An Introduction to Conversation Analysis Anthony J Liddicoat Continuum An Introduction to Conversation Analysis This page intentionally left blank An Introduction to Conversation Analysis By Anthony J Liddicoat A\ continuum Continuum The Tower Building 11 York Road London SE1 7NX 80 Maiden Lane Suite 704 New York, NY 10038 © AnthonyJ Liddicoat 2007 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers Andrew Liddicoat has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: HB: 0-8264-9114-6 PB: 0-8264-9115-4 Typeset by YHT Ltd, London Printed & bound in Great Britain by Athenaeum Press Ltd., Gateshead, Tyne & Wear For David Liddicoat This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgements ix Conversation and Conversation Analysis Transcribing Conversation 13 Turn-taking in Conversation 51 Gaps and Overlaps in Turn-taking 79 Adjacency Pairs and Preference Organization 105 Expanding Sequences 125 Repair 171 Opening Conversation 213 Closing Conversation 255 10 Story-telling in Conversation 279 References 303 Index 315 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgements I would like to thank Belinda Collins, Marian May, Maurice Nevile, Johanna Rendle-Short and Yanyin Zhang for their useful feedback on this text and their help in refining it I would also like to thank Charles Goodwin and Lawrence Erlbaum for permission to reproduce the image on p.41, which is taken from Goodwin, C (2003), “Pointing as situated practice’, in S Kita (ed.), Pointing: Where Language, Culture and Cognition Meet Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum (pp 217–41) REFERENCES 305 Gardner, R (2001), 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"categorization" and "sequence" in the analysis of conversation', in S Hester and P Eglin (eds), Culture in Action: Studies in Membership Category Analysis Washington DC: University Press of America (pp 40-76) Wooffitt, R (2005), Conversation Analysis and Discourse Analysis: A Comparative and Critical Introduction London: Sage Zimmerman, D H (1984), 'Talk and its occasion: The case of calling the police', in D Schiffrin (ed.), Meaning, Form and Use in Context: Linguistic Applications Georgetown University Round Table on Language and Linguistics 1984 Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press (pp 201-8) This page intentionally left blank Index absolute adjacency 82 see also latching acceptance component 197, 203 accountability 53, 61, 64, 68, 72, 73, 108, 115, 117, 122, 218, 222 accountable absence 80, 81 accountings 118, accounts 122, 193-4, 196, 217, 237 acknowledgment tokens 167 address terms 64-5, 126, 128, 224, 232-4, 236, 256, 257 tag-positioned address terms 256, 257 addressed recipient 65, 298, 301 adjacency pairs 106-24, 125-50, 151, 226, 240, 243, 256 see also sequences, first pair parts, second pair parts pair types 106-7, 112, 164 agreement component 195, 197, 198, 201 agreements 111, 113, 115, 117-18, 121, 160, 169 answers 63, 64, 80, 81, 84, 106,108,112, 129, 136, 145, 156, 197, 240 see also questionanswer sequences aphorisms 169 apologies 198-9, 250 applause 26, 42-3 appreciations 264, 276-7 arrangements 118, 154-5, 158, 262, 265, 267, 269-70 assessments 90, 111, 116, 117, 118-21, 137, 155-5, 160, 166, 169-70, 241, 300 downgraded assessments 118, 119, 120, 122 first assessments 118 negative other assessments 122 negative self assessments 111-12 same evaluations 118, 119, 120 second assessments 118,119,120 upgraded assessments 118-20 attention getting tokens 126, 128 see also summons back references 265-6, 270-1 background 291-2 see also story structure base sequences 125, 128, 130, 133, 134, 139, 140, 142, 144-6, 151, 170, 231 blocking responses 127, 130-3, 136-7, 139 body movements 39-42, 73, 126, 291 see also gesture, posture breathing audible breathing 25, 74, 93, 94, 117, 164, 172 in-breathing 25, 74, 86, 93, 120 out-breathing 25, 117 candidate versions 114, 146, 160, 190-2 cataphoric reference 75 challenging 161 change of activity token 193 change of state tokens 152-3, 208, 227, 236 see also oh choral actions 66 clicks 25 climax 291-3, 300 closings 11, 222-78 announcing closure 259-60 