TOEFL PBT GRAMMAR AND READING 19952004

TAM HÀ 02/2010 INDEX 01) 1995 年 08 月语法题 005 02) 1995 年 10 月语法题 017 03) 1995 年 12 月语法题 030 04) 1996 年 01 月语法题 042 05) 1996 年 05 月语法题 056 06) 1996 年 08 月语法题 068 07) 1996 年 10 月语法题 081 08) 1997 年 01 月语法题 093 09) 1997 年 05 月语法题 107 10) 1997 年 08 月语法题 120 11) 1997 年 10 月语法题 132 12) 1998 年 01 月语法题 145 13) 1998 年 05 月语法题 158 14) 1998 年 08 月语法题 171 15) 1998 年 10 月语法题 184 16) 1999 年 01 月语法题 197 17) 1999 年 05 月语法题 210 18) 1999 年 08 月语法题 224 19) 1999 年 10 月语法题 236 20) 2000 年 01 月语法题 250 21) 2000 年 05 月语法题 263 22) 2000 年 08 月语法题 276 23) 2000 年 10 月语法题 290 24) 2001 年 01 月语法题 303 25) 2001 年 05 月语法题 317 26) 2001 年 08 月语法题 331 27) 2001 年 10 月语法题 344 28) 2002 年 01 月语法题 357 29) 2002 年 05 月语法题 371 30) 2002 年 08 月语法题 385 31) 2002 年 09 月语法题 398 32) 2002 年 10 月语法题 411 33) 2003 年 01 月语法题 424 34) 2003 年 08 月语法题 437 35) 2003 年 10 月语法题 451 36) 2004 年 01 月语法题 465 37) 2004 年 05 月语法题 478 38) 2004 年 08 月语法题 492 1995 年 08 月语法题 According to the third law of thermodynamics, _ possible is –273.16 degrees centigrade (A) that temperature is lowest (B) the temperature is lower (C) lowest temperature (D) the lowest temperature After the First World War, the author Anais Nin became interested in the art movement known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, both her novels and shorts stories (A) in which the influence (B) of which influenced (C) to have influence (D) its influence in Muskrats generally _ close to the edge of a bog, where their favorite plant foods grow plentifully (A) staying (B) they are staying (C) stay (D) to stay there Oliver Ellsworth, of the United States Supreme Court, was the author of the bill that established the federal court system (A) he was the third chief justice (B) the third chief justice was (C) who the third chief justice (D) the third chief justice _ Colonial period the great majority of Connecticut’s settlers came from England (A) Since (B) The time (C) During the (D) It was A politician can make a legislative proposal more _ by giving specific examples of what its effect will be (A) to understanding (B) understandably (C) understandable (D) when understood Playing the trumpet with dazzling originality, _ dominated jazz for 20 years (A) Louis Armstrong (B) The influence of Louis Armstrong (C) The music of Louis Armstrong (D) Louis Armstrong’s talent Before every presidential election in the United States, the statisticians try to guess the proportion of the population that for each candidate (A) are voted (B) voting (C) to be voted (D) will vote _at a river ford on the Donner Pass route to California, the city of Reno grew as bridges and railroad were built (A) Settle (B) To settle (C) It was settling (D) Having been settled 10 The air inside a house or office building often has higher concentrations of contaminants _ heavily polluted outside air (A) than does (B) more (C) as some that are (D) like of 11 The decimal numeral system is one of the _ ways of expressing numbers (A) useful most world’s (B) world’s most useful (C) useful world’s most (D) most world’s useful 12 Emily Dickinson’s garden was a place great inspiration for her poems (A) that she drew (B) by drawing her (C) from which she drew (D) drawn from which 13 The mountains surrounding Los Angeles effectively shield the city from the hot, dry winds of the Mojave Desert, the circulation of air (A) but they also prevent (B) also prevented by them (C) and also to prevent (D) and also preventing 14 Not only _ to determine the depth of the ocean floor, but it is also used to locate oil (A) to use seismology (B) is seismology used (C) seismology is used (D) using seismology 15 Nebraska has floods in some years, _ (A) in others drought (B) droughts are others (C) while other droughts (D) others in drought 16 Pop Art was a movement of the 1950’s and 1960’s whom imagery was based on readily recognized American products and people 17 Because the tachinid fly is a parasite of harmful insects, much species have been imported into the United States to combat insect pests 18 All almost the electricity for industrial use comes from large generators driven by steam turbines 19 The Egyptians first discovered that drying fruit preserved it, made it sweeter, and improvement its flavor 20 During his twelve year there, Ellsi Marsalis turned the New Orleans Center for the Creative Arts into a rich training place for future jazz stars 21 Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with operations on sets of numbers or other elements that are often represented at symbols 22 As her focus changed, the love poetry that Edna St Vincent Millay produced in the 1920’s increasing gave way to poetry dealing with social injustice 23 