HẬU QUẢ CỦA CHIẾN TRANH VIỆT NAM MẤY VẤN ĐỀ BÀN LUẬN

HAU QUA CUA CUOC CHIEN TRANH VIET NAM (1954-1975) MAY VANDE BAN LUAN VC QUANG HI^N" M ua Xuan nfim 1975, "cudc chie'n tranh dfii nhfi't lich sfl nudc My" kdt thuc Sau 40 nfim, quan he Viet Nam - Hoa Ky cd nhilu bie'n ddi, tfl ddi diu sang ddl thoai, tfl quan he thu dieh sang quan he ban be, tfl doi tfldng sang ddi tfie, rdi phfit trien thfinh quan he doi tfie tofin didn (nfim 2013) Nhflng thd hd mdi ngfldi Viet Nam dupc sinh va ldn ldn chid'm 75% dan sd Cupc sd'ng tfldng nhfl dfi trd lai binh yen vdi sfl hdi sinh cila mfiu xanh tren k h i p mpi mien dfi't nflde Nhflng, hfiu qua chien tranh van edn hidn hidn, tfl thfldng tfeh tren cd the nhflng eflu ehien binh vfi dan thudng, nhflng benh tfit vfi di tfit cua nan nhan cha't dpc hda hoc, dd'n sfl ly tan nhieu gia dinh; tfl nhflng tham thue vfit hofin tofin bie'n dang, ddn nhflng vung da't bi nhiem dde hoae cd bom cdn sdt lai Nhfin dan Viet Nam vfin dang phai gdng sflc cupc vat ldn vdi hfiu qua khae nghidt ciia ehien tranh Cho dfl 40 nam da di qua, vide khae phuc hfiu qua chie'n tranh van la dieu mfi nhflng ben tham chie'n diu phai quan tam giai quydt Viet Nam da nd lUc han gfin vdt thUdng ehien tranh, cai tao moi trudng, rfi p h i bom min, chfim lo thUe hidn cac chmh sich xa hdi nhUng vih dl van cdn d phfa trUde Tuy Chfnh phu vfi nhan dan Viet Nam khdng yeu ciu ba't cfl mdt chfnh phu nao phai xin loi vi da dfla Iflc Ifldng quan sU t^i Viet Nam vfi gay nhflng hau qua chidn tranh nghiem trpng doi vdi dfi't nUdc nfiy, nhung boi canh tofin ciu hoa vfi hpi nhfip, nhfi't la tinh thude vfio gifla cac qudc gia dan tdc ngfiy cang tang, dilu kidn quan he Hoa Ky - Viet Nam da vfi dang dupc hda giai, tfl cho la ke thfi khdng dpi trdi chung trd thfinh dd'i tac toan dien va tidp tue p h i t trien theo hudng trd thfinh dd'i t i c chie'n Iflde toan didn, thi vdi lUdng tam, traeh nhidm dad ly vfi phap ly, vdi tinh than nhan vfin, tinh thudng ydu, quy trpng cupc sd'ng ngUdi, vin dd hfiu qua chid'n tranh Vidt Nam, mpt va'n d^ qua khfl de lai nhflng khdng hi lang quen, co the vfi cin phai dfldc sfl quan tam giai quye't tfeh cue hdn nfla tfl nhilu phfa, nhfi't lfi tfl Chfnh phu Hoa Ky Sfl t o n t h a t ve sinh m a n g vi nhiifng m u c t i e u doi lap n h a u giita Vi&t N a m v a Hoa Ky t r o n g c h i e n t r a n h Tie'n hfinh cupc chid'n xam lUdc Viet Nam, cac chinh quyin My qua ddi Tdng • PGS.TS Khoa Lich sfl, TrUdng DHKHXH&NV - DHQG HN ^au qui ciia chien h-anh Viet Ram thd'ng (Aixenhao, Kenddy, Gidnxdn, Nichxdn, Pho) vdi ly dam bao "an ninh qud'c gia", nhfim chia cfit lfiu dai nudc Viet Nam, bid'n mien Nam Viet Nam mdt qudc gia rieng bidt nfim "thd gidi tfl do", ddl lfip vdi "phe cpng san", da huy ddng mdt lfle lfldng ldn quan My vfi nude ddng minh cua My trfle tie'p tham chien (1), sfl dung hau het cae chid'n lupc chie'n tranh (trfl chie'n tranh tong lfle), h i u het vu hidn dai (trfl vfl hat nhan) vdi nhflng khoan ehi phi chie'n tranh khdng Id (2) Trong lich sfl ehien tranh the gidi, Viet Nam lfi dfi't nflde bi nem bom nhieu nhfi't So' bom My ndm xud'ng Viet Nam g i n ga'p tdng so bom sfl dung Chie'n tranh thd gidi thfl thfl Hai, cai gpi lfi Chinh sfieh "lunarization" (mat trang hoa) (3) Nghiem trpng hdn, My da sfl dung vu hoa hpc, tie'n hanh khai quang rflng nui va ddng rupng d m i l n Nam bang Chien dich Ranch Hand (4), bien nhilu vung rflng nui nhiet ddi rfim rap vdi nhieu t i n g thUc vat khae d mien Nam Viet Nam ddi, nui trpc; bie'n nhieu vung rflng ngfip man thfinh efic bai hoang trong, triet cic efin efl cua Quan giai phdng va du kich; huy diet mua mang, nham cat ngudn tid'p te ciia Iflc Ifldng each mang; ddng thdi cfldng bfle, ddn dan vao cac trai tfip trung hoac nhflng vung My va chinh quyen Viet Nam Cong hda kiem soit (5) Vi dpc lfip tu do, ca dan tdc Viet Nam anh dung dflng len chie'n dfi'u, neu cao quye't tam danh My vfi thfing My Trong eude dung d i u lich sil mang tfnh cha't thdi dai vfi CO t i m vdc qud'c te, nhan dan Viet Nam phai trai qua nhflng tdn thfi't, hy sinh vd bd be'n Co nhilu tfii lidu va ngoai nflde da vid't v l hau qua chid'n tranh d Vidt Nam Do nhieu nguyen nhfin khac ma nhflng 45 so cu the chua trflng khdp, nhUng cd mpt thUc td' khdng the phu nhfin la hfiu qua het sflc nfing ne ddi vdi tfi't ca cac ben tham chien Tuy theo ngudn tin, cd tfl de'n tridu ngudi Viet Nam bi chd't chid'n tranh, hfing trieu ngudi khac bi thfldng va tan tat Nhflng ngudi cdn sd'ng tid'p tuc phai dd'i mat vdi cac vfi'n d l nghiem trpng ve kinh te', xa hpi vfi mdi trUdng mfi eude chie'n da gay ra, ty Id di dang bam sinh d Viet Nam la eao nhfi't the' gidi (6) Sd' lidu vd thfldng vong eua phia Vidt Nam dupe ehfnh thflc cdng bd' gin day nhfi't lfi gin trieu thudng dan chd't; hdn trieu thudng dan mang thUdng tfit sudt ddi; khoang tridu ngfldi (gdm ca qufin nhfin) phdi nhiem cac loai hoa chfi't ddc hai Lfle lUdng Quan dpi Nhan dan Viet Nam (bao gdm ea Quan giai phong mien Nam) co khoang 1,1 tridu quan nhan hy sinh nhflng trUdng hpp khfic (trflc tie'p chie'n dfi'u tren chie'n trudng, gap tai nan, d'm dau