158225_Portadilla.pdf 16/3/09 10:33:18 Reinforcement and Extension Worksheets Science, Geography and History 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd 15/4/09 17:17:34 The Reinforcement and Extension Worksheets for Essential Science, Science,Geography and History for Year of Primary Education are a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Primary Education department at Santillana, under the supervision of José Tomas Henao and Javier Pérez rubalcaba Contributing author: Lesley Thompson Editors: Martin Minchom, Sheila Klaiber Illustrations: Jorge Salas Art Director: José Crespo Design coordinator: Rosa Marín Cover design: Martín León Barreto Artwork coordinator: Carlos Aguilera Coordinator design development: Javier Tejeda Design development: José Luis García and Raúl de Andrés Technical director: Angel García Encinar Technical coordinators: Fernando Carmona, Marisa Valbuena Layout: Alfonso García, Pedro Valencia Research and photographic selection: Amparo Rodriguez Photographs: C Suárez; Carlos Jiménez/photoAlquimia; GARCÍA-PELAYO/Juancho; I Rovira; J C Muñoz; J I Medina; J Jaime; MICROS/J M Blanco; J Lucas; J M.ª Escudero; J V Resino; Krauel; L M Iglesias; Larrión-Pimoulier; M Blanco; M San Félix; O Torres; ORONOZ; P Esgueva; P López; Prats i Camps; S Enríquez; S Padura; TERRANOVA INTERPRETACIÓN Y GESTION AMBIENTAL; A G E FOTOSTOCK/Science Source; ARCHIVO SAHATS/Domench - Azpilicueta; DIGITAL BANK; EFE/Dennis M Sabangan; EFE/SIPA-PRESS/Letterio Pomara, R L.; GETTY IMAGES SALES SPAIN; HIGHRES PRESS STOCK/AbleStock.com; I Preysler; J M.ª Barres; JOHN FOXX IMAGES; MUSEUM ICONOGRAFÍA/J Martin; O Daidola; PHOTODISC; SEIS X SEIS/D Lezama; Armand ColinVéronèse; BIBLIOTECA NACIONAL DE ESPAÑA/Laboratorio Biblioteca Nacional; I Nieva; MATTON-BILD; REAL ACADEMIA ESPAÑOLA DE LA LENGUA, MADRID; SERIDEC PHOTOIMAGENES CD; ARCHIVO SANTILLANA © 2009 by Santillana Educación, S L / Richmond Publishing Torrelaguna, 60 28043 Madrid Richmond Publishing is an imprint of Santillana Educación, S L Richmond Publishing 26-28 Hammersmith Grove London W6 7BA United Kingdom PRINTED IN SPAIN CP: 158225 D.L.: All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd 15/4/09 17:17:34 Contents Page 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd Reinforcement Worksheets 11 Living things 12 Plants 13 Invertebrates 14 Vertebrates 15 Nutrition 16 Matter 17 The atmosphere 18 The landscape 19 Rivers 10 Population 11 The economy 12 Prehistory and Antiquity 13 The Middle Ages 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 Extension Worksheets 11 Living things 12 Plants 13 Invertebrates 14 Vertebrates 15 Nutrition 16 Matter 17 The atmosphere 18 The landscape 19 Rivers 10 Population 11 The economy 12 Prehistory and Antiquity 13 The Middle Ages 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 Answer Key 56 15/4/09 17:17:34 Living things REINFORCEMENT Name three living and three non-living things a Three living things: b Three non-living things: Match the two columns a Nutrition Living things react to their environments b Sensitivity Living things have offspring c Reproduction Living things eat food, which contains nutrients Use these words to complete the sentences unicellular a wall multicellular membrane cytoplasm nucleus cells are the smallest living units in a living thing b Living things which are made up of a single cell are c Living things which are made up of many cells are d The is the covering around the cell e The is the part which controls the cell f is between the nucleus and the membrane g Plant cells also have a hard cell around the membrane Label this cell cytoplasm nucleus membrane 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd ESSENTIAL SCIENCE ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 15/4/09 17:17:34 REINFORCEMENT Match the characteristics to the kingdom Animals They make their own food They have roots in the ground Plants They have a nervous system and sense organs They depend on other organisms for food Fungi They can move from one place to another They eat other living things Answer the questions a How are fungi and plants similar? b How are fungi and animals similar? ESSENTIAL SCIENCE ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd 5 15/4/09 17:17:35 Plants REINFORCEMENT Find 12 words and complete the sentences G Y M N O S P E R M S F L O W E R I N G O N G E S P N W L K N I U K C S H A D E V G S T V F E R N S O L A T R P R S O L T E G K U I W U A O D E W X V R E L I O T V M C K P E N G T N S L E A V E S T A N G I O S P E R M S a The of a plant are in the soil b The supports the leaves c Water and are transported from the roots to the leaves inside the stem d The breathe and make the plant’s food e plants are the biggest group of plants f have small flowers but no g have flowers and fruit h Non-flowering plants need and i are small plants which live on rocks and trees j 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd have big leaves ESSENTIAL SCIENCE ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 15/4/09 17:17:36 REINFORCEMENT Use the words to label the illustration of plant nutrition elaborated sap carbon dioxide leaf oxygen raw sap roots stem water and dissolved minerals Circle the correct option a Flowers are the nutritional / reproductive organs of plants b The stamens are the male / female parts which produce pollen c Tiny pollen grains form on the stamens / petals d Respiration / Pollination is the movement of pollen from the stamens to the ovary e The ovary / corolla is the female part which contains ovules f Sunlight / Wind can carry pollen to other plants g After pollination, the ovary / calyx grows and becomes a fruit with seeds h When seeds germinate, they open / close and small roots grow Label these stems: tubers, bulbs or stolens a b c ESSENTIAL SCIENCE ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd 7 15/4/09 17:17:37 Invertebrates REINFORCEMENT Complete the text about invertebrates Invertebrates are animals which not have a (a.) (b.) or a Most invertebrates are very (c.) , but some are enormous Most are (d.) , but some have irregular bodies Many invertebrate bodies are protected by (e.) or (f.) Invertebrates are (g.) ; a larva hatches from an egg Identify the invertebrate groups a b c d e f Name the invertebrates a Invertebrates you have seen: b Invertebrates you have eaten: c Invertebrates which can sting you: 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd ESSENTIAL SCIENCE ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 15/4/09 17:17:38 REINFORCEMENT Which invertebrate group is being described? a They have soft bodies Many are covered by shells b They are marine animals with jelly-like bodies and tentacles c They are covered by a hard exoskeleton d They have irregular bodies and cannot move e They have long, soft bodies Many are parasites Label the parts of this arthropod Match the columns Their bodies are divided into three parts They have ten or more legs Arachnids They have long bodies with many legs Crustaceans The thorax has six legs Insects They are the most numerous arthropod group Myriapods They have eight legs The head has one pair of short antennae The body is divided into the abdomen and the cephalothorax ESSENTIAL SCIENCE ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd 9 15/4/09 17:17:38 Vertebrates REINFORCEMENT Find words in the wordsearch P R I M A T E S U A L V D O L P H I N S L P M N L M S L G E I V L K S R L S U V O E L E L E S P L L N S A Y Z E B R A S S S P S M S R F T M C A R N I V O R E S C E T A C E A N S A Complete the table Use words from the wordsearch Mammal group Example A characteristic They have no hair Circle the correct option a The bodies of reptiles are covered with fur / scales b Reptiles are warm-blooded / cold-blooded animals c All reptiles breathe through their lungs / gills d Reptiles are oviparous / viviparous e Most reptiles are herbivores / carnivores 10 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd 10 ESSENTIAL SCIENCE ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 15/4/09 17:17:39 11 The economy EXTENSION Tourism in Spain ◆ The tourist industry in Spain is very important It provides a lot of jobs in the service sector – in hotels, restaurants and bars It also creates work in the area of transport Most tourists visit Spain’s coasts They come to relax on the beaches in the Sun Some tourists travel inland to the mountains or visit cities such as Barcelona or Salamanca Many tourists come from abroad, but Spanish people also take holidays in their own country A good transport system is essential for successful tourism In Spain, there are airports in most of the major cities and good rail and road systems In the cities, there is quick, inexpensive underground transport A lot of people depend on tourism for employment Today, there is competition from other countries which want to attract tourism Some of these countries are cheaper than Spain and some are less exploited – they have not yet built too many holiday resorts Some Spanish resorts are half-empty in the winter months, so income from tourism decreases The decline of agriculture in Spain is also partly connected with tourism Land previously used in agriculture has been used for building tourist apartments and hotels This could be a bad thing If tourist numbers fall, many apartments will stay empty and it will be too late to use the land for agriculture Match the columns a Tourism is come from abroad b Success in the tourist industry is much less important than tourism c Many Spanish cities one of Spain’s most important industries d Not all tourists in Spain from tourism in other countries e Spain is facing competition have efficient public transport f Spain’s agricultural industry depends in part on good transport 50 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd 50 ESSENTIAL SCIENCE ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 15/4/09 17:18:01 EXTENSION Answer the questions a Why is tourism important in Spain? b Why is good transport important? c Why are some tourists going to other countries instead of Spain? d What happens to some Spanish resorts in the winter months? Tick (✓) the jobs which belong to the tourist industry a waitress f fisherman b coach driver g lawyer c engineer h cook d tour guide i nurse e cleaner j journalist Write descriptions of two jobs Example: A waitress works in a restaurant and serves food Investigate Write about tourism in your area Use these questions to help you: How important is tourism in your area? What tourists visit? Where they stay? Does anyone you know work in the tourist industry? What they do? Would you like to work in the tourist industry? Why (not)? Tourism is important / not important in Tourists come to visit ESSENTIAL SCIENCE ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd 51 51 15/4/09 17:18:02 12 Prehistory and Antiquity EXTENSION Digging up the past ◆ Eva is a student Last summer, she spent part of her summer holidays working on a ‘dig’ (or archaeological excavation) Her favourite subject is History and she loves finding things which bring the past to life The site where Eva worked last summer is near Alicante The government had started to build a new road Then, one of the excavating machines uncovered some old stones These stones were ruins which belonged to a very old building The government stopped building the road and put up a fence to protect the area Archaeologists came with helpers such as Eva Carefully, they began to take away the earth and slowly the remains of ancient civilisations began to emerge ‘It’s very interesting,’ says Eva ‘The first layer looks like the remains of a Roman villa or bath house But under that, we found objects from earlier periods There are fish hooks and other tools They are probably from the Phoenician or Carthaginian civilisations We also found some pots and jewellery which are definitely from Iberian times: some of the decoration is like that on the Lady of Elche I hope the government doesn’t start building the road again This is a very important site It can teach us a lot about the people who lived here before us and their way of life Who knows? If we continue to dig, we could find something from prehistoric times.’ Match the words and the definitions a Dig a barrier around an area b Subject we make things with this c Site an archaeological excavation d Fence something we study at school e Remains an area of land f Tool rings and bracelets g Pot a container, sometimes used for cooking h Jewellery historical ruins 52 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd 52 ESSENTIAL SCIENCE ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 15/4/09 17:18:02 EXTENSION Answer the questions a What did Eva last summer? b When was the site discovered? c What remains are in the first layer? d What remains are under the first layer? e What does Eva hope to find in the future? f What must the government to preserve the site? Complete the table Civilization Iberian Discoveries Iberian Carthaginian and Roman remains of a villa or Write a letter Imagine that you are working on a dig Write a short letter to your English pen pal about your experience Use these questions to help you Where was the dig? What ruins did you find there? What objects did you find? Which civilisations are they from? How you feel about your discoveries? Dear , I am writing to tell you about the dig where I worked this summer It was in / near Best wishes, ESSENTIAL SCIENCE ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd 53 53 15/4/09 17:18:02 13 The Middle Ages EXTENSION Thomas Aquinas ◆ Thomas Aquinas was born in his father’s castle in Italy in 1227 His father was Count Landulf, an important nobleman When he was five years old, Thomas began his education at a monastery At that time, monasteries were important centres of learning and knowledge They had schools and libraries This was before the age of printed books (the printing press was invented in about 1450) so the books which Thomas studied were made by hand The scribes copied manuscripts onto parchment and decorated them with illustrations and very thin layers of gold Thomas was an intelligent student and was always asking questions In 1244, he went to study in Cologne in Germany After that, he continued his studies at the University in Paris Classes there consisted of reading and explaining texts Examinations were oral Thomas eventually became a university professor He taught theology in different European cities He worked very hard and spent a lot of time travelling On one of his journeys, he became ill He was taken to a monastery in Italy where he died in 1274 Thomas was a great philosopher and theologian He wrote many important works He tried to explain his ideas clearly and simply In 1323, Pope John XXII made Thomas a saint of the Catholic Church Today, the Roman Catholic Church celebrates the feast of Saint Thomas Aquinas on January 28th This is the publication date of his most famous work, Summa Theologica Find words in the text which mean the following: a A nobleman: b A machine for making books: c Someone who writes books by hand: d A type of paper made from animal skin: e A university teacher: f A subject which is about religion: g A person who studies the meaning of life: h Someone who is very special in the eyes of the Church: 54 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd 54 ESSENTIAL SCIENCE ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 15/4/09 17:18:03 EXTENSION True (T ) or false (F )? a Thomas was born into a poor family b He was French c His first school was in a monastery d The books which Thomas studied were printed in Germany e Thomas studied in Germany and England f Thomas was a teacher and a writer g Thomas wrote his masterpiece in French h Thomas died on one of his journeys i The feast of Saint Thomas Aquinas is on his birthday Circle the best answer a Thomas studied with: a religious order noblemen soldiers b The religion which Thomas studied was: Muslim Christian Jewish c Thomas spent a lot of time: fighting resting thinking d During his exams, Thomas had to: write talk draw e The main language which Thomas used for studying was: Arabic Latin English f Thomas is the patron saint of: animals travelling students Write a biography Think of other famous people from the Middle Ages Choose one and find some information about them Make notes, and write a short biography Use the text about Thomas Aquinas to help you ESSENTIAL SCIENCE ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd 55 55 15/4/09 17:18:03 Answer key REINFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES UNIT 1: LIVING THINGS Name three living and three non-living things Model answers: • Three living things: cows, sheep and trees • Three non-living things: stone, wood and paper Match the two columns UNIT 2: PLANTS Find 12 words and complete the sentences Across: gymnosperms, flowering, shade, ferns, leaves, angiosperms Down: fruit, mosses, roots, stem, moisture, nutrients a The roots of a plant are in the soil b The stem supports the leaves c Water and nutrients are transported from the roots to the leaves inside the stem a Nutrition: Living things eat food, which contains nutrients d The leaves breathe and make the plant’s food b Sensitivity: Living things react to their environments f Gymnosperms have small flowers but no fruit c Reproduction: Living things have offspring h Non-flowering plants need shade and moisture Use these words to complete the sentences a Cells are the smallest living units in a living thing b Living things which are made up of a single cell are unicellular c Living things which are made up of many cells are multicellular d The membrane is the covering around the cell e Flowering plants are the biggest group of plants g Angiosperms have flowers and fruit i Mosses are small plants which live on rocks and trees j Ferns are larger than mosses and have big leaves Use the words to label the illustration of plant nutrition Top to bottom: carbon dioxide, oxygen, raw sap, elaborated sap, leaf, stem, roots, water and dissolved minerals Circle the correct option e The nucleus is the part which controls the cell a Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants f Cytoplasm is between the nucleus and the membrane b The stamens are the male parts which produce pollen g Plant cells also have a hard cell wall around the membrane d Pollination is the movement of pollen from the stamens to the ovary c Tiny pollen grains form on the stamens e The ovary is the female part which contains ovules Label this cell Top to bottom: nucleus, cytoplasm, membrane Match the characteristics to the kingdom Animals: They have a nervous system and sense organs They can move from one place to another They eat other living things Plants: f Wind can carry pollen to other plants g After pollination, the ovary grows and becomes a fruit with seeds h When seeds germinate, they open and small roots grow Label these stems: tubers, bulbs or stolens bulbs, stolens, tubers They make their own food They have roots in the ground Fungi: They depend on other organisms for food Answer the questions a How are fungi and plants similar? Plants and most fungi are multicellular They cannot move b How are fungi and animals similar? Animals and most fungi are multicellular They not make their own food 56 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd 56 UNIT 3: INVERTEBRATES Complete the text about