are poisonous too I don't want these books Please give me the other ones ã This hoc that cú th dựng vi one nhng these v those khụng c dựng vi ones, mc dự c t ny u cú th dựng thay cho danh t (vi vai trũ l i t) khụng i vi one hoc ones: I don't want this book I want that 2.5 Cỏch s dng little, a little, few, a few ã Little + danh t khụng m c: rt ớt, khụng (cú khuynh hng ph nh) I have little money, not enough to buy groceries ã A little + danh t khụng m c: cú mt chỳt, I have a little money, enough to buy groceries ã Few + danh t m c s nhiu: cú rt ớt, khụng (cú tớnh ph nh) I have few books, not enough for reference reading ã A few + danh t m c s nhiu: cú mt chỳt, I have a few records, enough for listening Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá 08/10/2006 ã Trong mt s trng hp danh t trờn ó c nhc n thỡ phớa di ch cn dựng little hoc few nh mt i t l (cng ging nh i vi other/another; this/that) Are you ready in money Yes, a little ã Quite a few + m c = Quite a bit + khụng m c = Quite a lot of + noun = rt nhiu 2.6 S hu cỏch ã The noun's + noun: Ch c dựng cho nhng danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt, khụng dựng cho cỏc vt The student's book, The cat's legs ã i vi danh t s nhiu ó cú sn "s" uụi ch cn dựng du phy The students' book ã Nhng i vi nhng danh t i s nhiu c bit khụng "s" uụi phi dựng y du s hu cỏch The children's toys, The people's willing ã Nu cú hai danh t cựng ng s hu cỏch thỡ danh t no ng gn danh t b s hu nht s mang du s hu Paul and Peter's room ã i vi nhng tờn riờng hoc danh t ó cú sn "s" uụi cú th ch cn dựng du phy v nhn mnh uụi c hoc dựng s hu cỏch v phi thay i cỏch c Tờn riờng khụng dựng "the" ng trc The boss' car = the boss 's car [bosiz] Agnes' house = Agnes 's [siz] house ã S hu cỏch cng c dựng cho thi gian (nm, thỏng, thp niờn, th k) The 1990s' events: nhng s kin ca thp niờn 90 The 21st century's prospects ã Dựng cho cỏc nm tr xuõn v thu Nu dựng s hu cỏch cho hai ny thỡ ngi vit ó nhõn cỏch hoỏ chỳng Ngy ngi ta dựng cỏc nm nh mt tớnh t cho cỏc danh t ng sau, ớt dựng s hu cỏch The Autumn's leaf: chic lỏ ca nng thu ã Dựng cho tờn cỏc cụng ty ln, cỏc quc gia The Rockerfeller's oil products China's food ã i vi cỏc ca hiu cú ngh nghip c trng ch cn dựng danh t vi du s hu In a florist's At a hairdresser's c bit l cỏc tim n vi tờn riờng: The Antonio's Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá 08/10/2006 ã Dựng trc mt s danh t bt ng vt ch mt s thnh ng a stone's throw from (Cỏch ni õu mt tm ỏ nộm) Verb phrase (ng ng t) Nh ó cp phn cu trỳc chung ca cõu, ng ng t ting Anh gm cú mt ng t chớnh v mt hoc nhiờu tr ng t ng t ting Anh chia lm thi chớnh: Quỏ kh (Past) Hin ti (Present) Tng lai (Future) Mi thi chớnh li chia thnh nhiu thi nh din t tớnh chớnh xỏc ca hnh ng 3.1 Present tenses (cỏc thi hin ti) 3.1.1 Simple Present (thi hin ti thng) Dựng din t mt hnh ng mang tớnh thng xuyờn (regular action), theo thúi quen (habitual action) hoc hnh ng lp i lp li cú tớnh qui lut I walk to school every day Khi chia ng t thi ny, i vi ngụi th nht (I), th hai (you) v th s nhiu (they) ng t khụng phi chia, s dng ng t nguyờn th khụng cú to nh vớ d nờu trờn i vi ngụi th s ớt (he, she, it), phi cú "s" sau ng t v õm ú phi c c lờn: He walks She watches TV Thng dựng thi hin ti thng vi mt s cỏc phú t ch thi gian nh today, present day, nowadays, v vi cỏc phú t ch tn sut nh: always, sometimes, often, every + thi gian Simple present thng khụng dựng din t hnh ng ang xy thi im hin ti (now), ngoi tr vi cỏc ng t th hin trng thỏi (stative verb) nh sau: know believe hear see smell wish understand hate love like want sound have need appear seem taste own Cỏc t danh