trdn dfldng hanh quan), 600.000 quan nhan bi thUdng hofic bi benh Trong sd'hy sinh, c6 300.000 qufin nhfin chfla tim dupc hai cdt (7) Tinh chung 30 nfim chidn tranh each mang ehd'ng xam lUdc Phap vfi My (1954-1975) va eae cupc chid'n tranh bao vd Td qudc chdng Khd me Do d bidn gidi Tay Nam (1978) vfi Trung Qud'c xam Iflpc bien gidi phia Bae (1979), eung mdt so' chie'n dich cho'ng tho phi vfi FULRO, Viet Nam cd trdn 1.140.000 het si (8) Nhflng tdn thfi't v l ngUdi dd'i vdi My vfi cac nflde ddng minh cua My khdng phai nhd Theo danh sfich cua Dfii tudng niem Chid'n tranh Viet Nam ci Thu dd Washington DC, Hoa Ky (9), vfi Tap chi Lich s^ Qudn si£ Vi^t Nam, tdng sdthudng vong cua quan ddi Hoa Ky Viet Nam la 365.157 quan, c6 58.168 ngUdi Rghifen clhi Lich sir s6 4.g0i5 chdt liic giao tranh (kill in action) (10) Ngofii cdn co 1.875 ngUdi mfi't tich (tinh den nfim 2004) Trong sd58.168 ngfldi My tfl tran, cd 7.878 si quan Trong sd si quan chet trfin, cd 426 tfl lenh vfi si quan ehi huy (37 ngfldi efi'p tfldng) Su tdn thfi't vl nhan mang ciia My d Viet Nam da vflpt so tUdng vong Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl Nha't vfi Chien tranh Trieu Tidn (11) Trong sd 303.704 ngudi bi thUdng, cd 153.329 ngUdi bi thUdng nang phai nam benh vien dfii 20.000 ngUdi My chfic chin dfi nhidm cha't da cam My sfl dung d Viet Nam Ngofii ra, co gin 350.000 cflu binh khac (15% tdng sd) bi giai ngu mpt each khdng vinh dU, khdng dupe bao dam viec lfim, khong dfldc tdn trpng va tin cfiy sau vd nflde Qufin dpi cae nflde ddng minh cila My eiing chiu nhilu thUdng vong d Viet Nam (12) Bdn CEinh nhflng ton tha't v l sinh mang, h'nh My cdn phai chiu nhflng mfi't mfit nang nd vd tinh t h i n Hang trfim ngan lfnh My vl nflde da mfic nhilu chflng rdi loan tfim t h i n bi chfi'n thUdng tfim ly bdi nhflng ndi khiep sp hp gap d Viet Nam (thfldng dfldc ngUdi My gpi la Hpi chiing Viet Nam); khoang 200 ngan lfnh My da mfic nghidn ma nhflng d Viet Nam (13) Dd la nhiing cha'n ddng ldn ve tfim ly vfi tinh cam cua ngfldi My ndi chung vfi eae cUu chie'n binh My ndi ridng Ben canh do, nhflng ton thUdng v l tam ly d hp cdn bidu hien ro rfing la thUdng xuyen trang t h i i lo lfing, cfing thfing Sd lUdng quan nhan My bi mfic benh tam t h i n vfi sau thdi gian chie'n dfi'u d Viet Nam la nhieu nhfi't tfi't ca cac cudc chien ma quan dpi nflde tham gia lich sfl Hfing ehue nam sau chie'n tranh, nhflng trieu chflng benh dd vfin cdn tdn tai Trong thdi gian chid'n tranh, ed hdn tridu ngudi My sinh sd'ng nhflng vung tam chie'm d miln Nam Viet Nam, hfiu qua la g i n nCfa tridu lai My ddi, nhilu ngUcii khdng biet ro cha minh la ai, nhidu ngUdi phai sd'ng cac cd nhi vien ea va sau eudc chie'n Nhiing tdn thfi't v l ngfldi khdng phai la cd sd di khang dinh ben nfio thing hay thua chie'n tranh, nhung chic chfin Viet Nam phai chiu nhilu dau thUdng, ton thfi't nha't vi nhiing vu hidn dai vi cudng dp d i n h p h i ae lidt cila quan dpi My H a u q u a d a u d d n k e o dai nhieu t h e h e c u a c h i e n t r a n h h o a hoc, nhat la c h a t doc m a u d a cam/dioxin Chfi't ddc da cam vfin dang p h i huy silc khde vfi eupe song cua hfing trieu ngudi dfin Vidt Nam, t^o nen ndi kinh hofing cho nhieu thd' hd Nhflng dfla tre vd tdi, t^t nguyen, vfla chao ddi da phai lia dcfi ho^c nd'u sdng thi sflc khoe, trf tud v i ca hinh hfii deu khdng binh thudng Nhflng sinh linh vd tdi fi'y trd thfinh ndi am anh, dau ddn cua ngUdi thfin, gia dinh vfi tofin xa hoi (14) Tai Hdi thao Qud'c t l l i n thfl hai bfin ve Chdt dpc hoa hoc diet co My sH dung chien tranh d Viet Nam vd tdc hgi ldu ddi cua no doi vdi thien nhien vd ngUdi dfldc td ehfle tai Ha Npi (nam 1993), nhieu nha khoa hpc Viet Nam va the gidi khang dinh: "Chfi't ddc da cam ciia My da hiiy diSt thidn nhidn efiy ed, hiiy diet sflc khoe ngfldi, gay nhilu benh tfit nang nl, gay ndn nhieu bien doi gien di truyen qua mp hoac qua bd, gay tai bien sinh san, qufii thai, di dang, di tfit cua nhilu dfla sinh ra, gay cac benh ung thfl " (15) Vidt Nam, ed khoang 150.000 tre em bi di dang tfl mdi sinh ra, cha me eua ehflng bi phdi nhiem chfi't da earnKhoang ba trieu ngfldi Vidt Nam bi phd nhidm didxin chie'n tranh va it nhit ed mdt tridu ngudi dang bi anh hU&ig ft^u q u i ciia cbl^n tranh Viet Ham nghiem trpng tfl chfi't ddc da cam Nhilu ngfldi so' hp lfi cac cUu chie'n binh NhQng ngfldi khac thupc the he thfl hai hoac thfl ba Nhidu ngUdi nhflng nan nhan sd'ng d nhiing viing lan can vdi cac can cfl quan sfl cfla My trflde day, nhfi't la Bien Hda (tinh Ddng Nai), khu vuc san bay Dfi Nfing, ndi vfin cdn tdn dpng mot lupng ldn chat dpc da cam Mpt ke't qua xet nghiem dfldc cdng bo ngfiy 25-8-2012 eho bie't, 100% mfiu mfiu cila 62 ngUdi sd'ng d hai qufin Hai Chfiu vfi Thanh Khe (gan san bay Dfi Nfing), dfldc chpn ngfiu nhien, khdng cd danh sich nan nhan chfi't dpc da cam, khdng ed bieu hien bi nhilm didxin nhu nhflng nan nhan khic, ddu nhiem chfi't dpc didxin Dfiy lfi kd't qua dfldc tidn hfinh tfl nam 2006, Dfl Theo Chu tich Hdi nan nhan chfi't ddc da i n khao sfit vfi giai quye't d nhidm didxin cam/dioxin Da Nang, thfinh