closing component 255-7, 266 see also goodbye-tokens, farewells closing section 258 closing sequences 222-278 expanded closing sequences 277 closing implicative environments 258-66, 269, 270-1, 275 collaborative completion 77, 86 collections 10-11 competitive mode 98-100 complaints 98-9 completion actual completion 60-1, 70 anticipatory completion 77 discourse-pragmatic completion 59 grammatical completion 57 see also syntactic completion intonational completion 57-8, 61, 62-3, 292 pragmatic completion 58-9 non-verbal completion 59 syntactic completion 57-9 316 INDEX conditional access to the turn space 77 conditional relevance 126 context 3, 7, 8, 11, 18, 53, 59, 63, 64, 65, 80, 108, 111, 115, 121, 136, 156 contiguous talk 27-8 see also latching continuers 67, 293-4 correction 171, 192-196 see also repair embedded correction 192-3, 195-6 exposed correction 192, 193-6 correction invitation format 211 counters 109 criticism 121, 200 crying 26-7 current speaker selects next see turn allocation cut-offs 25-6, 92, 177-8, 181, 300 descriptions 26, 36-43 direction giving 147-8 direction giving pre-seconds 147—8 disagreement 85, 90, 111, 113,114,116,119, 120, 156, 161-2, 164 disjunct markers 281, 282 dispreferreds 11-124, 130, 132, 134, 138, 143, 145, 149-50, 154, 155, 157, 162-4, 170, 211, 228, 229 see also preference organization distribution rule 214—6 documentary method Dutch 48 endearments 256, 257, 277 enthusiasm 86, 156 ethnomethodology 2, exchange sequences 240 excuses 198-9 explanations 202-3 extended turns 61, 66, 279-302 see also multi-unit turns, stories face-to-face conversation 226, 251-3, 269 false starts 73, 118 see also recycled turn beginnings farewells 106, 109 see also terminal components, closings favours 139 Finnish 49 first pair parts 106-24, 125-50, 155, 159-64, 189, 210, 216, 226, 237, 247, 258 first pair part reworkings 162-4 frame grabs 41 French 45-6 gaps 51, 71, 79, 104, 120 see also lapses, pauses, silences gaze 1, 34-42, 59, 64-5, 91, 183, 185-7, 213, 252, 291-3 gesture 37-42, 93, 252, 253 see also body movement go ahead responses 129-32, 136-7, 139-140, 142, 169 goodbye sequences 256 see also terminal sequences, farewells) goodbye-tokens 255-7 see also hello-tokens greetings 51, 106, 109, 226-7, 230, 239-40, 243, 245, 247, 252, 253 greeting sequences 107, 110, 239-40, 246, 253 greeting tokens 223, 233 guesses 138—9 hedges 115, 117 hedging responses 130, 132, 136 hello-tokens 214, 216, 218-19, 221, 237, 239 see also greeting-tokens, signature hellos hesitation tokens 114 see also uh, uhm hitches 73, 92-3, 95, 96, 97, 101, 104 how are you'? sequences 156, 240, 243-4, 246, 248,253 identification 215-39 246, 251 see also recognition identification sequences 207-8, 243 self-identification 214-15, 219, 225, 228, 231-8 requests for self-identification 222-3 images 41 in-conversation objects 272-3 increments 62-3, 77, 81, 288 indirect speech acts 133-4 informings 158 see also tellings insert expansion 125, 143-51 insert sequences 125, 143-51, 203, 206 multiple insert expansion 150-1 post-first insert expansion 143, 144—6, 148, 150 pre-second insert expansion 143, 146-9, 150, 170 type specific insert expansion 146-51 institutional talk 6, 16, 220, 238-9 intended recipient 127-8 interactional accomplishment 76 interactional management 54 interlinear glosses 48-9 interrogative series 144 interruption 82, 89 see also problematic overlap intonation 19-23, 46, 50, 57, 59, 75, 226-7, 230-1 introspection invitation to laugh 291, 293 invitations 110, 112, 117-18, 128, 129-32, 149, 154-5, 157, 158 acceptance 110-11, 117, 131-2, 149, 154 declining 110, 111, 117, 118, 129, 132, 149, 155, 158 invitation pre-seconds 149 pre-invitations 128, 129-32 INDEX Japanese 47 jokes 291 lapses 72, 81 see also gaps, pauses, silences latching 82, 187 laughter 26-7, 51, 66, 291, 293 lengthened sounds 20-1, 50, 153, 172, 185 see also sound stretches line drawings 41 lists 74 list beginners 74 local management 67, 71, 100 local organization 54 loudness 23, 86, 92, 94, 95, 153, 156, 164, 169, 223, 300 317 overlap—cont overlap resolution 91—104 overlap resolution devices 91-6 post-onset