invertebrates Invertebrates are animals which not have a (a.) skeleton or a (b.) backbone Most invertebrates are very (c.) small, but some are enormous Most are (d.) symmetrical, but some have irregular bodies Many invertebrate bodies are protected by (e.) shells or (f.) exoskeletons Invertebrates are (g.) oviparous; a larva hatches from an egg ESSENTIAL SCIENCE ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 15/4/09 17:18:03 REINFORCEMENT Identify the invertebrate groups Circle the correct option a sponges; b cnidarians; c arthropods; d echinoderms; e worms; f molluscs a The bodies of reptiles are covered with scales b Reptiles are cold-blooded animals c All reptiles breathe through their lungs Name the invertebrates Model answers: d Reptiles are oviparous a Jellyfish, earthworms, beetles, and snails e Most reptiles are carnivores b Clams, river crabs and ocotopuses Identify the reptile groups c Jellyfish and scorpions a crocodiles; b lizards; c snakes; d turtles Which invertebrate group is being described? a They have soft bodies Many are covered by shells molluscs b They are marine animals with jelly-like bodies and tentacles cnidarians c They are covered by a hard exoskeleton arthropods d They have irregular bodies and cannot move sponges e They have long, soft bodies Many are parasites worms Label the parts of this arthropod Which reptile group is being described? a They have a shell to protect their body turtles b They have very short legs, and they crawl lizards c They have long bodies with no limbs, and they slither snakes d They spend a lot of time in water, and they use their large teeth to capture their prey crocodiles and alligators True or false? Decide and write T or F True sentences: a, c, g Left, top to bottom: wing, abdomen Corrected false sentences: Right, top to bottom: thorax, antenna, leg b Fish use their gills to breathe d Sharks are cartilaginous fish Match the columns Arachnids: e Amphibians stay in or near water to keep their skin moist They have eight legs The body is divided into the abdomen and the cephalothorax f Amphibians with tails have a long body and four similar limbs Crustaceans: They have ten or more legs The body is divided into the abdomen and the cephalothorax Insects: UNIT 5: NUTRITION Answer the questions Model answers: Their bodies are divided into three parts The thorax has six legs They are the most numerous anthropod group a They are the substances which our body needs to survive, grow and repair itself Myriapods: b The two types are sugars and starches They give us energy They have long bodies with many legs The head has one pair of short antennae c We need proteins for our body to grow and repair itself d It helps food to move through our digestive system e It is a thick liquid which is produced in the stomach UNIT 4: VERTEBRATES Left, top to bottom: kidneys, bladder Find words in the wordsearch Across: primates, dolphins, zebras, carnivores, cetaceans Down: lions, monkeys, ungulates Complete the table Use words from the wordsearch Mammal group Example Use these words to label the excretory system A characteristic Right, top to bottom: kidneys, renal vein, bladder, urethra Far right, top to bottom: renal artery, ureters Match the columns a We breathe (5) to obtain oxygen from the air cetaceans dolphins They have no hair b Air enters through the nose (1) and passes through the pharynx carnivores lions Model answer: They hunt for food c From the pharynx, the air (6) goes to the larynx and the trachea zebras Model answer: They have feet with hoves monkeys Model answer: They have five fingers ungulates primate d Next, it goes to the bronchi (2) and into each lung e In the lungs, (3) the bronchi divide into bronchioles f At the end of the bronchioles, (4) are the alveoli • What happens in the alveoli? In the alveoli, oxygen from the air passes into the blood The blood releases carbon dioxide which passes into the alveoli ESSENTIAL SCIENCE ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd 57 57 15/4/09 17:18:03 REINFORCEMENT Use these words to complete the sentences Tick (✓) the properties of each state of matter a Circulation is the movement of blood through the circulatory system Fixed volume b Blood vessels are tubes which transport blood solids ✓ c Arteries are the blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart liquids ✓ d Veins are the blood vessels which carry blood into the heart e Capillaries are tiny blood vessels which connect arteries to veins f Pulmonary circulation is the movement of blood between the heart and the lungs g Systemic circulation is the movement of blood to the rest of the body gases No fixed volume Fixed shape No fixed shape ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Identify these changes in state Then write the word a A solid changes into a gas: 2; sublimation b A solid changes into a liquid: 1; melting c A gas changes into a liquid: 3; condensation d A liquid changes into a gas: 4; evaporation UNIT 7: THE ATMOSPHERE UNIT 6: MATTER Match the columns a Everything in the universe (2) is made of matter b Matter is made up of (1) tiny particles called atoms c An element is matter which (4) consists of only one type of atom d Mixtures are made up of (5) several pure substances e A compound is matter which (7) consists of more than one kind of atom f Pure substances are made up of (6) a single type of element or compound g All matter has general properties (3) like mass and volume Name examples of types of matter Tick (✓) the true sentences True sentences: c, d, e, f Corrected false sentences: a The atmosphere is the air which surrounds the Earth b Air is mainly made up of nitrogen and oxygen g The thin layer of ozone in the upper stratosphere is called the ozone layer Complete the paragraph on the water cycle The water cycle is the constant circulation of water between the sea, the atmosphere and land Liquid water in the sea evaporates because of heat from the Sun It becomes water vapour Model answers: Water vapour rises and condenses into drops of water which form clouds a Two examples of pure substances: iron, salt Water falls from the clouds as precipitation b One example of a mixture: sea water This water filters into the land and also forms rivers and lakes and some returns to the sea Answer the questions a Mass is the amount of matter in an object b Volume is the amount of space which an object occupies The water cycle starts again Match the columns c Density is mass per volume a Waves (3) are the rise and fall of the water’s surface d To calculate density, we divide the mass of a substance by its volume b Tides (1) are the rise and fall of the sea level e The density of water is one kilo per litre of water f The density of iron is 7.9 kilos per litre of iron Complete the sentences about changes in matter a Oxidation: one substance changes into another when it reacts with oxygen c Ocean currents (2) are the movement of large masses of ocean water • What causes tides? The gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun causes tides Answer the questions a Magma is red-hot liquid rock It is just under the surface b Fragmentation: the object is divided into small pieces b Lava is magma when it reaches the surface c Putrefaction: this occurs when a living thing decomposes c Model answer: Both photographs are of volcanoes The volcano on the left is not active We can see a volcanic cone The volcano on the right is active We can see the hot lava flowing down the side of the mountain d Expansion: when the temperature of an object increases, it gets bigger e Contraction: when the temperature of an object decreases, it gets smaller f Combustion: when an object or a substance is burned, it changes into another substance 58 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd 58 Look for examples of the damage done by earthquakes or erosion in your area or on the Internet Describe what you see Open answer ESSENTIAL SCIENCE ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 15/4/09 17:18:04 REINFORCEMENT UNIT 8: THE LANDSCAPE Complete the table on climate in Spain Climate Circle the correct option a All the features of the Earth’s surface make up the landscape Location Cantabrian coast, Galicia Atlantic central Spain Continental b Hills have a lower altitude than mountains c Several mountains grouped together are called a mountain range d A plateau is a plain at a high altitude Temperatures abundant mild irregular hot summers cold winters Mediterranean near the Mediterranean light hot summers mild winters Subtropical Canary Islands rainfall limited to a few months hot all year round Find 10 words in the wordsearch Then complete the sentences Across: beaches, island, gulf, marsh, archipelago Rainfall Answer the questions a The coast is the place where the land meets the sea a What is flora? Flora is all the plant life or vegetation in an area b Low-lying coasts have sandy beaches b What is fauna? Fauna is all the animal life in an area c High coasts have rocky cliffs c Investigate Open answer Down: cliffs, estuary, cape, peninsula, coast d A peninsula is almost completely surrounded by water e An island is completely surrounded by water UNIT 10: POPULATION f An archipelago is a group of islands g A marsh is wet land near the mouth of a river Complete the sentences h An estuary is the part of a river which opens into the sea a The population of an area is the number of people who live there i A cape is land which extends into the sea b A census measures the size of a population j A gulf is a place where the sea extends into the land c Population can be classified by gender and age Label these places on the map Students label the map • Open answer d Population density is measured by dividing the total number of inhabitants by the surface area of the place where they live Classify these causes for migration Add one more cause to each category UNIT 9: RIVERS Match the columns a A river is (2) a body of moving water Natural causes: droughts, earthquakes, floods + open answer Social factors: wars, political problems, religious problems + open answer c The flow is (5) the amount of water a river carries • Are you an immigrant? Or you know any immigrants? Open answer d Reservoirs are (1) artificial lakes Why did you / they come? Open answer b The course is (3) the route a river takes e Watersheds are (4) areas where all the rivers flow into the same sea Label the three watersheds and the two rivers Students label the map: Cantabrian watershed, Mediterranean watershed, Atlantic watershed, River Ebro, River Duero, River Tagus/Tajo, River Guadalquivir • Descibe the rivers in each watershed Model answer: Atlantic: the rivers have an abundant and fairly regular flow Cantabrian: the rivers are short and rapid Their flow is abundant and regular Mediterranean: the rivers are short and their flow is irregular, except for the Ebro Label the illustration Students label the illustration Answer the questions Model answers: a They left to escape from war or to find work b They went to the United States and to countries in Latin America c They come to find work and to escape from persecution d They come from Africa, Latin America and Asia e They emigrate to study or work Write about population density in Spain • Model answer: The population is not evenly distributed Some areas such as the coast and the Autonomous Community of Madrid are densely populated Other areas are sparsely populated, for example, the rural areas, especially the provinces surrounding the Autonomous Community of Madrid • Open answer ESSENTIAL SCIENCE ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd 59 59 15/4/09 17:18:04 REINFORCEMENT UNIT 11: THE ECONOMY Match the columns a The active population includes (6) unemployed people who are looking for work b The primary sector includes (3) fishing and forestry c In the secondary sector (4) natural resources are transformed • Colour the Phoenician colonies green, the Greek colonies red, and the Carthaginian colonies blue Phoenician colonies (green): Cádiz, Almuñecar Greek colonies (red): Denia, Ampurias Carthaginian colonies (blue): Cartagena, Ibiza Complete the sentences about Roman times You can use some of these words d The service sector (2) is also called the tertiary sector a More than 2,000 years ago, the Romans defeated the Carthagians and conquered the Iberian Peninsula e Schools and tourism are (5) in the service sector b The Romans called it Hispania f The inactive population includes (1) people who work but receive no money c The Carthaginians adopted Roman customs and spoke Latin Classify these means of transport Private transport: a bicycle, c car, e motorcycle Public transport: b bus, d train, f underground Find 11 words in the wordsearch and classify them Across: agriculture, shops, schools, restaurants, hospitals Down: banks, forestry, mining, metal, car, textiles Primary sector: agriculture, forestry, mining d The emperors Trajan and Hadrian were from Hispania