phd ed tren tai Dfi Nang (DDAMP), Quy Ford tfii trd, 5.000 ngfldi bi nhilm didxin, sd dd cd cfie vien Cdng ty tfl vfi'n Hatfield, hdn 1.400 tre em, p h i n ldn bi di tfit nfing, Vfin phdng 33 cua Chi'nh phu vfi Bp Y td' thflc hidn Ke't qua dd hoan tofin bfi't ngd va khdng the tfl chfim sdc dfldc minh (16) cho phep nghi den mpt eon so ngudi bi Theo Gifio sfl Nguyin Trpng Nhan, Pho nhiem chfi't dpc vfldt xa hdn rat nhieu so vdi chu tich Hpi Chfl thfip Do Vi^t Nam mpi tfnh toin tijf trUde, Nhieu ngfldi dfin (VAVA), "hfiu qua chfi't ddc da cam gay mudn dUdc xdt nghiem nhflng lo sd vi kinh tdi hdn nhieu so vdi tfi't ca nhflng gi phi qufi ldn, cung nhfl khdng bie't phai bfit ma ngfldi ta nghi tdi chid'n tranh k i t d i u tfl dfiu (19) thuc" (17) Hien v i n cdn nhflng dfla tre N h d n g bien doi moi trfldng sinh sinh bi di tat t i c dpng eua loai chfi't ddc NhQng nan nhfin chfi't dpc da cam t h a i d Viet N a m - Sfl t a n p h a ghd g6m dang phai song dau ddn vi bdnh tfit NhQng ciia c h i e n t r a n h Si£ tdn phd moi triidng My gay ldn ngfldi lam eha me v i n muo'n ed mdt mfii fi'm gia dinh va hfldng hanh phue cd con, nhflng den mfle da lfim phfit sinh mpt tfl tid'ng ngUdi tfit nguyen phai tflng giay, tflng Anh mdi, ecocide (huy didt sinh thfii) Tfl phut chdng dd vdi di tfit b i m sinh Mac du nam 1961 de'n nfim 1971, quan dpi My tie'n vfiy, hp vfin yeu cupc song, vfin k h i t khao hanh d Viet Nam mot cudc chie'n tranh hda dupc thfi'y i n h sang m^t trdi, vfin hi vpng hpe vdi quy md ldn nha't lich sfl chid'n vfio nhQng didu td't dep vfi mudn lfim dflpe tranh thd' gidi Chfi't ddc da cam mfi quan dpi My sfl dung ehid'n tranh Vidt vide hflu fch Nam nhfim lfim rung l i cay rflng de "vd Viec sfl dung chfi't ddc hoa hpc da cudp di hieu hda sfl nguy trang cila Viet cpng" chfla sfl sdng vfi quyen sd'ng binh thfldng ciia mpt nhflng chfi't ddc hai nha't, cha't ngfldi Theo flde tinh, ed khoang 4,8 trieu didxin (TCCD) vdi ndng dp ddc eao, tfl ngudi Vidt Nam hi nhilm chfi't dpe da den mg/1 Khoang 80 tridu lit cha't diet cd cam/dioxin, sd'ng tfip trung tai efic tinh dpc va phfit quang dupe rai xuong 24,67% tdng dfldng Trfldng Sdn vfi bien gidi Viet Namdidn tfeh lanh thd miln Nam Viet Nam, Campuchia Hang trfim nghin ngfldi trong p h i n ldn la chfi't dde mfiu da cam so' dd da qua ddi; hfing trieu ngUdi vfi ea (20), vdi thdi gian ban phan buy udc tinh chiu ciia ho dang phai sdng benh tfit, khoang 15 ddn 20 nfim hofic lau hdn nfla nghdo khd di chflng eua chfi't dpc da cam So Iflpng rfi't ldn cha't ddc hda hpe vdi ndng (18) dp cao, dfldc rai di rai lai nhilu lan, khdng Kghien ciju Lich sir, stf 4.2015 nhQng da lfim chet cac loai ddng, thflc vfit, mfi edn gay d nhilm mdi trfldng mdt thdi gian dai vfi lfim dao Ion cfie hd sinh thai tfl nhien Tofi an Bertrand Roussel cung nhfl Hdi nghi Paris nfim 1970 l i n d i u tidn td cio trflde dfl lufin the gidi sU tan khdc cua eude chie'n tranh hda hoc cua My tai Viet Nam; gpi dd lfi "eupe chie'n tranh huy didt mdi trUdng, hiiy diet he sinh thai vacon ngUdi" (21) Cic chfi't dde hda hpc da dupc rai tfl vi tuyen 17 tdi tfin mui Ca Mau, tap trung d nhidu ndi khfic nhfl: khu vUe hang rfio didn tfl Mfic Namara (thudc tmh Quang Tri), A Ludi (tinh Thfla Thidn - Hue), Sa Thiy (tinh Kon Tum), khu C i n Gid (Thfinh phd Hd Chi Minh) vfi Cfi Mau Mdi trUdng hi d nhiem didxin Viet Nam rfi't rdng, chi tinh ridng khu vUc san bay Da Nfing da cd tdi 73 000 met khdi da't vfi t r i m tich bi nhiem didxin (22) U"dc tinh ed khoang 366kg didxin dflpc phun rai xud'ng mien Nam Viet Nam, chu yd'u la vung ndng thdn Dfi'u vdt cua didxin vfin dupc tim thfi'y dfi't d h i u hd't cfie vung hi nhiem nfing - khoang 25 "diem ndng" Chit didxin da gay t i e dpng nfing ne tdi mdi trUdng vfi dan cU dia phUdng Cfie nghidn cflu tai mdt vfii didm nong nhU san bay A So (Thfla Thien - Hue), Da Nfing, Bien Hda chi rang, chfi't didxin vfin tidp tuc anh hudng tdi sflc khde ngfldi dfin sd'ng tai efic vung nfiy Sfl p h i huy eanh quan tu nhien ehien tranh lfi dieu khdng mdi me, nhflng pham vi eua sfl p h i huy tfl nhien ehid'n tranh Vidt Nam la dieu ehfla tflng xay lich sfl nhan loai Thiet hai doi vdi mdi trudng qua tan khd'c de'n mfle cic nha khoa hpc gpi dd la "hiiy diet sinh thai" Qufin dpi My dfi tan phfi mdi trfldng tren quy md rpng ldn vfi keo dai nhieu nam, mdt cich ddng bd, lam cho nhieu hd sinh thai tfl nhidn vdi dien tich rpng ldn Viet Nam bi phfi huy Trflde chie'n tranh, rflng miln Nam Vidt Nam cd didn tfch bao phu la 10,3 tridu Dien tich cac khu vflc bi phun rai chiem 24% dien tich mien Nam Vidt Nam, 86% Ifldng chfi't ddc hda hpc dfldc rai len dfi't riing, 14% cdn lai dflpc rai len dfi't ndng nghiep mfi ehu yeu lfi dfi't trdng lua Hdn trieu dfi't rflng da hi p h i huy Theo cac chuyen gia moi trudng, tfie dpng cOia chfi't ddc hda hpc rfi't da dang, phfi huy tren 150.000 rflng ngfip mfin v^ khoang 130.000 riing trfim cila vung chau thd sdng Me Kdng vfi hfing trfim nghin da't rflng ndi dia Chat diet cd rai vdi ndng dp cao khong ehi pha hiiy thfinh p h i n dinh dfldng dfi't, lam cho dfi't bi cfin coi, ma vdi dilu