sỏch trờn thng cng khụng bao gi xut hin thi tip din (hin ti tip din, quỏ kh tip din ) Mt s vớ d khỏc v thi hin ti thng: 10 Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá 08/10/2006 Never have so many people been unemployed as today (So many people have never been unemployed as today) Hardly had he fallen asleep when he began to dream of far-way lands (He had hardly fallen asleep when he began to dream of far-way lands.) Rarely have we seen such an effective actor as he has proven himself to be (We have rarely seen such an effective actor as he has proven himself to be.) Seldom does class let out early (Class seldom lets out early.) Only by hard work will we be able to accomplish this great task (We will be able to accomplish this great task only by hard work.) Mt s cỏc trng t c bit khỏc cng thng ng u cõu, phi o cu trỳc cõu nh trờn: In/ Under no circumstances: Dự bt c hon cnh no cng khụng Under no circumstances should you lend him the money On no account: Dự bt c lý gỡ cng khụng On no accout must this switch be touched Only in this way: Ch bng cỏch ny Only in this way could the problem be solved In no way: Khụng cú th In no way could I agree with you By no means: Hon ton khụng By no means does he intend to criticize your idea Negative , nor + auxiliary + S + V He had no money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could borrow Khi mt mnh m u bng cỏc thnh ng ch ni chn hoc trt t thỡ ng t chớnh cú th o lờn ch ng nhng tuyt i khụng c s dng tr ng t trng hp ny Clause of place/ order + main verb + S (no auxiliary) In front of the museum is a statue First came the ambulance, then came the police ( Thot u l xe cu thng chy n, tip sau l cnh sỏt.) 111 Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá 08/10/2006 Khi mt ng gii t lm phú t ch a im hoc phng hng ng u cõu, cỏc ni ng t t lờn trc ch ng nhng tuyt i khụng c s dng tr ng t loi cõu ny Nú rt ph bin mụ t mun din t mt ch ng khụng xỏc nh: Under the tree was lying one of the biggest men I had ever seen Directly in front of them stood a great castle On the grass sat an enormous frog Along the road came a strange procession Tớnh t cng cú th o lờn trờn u cõu nhn mnh v sau ú l liờn t nhng tuyt i khụng c s dng tr ng t So determined was she to take the university course that she taught school and gave music lesson for her tuition fees Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta cng cú th o ton b ng t chớnh lờn trờn ch ng nhn mnh, nhng ng t c o lờn trờn trng hp ny phn ln u mang sc thỏi b ng nhng hon ton khụng cú ngha b ng Lost, however, are the secrets of the Mayan astronomers and the Inca builders as well as many medicinal practices (Mt i vnh vin, vy, li l nhng mt ca nhng nh thiờn thuc nn minh Mayan, ) Cỏc phú t away ( = off ), down, in, off, out, over, round, up cú th theo sau l mt ng t chuyn ng v sau ú l mt danh t lm ch ng: + Away/down/in/off/out/over/round/up + motion verb + noun/noun phrase as a subject Away went the runners/ Down fell a dozen of apples + Nhng nu mt i t nhõn xng lm ch ng thỡ ng t phi sau ch ng: Away they went/ Round and round it flew + Trong ting Anh vit (written English) cỏc ng gii t m u bng cỏc gii t down, from, in, on, over, out of, round, up cú th c theo sau bi ng t ch v trớ (crouch, hang, lie, sit, stand ) hoc cỏc dng ng t ch chuyn ng, cỏc ng t nh be born/ die/ live v mt s dng ng t khỏc From the rafters strings of onions In the doorway stood a man with a gun On a perch beside him sat a blue parrot Over the wall came a shower of stones *Lu ý: vớ d u ca cỏc vớ d trờn cú th din t bng mt VERB-ING m u cho cõu v ng t BE o lờn trờn ch ng: Hanging from the rafters were strings of onion