overlap resolution 94-5, 98 post-resolution overlap resolution 95—6 pre-onset overlap resolution 93—4, 95 pre-resolution overlap resolution 95 problematic overlap 87—104 pace 24, 92, 23 participation framework 301 pauses 30-3, 35, 52-3, 76, 116, 118, 120, 177-8, 185, 186, 228, 236 see also gaps, lapses, silences inter-turn pauses 32-3, 52, 81, 104, 288 intra-turn pauses 31-2, 53, 81, 104, 388 markedly first verbs 74 personal state enquiries see how are you ? membership categories 15-16 sequences mentionables 257, 258, 259, 261, 268, 271, perturbations 73, 92-3, 95, 98, 101, 104, 278 177-9, 187 minimal proper conversation 253 pitch 21-3, 92 see also intonation misunderstanding 175-6, 198, 200-1 politeness term 126 mitigation 115, 117, 122, 198, 211 possible completion see completion moving out of closing 266-77 post expansion 125, 151-70 drastic moving out 267, 271-2 minimal post-expansion 152-9, 169 minimal moving out 267, 269, 271, 274, 275 non-minimal post expansion 159-64, multi-party talk 64, 69, 128 165-7 multi-unit turns 279, 286, 293 302 see also post second repair 160-2 extended turns post sequences 125,159-64,165-7 post completion musings 164-5 naming 224, 227, 330 posture 1, 40 see also body movement news 136-8, 165-6, 250 pre-closing newsmarks 164 pre-closing component 157-8, 260, 266, next speaker self-selects see also turn 267-8 allocation pre-closing sequences 257-8, 259, 260, non-verbal cues 64 263 note-taking pre-expansion 125-43, 147, 170 noticings 224 generic pre-sequences 125-6, 141-2 pre-sequences 125-43, 220, 231-3, 236, offers 112, 123, 128, 134, 135-6, 155, 162-3 283 pre-offers 128, 135-6 pre-mentions 141 oh 152-4, 155, 157, 158, 159, 165, 227, 230, type specific pre-sequences 125, 128—42, 232, 233 143 o/z-prefaced greetings 230, 232 preference organization 110-23, 129-30, o/z-prefaced topicalizations 166-7 134-5, 138, 143-6, 149-51, 154-5, 157 okay 154-5, 156, 157, 158, 160, 260 160, 162-4, 170, 171, 191, 210-11, 228 openings 11, 127, 213-52 preference for agreement 111-13, 145,228 opening sequences 242-45 see also preference for contiguity 111, 112-13, greeting sequences 145, 151 pre-emption 238, 244, 245-51 preferreds 111-24, 129, 132, 134-5, 143, orderliness 4-6, 8-11, 181, 262, 279 145, 149, 150, 160, 228, 229, 231, 232 see orthography 17-19 also preference organization modified 18-19 preliminaries to preliminaries (pre-pre) 76, standard 18, 19 139-41, 142 out alouds see post completion musings problems in interaction overlap 23, 28-30, 45-8, 51, 70-1, 73, 79, problems of hearing 173 82-104, 204, 250, 300, 301 problems of hearing and understanding overlap management 100—4 73, 127, 144, 150, 153, 160, 173, 294 318 INDEX problems in interaction—cont problems of reference 199-200 problems of understanding 173,196,199203, 208 projectability 56-7, 61, 70-1, 75, 76-7 prosody 19-24, 59, 92, 201-2, 233, 243 see also intonation prospective indexicals 75 pseudonyms 15 punctuation 19-20 quantification 11 question-answer sequences 107, 112, 114, 132-3 136, 147, 150-1, 153, 166, 248-9 questions 19, 21, 22, 52, 63, 64, 65, 76, 80, 81, 84, 106, 108, 112, 117, 129, 130, 136, 139, 140-1, 146, 165, 176, 197, 211, 224, 228, 236, 241, 247, 280, 283 see also question-answer sequences repair—cont self-initiated repair 172-9, 185, 189, 203 self-initiated other repair 173, 192, 210 self-initiated self repair 173, 179, 210 third position repair 174-6,196-206, 208, 209, 210 third turn repair 204-5 transition space repair 174-5, 187-9, 204-5, 210 repetition 92, 94, 137, 165, 167, 190, 194, 201, 210 requests 122-2,128,132-5,139-40,142,148, 150, 207, 225 request pre-seconds 148-9 request pre-requests 128, 132-5, 142, 176, 206-7 restarts 183-6 see also false starts, recycled turn beginnings rush throughs 75-6 ratified mutual participation 240 really 165-7 see also topicalizations reasons for call 215, 225, 227, 265, 275 recall recasts 130, 131 recipient design 5-6, 64, 65 recognition 221-39 recording 8-9 recycled turn beginnings 183-7 see also false starts recycling 92, 108 reformulations 114, 133, 138, 146, 163 rejections 85, 111, 139, 153, 161-3, 194, 195, 197,199-201, 203 