kien hfiu nhiet ddi gio mua, cic khu rflng ra't khd cd thd tfl phuc hdi dUpc Kd't qua budc d i u cho bid't, trdn 3,3 tri?u dfi't dai tu nhien bi rai chfi't ddc (vdi chieu rdng bfing rai la khoang 1.000m), rflng ndi dia bi tac ddng nfing nl vdi nhieu mfle dp khac nhau, lfim tdn thfi't tren 100 trieu m^ go, dd vung Ddng Nam Bp la mdt vung cd trdn 50% didn tfch tli nhien bi t i c ddng Chie'n khu D, Chidn khu C, rflng Bdi Ldi, rflng Cu Chi la nhQng vung dfi bi rai hfing trieu lit chfi't ddc cung vdi hfing trieu tfi'n bom dan, cd nhilu khu rflng da bi triet phfi hoan toan nhu khu Ma Dfi, thudc tinh Ddng Nai, khu Phu Binh, Bfl Gia Mfip thupe tinh Binh Phudc (23) Khoang 10 ddn 15 trieu hd bom, chiem 1% didn tich riing Nam Viet Nam, gfiy nen sfl ba't on mat dfi't, lam cho dfi't de bi xdi mdn mfla Hfiu qua cdn tie dpng xfi'u tdi 28 lflu vflc sdng d mien Trung Viet Nam: Co 16 lflu vUc, dd rflng bi pha hiiy chiem Ijau quA eiia c h i ^ tranh Viet Kam tdi 30% tdng dien tfch tu nhien; 10 lflu vflc mfi't 30 - 50% dien tich riing, vfi lflu vfle ma't hdn 50% H i u he't cae sdng deu ngan va chay theo dia hinh phfle tap vfi cd anh hfldng tnic tiep tdi cac khu vUc lUu Hang mfi'y chuc nfim sau chie'n tranh ke't thiic, lu lut van thudng xuydn tan p h i luu vflc cac sdng Hudng, Thach Han, Hfin, Thu Bdn, T r i Khuc, Cdn, Ve, Ciu vfi Ba, d i n tdi thiet hai ldn ve ngudi vfi cua Nhflng hau qua bi tham dd vfin cdn dai dfing keo dfii chUa cd hdi kdt (24) Chidn tranh kdt thuc, nhUng trdn ca nflde Vidt Nam cd khoang 66.000 km^ edn tdn dpng vat Udu bom, Udc tfnh cd khoang hdn 600.000 tan bom dang tdn tai dudi mat da't, rai rac trdn khap ca nUdc, dae biet l i cae tinh Nghe An, H i Ilnh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Thfla Thien - Hud', Quang Nam, Quang Ngai So'bom dfldc thfio gd mdi chi dflde khoang 20% Binh quan mdi nfim khoang 20.000 dfi't dflpc pha Vdi tien dp nay, phai 300 nfim nfla mdi eo thd loai bd dflde het cac loai bom ehfla nd Bom cdn sdt lai sau chie'n tranh vfin tie'p tuc gay tdn thfi't nfing n l ve sinh mang, tfii san, ddi sd'ng eiia ngUdi dfin, cfldp di mang sd'ng cua 10.529 ngfldi, lam 12.231 ngUdi bi thfldng, dd 25% la tre em Ifla tuoi tfl 14 trd xud'ng, anh hfldng nfing n l dd'n sfl phat tndn kinh te - xa hpi (25) Nhijfng co gfing c u a Viet N a m v a Hoa Ky t r o n g v i e c giai q u y e t h a u q u a chien t r a n h Ngay tfl thdi kf khang chien chdng thflc dan Phfip, vdi quan diem nhan dao vfi hda binh, Chfnh phu Viet Nam da ed nhflng chfnh sfich ddi vdi thfldng binh liet si, cham soc gia dinh binh si bi tfl nan, dd'i xfl nhan dao vdi tfl hfing binh, thUdng xdt nhQng ngfldi lfnh Phap bi tfl vong Vdi tinh t h i n yeu chudng hda binh gifla cfie dan tdc vfi tfl tfldng nhan dao, Hd Chi Minh viet: "Tdi nghieng minh trUdc anh hdn nhflng ehien si vfi ddng bao Viet Nam, da vi To qud'c ma hy sinh tinh menh Tdi cung ngfim ngui thfldng xdt cho nhflng ngUdi Phap da til vong Than oi, trUdc long bac thi m i u Phap hay mau Viet cung deu la mau, ngUdi Phap hay ngfldi Viet cung deu la ngfldi" (26) NgUdi nhfic nhd chie'n si va ddng bfio Viet Nam ddi xil tif te', nhan dao vdi tu binh, khoan dung, dd lupng vdi nhflng ngfldi l i m dfldng lac Id'i Sau 30 nfim ehien tranh (1945-1975), Viet Nam da nd lue khac phiic hfiu qua ehien tranh Chinh phu vfi nhan dan Vidt Nam sflc tim kie'm vfi quy tap hai cd't liet Sl ve cac nghia trang, cham soc thUdng binh, gia dinh lidt si, cham lo nudi dUdng nan nhan chfi't dde da cam, rfi p h i , thao gd bom min, tim kie'm ngudi My ma't tich Nhilu chinh sich khac phuc hfiu qua chie'n tranh dflpe Chinh phil Vidt Nam ban hfinh: Quyet dinh so" 16 (5-2-2004) Vi tra gidp dot vdi hp gia dinh co tii hai ngiidi trcf len khong tii phuc vu diitfc hdu qud chdt dpc hoa hoc; Quydt dinh sd 120 (5-7-2004) Ve mpt sd che dp ddi vdi ngiidi tham gia khdng chie'n vd de cua hg hi hgu qud nhiim chd't dpc hoa hoc My s^ dung chien tranh Viet Nam; Nghi dinh so' 54 (25-5-2006) Ve hiidng ddn dieu kien de ldm cdn cii xem xet gidi quye't chedp doi vdi ngiidi hogt dgng khdng chien hi nhiim chdt dpc hoa hoc vd de cua hg Dac bidt, ngfiy 1-6-2012, Thu tfldng Chinh phu ban hfinh Quyd't dinh sd^651 Ve ke hogch hdnh dpng khdc phuc ccf bdn hgu qud chdt dpc hoa hoc My s^ dung chie'n tranh d Viet Nam den nam 2015 vd dinh hiidng den ndm 2020 Mue tieu cd ban lfi giai quydt hfiu ciia chfi't doe hda hpc vdi mdi trudng vfi ngUdi, xil ly triet de chfi't ddc hda hpe tai vung d nhilm n^ng; 100% ngudi Rgfaito CUT! Lich sdr a tham gia khang chie'n va chfiu cua hp bi nhilm cha't ddc hda hpe dUdc hudng chd' dp, chinh sich ddl vdi ngUdi ed cdng; trdng mdi 300.000 ruiig tren dfi't trdng, ddi trpe chfi't dpc hda hpc gay Hdi Nan nhan cha't ddc da cam/didxin Viet Nam da nhfin dUdc sfl ilng hp, giup dd tfl cfie hpi hflu nghi vdi Vidt Nam cua cfie nUdc Anh, Phap, Dfle, Nga, Hdi ddng Hda binh thd' gidi, Uy ban Hda binh Braxin, Hiep hpi Hda Tai eua Trung Qud'c, Hpi Lufit gia dan chii quo'c te, Hdi cUu ehid'n binh thfldng tat cha't ddc da cam Hfin Qude (KAOVA), Hpi cuu chie'n binh My vi hda binh (VFP), cfie td chflc van ddng cflu