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Prepared by Colin S MacDonald Verbals UNIT 4 Technical English 2 (Slide 2 – Page 69) Prepared by Colin S MacDonald UNIT 4 – Verbals What is a Verbal? Verbals are formed from verbs and act like adjectives, adverbs, or nouns in a sentence. INFINITIV E PARTICIPL E GERUND There are three basic types of verbals. Technical English 2 (Slide 3 – Page 69) Prepared by Colin S MacDonald UNIT 4 – Verbals SKILL 57: Recognize the form of infinitives and infinitive phrases Examples: to walking ✘ to the park ✘ to walk ✔ to walk to the park ✔ FORMS OF THE INFINITIVE ACTIVE to + VERB PASSIVE to be + VERB NOTES: ● Infinitives can have modifiers (e.g. prepositional phrases) to make infinitive phrases ● Infinitives can have continuous and perfect forms ● Sometimes the bare infinitive is used ● Do not confuse infinitives with prepositional phrases Technical English 2 (Slide 4 – Page 70) Prepared by Colin S MacDonald UNIT 4 – Verbals SKILL 58: Recognize the function and use of infinitives and infinitive phrases FUNCTION AND USE OF INFINITIVES AND INFINITIVE PHRASES FUNCTION EXAMPLE Subject To live in Buri Ram is my dream. Object We needed to buy a new memory card. Subject Complement Her role was to teach English. Adjective I have a report to write by tomorrow. Adverb Students must pass the exam to graduate. NOTES: ● If an infinitive or infinitive phrase acts like a noun, it can be replaced by a pronoun ● If an infinitive or infinitive phrase acts like an adverb, it can be moved in the sentence ● When an infinitive acts like an adverb and starts a sentence, it must be followed by a comma ● Do not place an infinitive or infinitive phrase after a preposition ● Infinitives or infinitive phrases are often used to express purpose Technical English 2 (Slide 5 – Page 73) Prepared by Colin S MacDonald UNIT 4 – Verbals SKILL 59: Know the verbs that are often followed by infinitives or infinitive phrases VERBS OFTEN FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES AND INFINITIVE PHRASES WITHOUT ACTORS WITH ACTORS agree, begin, continue, decide, fail, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, neglect, offer, plan, prefer, pretend, promise, refuse, remember, try advise, allow, convince, remind, encourage, force, hire, teach, instruct, invite, permit, tell, implore, incite, appoint, order NOTES: ● The verbs ask, expect, (would) like, and want can be used with or without actors. ● The information given above shows only a small selection of verbs that can take infinitives or infinitive phrases Examples: She refused to tell me his name. ✔ She refused telling me his name. ✘ The teacher allowed the students to go early. ✔ The teacher allowed the students going early. ✘ Technical English 2 (Slide 6 – Page 74) Prepared by Colin S MacDonald UNIT 4 – Verbals SKILL 60: Recognize the form of gerunds and gerund phrases Examples: working ✔ working on the project ✔ darling ✘ starling ✘ FORMS OF THE GERUND GERUND VERB + ing PERFECT GERUND having + PAST PARTICIPLE NOTES: ● Gerunds can have modifiers (e.g. prepositional phrases) to make infinitive phrases ● Be careful, gerunds look the same as present participles ● Some words ending in –ing may not be gerunds, they may be nouns or proper nouns ● A gerund must have a verb as its base Technical English 2 (Slide 7 – Page 75) Prepared by Colin S MacDonald UNIT 4 – Verbals SKILL 61: Recognize the function and use of gerunds and gerund phrases FUNCTION AND USE OF GERUNDS AND GERUND PHRASES FUNCTION EXAMPLE Subject Swimming is good exercise. Object of a verb He enjoys asking questions. Subject Complement John’s problem is sleeping in class. Object of a preposition I did a course about cooking. NOTES: ● A gerund or gerund phrase always acts like a noun ● A gerund or gerund phrase can be replaced by the pronoun it ● A gerund or gerund phrase can follow a preposition ● Gerunds are often used in compound nouns (be careful of present participles) Technical English 2 (Slide 8 – Page 78) Prepared by Colin S MacDonald UNIT 4 – Verbals SKILL 62: Know the verbs that are often followed by gerunds or gerund phrases VERBS OFTEN FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS AND GERUND PHRASES ORDINARY VERBS PHRASAL VERBS admit, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, finish, keep, miss, practice, recall, recommend, regret, stop, suggest, understand approve of, count on, forget about, give up, insist on, keep on, put off, object to, (be) tired of, (be) accustomed to, (be) used to, (be) fond of NOTES: ● The information given above shows only a small selection of verbs that can take infinitives or infinitive phrases Examples: They considered working on the weekends. ✔ They considered to work on the weekends. ✘ She put off buying the new carpet. ✔ She put off to buy the new carpet. ✘ Technical English 2 (Slide 9 – Page 79) Prepared by Colin S MacDonald UNIT 4 – Verbals SKILL 63: Recognize the form of participles and participle phrases Examples: crying, working, sleeping ✔(present participles) introduced, eaten, saved, dealt, seen ✔(past participles) darling ✘ FORMS OF THE PARTICIPLE Present Participle VERB + ing Past Participle VERB + ed, en, d, t, or n NOTES: ● Participles can have modifiers (e.g. prepositional phrases) to make infinitive phrases ● Be careful, present participles (verb+ing) can look like gerunds or ordinary nouns ● Be careful of some words that end in –ed, -en, -d, -t, and –n because they may be simple past forms of verbs ● A participle must have a verb as its base Technical English 2 (Slide 10 – Page 80) Prepared by Colin S MacDonald UNIT 4 – Verbals SKILL 64: Recognize the function and use of participles and participle phrases FUNCTION AND USE OF PARTICIPLES AND PARTICIPLE PHRASES FUNCTION EXAMPLE Adjective The polished car looked as good as new. Adjective phrase Cutting the wood, he developed blisters. Continuous tenses (Only Present Participles) John was sleeping in class again. Perfect tenses (Only Past Participles) I have never eaten such delicious food. Passive forms (Only Past Participles) He was taken by aliens. NOTES: ● A participle phrase consists of a participle plus modifiers ● Both present and past participles acting as adjectives are placed before nouns ● Participle phrases acting as adjectives should be placed as close as possible to the nouns or pronouns they describe ● A participle phrases needs commas when it: a) comes at the beginning of a sentence, b) interrupts a sentence as a nonessential modifier, or c) comes at the end of a sentence and is separated from the noun or pronoun it describes ● Do not confuse present participles with gerunds or nouns ending in -ing ● Do not confuse past participles with simple past tenses of verbs [...]... forgets taking out the rubbish ✔[she did it, but she forgot] Technical English 2 (Slide 11 – Page 83) Prepared by Colin S MacDonald Thank you Colin S MacDonald graduated with Bachelor of Science and Master of Science engineering degrees in 1990 He worked on many engineering projects including the launch of the Nokia 2110 mobile phone, GE Com Broadcasting Satellites, and bid-up.tv (an interactive satellite . past participles with simple past tenses of verbs Technical English 2 (Slide 11 – Page 83) Prepared by Colin S MacDonald UNIT 4 – Verbals SKILL 65: Know. 1990. He worked on many engineering projects including the launch of the Nokia 2110 mobile phone, GE Com Broadcasting Satellites, and bid-up.tv (an interactive