Tài Liệu nền tảng Nhiệt Cơ Học Ebook tiếng anh Full English

This page intentionally left blank ifc.qxd 8/31/10 ■ TA B L E Approximate Physical Properties of Some Common Liquids (BG Units) Carbon tetrachloride Ethyl alcohol Gasolinec Glycerin Mercury SAE 30 oilc Seawater Water 68 68 60 68 68 60 60 60 3.09 1.53 1.32 2.44 26.3 1.77 1.99 1.94 Dynamic Viscosity, M (lb ؒ sրft2) Kinematic Viscosity, N (ft2րs) Surface Tension,a S (lbրft) 99.5 49.3 42.5 78.6 847 57.0 64.0 62.4 2.00 E Ϫ 2.49 E Ϫ 6.5 E Ϫ 3.13 E Ϫ 3.28 E Ϫ 8.0 E Ϫ 2.51 E Ϫ 2.34 E Ϫ 6.47 E Ϫ 1.63 E Ϫ 4.9 E Ϫ 1.28 E Ϫ 1.25 E Ϫ 4.5 E Ϫ 1.26 E Ϫ 1.21 E Ϫ 1.84 E Ϫ 1.56 E Ϫ 1.5 E Ϫ 4.34 E Ϫ 3.19 E Ϫ 2.5 E Ϫ 5.03 E Ϫ 5.03 E Ϫ Vapor Pressure, pv [lbրin.2 (abs)] Bulk Modulus,b Ev (lbրin.2) Eϩ0 EϪ1 Eϩ0 EϪ6 EϪ5 — 2.26 E Ϫ 2.26 E Ϫ 1.91 E ϩ 1.54 E ϩ 1.9 E ϩ 6.56 E ϩ 4.14 E ϩ 2.2 E ϩ 3.39 E ϩ 3.12 E ϩ Vapor Pressure, pv [Nրm2 (abs)] Bulk Modulus,b Ev (Nրm2) Eϩ4 Eϩ3 Eϩ4 EϪ2 EϪ1 — 1.77 E ϩ 1.77 E ϩ 1.31 E ϩ 1.06 E ϩ 1.3 E ϩ 4.52 E ϩ 2.85 E ϩ 10 1.5 E ϩ 2.34 E ϩ 2.15 E ϩ 1.9 8.5 8.0 2.0 2.3 a In contact with air Isentropic bulk modulus calculated from speed of sound c Typical values Properties of petroleum products vary b ■ TA B L E Approximate Physical Properties of Some Common Liquids (SI Units) Liquid Temperature (؇C) Density, R (kgրm3) Carbon tetrachloride Ethyl alcohol Gasolinec Glycerin Mercury SAE 30 oilc Seawater Water 20 20 15.6 20 20 15.6 15.6 15.6 1,590 789 680 1,260 13,600 912 1,030 999 a In contact with air Isentropic bulk modulus calculated from speed of sound c Typical values Properties of petroleum products vary b Specific Weight, G (kNրm3) Dynamic Viscosity, M (N ؒ sրm2) Kinematic Viscosity, N (m2րs) Surface Tension,a S (Nրm) 15.6 7.74 6.67 12.4 133 8.95 10.1 9.80 9.58 E Ϫ 1.19 E Ϫ 3.1 E Ϫ 1.50 E ϩ 1.57 E Ϫ 3.8 E Ϫ 1.20 E Ϫ 1.12 E Ϫ 6.03 E Ϫ 1.51 E Ϫ 4.6 E Ϫ 1.19 E Ϫ 1.15 E Ϫ 4.2 E Ϫ 1.17 E Ϫ 1.12 E Ϫ 2.69 E Ϫ 2.28 E Ϫ 2.2 E Ϫ 6.33 E Ϫ 4.66 E Ϫ 3.6 E Ϫ 7.34 E Ϫ 7.34 E Ϫ 1.3 5.9 5.5 1.4 1.6 Page Temperature (؇F) Specific Weight, ␥ (lbրft3) 7:15 PM Liquid Density, ␳ (slugsրft3) ifc.qxd 8/31/10 7:15 PM ■ TA B L E Approximate Physical Properties of Some Common Gases at Standard Atmospheric Pressure (BG Units) Specific