trd va traeh nhiem doi vdi nan nhan cha't dpc da cam Viet Nam d My (VAORRC), Nhip ciu hda binh hflu nghi gifla Nam Osaka vfi chau A cua Nhfit Ban (NPOMOA), Hda binh xanh cua An Dp (GIS), Vi tre em didxin cila Phap, Td ehfle phat trien Lien hdp qud'c (UNDP) vfi dai sfl quin mpt sd'nUdcd Hfi Npi Tuy nhien, Vidt Nam gap rfi't nhieu kho khfin vide giai quyet nhflng hfiu qua chie'n tranh ndi chung vfi nan nhan chfi't dpc da cam ndi rieng Trong sU phfit trien cila quan he Viet Nam - Hoa Ky, mpt so' hfiu qua ehid'n tranh da dxicic hai ben hdp tfie giai quye't Ve vd'n de thdo gd bom min, 10-11-2006, tai Tru sd Trung tam Cdng nghd xfl I'f Bom (BOMICEN), Bp tfl l^nh edng binh tai Hfi Ndi, dai dien BOMICEN vfi Quy cUu ehien binh My tai Viet Nam (WAF) da ky ket giai doan H Dfl an "Didu tra, kiem sat vfi danh gifi tac ddng eila bom sau chie'n tranh d Vidt Nam" Tham gia le ky cd dai dien cic quan chflc cfi'p cao hai chinh phu Viet Nam, Hoa Ky, cac d^i sfl quan Austraha va Bi, cac ed quan to chflc hflu quan Day la mpt phan ciia nd luc gifla eac ben vide khfic phuc hau qua chid'n tranh Dfl an nfiy bit d i u dfldc tidn hfinh tfl nfim 2001 tai 344 tren tdng sd' 549 xa cua ba tinh Ha Tinh, Quang Nam vfi Quang Tri Ke't thuc giai doan I eua dfl an (nam 2002) eho ke't qua lfi: thao dd bom trdn 421 dien tfch dfi't dai, phfit Men vfi xfl ly an tofin 6.205 bom min, vat nd cae loai Giai doan II ctta dfl fin tid'p tuc trien khai d ba tinh tren va md rpng them 133 xa d Thfla Thien - Hul va Nghd An So' tien tfii trd eho giai doan II nfiy khoang trieu USD, dd phia W A F tai trd 850.000 USD Dai sfl My tai Vidt Nam, dng Micheal Marine, ndi: "day Ik su ke't thflc cua mpt chUdng va md mot chfldng mdi su hdp tfie gifla hai nUdc" va dfl i n "la nd Iflc dd giai quye't mdt phin di san cua cudc chid'n thd' ky trUdc" Nhflng ngfldi linh tfl hai chid'n tuyd'n da eung b i t tay cam kd't, cung quay tr3 lai chidn trfldng xUa ndi hp tflng tham chid'n, phd'i hpp "di ddi vfi huy bo nhflng tfin du ciia ehien tranh, dd da't dai Viet Nam lai cd thd dflde sfl dung, mang lai eude sdng tdt dep hdn cho ngUdi dan Viet Nam" (27) Ve udn de chdt dpc da cam, Td'ng thd'ng My Bill Chnton tham Hfi Npi, Chu tich nflde Viet Nam Trfin Dflc Ludng yeu ciu Chinh phu My "nhfin trfich nhiem de giup rfi pha vfi giai ddc cac cfin cfl qufin sfl trudc dfiy cua My d Viet Nam va giflp d9 cac nan nhan cha't dpc da cam Viet Nam" Sfing ngfiy 16-12-2006, Bd Tai nguyen Mdi trUdng, Dai sfl quan My vfi Cd quan phfit tridn qudc td' My tai Viet Nam k$ kdt Bien bdn ghi nhd vi chiicfng trinh sUc khoe vd xii ly moi triidng vdn de gidi quyet chdt dpc da cam d Viit Nam Theo dd, Qudc hdi My phan bd trieu USD nfim 2007 va 2009 cho chUdng trinh nfiy Theo Dai sfl My Michael Michalak tai Viet Nam, fj&u quA cfla chic&i tranh Viet Ram ban ghi nhd danh dfi'u mdt moc quan trpng vfi mdt cfi'p cam ket mdi viec cung tim eic giai phap mdi vfi sang tao cho mdt vfi'n d l phfle tap (28) T h i n g 2-2007, sau nghien cflu thUc te' tai san bay Dfi Nfing, Dai sfl My tai Viet Nam, Michael Marine xac nhfin cd nhidm ddc didxin vfi phfa My da cd nhflng dpng thai tfch Clic hdn vide xfl ly cha't ddc da cam (29) Cfie quy Ford, Bill & Melinda Gates va Atlantic Philanthropies eua My da tai trp cho du an xay dflng efic cdng trinh ehd'ng Ian tda tam thdi tai san bay Da Ning; xfiy dflng phdng thf nghidm didxin; nghien cflu cic edng nghe sinh hpc tay dpc didxin tai san bay Dfi Nfing; Iupng hda toan bp d nhiem, phdi nhilm va de xufi't bien phap giam thieu tfl nam 2010 din nam 2012 Tfl ngfiy 9-8-2012, Cd quan Phat trien qud'c te Hoa Ky (USAID) Ifi dd'i tie cung Bd Qud'c phong Viet Nam tridn khai du an "Xfl ly mdi trUdng d nhiem didxin tai sfin bay Dfi Nfing", kdo dfii de'n nfim 2016 bfing vide xuc khoang 73.000 met khd'i«dfi't vfi t r i m tieh dUa vao dun ndng de t i y rfla chfi't dpc (30) Gop p h i n giai quyd't hfiu qua chfi't ddc da cam/didxin, nhdm doi thoai Viet - My dfi xfiy di^ng ke hoach 10 nfim (2010-2019), vdi kinh phf 300 trieu USD, thue hien qua giai doan Muc tieu ehfnh la Iam saeh dfi't bl nhiem dioxin, khic phuc he sinh thai da bi tan p h i va md rdng cac dich vu cung cfi'p cho ngfldi khuyet tfit co lien quan de'n chfi't ddc da cam/didxin Dfinh gia vd nhflng no lfle tfl phia My vide giai quyet hfiu qua chfi't ddc da cam/didxin d Viet Nam, ong Le Kd' Sdn, Chii tich Uy ban co vfi'n hdn hdp My - Viet v l cha't dde da cam/didxin ndi: "TQ vide khdng hpp t i e gi den viee hdp t i c khoa hpc, sau dd di Ifi'y mau dioxin xac dinh ndng dp o nhiem, xfiy dflng phfldng phfip xfl 1^ v i giup dd nan nhan Cd thd ndi dd la cac bflde di tich efle quan hd hai nude vfi ehung ta cung ghi nhfin sfl tich cflc tfl phfa My" (31) Ngudn vien trp cua My vide khfic phuc hfiu qua chat ddc da cam/didxin d Viet Nam ngfiy cfing tang: trieu USD/nam (nfim 2007, 2009), 15 trieu USD (nfim 2010); 34 trieu USD dd tay ddc sfin bay Dfi Nfing (nam 2011); 44 trieu USD (hai nam 2012, 2013) de tiep tuc xfl ly didm ndng chfi't ddc da cam/didxin tai Da Ning Bfi KC Choe, Giim dd'c Phdng Mdi trfldng vfi Phfit tridn xa hpi eua Cd quan Phat trien