Adv expert progress test2

F … sleep for long periods of time in traditional societies.. Yet, as anthropologist Carol Worthman discovered, sleep scarcely figures in the literature of either cross-cultural differen

Name Class

Advanced Expert

Progress Test 2 (Modules 3–4)

ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS

VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR

1 For questions 1–9, read the sentences below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

I’m not sure if the weather (1) _ any good next Friday but let’s hope so It’s been quite off and (2) _

this week; showers one minute, sunshine the next As long as it’s not windy, we’ll be fine I know you’ve never

done a parachute jump before but I guarantee you’ll get a real (3) _ from it Admittedly, the first time I had butterflies in my stomach the moment the plane left the (4) _ and when it came to the actual jump, I found myself (5) _ to the spot before someone kindly helped me out of the plane As soon as I got over my initial fear, I realised how much I loved the experience and how silly it was to get into a (6) _ about jumping out

of the plane After all, doing a tandem jump is really straightforward Once they’ve given us the special

(7) _ to put on they’ll go through the drill with us before (8) _ us up in the plane When it comes to the

jump, you’ll be strapped to an experienced instructor who has done this hundreds of times and is just as

concerned about a safe landing as you might be Honestly, (9) _ this jump is going to be the most thrilling

thing you’ve done all year!

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2 For questions 1–5, underline the correct form of the verb in italics in the following paragraph.

Whoever (1) was deciding / decided / has decided that entering a new market at this point was a good idea was mistaken (2) To achieve / To be achieved / For achieving the best results for the company, we need to

determine how to develop our strongholds further It’s not logical for the company (3) funding / funded / to fund

a risky expansion into new areas during a recession I want (4) this company to survive / surviving / survive this difficult period and, to that end, it is important (5) to implement / for implementing / for to implement plans that

focus on our strengths not vulnerabilities

/5

3 For questions 1–6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given Do not change the word given You must use between three and six words,

including the word given.

1 He asked if I could stop the car just outside the station

PULL

I did as he asked and _ of the station

2 Due to the difficulty of the questions asked, he only narrowly missed failing the exam

SCRAPE

The questions were so difficult that he only just _ the exam

3 Being asked to identify the attacker was a very nerve-racking experience for the witness

PICK

The witness became very agitated when she was asked to step forward and

_

4 His retelling of events was completely at odds with what had actually happened

RESEMBLANCE

His story _ reality

5 Despite all the difficulties and problems he had faced, she had always been there for him

THICK

4 Listen to five different people talking about being a fan of a famous singer For questions 1–10, choose the answer (A, B or C) that fits best according to what you hear

Speaker 1

1 The speaker acknowledges that some people think him crazy for

A carefully putting all his records into order

B being so fanatical about someone for so long.

C framing items of his idol’s clothing.

2 His partner doesn’t really understand

A why he is so obsessed with this one singer.

B his need to collect everything his idol ever recorded.

C why he keeps his record collection in the attic.

Speaker 2

3 The moment the speaker heard her idol singing she

A decided to became a member of his fan club.

B had to see him perform live.

C was hooked on him and his music.

4 She realises she is very lucky to have

A been able to see her idol perform all around the world

B such an understanding boyfriend.

C such an unusual passion.

Speaker 3

5 The speaker confesses that his collection

A is incredibly well-organised and takes up a whole room.

B has no underlying logic to it.

C doesn’t contain any unusual personal items.

6 The speaker first became interested in his idol after

A reading an article about his life.

B his daughter took him to see him live.

C hearing him on the radio.

Speaker 4

7 On becoming a fan, she

A started to collect tattoos of her idol.

B decided to split up with her boyfriend.

C began to search for pictures of her idol online.

8 She admits that her obsession for her idol

A remains as strong as ever.

B has lessened with age

C made her feel self-conscious on the beach.

Speaker 5

9 What did he do as a result of becoming a fan?

A take singing lessons

B quit his college degree

C become a professional singer

10 He still

A remembers every recording his idol has ever made

B goes to see his idol perform

C seeks out collectibles relating to his idol.

10

5 Read the article ‘How the world sleeps’ For questions 1–10, match the endings (A–J) to their

beginnings, based on information given in the text.