e After about 400 A.D., Visigoth invaders entered the peninsula f Five cities on the Iberian Peninsula which were founded by the Romans were Lugo, Zaragoza, Tarragona, Sagunto, Mérida Identify these examples of Roman architecture a temple; b theatre; c circus; d aqueduct; e forum; f road Secondary sector / industries: metal, car, textiles Service sector: shops, banks, schools, restaurants, hospitals Answer the questions UNIT 13: THE MIDDLE AGES Complete the sentences about the Visigoths a What percentage of the Spanish active population works in each sector? primary: 5% secondary: 30% service: 60% a The Visigoths settled in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula b Open answer c Later they conquered the territories occupied by other Germanic tribes c Open answer Write about one of these two kinds of tourism Open answer Are the sentences true or false? Write T (true) or F (false) True sentences: c, d, g, h Corrected false sentences: a Prehistory is the long period before the invention of writing b The Stone Age began about two and a half million years ago e During the Metal Ages, people built the first cities f The Metal Ages began about seven thousand years ago Answer the questions a Where did the Phoenicians come from? They came from Asia b Where did the Greeks come from? They came from Greece c Where did the Carthaginians come from? They came from North Africa 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd 60 d The Visigoths converted to Christianity e They based their laws on Roman law f The Visigoths lived in villages and used the land for agriculture, livestock farming and pastures UNIT 12: PREHISTORY AND ANTIQUITY 60 b Toledo became their capital g They were expert metalworkers h The Visigoth kingdom ended after the Muslim invasion in 711 A.D Answer the questions Then complete the map of the Muslim conquest a They invaded in 711 A.D b They called Hispania Al Andalus c The main Muslim expeditions d They were in Covadonga, Roncesvalles and Guadalete e They were in the north of Spain Students complete the map Circle the correct option a The highest authority of the Muslims was the caliph b The religion of the Muslims was Islam c The Christians lived in the countryside in the north of the peninsula d The Muslims built mosques to practise their religion ESSENTIAL SCIENCE ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 15/4/09 17:18:04 EXTENSION e The first Christian kingdom was in Asturias f After the year 1000, Al Andalus broke up into small taifas g The Christian kingdoms prospered h The Catholic Monarch conquered Granada in 1492 Answer the questions a What characterises Gothic architecture? Great height, pointed arches and large windows b Who are these people? Work with a friend Colón, Isabella I of Castile, Miguel de Cervantes, Diego Velázquez c Why is the year 1492 so important? Model answer: In the year 1492, Columbus’ expedition reached America The Catholic Monarchs unified the kingdoms of Spain and began the conquest of America Spain became the centre of a great empire The Jews were expelled from Spain d Why are the 16th and 17th centuries called the Golden Age of Spain? Model answer: Spain produced many great works of literature and art during this period Write about ‘bad’ bacteria Include information about problems caused by bad bacteria and things we can to protect ourselves Model answer: ‘Bad’ bacteria can cause illnesses, such as mumps, measles and salmonella, and other health problems, such as tooth decay and stomach ache To protect ourselves, we should wash our hands, clean our teeth and be careful when storing or cooking food Investigate a Who was the first person to see bacteria through a microscope and describe them? Anton van Leeuwenhoek from Holland, 1632–1723 b Look up the word ‘bacterium’ in a dictionary Which language is it from? Latin, from Greek bakterion ‘little rod’ Why was it given its original name? Because the first ones to be discovered were rod-shaped UNIT 2: PLANTS EXTENSION ACTIVITIES Make notes about the olive tree Type of tree: evergreen UNIT 1: LIVING THINGS Habitat: dry, rocky places Trunk: thick and twisted Bark: silver-grey Answer the questions a They are usually unicellular Leaves: narrow, pointed, dark green b Bacteria can live in different environments such as water, soil, air or inside other living things Flowers: cream coloured, four petals c You need a microscope because they are so small Seeds: one per olive, brown d We call them micro-organisms or microbes Uses: make olive oil, snacks e They often feed on decaying matter, such as dead animals or plants f We use it to make food: cheese, yoghurt and bread g Measles, mumps and salmonella h We can fight ‘bad’ bacteria by washing our hands, cleaning our teeth, and storing and cooking food carefully Find words in the text that mean the following: a with one cell unicellular b places environments c going bad decaying d special or unusual unique e bad for you harmful f illness disease g with fungus on it mouldy h conserving storing Fruit: like a berry; green then black Investigate Find out about the stone pine tree, and complete the information Type of tree: conifer, evergreen Habitat: Portugal and the Mediterranean region Leaves: needles, pointed Flowers: cones • Now write a short description of this tree Model answer: The stone pine’s trunk is straight and widely forked above Its bark is grey or red-brown Its leaves are needles They are pointed and grey-green Group work: roots a tubers; b mosses; c eucalyptus trees; d old oak trees; e water lilies; f strawberry plants UNIT 3: INVERTEBRATES Complete the text about ‘good’ bacteria Some bacteria are harmful and others are helpful The good bacteria can be found in food such as cheese, yoghurt and bread Bacteria are used in the fermentation of milk in order to make cheese Answer the questions a cnidarians; b a sea worm; c echinoderms; d a sea urchin; e an octopus; f a lobster; g insects, centipedes, and arachnids ESSENTIAL SCIENCE ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd 61 61 15/4/09 17:18:04 EXTENSION Correct Doctor Aronnax’s classifications UNIT 5: NUTRITION a No, they are cnidarians b No, they are echinoderms Are the sentences true or false? Write T (true) or F (false) c No, they are arthropods True sentences: a, d, g, h d No, they are molluscs Corrected false sentences: e No, they are arthropods b When you are worried, your heart goes faster Read the descriptions and write the name of the invertebrate