Qudc td Hoa Ky (USAID) khfing dinh: "Nhflng vung bi d nhilm cha't dpc da cam/didxin tai san bay Dfi Nang se dupe lfim sach toan bp vfio nfim 2016 Ddl vdi diem ndng d nhidm chfi't dpc da cam/didxin tai sfin bay Bien Hda (32), dang tie'n hfinh cac bfldc danh gifi tfie ddng mdi trfldng de dfla phfldng an xfl ly" (33) Gdp phan khic phuc hau qua eua chfi't dpc da cam/didxin ddi vdi ngUdi, Cd quan Phfit trien Qud'c te My (USAID) tfii trp eho Chiicfng trinh trcf giup todn dien vd tich htfp cho ngiidi khuyet tgt bi phcfi nhiim bdi chat dpc da cam (chUdng trinh dien tfl thfing 10-2012 dd'n t h i n g 9-2015) Mue tieu chinh cua chUdng trinh lfi dfio tao cdng t i c xa hpi cho can bp quan ly va eae edng tfie vidn phuc hdi chflc nang dfla vfio edng ddng; xay dung ke hoach hd trp cho ngfldi khuyet tfit, cai thien chfi't lUpng va tidp cfin cila cac dich vu chuyen bidt dfinh cho ngfldi khuyet tfit, gdm phfiu thuat chinh hinh, vfit ly tri lieu, ngdn ngfl, hoat ddng tri lieu; cai thien chfi't lupng cfie dich vu y te edng edng nhfim ngan ngfla vfi han chd mfle dp nghiem trpng eua khuyet tat, gdm gifim sat di tat bfim sinh, sfing loc sau sinh, phat hidn ung thU, cac dich vu tU vfi'n phu nfl trflde Iflc mang thai nham Iam giam nguy cd mfic di tfit bam sinh 52 Can nhieu hdn n 3a tinh nhan van va traeh nhiem viec giai quyd^t hau qua chien tranh Viet Nam Chie'n tranh da di qua, nhflng hfiu qua chie'n tranh khdng he bien ma't, trd nhQng vfi'n d l xa hdi, luon ddi hdi dfldc giai quye't vfla efi'p bfich vfla lau dfii Vfin cdn mdt khdi lupng Idn bom ehfla nd nam rai rac trdn khfip nUdc Viet Nam, luon de dpa cudc sd'ng ngudi, mfi vdi tien dp nhfl hidn nay, cin cd the ky nfla de g9 bd Vfin cdn dd nhflng vung da't sau 40 nfim vfin tdn du chfi't dde didxin ngofii mfle eho phep dang gay t i c hai de'n san xufi't va ddi sdng eong ddng cfl dan Van edn dd hfing trfim nghin hai cot quan nhfin nam lai tren h i u khap cic chie'n trUdng, hfing trfim nghin bp hai chfla xac dinh dflde danh tinh NhQng ngUdi dang mang minh chfi't dpc hofi hpc da va ehUa dUde xac dinh van tflng ngfiy tcfng gid can sfl cham sde y te vd sflc khoe vfi benh tfit Vidt Nam, vdi dien tfeh dfi't dai nhilm ddc rdng, so' Iflpng ngudi nhidm dpc ra't cao, viec xac dinh ehinh xfic nhflng da bi anh hudng bdi chfi't dde didxin la vide vd cung kho khfin, vi phai tie'n hfinh xet nghidm eho tflng ngudi vdi chi phf khoang 1.000 USD/ngfldi/lin (34) Mat khfic, tfnh cha't phfle tap eua cd chd' gay benh vfi nhQng dilu kien theo doi va chin doan, Vidt Nam ehua the xac dinh diy du sd'nan nhan cha't dpe hoa hpe, ehfl chUa ndi tdi dilu kidn cham sdc sflc khoe Cho du vfi'n d l hfiu qua chien tranh da vfi dang dflpc Chfnh phu Viet Nam quan tam giai quyd't, nhflng khdng the hofin mpt sdm mdt ehilu vi khdng du ngudn lfle, tfl cd che chinh sich de'n nhan lfle, tfl trang thidt bi cdng nghd de'n ngudn tfii chinh Rghien cihi Lieh sit s6 4.2015 Ciing vdi nhiing nd lfle cua Chinh phii va nhan dfin Viet Nam, sU h5 trd tfl eac to chflc qudc te vfi qude gia tren the gidi, nhat lfi tfl phfa Chfnh phu Hoa Ky la hd't sflc cin thid't Tuy nhidn, nhiing khoan hd trp cdn rat khiem tdn so vdi hau qua nghidm trpng ma quan dpi My gay cho nhan dfin Viet Nam Hdn nQa, nhiing hd trd mdi chi tfip trung vfio viec giai quye't va'n dd mdi trfldng, cdn vide phat hidn va cham sdc sflc khoe, cudc sd'ng cho nan nhfin chfi't ddc da cana/didxin vfin cdn ra't han hep Nhieu ngfldi da qua ddi vi khdng du thdi gian chd dpi Ndi dau ve hau qua ehid'n tranh vfin am anh nhflng ngfldi dang song mdt ehfla dviac giai quyet triet de tren thfle td No lUc cua nhfin dan Vidt Nam vdi mong mud'n khep lai q u i khfl dau thUdng dfi dupc sfl chia se cua nhidu td chflc vfi ca nhan, dd cd ea nhflng ngfldi My, nhflng giang vidn, sinh vidn dai hpc vfi ea cflu qufin nhan My titng tham chid'n tai Viet Nam Thing 3-2005, mdt nhdm sinh vidn vfi efin bd giang day cila Trudng Dai hpc Ohio Wesleyan (OWU) de'n Viet Nam ky nghi Xuan de chia se tinh yeu vfi sfl chfim sdc cua minh ddi vdi cac tre em lfi nan nhan chfi't dpc da cam Jennie Brunsdon, 21 tudi ndi: "Tdi rfi't vui mifng tham gia dpi tinh nguyen nfiy NhUng dilu thfl vi hdn ca la tdi dflpe ehia se thdi gian vfi tinh cam cua minh vdi tre em bi tfit nguyin Hay lfim tfi't ca nhQng dieu td't dep mfi ban cd the, bang ta't ca nhQng phfldng tien ma ban ed, bfing tfi't ca nhiing cich ma ban lfim dfldc, tai mpi ndi ma ban cd thd dd'n eho tfi't ca mpi ngfldi cd the gap Dd lfi phfldng cham cua tdi" V l nhflng fi'n tflpng gap cac tre em la nan nhan chfi't ddc da cam tai Lang hda binh Thanh Xufin, Lang HQu nghi Van Canh (Ha Ndi) Jennie Brundson, ndi: "Tdi ra't vui vfi hanh phiic dUdc ehdi vdi ^flu qui ciia c h i ^ tranh Vi&t Ram cfie em nhd tfit nguyen, cic em la nan nhfin cha't dpc da cam Sfl vui ve, tfl tin cua cac em nho tai nhiing ndi tdi ddn dfi giup tdi p h i n nfio bdt di sU budn ba vi nhiing gi mfi Chinh phu My da gay ra" (35) Theo msing "mySanAntonio.com", trang thong tin dien tfl chfnh thflc cua vung Nam Texas thupc bang Texas, dng J a n C Scruggs, ngudi sang lfip vfi la Chu tieh Quy tudng