Standing in the doorway was a man with a gun Sitting on a perch beside him was a blue parrot Hin tng ny cũn xy ch ng sau cỏc phú t so sỏnh as/than quỏ di: She was very religious, as were most of her friends City dwellers have a higher death rate than country people Tõn ng mang tớnh nhn mnh cng cú th o lờn u cõu: Not a single word did he say 112 Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá 08/10/2006 Here/There hoc mt s cỏc phú t i kt hp vi ng t ng u cõu cng phi o ng t lờn trờn ch ng l mt danh t, nhng nu ch ng l mt i t thỡ khụng c o ng t: Here comes Freddy Incorrect: Here comes he Off we go Incorrect: Off go we There goes your brother I stopped the car, and up walked a policeman Cỏch lm bi trc nghim ng phỏp Thng thỡ bi thi trc nghim ng phỏp, bn s khụng th tr li bng cỏch ch ỏp dng mt quy tc ng phỏp nht nh no ú m phi kt hp hai hay nhiu quy tc khỏc loi tr phng ỏn sai p dng ln lt cỏc bc sau: (1) Kim tra cỏc li ng phỏp c bn bao gm (a) S ho hp gia ch ng v v ng (b) Cỏch s dng Adj v Adv (c) V trớ v th t ca cỏc Adv (d) S phự hp gia cỏc thi ng t (e) i t cú danh t nht nú i din hay khụng (f) Cu trỳc cõu song song (2) Loi b nhng cõu tr li rm r, cõu cng ngn gn v d hiu cng tt: (a) Trỏnh cỏc ỏp ỏn di dũng nh: John read the letter in a thoughtful manner (can be replaced by thoughtfully) (b) Trỏnh cỏc ỏp ỏn cú t ngha ging (3) Loi b nhng ỏp ỏn cú t vng khụng rừ ngha: (a) Phi chc chn rng tt c cỏc t u cú ngha cõu (b) Phi m bo nhng ng t cú t phi c ni vi bng mt gii t phự hp (xem phn sau) (4) Trỏnh dựng cỏc t lúng, ting lúng T lúng ch dựng núi, khụng dựng vit Vớ d really dựng vi ngha very bunch dựng vi ngha many any noun + wise dựng vi ngha in relation to Vớ d: Before we can decide on the future uses of this drug, (A) many more informations must be reviewed (B) is necessary to review more information (C) we must review much more information (D) another information must to be reviewed 113 Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá 08/10/2006 Phõn tớch: (A) cú ch sai: khụng dựng many vi information l danh t khụng m c v khụng c vit l informations (B) cú ch sai vỡ thiu ch ng (C) ỳng (D) cú ch sai: khụng dựng another vi danh t khụng m c v sau tr ng t must l ng t nguyờn th khụng cú to In this country, a growing concern about the possible hazardous effects ofchemical wastes (A) have resulted in a bunch of new laws (B) has resulted in several new laws (C) is causing the results of numerous new laws (D) result in news laws Phõn tớch: (A) cú ch sai: khụng dựng ng t s nhiu have vi ch ng s ớt a growing concern v khụng c dựng t lúng (slang) bunch of (B) ỳng (C) rm r Causing the result of l quỏ di dũng (D) cú ch sai: khụng dựng result (ng t s nhiu) vi ch ng l danh t s ớt v khụng c dựng dng thc s nhiu ca tớnh t (vit ỳng phi l new laws) Nhng t d gõy nhm ln ú l nhng t rt d gõy nhm ln v cỏch vit, ng ngha, chớnh t hoc phỏt õm: angel (N) = thiờn thn angle (N) = gúc (trong hỡnh hc) cite (V) = trớch dn site (N) = a im, khu t ( xõy dng) sight (N) = khe ngm, tm ngm; (V) = quang cnh, cnh tng; (V) = quan sỏt, nhỡn thy dessert (N) = mún ming desert (N) = sa mc; desert (V) = b, b mc, o ng later (ADV) = sau ú, ri thỡ (thng dựng vi ng t thi tng lai) latter (ADJ) = cỏi th 2, ngi th 2, cỏi sau, ngi sau >< the former = cỏi trc, ngi trc 114 Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá 08/10/2006 principal (N) = hiu trng (trng ph thụng); (Adj) = chớnh, ch yu principle (N) = nguyờn tc, lut l affect (V) = tỏc ng n effect (N) = nh hng, hiu qu; (V) = thc hin, em li already (Adv) = ó all ready = tt c ó sn sng among (prep) s (dựng cho ngi, vt tr lờn) between and gia v (ch dựng cho ngi/vt) Lu ý: between and cng cũn c dựng ch v trớ chớnh xỏc ca mt quc gia nm gia nhng quc gia khỏc cho dự l > Vietnam lies between China, Laos and Cambodia Between cũn c dựng cho cỏc quóng cỏch gia cỏc vt v cỏc gii hn v mt thi gian Difference + between (not among) What are the differences between crows, rooks, and jackdaws Between each + noun (-and the next) (more formal) We need meters between each window There seems to be less and less time between each birthday (and the next) Devide + between (not among) He devided his money between his wife, his daughter, and his sister Share + between/among He shared the food between/among all my friend consecutive (Adj) liờn tc (khụng cú tớnh t quóng) successive (Adj) liờn tc (cú tớnh cỏch quóng) emigrant (N) ngi di c, (V) -> emigrate from immigrant (N) ngi nhp c; (V) immigrate into formerly (Adv) trc formally (Adv) chnh t (n mc); (Adv) chớnh thc historic (Adj) ni ting, quan trng lch s The historic spot on which the early English settlers landed in North America (Adj) mang tớnh lch s historic times historical (Adj) thuc v lch s Historical reseach, historical magazine 115 Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá 08/10/2006 (Adj) cú tht lch s Historical people, historical events hepless (Adj) vụ vng, tuyt vng useless (Adj) vụ dng imaginary = (Adj) khụng cú tht, tng tng imaginative = (Adj) phong phỳ, bay bng v trớ tng tng Classic (adj) cht lng cao: a classic novel (mt cun tiu thuyt hay); a classic football match (mt trn búng ỏ hay) c thự/c trng/tiờu biu: a classic example (mt vớ d tiờu biu, in hỡnh) Classic (noun): ngh s, tỏc phm lu danh This novel may well become a classic (Tỏc phm ny cú th c lu danh) Classical: c in, kinh in Politic: nhn thc ỳng/ khụn ngoan/ trang trng I dont think it would be politic to ask for loan just now (Tụi cho rng s khụng l khụn ngoan nu hi vay mt khon lỳc ny.) Political: thuc v chớnh tr A political career (mt s nghip chớnh tr) Continual: liờn tc lp i lp li (hnh ng cú tớnh cỏch quóng) Please stop your continual questions (Xin hóy thụi hi lp i lp li mói nh th) Continous: liờn miờn/sut (hnh ng khụng cú tớnh cỏch quóng) A continous flow of traffic (Dũng xe c chy liờn miờn bt tn) As (liờn t) = Nh + Subject + verb When in Roma, as Romans (Nhp gia tựy tc) Like (tớnh t dựng nh mt gii t) + noun/noun phrase He fought like a mad man (Anh ta chin u nh iờn nh di) Alike (adj.): ging nhau, tng t Although they are brother, they dont look alike Alike (adverb): nh The climate here is always hot, summer and winter alike 116 Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá 08/10/2006 As: nh/ vi t cỏch l (dựng so sỏnh bn thõn ch ng cú chc nng nh vt/ngi c so sỏnh) Let me speak to you as a father (Hóy tụi núi vi cu nh mt ngi cha) Like: nh l (dựng so sỏnh bn thõn ch ng v cỏi/ngi so sỏnh khụng phi l mt hoc khụng cú chc nng ng nht) Let me speak to you like a man above (Hóy tụi núi vi anh nh mt ngi b trờn) Before: trc õy/trc ú (dựng so sỏnh mt th vi tt c cỏc th khỏc cựng loi) She has never seen such a beautiful picture before (Cụ ta cha bao gi nhỡn thy mt bc tranh p nh th trc õy) Before: Trc (ch mt s vic xy trc mt s vic khỏc quỏ kh, thng dựng vi Past Perfect) He lived in France in 1912, he had lived in England years before Ago: trc (tớnh t hin ti tr ngc v quỏ kh, thng dựng vi Simple Past) I went to England years ago Certain: chc chn (bit s thc) Certainly/ Im certain that he didnt steal it (Tụi chc chn rng hn ta khụng ly cỏi ú) Sure: tin rng (khụng bit chc, núi theo cm nhn, ngha l yu hn certain) Surely/ I am sure that he did not steal it (Tụi tin rng hn khụng ly th ú) Indeed: Very+indeed (sau mt tớnh t hoc mt phú t) Thank you