a This arthropod has many pairs of legs along its body centipede b This worm is a parasite in humans, pigs and other animals tapeworm c This insect has two pairs of colourful wings butterfly d This insect has long legs and can jump very high grasshopper Guess the names Open answers Write short descriptions of three invertebrates Give them to your partner to guess the answers Use the descriptions in Activity to help you Investigate Open answers UNIT 4: VERTEBRATES Match the animals with their description a Ant: (6) a small busy insect that lives in colonies c The heart is a muscle e Smoking and drinking are bad for the heart f The heart is divided into two parts i The blood in the lungs absorbs oxygen Write three sentences in the correct order using first, next or finally a First, blood leaves the heart and goes to the lungs Next, the blood absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide Finally, the blood goes back to the heart through the pulmonary veins b First, blood with oxygen from the lungs leaves the heart through the aorta Next, the blood distributes nutritive substances and oxygen throughout the body Finally, blood returns to the heart through the vena cava Experiment Does lung capacity vary with breathing movements? a Open answers b Model answer: It is biggest when I inhale deeply It is smallest when I exhale c Write a report Open answers b Worm: (3) an invertebrate with a long, soft body c Puppy: (4) a young dog UNIT 6: MATTER d Kitten: (5) a young cat e Chimpanzee: (2) a type of ape f Cub: (1) a young lion Read the text and tick the correct statements about why animals play Correct statements: b, c, d, e Answer the questions a To develop strength and coordination b To learn how to hunt their prey c To develop survival techniques d They put the front part of their bodies on the floor and wag their tails Complete the sentences with and, but or because a Ants and worms probably not play, but we cannot be sure b Children play to learn and improve their coordination c Lion cubs must fight because they have to kill in order to survive d Zebras must learn to escape because other animals want to kill them e Dogs like running after sticks and playing with other animals Investigate Open answer 62 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd 62 Match the words with their definitions a 8; b 5; c 9; d 1; e 7; f 2; g 3; h 6; i Answer the questions a Transparent cubic crystals b In food c Salt is also used to obtain chlorine, to remove snow and ice from roads, to soften water, to preserve food and to stabilise soil d Salt is obtained from two sources: rock salt and brine e Brine is collected into shallow ponds Through solar evaporation the water evaporates and the salt remains Complete the text using these words Brine is a mixture of salt and water The salt is separated from the water by the process of evaporation In hot countries, the Sun is used in this process The brine is usually collected from the sea It is left in small, shallow ponds for a period of time The Sun acts on the brine and evaporation takes place The water gradually disappears and soon only the salt remains This salt contains some impurities, and it must be washed several times The salt is made into piles which dry in the Sun for two to three months Some salt is used in food, and other types of salt are used, for example, in the chemical industry ESSENTIAL SCIENCE ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 15/4/09 17:18:04 EXTENSION UNIT 7: THE ATMOSPHERE Answer the questions UNIT 9: RIVERS True (T) or false (F)? Correct the false sentences a They are made up of millions of tiny water droplets True sentences: b, f, g, h b Clouds form when water vapour rises into the atmosphere and cools down Corrected false sentences: c He invented a way of classifying clouds In 1803 c The Amazon basin is huge d There are ten types d It is possible for large ships to sail two-thirds of the way up the Amazon e Model answer They look like pieces of cotton e The Amazon is wider in the flood season Complete the table Type of cloud low clouds a The Nile is the longest river in the world Distance from the ground Composition 200 metres water droplets medium clouds 2,000 – 7,000 metres mainly water droplets, can contain ice crystals high clouds 5,000 – 14,000 metres ice crystals Complete the information about the Amazon Continent: America Countries: Peru, Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia Length: 6,400 kilometres Number of tributaries: over 200 Source: Lago Villafro in the Andes mountains in Peru Mouth: Atlantic Ocean, Brazil Draw clouds a Which type of cloud you think this is? Model answer: I think these clouds are cumulus clouds b Can you draw another cloud? Open answer Investigate Open answer UNIT 8: THE LANDSCAPE Complete the newspaper article A new motorway will be built between the towns of Oldcastle in the Chevron Hills and the coastal town of Winbay At the moment, travellers must use the old A47, a dangerous road, and the journey takes three hours A tunnel will go through / under the mountains, and a new bridge will go across / over the River Wane Several acres of forest will disappear as well as part of Caster Castle, an historic monument Many people from / in Oldcastle and Winbay are in favour of the new motorway, but local ecology groups are against it Classify the landscape features reservoir, road, tunnel, motorway Natural hill, forest, river, valley Answer the questions Open answers Write a short letter to a newspaper in favour of or against the new motorway Open answer Use the information in Activity to write a paragraph about the Amazon The Amazon is in America It flows through Peru, Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela, Ecuador and Bolivia It is 6,400 kilometres long It has over 200 tributaries Its source is Lago Villafro in the Andes mountains in Peru Its mouth is in the Atlantic Ocean in Brazil The Amazon runs through tropical rainforests which contain many different species Investigate Open answers UNIT 10: POPULATION Answer the questions a In Madrid b He did not want to work in agriculture c In a telecommunications company d He misses his family Landscape features Man-made Other information: it runs through rich tropical rainforests e Good things: entertainment, services, people from different countries Bad things: people hurry, noisy, expensive f He is not sure Some people are starting to move from the cities to the country Make full sentences a Many