niem cuu chien binh My tai Viet Nam (WMF), cho biet, r i t nhidu eflu chien binh My tham ehien tai Viet Nam ed y thflc hfin gfin vet thfldng chid'n tranh Nhieu cUu binh My da tCftig trd Iai Viet Nam nhieu Iin Ban than dng da tham Viet Nam 10 l i n (36) Nhilu nhfi bfio qud'c td' da dd'n Viet Nam dfla tin vd nhflng nan nhan cha't dde da cam Nhfi b i o Tom Fawthrop cua hang BBC da den huyen Cii Chi, tfin mat chflng kie'n canh nhilu nan nhan chfi't dpc da cam vfi vid't bai v l hp Dudi d i u d l "Hfiu qua chidn tranh v i n bao trum Vidt Nam", bao The gidi tri ciia Dflc ngfiy 26-9-2010 cd bfii vid't nham keu gpi cong ly cho cac nan nhan chfi't ddc da cam Vidt Nam Bai bfio neu rd hau qua tfle thi nhilm chfi't ddc nfiy lfi nhflng bieu hien eua ngp dec, cd the gay tfl vong Cha't nfiy gay hai cho nhQng phu nQ mang thai, gay de non, say thai, khuyet tfit b i m sinh vfi thieu nfing Ngofii ra, chfi't dpc cdn gay nhflng benh v l tim, ung thfl va than kinh Bai bao kdu gpi gidi chflc My thfla nhfin nhflng hfiu qua loai chfi't ddc hai mfi quan dpi My rai xud'ng Viet Nam thdi chid'n tranh nfiy gfiy ddl vdi ngfldi dan Vidt CHU Nam va bdi thfldng thfch dang cho cac nan nhan Viet Nam (37) Chfnh phu Hoa Ky, eie nha khoa hpc va eae edng ty san xua't hda cha't Hoa Kjf deu thQa nhfin chfi't doe da cam/didxin gay nhieu tfie hai cho sQc khoe ngfldi (38) Ngfiy 6-1-1991, Tdng thd'ng Hoa Ky George H W Bush ban hanh Ludt chdt dpc mdu da cam nham giai quye't nhflng phfle tap lien quan de'n efic cflu chie'n binh bi phdi nhiSm bdi chfi't didt cd - nhfl chfi't ddc mfiu da cam chfing han - dUdc sil dung ky nguyen Viet Nam (39) Dfiy Ifi ddng t h i i d i u tien ciia chfnh quyen My vide bay td sU quan tam tdi vfi'n d l nhan dao ddl vdi ngudi bi nhiem chfi't dpe da cam Tuy nhien, Lugt chdt dpc mdu da cam ndm 1991 chi hd trd cho nhflng eiiu ehid'n binh My bi nhiem dde, khdng md rpng cho cUu chiln binh vfi dfin thudng Viet Nam Trong ed che ddl thoai va hdp t i c tofin dien, Viet Nam va Hoa Ky hofin tofin cd the giai quyd't nhflng hfiu qua cila chie'n tranh vdi tinh t h i n khep lai qua khfl dau thfldng vfi kie'n t^o mpt mo hinh hpp t i e ddi bdn eflng cd ldi Chinh phil Viet Nam khdng ydu eiu bfi't cfl mpt chfnh phu nao phai xin ldi vi da dfla luc lUdng quan sfl tdi tham gia chie'n tranh vfi gay hfiu qua nghiem trpng doi vdi dfi't nflde Viet Nam NhUng boi eanh toan ciu hda va hdi nhfip, mpt tinh thupc vfio gifla cfie qud'c gia dan tpc ngfiy cfing tfing, thi vdi tinh thfin nhan vfin, vdi tinh thfldng ydu, quy trpng eupe sdng ngUdi, vdi trich nhipm dao Iy va phfip ly, vfi'n d l h^u qua chie'n tranh Vidt Nam c i n dflde giai quyet tfeh cflc hdn nQa THICH (1) My huy d6ng tdi 6.000.000 lu^t binh si (rieng linh My chiS^m khoing t n f u ngudi) chiem 68% b6 binh, 60% h'nh thuy danh bfl, 32% kh6ng quan chi^n thufit, 50% khong qufin chien lU0c, 40% hai qufin chi de phyc vu cho n e n g chifi'n tranh Viet Nam 34 Rghien curu Lich sir, so 4.2Q15 (2) Rieng nSm 1968, m6i ngfiy My chi phi cho cuoc chien tranh xam luoc Vi|t Nam Ien de'n khoang 100 trieu USD, gSp 10 lan chi phi cho cuoc chien chong ngheo doi My thdi gian (https //chientr an hvie tn am wordpress.co m/hau qua chi€n tranh) Nhflng nguon thdng tin va each tinh khac nhau, dUa den nhflng so heu kha da dang, dao dong tfl 515 ty de'n 1.647 ty dola Theo tinh toan cua L i u NSm Goe, chi phi cho chien tranh Viet Nam gfi'p 2,6 l i n gia tri tofin bo he t h i n g du6ng sa gifla cac bang Hoa Ky (so heu nam 1972), gap 2,5 l i n tien My vi§n trd cho tat ca cfie nUdc kem phat t n e n 25 nkm, ngon 70% tiln chuin cbi cho qu6c phong My tfl nfim 1967 de'n nfim 1972 Rieng nfim 1968, moi ngfiy My chi phf cho cuoc chid'n tranh xam lU(jc Vi^t Nam len den khoang 100 tripu USD, gap 10 l i n chi phi cho cuoc chien chong nghdo d6i cl My thdi gian (7) Lich sti khdng chien cho'ng My ctiu nudc (1954-1975), t 8, Nxb Chfnh tri Quoc gia Ha N5i, 2008, tr 436 (8) Thong ke nfiy neu tong so lifit si ciia Vifit N a m nhUng kh5ng neu ro sS lifit si Chifiii tranh Vi?t Nam 1954-1975 http;//www.baodongkhoi.com.vii/?act=detai]&id=37 685 (9) Thang 11-1982, Chinh phu Hoa Ky khinh thfinh Dai tudng niem Chien tranh Viet Nam de tu5ng niem nhflng cong dan My da che't fl Vi|t Nam, ban danh sach ban dau gom 57.939 ngUcli, c6 37 cfi'p tUdng (10) Rifing nhiing h a u qua ve ngUdi: Tinh tfl gifla nflm 1961 deh nfim 1974, da co tong so 57.259 ngflcfi My da tii tran Vifit Nam Neu tinh theo toan bo thdi gian cugc chifi'n, tfl nfim 1954 den 1975 thi CO tong so 58.168 ngudi My da che't Vifit Nam http://kienthuc.net.vn/ (3) Sau n h | m chflc, Tong thS'ng Kennedy tuyfin bo: My quy^t dinh dung chit diet co vfi cac ky thufit tfin k^ khac de kiem soat tinh hinh mien Nam Vifit Nam Ngfiy 10-8-1961, quan doi My b i t d i u rai chfl't d6c h6a hoc xuo'ng mien Nam Vifit Nam b^ng may bay FairchiJd C123 va-Cl30 Ngfly 20-11-1961, J Kenenedy chinh thflc phe c h u i n ti^n hanh chien dich khai quang d6ng ruong vfl rflng nui, chie^n dich Ranch Hand Lockard, 239 Craig A Lockard, "Meetmg Yesterday Head-on The Vietnam War in Vietnamese, American, and Worid