When a pearl is cut in half and examined under a microscope, but its layers can be seen 24 A conductor uses signals and gesture to let the musicians to know when to play various parts of a composition 25 If a glass lizard loses its tails, a new one grows to replace it 26 Many of the recording instruments used in vary branches of science are kymographs 27 It was near end of prehistoric times that the first wheeled vehicles appeared 28 Martin Luther King Jr.’s magnificent speaking ability enabling him to effectively express the demands for social justice for Black Americans 29 Designers of athletic footwear finely tune each category of shoe to its particularly activity by studying human motion and physiology 30 Gothic Revival architecture has several basis characteristics that distinguish it from other nineteenth-century architectural styles 31 Since rats are destructive and may carry disease, therefore many cities try to exterminate them 32 In the United States among 60 percent of the space on the pages of newspapers is reserved for advertising 33 Recently in the automobile industry, multinational companies have developed to the point where such few cars can be described as having been made entirely in one country 34 Scientists believe that by altering the genetic composition of plants it is possible to develop specimens that are resisting to disease and have increased food value 35 The purpose of traveler’s checks is to protect travelers from theft and accidental lost of money 36 The early periods of aviation in the United States was marked by exhibition flights made by individual fliers or by teams of performers at country fairs 37 The American anarchist Emma Goldman infused her spirited lectures, publishes, and demonstrations with a passionate belief in the freedom of the individual 38 Being the biggest expanse of brackish water in the world, the Baltic Sea is of special interesting to scientists 39 The main advertising media include direct mail, radio, television, magazines, and newspaper 40 While studying the chemistry of human body, Dr Rosalyn Yalow won a Nobel Prize for the research she conducted on the role of hormones Question 1-9 The ocean bottom – a region nearly 2.5 times greater than the total land area of the Earth – is a vast frontier that even today is largely unexplored and uncharted Until about a century ago, the deep – ocean floor was completely inaccessible, hidden beneath waters averaging over (5) 3,6000 meters deep Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth's surface, the deep – ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans, in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space Although researchers have taken samples of deep – ocean rocks and (10) sediments for over a century, the first detailed global investigation of the ocean bottom did not actually start until 1968, with the beginning of the National Science Foundation's Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDP's drill ship, the Glomar Challenger, was able to maintain a steady (15) position on the ocean's surface and drill in very deep waters, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor The Glomar Challenger completed 96 voyages in a 15 – year research program that ended in November 1983 During this time, the vessel logged 600,000 kilometers and took almost 20,000 core samples of seabed (20)sediments and rocks at 624 drilling sites around the world The Glomar Challenger's core samples have allowed geologists to reconstruct what the planet looked like hundreds of millions of years ago and to calculate what it will probably look like millions of years in the future Today, largely on the strength of evidence gathered during the Glomar (25) Challenger's voyages, nearly all earth scientists agree on the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift that explain many of the geological processes that shape the Earth The cores of sediment drilled by the Glomar Challenger have also yielded information critical to understanding the world's past climates (30)Deep – ocean sediments provide a climatic record stretching back hundreds of millions of years, because they are largely isolated from the mechanical erosion and the intense chemical and biological activity that rapidly destroy much land – based evidence of past climates This record has already provided insights into the patterns and causes of past climatic change – information that may be used to predict future climates The author refers to the ocean bottom as a "frontier" in line because it (A) is not a popular area for scientific research (B) contains a wide variety of life forms (C) attracts courageous explorers (D) is an unknown territory