very much indeed I was very pleased indeed to hear from you Indeed dựng sau to be hoc mt tr ng t nhm xỏc nhn hoc nhn mnh cho s ng ý (thng dựng cõu tr li ngn) It is cold / - It is indeed Henny made a fool of himself / - He did indeed Ill (British English) = Sick (American English) = m George didnt come in last week because he was ill (=he was sick) Sick + Noun = m yu/ bnh tt He spent 20 years looking after his sick father (Ngi cha bnh tt) Be sick = Fell sick = Nụn/ bun nụn/ say (tu, xe ) I was sick times in the night (tụi nụn ln ờm) I feel sick Wheres the bath room? (tụi thy bun nụn, phũng tm õu?) She is never sea-sick (Cụ y chng bao gi say súng c) Welcome (adjective) = c mong i/ c ch i t lõu/ thỳ v A welcome guest (Khỏch quớ/ khỏch by lõu mong i) A welcome gift (Mún qu thỳ v c ch i t lõu) 117 Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá 08/10/2006 Welcome to + noun = Cú quyn, c phộp s dng You are welcome to any book in my library (Anh cú quyn ly bt k quyn sỏch no th vin ca tụi) Welcoming (phõn t cu to t ng t welcome dựng lm tớnh t) Cho ún/ ún tip õn cn This country have given me a welcoming feeling (X s ny ó dnh cho tụi mt tỡnh cm cho ún õn cn) Hoan nghờnh/ Tỏn ng (ý kin) To show a welcoming idea (Bc l mt ý kin tỏn ng) Be certain/ sure of + verb-ing: chc chn l ( cp n tỡnh cm ca ngi ang c núi n) Before the game she felt certain of winning, but after a few minutes she realized it wasnt going to be easy You seem very sure of passing the exam, I hope you are right Be certain/ sure + to + verb: chc chn s phi ( cp n tỡnh cm ca chớnh ngi núi hoc vit cõu ú): The repairs are certain to cost more than you think Elaine is sure to win-the other girl hasnt got a chance Be interested + to + verb: Thy thớch : Im interested to read in the paper that scientists have found out how to talk to whales (Tụi thy thớch/ thỳ v ) Be interested in + verb-ing/ Be interested + to + verb:Mun bit/ mun phỏt hin ra/ mun tỡm : Im interested in finding out/ to find out what she did with all that money (Tụi mun bit cụ ta ó lm gỡ vi ngn y tin) Be interested in + verb-ing: Thy thớch/ thớch/ mun Im interested in learning higher education in the U.S 47 Cỏch s dng gii t During = sut (hot ng din liờn tc) From = t >< to = n From to = t n (dựng cho thi gian v ni chn) From time to time = ụi khi, thnh thong Out of=ra khi>< up to date = mi, cp nht Out of work = tht nghip, mt vic Out of the question = khụng th Out of order = hng, khụng hot ng 118 Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá 08/10/2006 By: ng t ch chuyn ng + by = i ngang qua (walk by the library) ng t tnh + by = gn (your books are by the window) by + thi gian c th = trc lỳc, cho n lỳc (hnh ng cho n lỳc ú phi xy ra) by + phng tin giao thụng = i bng by then = cho n lỳc ú (dựng cho c QK v TL) by way of= theo ng = via by the way = mt cỏch tỡnh c, ngu nhiờn by the way = by the by = nhõn õy, nhõn tin by far + so sỏnh (thng l so sỏnh bc nht)=>dựng nhn mnh by accident = by mistake = tỡnh c, ngu nhiờn >< on purose In = bờn In + month/year In time for = In good time for = ỳng gi (thng kp lm gỡ, hi sm hn gi ó nh mt chỳt) In the street = di lũng ng In the morning/ afternoon/ evening In the past/future = trc kia, quỏ kh/ tng lai In future = from now on = t tr i In the begining/ end = at first/ last = thot u/ rt cuc In the way = ngang li, chn li Once in a while = ụi khi, thnh thong In no time at all = nhỏy mt, mt thoỏng In the mean time = meanwhile = cựng lỳc In the middle of (a im)= gia In the army/ airforce/ navy In + the + STT + row = hng th In the event that = trng hp m In case = phũng khi, ng nh Get/ be in touch/ contact with Sb = liờn lc, tip xỳc vi On = trờn b mt: On + th tun/ ngy thỏng On + a/the + phng tin giao thụng = trờn chuyn/ ó lờn chuyn On + ph = a ch (nh B.E : in + ph) On the + STT + floor = tng th On time = va ỳng gi (bt chp iu kin bờn ngoi, ngha mnh hn in time) On the corner of = gúc ph (gia hai ph) Chỳ ý: In the corner = gúc At the corner = gúc ngoi/ ti gúc ph On the sidewalk = pavement = trờn va hố Chỳ ý: On the pavement (A.E.)