Weight, G (lbրft3) Dynamic Viscosity, M (lb ؒ sրft2) Kinematic Viscosity, N (ft2րs) Gas Constant,a R (ft ؒ lbրslug ؒ ؇R) Specific Heat Ratio,b k Air (standard) Carbon dioxide Helium Hydrogen Methane (natural gas) Nitrogen Oxygen 59 68 68 68 68 68 68 2.38 E Ϫ 3.55 E Ϫ 3.23 E Ϫ 1.63 E Ϫ 1.29 E Ϫ 2.26 E Ϫ 2.58 E Ϫ 7.65 E Ϫ 1.14 E Ϫ 1.04 E Ϫ 5.25 E Ϫ 4.15 E Ϫ 7.28 E Ϫ 8.31 E Ϫ 3.74 E Ϫ 3.07 E Ϫ 4.09 E Ϫ 1.85 E Ϫ 2.29 E Ϫ 3.68 E Ϫ 4.25 E Ϫ 1.57 E Ϫ 8.65 E Ϫ 1.27 E Ϫ 1.13 E Ϫ 1.78 E Ϫ 1.63 E Ϫ 1.65 E Ϫ 1.716 E ϩ 1.130 E ϩ 1.242 E ϩ 2.466 E ϩ 3.099 E ϩ 1.775 E ϩ 1.554 E ϩ 1.40 1.30 1.66 1.41 1.31 1.40 1.40 a Values of the gas constant are independent of temperature Values of the specific heat ratio depend only slightly on temperature b ■ TA B L E Approximate Physical Properties of Some Common Gases at Standard Atmospheric Pressure (SI Units) Gas Temperature (؇C) Density, R (kgրm3) Specific Weight, G (N րm3) Dynamic Viscosity, M (N ؒ sրm2) Kinematic Viscosity, N (m2րs) Gas Constant,a R (J րkg ؒ K) Specific Heat Ratio,b k Air (standard) Carbon dioxide Helium Hydrogen Methane (natural gas) Nitrogen Oxygen 15 20 20 20 20 20 20 1.23 E ϩ 1.83 E ϩ 1.66 E Ϫ 8.38 E Ϫ 6.67 E Ϫ 1.16 E ϩ 1.33 E ϩ 1.20 E ϩ 1.80 E ϩ 1.63 E ϩ 8.22 E Ϫ 6.54 E ϩ 1.14 E ϩ 1.30 E ϩ 1.79 E Ϫ 1.47 E Ϫ 1.94 E Ϫ 8.84 E Ϫ 1.10 E Ϫ 1.76 E Ϫ 2.04 E Ϫ 1.46 E Ϫ 8.03 E Ϫ 1.15 E Ϫ 1.05 E Ϫ 1.65 E Ϫ 1.52 E Ϫ 1.53 E Ϫ 2.869 E ϩ 1.889 E ϩ 2.077 E ϩ 4.124 E ϩ 5.183 E ϩ 2.968 E ϩ 2.598 E ϩ 1.40 1.30 1.66 1.41 1.31 1.40 1.40 a Values of the gas constant are independent of temperature Values of the specific heat ratio depend only slightly on temperature b Page Gas Temperature (؇F) Density, R (slugsրft3) FMTOC.qxd 9/28/10 9:10 AM Page i accessible, affordable, active learning :LOH\3/86LVDQLQQRYDWLYHUHVHDUFKEDVHGRQOLQHHQYLURQPHQWIRU HIIHFWLYHWHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJ :LOH\3/86 «PRWLYDWHVVWXGHQWVZLWK FRQÀGHQFHERRVWLQJ IHHGEDFNDQGSURRIRI SURJUHVV «VXSSRUWVLQVWUXFWRUVZLWK UHOLDEOHUHVRXUFHVWKDW UHLQIRUFHFRXUVHJRDOV LQVLGHDQGRXWVLGHRI WKHFODVVURRP ,QFOXGHV ,QWHUDFWLYH 7H[WERRN  5HVRXUFHV :LOH\3/86 /HDUQ 0RUH ZZZZLOH\SOXVFRP FMTOC.qxd 9/28/10 9:10 AM Page ii $// 7+( +(/3 5(6285&(6 $1' 3(5621$/ 6833257