relevance rules 108-9,116 repair 72-3, 81, 83, 91, 115, 127, 144-6, 1601, 163, 171-212, 214, 235, 287, 288, 292, 294, 297 fourth position repair 172-6, 206-8, 209 other repair 174-5, 210-11 other-initiated repair 144, 153, 173-4, 177, 189-96, 210 other-initiated other repair 173, 192-6, 210, 298 see also correction other-initiated self repair 173, 179, 210 repair initiation component 197-8, 203 repair initiation 172-81, 196, 294, 297, 298 repair initiation opportunity space see repair space repair segment 179 repair sequences 116, 144—6, 160-1, 172, 189-206, 210 see also insert sequences, post-sequences repair space 209 same turn repair 174-5, 210 second position repair 174-5,189-96, 209 self repair 144,173,176,210 schism 72 semantic completion 59 sentence stress 20 sequence closing sequences 168—70, 264—5 sequence closing thirds 152-9, 241, 243 see also oh, okay, assessments composite sequence closing thirds 154-7 sequence expansion 125-70, 241-2 see also insert expansion, post-expansion, preexpansion sequence organization 11,103,105-24,12570, 171-2, 189-96, 216-18, 220, 227 sequences of sequences 243, 250, 258 sequential implicativeness 101, 102-4, 200, 280, 289 signature hellos 221 silences 1, 30, 53, 64, 72, 80, 108, 109, 11314, 117, 145, 164, 169, 255 see also gups, pauses, lapses simultaneous starts 70, 87-8, 90 simultaneous talk see also overlap single cases 10-11 smile voice 27 solicitudes 274-5 sound stretches 92, 94, 177-7, 187 see also lengthened sounds speaker change 51-78, 79-104, 279 see also turn turn-taking speed see pace second pair parts 106-24, 125-51, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159-64,168-70, 189, 226, 227, 228, 258, 260, 284 see also adjacency pairs) types 109-10,216,247 standard language 17 statements 19, 21 stories 11, 61, 279-302 see also tellings second stories 294—6 INDEX stories—cont stories of shared experience 297-302 story structure 290-4 story prefaces 76, 282-7, 291, 292, 296, 300, 302 see also pre-tellings story recipient 279, 280, 285 stress 20, 46 suggestions 139 summaries 169, 262-3, 264 summons-answer sequences 107, 126-8, 141-2, 184, 216, 238, 243, 251, 252 telephone conversation 213-51 tellable see tellability tellability 280, 284, 286, 300, 301 tellings 107, 130, 131, 133, 136-9, 140, 154, 158, 166, 193-204, 279-80, 291 293 see also stories pre-tellings 136-9, 283 see also story preface terminal components 256, 257, 266, 268 see also goodbye tokens terminal sequences 109, 255—7, 260 see also closing sequences topic 105, 137, 193, 207, 225, 244, 245-6, 248-9, 257, 258, 259, 262, 264, 265, 269, 271-2, 273, 281, 282, 290, 296 first topic 225, 244, 245-6, 248-9 topic initial elicitors 271-2, 273 topicalization 165-7, 222 transcription 9, 11, 13-50 transcription problems 33-4 transition relevance 67, 76, 79-104 transition relevance places 61, 63, 68, 71, 73, 78, 279 transition space 75, 77-8, 79-104, 174-5, 204-5, 187-8, 210 expanded transition space 80-2, 88 reduced transition space 82-7, 187-8 translation 45-9 try-marking 191, 224, 230-4, 236, 239 turn allocation 54, 63-7, 78 319 turn allocation component 54, 63-7, 78 current speaker selects next 63-5, 68, 73, 84, 107, 301 next speaker self-selects 63, 66-7, 68, 71-2, 87-8, 300, 301 turn construction 48, 54-7, 63, 67, 78 turn constructional component 54-7, 63, 67, 78 turn constructional units 55-6, 63, 67, 6871, 73, 74-6, 88, 104, 188, 189, 244, 279, 286, 292, 302 compound 76 lexical 56 phrasal 55, 56 sentential 55, 77 multi-turn 74-6, 78 turn order 71 turn shape 113-23, 240 turn-taking 51-78, 79-105, 300 see also turn allocation, turn construction, speaker change models 52-4, 54-69 rules 52, 54, 67-9, 78 system 54-69, 88, 89, 93, 107, 171, 255, 286, 302 two-part formats 76, 77 uh 114, 118, 122, 177, 182, 185, 187-8 uhm 114, 177, 179, 185, 188 understanding 68, 73, 85, 86, 154, 175, 2013, 205, 207, 287-9, 293 unmotivated looking 9-10 upgrading 66, 98-102, 233, 235, 300 voice quality 24, 164 voice sample 215, 222-3, 227, 229, 231, 239 volume see loudness warrants 114-15, 117, 118, 122, 141, 229, 237, 250, 260, 261 whispering 23 word search 171, 183 word stress 20