History", Journal of World History, Vol 5, No.2, 1994, Umversity of Hawau Press, pp 227-270 (12) Quan d6i Hfin Quoe: 5.099 tii trfln, 11.232 bi thUdng, mfl't tich chifi'n dfi'u; Quan d6i Thai Lan: 351 tfl trfln, 1.358 bi thUdng; Qufln doi Niu Dilan 55 tii tr^n, 212 hi thUdng , dfln theo KOREA military army official statistics, 28- 8- 2005 (4) Le Cao Dfli: Chat da cam chien tranh Viet Nam-tinh hinh vd hgu qud, Nxb Hfi Noi, 1999, tr 11; N h i l u tac gia: Chdt ddc da cam-Thdm kich vd di hoa, Nxb Vfln nghfi TP Ho Chf Minh, 2004, tr 43-44 (14) Theo Hoi Chfl thflp Do Viet Nam (VAVA), hi$n c6 khoang 150.000 tre em bi di dang tfl mdi sinh ra, cha m^ ciia chung bi phdi nhilm chfi't da cam, chu yeu la thdi ky chien tranh, http://www.khoahoc.com.vn (5) Vu Le Thao Chi: "Cugc chien am thim", Cudc khdng chien chong My, ctiu nUdc", Nxb Dai hoc Quoc gia Tp H6 Chf Minh, 2005, tr 1209 (15) Trung Udng Hoi nan nhfln chSi't dgc da cam/dioxin Vifit Nam: Di cUctng tuyen truyin 50 ndm thdm hga da cam b Viet Nam (10-8-1961 -108-2011), Hfi Ngi, 2011, tr.7 (6) Easten 38-39; Nation, Nick Malloni, "Agent of Destruction," Far Economic Review, December 1989, pp Peter Korn, "The Persisting Poison," The April 1991, pp 440-45 (11) https.//chientranhvietnam.wordpress.com/hflu qua chifi^n tranh (13) American War and MiUtary Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics, Congressional Research Service, ngfiy 26-2-2010, Available online (16) Tin nhanh Viet Nam bay, 25-8-2012 (VNExpress), thfl (17) http://viet.vietnamembaBsy.us Tjau qui eiia ehim tranh Vie» Ram (18) Kfi't lufln ciia nhom P2 cua H6i nghi Quoc te nflm 1983 c6 22 nUdc t h a m dg nhU Hoa Ky, Phap, Dflc, Hfl Lan Nhat, Lien Xo, Tifip Khflc, Hungary, Uc ve hfiu qua lflu dfli cua cac chfl't di^t CO va trui la da dUdc aii diing tai Viet Nam thdi gian chien tranh da khfing dinh: c6 khuyet tflt b i m sinh thudng thfi'y d Viet Nam nhUng hiem gflp hofic khong c6 t^i cac nudc khac: Khuyet tfit S'ng t h i n kinh, Khuyet tflt tay chan, Khuyet tflt cac giac quan nhu mflt, mui , Song sinh dfnh, Sflt moi, che vdm h i u http:/ / www.medinet.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/ttyh/b shkhkt / Dioxin.htm (19) Bao Tin nhanh Viet Nam (VNExpress) ngfiy 25-8-2012 Hudng giai quyet trUdc mflt, tfl d i u thang 9-2012, 25 ngfldi ( d ^ 1) se dUde Bfinh vifin 103 - Hoc vi^n Quan y (Hfi Noi) dilu t n t i y dfic trfin Cd t h i bfing phfldng phap Hubbard (20) Nfim 2003, J M Stellman, mgt nhfl nghien eflu v l tfie hai chfi't dgc da cam Viet Nam, cho rang: so lu^ng didxin quan dgi My rai d V i | t Nam nhflng nfim 1961-1971 c6 t h i dat tdi 600 kg Xem J.M Stellman, S.D Stellman, Richard Chnstian, Tracy Weber, Carrie Tomasalle: The extent and patterns of usage of orange and other herbicides in Vietnam - Nature, 3003, vol 422, pp 681-687 (21) http:/ / maxreading.com/sach-fiay/Vietnam-moi- truong- va-cuoc-song / hau-qua-cua-chien.tranh-hoa-hoc-doi-voi-rung-11353.html (22) Tin nhanh Viet Nam (VNExpress), ngfiy 25-8-2012 (23) http://maxreadmg.com/sach-hay/viet-nammoi- truong-va -cuoc -ao n g/h au-qua-cua-chien-tranhhoa-hoc-doi-voi-rung-11353.html (24) http://www.mon, Cong thong tin POPs Vifit Nam (Bd tfli nguyfin vfl Moi trUdng) (25) https://chientranhvietnam.wordpress.com/hau qua ehilin tranh (26) H I Chf Minh: Todn tap, t Nxb Chfnh trj Qud'c gia, Hfi N6i, 2000, tr 457 (27) http://vietbao.vn (28) http://viet4phuong.com (29) De'n nflm 2007, Bg Ngoai giao vfl Cue Bao ve moi trudng Hoa Ky cung cflp 400 ngfln USD ho trd ky thufit de c6 lap dioxin t^i cfln cfl qufln sU Dfi Nfing Tft nfim 2008-2010, Hoa Ky phan b^ hdn trifiu USD cho cae ehUdng trinh y te dflnh cho ngudi khuye't tflt Dfi Nflng Den thang 4-2010, g i n 4.000 ngUcfi khuyet tflt vfl 3.000 thflnh vifin gia dinh va nhflng ngUdi chfim sde ngfldi khuye't tat da dfldc hudng ldi tfl chfldng trinh nfiy Xem http://vietnamese.vietnam.usembassy.gov (30) Tin nhanh Viet Nam (VNExpress), ngfly 25-8-2012 (31) Thdng tfl'n xa Viet Nam: Tdi lieu khdo ddc biit, ngfly 19-01-2010 tham (32) Ngfly 10-3-2014, t?i H6i thao cong bd ket qua danh gia bd sung thUc tr^ng d nhiem chfi't dge da cam/didxin fl san bay Bifin Hda (Dong Nai) diigc to' chflc tai Hfl Ngi, dng Le Ke" Sdn, Phd Tong cue trfldng, Td'ng Cue mdi trudng (Bg Tfli nguyen vfl Mdi trfldng): Tai san bay Bien Hda, nfim 2006, da chon la'p dUdc khoang 94.000 m ' dflt vfi t r a m tich nhiem dioxin Nflm 2014, s^ dfi't vfl tram tich nhiem dioxin cdn l^i la 240.000 m^ (nhieu gfi'p l i n khoi lUdng dioxin d sfln bay Dfi Nflng, hdn 30 l i n so vdi san bay Phu Cat), http://vava.org.vn (33) http7/vava.org.vn (34) Thdng tfi'n xa Viet Nam: Tdi Hiu khdo ddc biit, ngfiy 19-1-2010, tr tham (35) http://vi.wikipedia.org (36) http://viet4phuong.com (37) http://www.mofahem.gov.vn (38) Cac cong ty boa chfl't da boi thudng cho cflu chien binh Hoa Ky 250 tnfiu USD nflm 1985 Cuu chifi'n binh Hoa Ky vfl cfii hg dfldc dieu tri mien phi ve mgt sfi'bfinh tfit da dU0c kh^ng dinh lfl chfl't dfic da cam/dioxin gay http://www.medinet.hochinunhcity.gov.vn/ttyh/bsh khkt/Dioxin.htm (39) http://www.presidency.ucsb,edu