= trờn mt ng nha (Dont brake quickly on the pavement or you can slice into another car) On the way to: trờn ng n >< on the way back to: trờn ng tr v On the right/left 119 Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá 08/10/2006 On T.V./ on the radio On the phone/ telephone = gi in thoi, núi chuyn in thoi On the phone = nh cú mc in thoi (Are you on the phone?) On the whole= núi chung, v i th On the other hand = nhiờn= however Chỳ ý: On the one hand = mt mt thỡ on the other hand = mt khỏc thỡ (On the one hand, we must learn the basic grammar, and on the other hand, we must combine it with listening comprehension) on sale = for sale = cú bỏn, bỏn on sale (A.E.)= bỏn h giỏ = at a discount (B.E) on foot = i b At = ti At + s nh At + thi gian c th At home/ school/ work At night/noon (A.E : at noon = at twelve = gia tra (she was invited to the party at noon, but she was 15 minutes late)) At least = ớt, ti thiu >< at most = ti a At once =ngay lp tc At present/ the moment = now Chỳ ý: thnh ng trờn tng ng vi presently nhng presently se khỏc v ngha nu nú ng cỏc v trớ khỏc cõu: Sentence + presently (= soon): tc thỡ ( She will be here presently/soon) Presently + sentence (= Afterward/ and then) : sau ú (Presently, I heard her leave the room) S + to be + presently + Ving = at present/ at the moment ( He is presently working toward his Ph.D degree) At times = ụi khi, thnh thong At first = thot u >< at last = cui cựng At the beginning of / at the end of = u/ cui (dựng cho thi gian v a im) At + tờn cỏc ngy l : at Christmas, at Thanks Giving Nhng on + tờn cỏc ngy l + day = on Christmas day Trong dng informal E., on trc cỏc th tun ụi b lc b: She is going to see her boss (on) Sun morning At/in/on thng c khụng dựng cỏc thnh ng ch thi gian cú mt: next, last, this, that, one, any, each, every, some, all At + a im : at the center of the building At + nhng a im ln (khi xem nú nh mt ni trung chuyn hoc gp g): The plane stopped hour at Washington D.C before continuing on to Atlanta At + tờn cỏc to nh ln (khi xem nh hnh ng s xy ú ch khụng cp n to nh) : There is a good movie at the Center Theater At + tờn riờng cỏc t chc: She works at Legal & General Insurence At + tờn riờng ni cỏc trng s hoc khu vc i hc: She is studying at the London school of Economics At + tờn cỏc hot ng qui t thnh nhúm: at a party/ lecture 120 Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá 08/10/2006 Mt s cỏc thnh ng dựng vi gii t On the beach: trờn b bin Along the beach: dc theo b bin In place of = Instead of: thay cho, thay vỡ For the most part: chớnh l, ch yu l = mainly In hope of + V-ing = Hoping to + V = Hoping that + sentence = vi hi vng l off and on: dai dng, tỏi hi all of a sudden= suddenly = bng nhiờn for good = forever: vnh vin, mói mói 48 Mt s ng ng t thng gp ú l nhng ng t kt hp vi 1, hoc ụi gii t, kt hp dng nh vy ng ngha ca chỳng thay i hn so vi ngha ban u To break off: chm dt, ct t, on tuyt To bring up: nờu ra, a lờn mt To call on: yờu cu / n thm To care for: thớch / trụng nom, sn súc (look after) To check out (of/from) a library: mn sỏch th vin v To check out: iu tra, xem xột To check out (of): lm th tc (khỏch sn, sõn bay) check in To check (up) on: iu tra, xem xột To close in (on): tin li