1 These days, people in the Western world are accustomed to … _

2 Very little research on sleep has … _

3 Sleep customs in traditional societies are … _

4 Current research, aimed at helping those who have trouble sleeping, is … _

5 People in non-Western populations would most likely find the idea of … _

6 Sleeping in communal areas, with a backdrop of noise, … _

7 Maintaining a strict routine relating to bedtime is … _

8 People don’t tend to … _

9 Having a quick nap, in some more traditional societies, is believed to be an effective way to …

10 Learning to sleep in any situation or location is … _

A … sleeping on a springy mattress an alien concept

B … promotes a sense of security

C … investigating the genes that are linked in with wakefulness and sleep

D … not something all children are trained to do

E … sleep-inducing habits such as reading in bed

F … sleep for long periods of time in traditional societies

G … the norm among non-Western populations

H … focused on cross-cultural differences or links to human evolution

I … profoundly different to those in the modern Western world

or even to inhabitants of Western Europe 200 years ago Yet, as anthropologist Carol Worthman discovered, sleep scarcely figures in the literature of either cross-cultural differences or human evolution It is generally relegated to the sidelines, treated as a biological given with little potential for variation from one part of the world to another

Worthman contacted researchers who had intimate knowledge of one or more traditional societies, and

uncovered a wide variety of customs, none of which bore any resemblance to what many modern Western people take for granted She says that this finding raises profound questions for the research that is being done into our biological clock Over the past 50 years, scientists have identified periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, during which intense dreams often occur Current efforts are examining genes involved in

wakefulness and sleeping and have taken strides towards treating sleep disturbances Although investigators assume that people sleep alone or with a partner for a solid chunk of the night, most studies take place in laboratories where individuals have naps while being hooked up to brain and body monitors However, the distinctive sleep styles of non-Western, more traditional groups may shape the biology of sleep in ways

undreamed of in sleep labs, which is why Worthman was keen to initiate relevant research

Worthman assembled a preliminary picture of sleep practices in 10 non-Western populations Having observed how sleepers in traditional societies recline on skins, mats, wooden platforms, the ground or just about anything except a springy mattress, she says it brought it home to her just how odd the Western concept is of layers of bedding piled on a ‘giant sleep machine’ Furthermore, unlike in most Western bedrooms, sleep typically takes place in spaces that feature constant background noise emanating from other sleepers and various domestic animals Communal space equates to safe space, invaluable in the event of a threat or emergency

Virtually no-one in traditional societies, including children, keeps a regular bedtime In these worlds without artificial light, activity is limited and affects the time allotted to sleep; individuals tend to slip in and out of slumber several times during the night, rather than sleeping in a solid block of time In traditional settings, variable sleep cycles among individuals and age groups are useful so that someone can be awake or easily roused at all times Whereas, as Worthman points out, the natural tendency of teenagers in the Western world to

go to sleep late and wake up late is seen as a nuisance or as a sign of rebellion Equally, extreme early birds get diagnosed as sleep disordered

Some cultures, such as the Gebusi rainforest dwellers, are of the opinion that a person’s spirit may wander off too far and fail to return if they sleep too heavily; dreaming makes this more likely Whether or not one believes this, a quick nap may be preferable and has crucial effects on the body and mind As an example, Balinese infants are carried about and held continuously by caregivers so that they learn to fall asleep even in hectic and noisy situations This trains them to exhibit what the Balinese call ‘fear sleep’ later in life Adults and children

enter fear sleep by suddenly slumping over in a deep slumber when they or family members confront intense

anxiety or an unexpected fright They are literally scared into sleep Conversely, it is possible that infants who sleep alone in the Western world may find it difficult to relax, fall asleep, wake up or concentrate because of the contrast between the sensory overload of the waking world and the dark quiet bedroom Only cross-cultural studies of children’s sleep and behaviour may be able to clarify such issues

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6 Complete the article by choosing the correct word or phrase in italics for each gap 1–10

LESSONS TO BE LEARNT AT LOCAL SPORTS PARK

The opening of the Linden Sports Park should have been met with enthusiasm from the local community This

was not the case, however, so we went to find out what had gone wrong We found, (1) frankly / generally

speaking / doubtlessly, that the main area of discontent among residents was the cost of membership Many said

they felt fees were unreasonably high although, (2) in the main / presumably / naturally, they agreed that if discounts were available for certain groups, they would be inclined to use the facilities (3) To be honest /

Surprisingly / Understandably, the general consensus is that those who are studying or who have retired should

be granted a lower and more affordable membership rate, along with families Whilst prices were considered somewhat steep across the board, what did become clear from the conversations we had, was that people were

(4) annoyingly / doubtlessly / by and large very impressed with the facilities and the different classes on offer (5) Indeed / Strangely / Seemingly, everyone who was interviewed was keen to try out at least one different

class (6) Quite rightly / Frankly / Presumably, the owners of the sports park had undertaken, prior to their vigorous advertising campaign, some sort of market research to help determine fees (7) In fact / In all

probability / Surprisingly, they simply did not take into account lower income earners (8) One assumes / Naturally / Doubtless that whoever was responsible for deciding on the prices the public would pay had (9) as a rule / in fact / apparently done so after consultation with the local authorities (10) Seemingly / Personally /

Naturally, the next step is to re-examine and modify the fees set-up so as to increase membership numbers

through attracting a greater proportion of local residents, which will in turn make this into a profitable venture

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