villages in Spain are losing population b Young people are moving to the cities c (The) population in villages is getting older d Village life is more peaceful than life in the city e Population density is higher in (the) cities than in the country ESSENTIAL SCIENCE ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd 63 63 15/4/09 17:18:04 EXTENSION Write I agree or I disagree next to these sentences If you disagree, explain why Open answers Investigate Open answers UNIT 11: THE ECONOMY Match the columns Complete the table Civilization Discoveries Roman remains of a villa or bath house Carthaginian and Phoenician fish hook and tools Iberian pots and jewellery Write a letter Open answers a 3; b 6; c 5; d 1; e 4; f 2 Answer the questions a It provides a lot of jobs b It makes coming to Spain and travelling in Spain easy c They are going to cheaper countries with fewer tourists d They are half-empty Tick the jobs which belong to the tourist industry Jobs which belong to the tourist industry: a waitress, b coach driver, d tour guide, e cleaner, h cook Write descriptions of two jobs Open answers: Investigate Open answers UNIT 12: PREHISTORY AND ANTIQUITY Match the words and the definitions a 3; b 4; c 5; d 1; e 8; f 2; g 7; h Answer the questions UNIT 13: THE MIDDLE AGES Find words in the text which mean the following: a A nobleman: count b A machine for making books: printing press c Someone who writes books by hand: scribe d A type of paper made from animal skin: parchment e A university teacher: professor f A subject which is about religion: theology g A person who studies the meaning of life: philosopher h Someone who is very special in the eyes of the Church: saint Tick the true sentences True sentences: c, f, g, i, j Corrected false sentences: a Thomas was born into a rich family b He was Italian d The books which Thomas studied were made by hand e Thomas studied in Italy, Germany and France a She worked on a dig h Thomas wrote his masterpiece in Latin b When the government started to build a new road k The feast of Saint Thomas Aquinas is on the date of publication of Summa Theologica c The remains in the first layer are from a Roman villa or bath house d They are probably from the Phoenician or Carthaginian or Iberian civilisations e More remains of other civilizations f The government must protect this area 64 158225 _ 0001-0064.indd 64 Circle the best answer a 1; b 2; c 3; d 2; e 2; f Write a biography Open answers ESSENTIAL SCIENCE ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 15/4/09 17:18:04 [...]... Which sector is most important where you live? c What kind of work do most of the people do? 5 Write about one of these two kinds of tourism ESSENTIAL SCIENCE 5 ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 158 2 25 _ 0001-0064.indd 25 25 15/ 4/09 17:17 :50 12 Prehistory and Antiquity REINFORCEMENT 1 Are the sentences true or false? Write T (true) or F (false) a Prehistory is... areas where all the rivers flow into the same sea e Watersheds are 5 the amount of water a river carries 2 Label the watersheds and the rivers • Describe the rivers in each watershed 158 225P20 20 158 2 25 _ 0001-0064.indd 20 ESSENTIAL SCIENCE 5 ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 15/ 4/09 17:17:46 REINFORCEMENT 3 Label the illustration polar zone polar zone temperate... Carthaginians come from? • Colour the Phoenician colonies green, the Greek colonies red, and the Carthaginian colonies blue Label them 26 158 2 25 _ 0001-0064.indd 26 ESSENTIAL SCIENCE 5 ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 158 225P26 15/ 4/09 17:17 :50 REINFORCEMENT 3 Complete the sentences about Roman times You can use some of these words Carthagians Greek Seneca Trajan Phoenician... were the three main battles? Locate them on the map e Where were the independent Christian territories? Shade them on the map 158 225P28 28 158 2 25 _ 0001-0064.indd 28 ESSENTIAL SCIENCE 5 ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 15/ 4/09 17:17 :52 REINFORCEMENT 3 Circle the correct option a The highest authority of the Muslims was the king / caliph b The religion of the... depression • Canary Islands • Balearic Islands • Betic Chain N E W S • Indicate where you live on the map 158 225P19 Which coast is nearest to your home? ESSENTIAL SCIENCE 5 ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 158 2 25 _ 0001-0064.indd 19 19 15/ 4/09 17:17:44 9 Rivers REINFORCEMENT 1 Match the columns a A river is 1 artificial lakes b The course is 2 a body of moving water... emigrate? 22 158 2 25 _ 0001-0064.indd 22 ESSENTIAL SCIENCE 5 ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 15/ 4/09 17:17:47 REINFORCEMENT 4 Write about population density in Spain The population is not evenly distributed • Describe the population density where you live Population density More than 1,000,000 inhabitants Between 50 0,000 and 1,000,000 inhabitants Less than 50 0,000... transformed e Schools and tourism are 5 in the service sector f The inactive population includes 6 unemployed people who are looking for work 2 Classify these means of transport a b c d e f Private transport 24 158 2 25 _ 0001-0064.indd 24 Public transport ESSENTIAL SCIENCE 5 ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 15/ 4/09 17:17 :50 REINFORCEMENT 3 Find 11 words in the... ourselves ‘Bad’ bacteria can cause 5 Investigate a Who was the first person to see bacteria through a microscope and describe them? b Look up the word ‘bacterium’ in a dictionary Which language is it from? Why was it given its original name? ESSENTIAL SCIENCE 5 ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 158 2 25 _ 0001-0064.indd 31 31 15/ 4/09 17:17 :55 2 Plants EXTENSION The olive... and four similar limbs g Amphibians without tails have long, strong back legs and a long tongue they use to catch their prey ESSENTIAL SCIENCE 5 ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 158 2 25 _ 0001-0064.indd 11 11 15/ 4/09 17:17:41 5 Nutrition REINFORCEMENT 1 Answer the questions a What are nutrients? b What are the two types of carbohydrates? What do they give us?... Water falls from the clouds as 4 This water filters into the land and also forms rivers and lakes and some returns to the 5 The 16 158 2 25 _ 0001-0064.indd 16 starts again ESSENTIAL SCIENCE 5 ◾ PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S L 15/ 4/09 17:17:43 REINFORCEMENT 3 Match the columns a Waves 1 are the rise and fall of the sea level b Tides 2 are the movement of large masses