gn, chy li gn To come along with: i cựng vi To count on = depend on = rely on To come down with: mc phi mt cn bnh Do away with = get rid of: tng kh, loi b, tr kh To daw up = to draft: son tho (mt k hoch, mt hp ng) To drop out of = to withdraw from: b (c bit l b hc gia chng) To figure out: Hỡnh dung c, hiu c To find out: khỏm phỏ ra, phỏt hin 121 Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá 08/10/2006 To get by: Ln hi qua ngy, sng sút qua c To get through with: kt thỳc To get through to: thụng tin c cho ai, gi c cho (in thoi), tỡm cỏch lm cho hiu To get up: dy/ t chc To give up: b, t b To go along with: ng ý vi To hold on to: gi vng, trỡ To hold up: cp / gi vng, trỡ, sng bỡnh thng, dựng c (bt chp sc ộp bờn ngoi hoc s dng lõu) To keep on doing smt: tip tc khụng ngng lm gỡ To look after: trụng nom, sn súc To look into: iu tra, xem xột To pass out = to faint: ngt (ni ng t, khụng dựng b ng) To pick out: chn ra, la ra, nht To point out: ch ra, vch To put off: trỡ hoón, ỡnh hoón To run across: khỏm phỏ, phỏt hin (tỡnh c) To run into sb: gp bt ng To see about to: lo lng, sn súc, chy vy To take off: ct cỏnh to land To take over for: thay th cho to talk over: bn son, tho lun v to try out: th nghim, dựng th (sn phm) to try out for: th vai, th ging (1 v kch, bui biu din) To turn in: giao np, trỡnh / i ng 122 Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá To watch out for: cnh giỏc, mt, trụng chng (c ngha en ln ngha búng) Bng cỏc ng t bt quy tc Present Past Past Participle be become begin blow break bring build burst buy catch choose come cut deal drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fly forbid forget forgive Was, were became began blew broke brought built burst bought caught chose came Cut dealt Did drank drove Ate Fell Fed Felt fought found Flew forbade forgot forgave been become begun blown broken brought built burst bought caught chosen come cut dealt done drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found flown forbidden forgotten forgiven 123 08/10/2006 Hoàng Văn HảI freeze froze get Got give gave go went grow grew have Had hear heard hide Hid hold held hurt hurt keep kept know knew lay Laid lead Led leave Left let Let lie Lay lose Lost make made meet Met pay paid quit Quit read read ride rode ring rang rise rose run Ran say Said see Saw seek sought sell sold send sent Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá frozen gotten given gone grown had heard hidden held hurt kept known laid led left let lain lost made met paid quit read ridden rung risen run said seen sought sold sent 124 08/10/2006 Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá shake shook shaken shine shone shone sing sang sung sit Sat sat sleep slept slept speak spoke spoken spend spent spent spring sprang sprung stand stood stood steal stole stolen swim swam swum swing swung swung take took taken teach taught taught tear Tore torn tell Told told think thought thought throw threw thrown understand understood understood wake woke (waked) woken (waked) wear wore worn win won won write wrote written 125 08/10/2006 [...]... tonight Nu 2 danh t lm ch ng ni vi nhau bng and thỡ ng t phi chia ngụi th 3 s nhiu (tng ng vi they) Mary and her manager are going to a party tonight Nhng nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng or thỡ ng t phi chia theo danh t ng sau or Nu danh t ú l s ớt thỡ ng t phi chia s ớt v ngc li Mary or her manager is going to answer the press interview 4.2 Cỏc t luụn i vi danh t hoc i t s ớt ú l cỏc danh t bng sau... we will not be able to finish the work 19 Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá 08/10/2006 No problem is harder than this one Nobody works harder than John does 4.3 Cỏch s dng None v No None v No u dựng c vi c danh t s ớt v s nhiu ã Nu sau None of the l mt danh t khụng m c thỡ ng t phi ngụi th 3 s ớt Nu sau nú l mt danh t s nhiu thỡ ng t phi chia ngụi th 3 s nhiu None of the + non-count noun... cú There is sure to be trouble when she gets his letter (Chc chn l s cú rc ri khi cụ y nhn c th anh ta) Do you think there is likely to be snow (Anh cho rng chc chn s cú tuyt ch) Trong dng ting Anh quy chun hoc vn chng mt s cỏc ng t khỏc ngoi to be cng c s dng vi there: 23 Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá ng t trng thỏi: stand/ lie/ remain/ exist/ live ng t ch s n: enter/ go/ come/ follow/... Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá 08/10/2006 ng sau us cú th dựng mt danh t s nhiu trc tip, ging nh i vi i t nhõn xng ch ng The teacher has made a lot of questions for us students 5.3 Possessive pronoun (i t s hu) mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs Ngi ta dựng i t s hu trỏnh khi phi nhc li tớnh t s hu + danh t ó cp trc ú Nú cú ngha: mine = cỏi ca tụi; yours = cỏi ca (cỏc) bn; Do ú chỳng thay th cho danh t ng... chia ngụi th 3 s ớt Nhng ngi ta thng dựng ch ng gi it m u cõu To find the book is necessary for him = It is necessary for him to find the book 4.6 Cỏc danh t tp th ú l cỏc danh t bng sau dựng ch 1 nhúm ngi hoc 1 t chc nhng trờn thc t chỳng l nhng danh t s ớt, do vy cỏc i t v ng t theo sau chỳng cng ngụi th 3 s ớt Congress family group committee class Organization team army club crowd Government jury... Congress are discussing about the bill (Quc hi ang tranh lun v d lut, tc l mt s tỏn thnh, mt s phn i Thi TOEFL khụng bt li ny) * Danh t majority c dựng tu theo thnh phn sau nú chia ng t The majority + singular verb The majority of the + plural noun + plural verb The majority believes that we are in no danger 21 Hoàng Văn HảI Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá 08/10/2006 The majority of the students believe... sau gii t of l danh t s nhiu thỡ ng t vn chia theo ngụi ch ng chớnh ngụi th 3 s ớt: flock of birds/ sheep, school of fish, herd of cattle, pride of lions, pack of dogs The flock of birds is circling overhead The herd of casttle is breaking away A school of fish is being attacked by sharks ã Tt c cỏc danh t tp th ch thi gian, tin bc, s o, khi c cp n nh mt th thng nht thỡ u c xem l mt danh t s ớt Do... tun l 7) The number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is quite small 4.8 Cỏc danh t luụn s nhiu Bng sau l nhng danh t bao gi cng hỡnh thỏi s nhiu vỡ chỳng bao gm 2 thc th nờn cỏc i t v ng t i cựng vi chỳng cng phi s nhiu 22 Hoàng Văn HảI scissors shorts pants Thiệu Đô Thiệu Hoá Thanh Hoá jeans tongs trousers 08/10/2006 eyeglasses pliers tweezers Nu mun chỳng thnh ngụi s ớt phi... ting Anh, ch ng v ng t phi phự hp vi nhau v ngụi v s (s ớt hay s nhiu) The worker works very well s ớt s ớt The workers work very well s nhiu s nhiu 4.1 Cỏc trng hp ch ng ng tỏch khi ng t Trong cõu ting Anh, cú nhiu trng hp rt khú xỏc nh c õu l ch ng ca cõu do ch ng v ng t khụng i lin vi nhau The boys in the room are playing chess Thụng thng trong cỏc trng hp ú, mt ng gii t (mt gii t m u v cỏc danh... There followed an uncomfortable silence (Sau ú l mt s im lng n khú chu) There + subject pronoun + go/ come/ be: kỡa/ th l/ ri thỡ There he comes (Anh ta ó n ri kia kỡa) There you are, I have been waiting for you for over an hour (Anh õy ri, tụi ang ch anh n hn mt ting ri y) 5 i t i t c chia lm 5 loi vi cỏc chc nng s dng khỏc nhau, bao gm: 5.1 Subject pronoun (i t nhõn xng ch ng) We You I You He She