The word "inaccessible" in line is closest in meaning to (A) unrecognizable (B) unreachable (C) unusable (D) unsafe The author mentions outer space in line because (A) the Earth's climate millions of years ago was similar to conditions in outer space (B) it is similar to the ocean floor in being alien to the human environment (C) rock formations in outer space are similar to those found on the ocean floor (D) techniques used by scientists to explore outer space were similar to those used in ocean exploration Which of the following is true of the Glomar Challenger? (A) It is a type of submarine (B) It is an ongoing project (C) It has gone on over 100 voyages (D) It made its first DSDP voyage in 1968 The word "extracting" in line 16 is closest in meaning to (A) breaking (B) locating (C) removing (D) analyzing The Deep Sea Drilling Project was significant because it was (A) an attempt to find new sources of oil and gas (B) the first extensive exploration of the ocean bottom (C) composed of geologists from all over the world (D) funded entirely by the gas and oil industry The word "strength" in line 24 is closest in meaning to (A) basis (B) purpose (C) discovery (D) endurance The word "they" in line 31 refers to (A) years (B) climates (C) sediments (D) cores Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as being a result of the Deep Sea Drilling Project? (A) Geologists were able to determine the Earth's appearance hundreds of millions of years ago (B) Two geological theories became more widely accepted by scientists (C) Information was revealed about the Earth's past climatic changes (D) Geologists observed forms of marine life never before seen Questions 10-21 Basic to any understanding of Canada in 20 years after the Second World War is the country's impressive population growth For every three Canadians in 1945, there were over five in 1996 In September 1966 Canada's population passed the 20 million mark Most of this surging (5)growth came from natural increase The depression of the 1930's and the war had held back marriages and the catching – up process began after 1945 The baby boom continued through the decade of the 1950's, producing a population increase of nearly fifteen percent in the five years from 1951 to 1956 This rate of increase had been exceeded only once (10)before in Canada's history, in the decade before 1911, when the prairies were being settled Undoubtedly, the good economic conditions of the 1950's supported a growth in the population, but the expansion also derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an increase in the average size of families In 1957 the Canadian birth rate stood at 28 per (15) thousand, one of the highest in the world After the peak year of 1957, the birth rate in Canada began to decline It continued falling until in 1966 it stood at the lowest level in 25 years Partly this decline reflected the low level of births during the depression and the war, but it was also caused by changes in Canadian society Young (20) people were staying at school longer, more women were working, young married couples were buying automobiles or houses before starting families, rising living standards were cutting down the size of families It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the (25) time of the Industrial Revolution Although the growth in Canada's population has slowed down by 1966 (the increase in the first half of the 1960's was only nine percent) Another large population wave was coming over the horizon It would be composed of the children of the children who were born during the period of the high (30) birth rate prior to 1957 10 What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Educational changes in Canadian society (B) Canada during the Second World War (C) Population trends in postwar Canada (D) Standards of living in Canada 11 According to the passage, when did Canada's baby boom begin? (A) In the decade after 1911 (B) After 1945 (C) During the depression of the 1930's (D) In 1966 12 The word "five" in line refers to (A) Canadians (B) Years (C) Decades (D) Marriages 13 The word "surging" in line is closest in meaning to (A) new (B) extra (C) accelerating (D) surprising 14 The author suggests that in Canada during the 1950's (A) the urban population decreased rapidly (B) fewer people married (C) economic conditions were poor (D) the birth rate was very high 15 The word "trend" in line 13 is closest in meaning to (A) tendency (B) aim (C) growth (D) directive 16 The word "peak" in line 16 is closest in meaning to (A) pointed (B) dismal (C) mountain (D) maximum 17 When was the birth rate in Canada at its lowest postwar level? (A) 1966 (B) 1957 (C) 1956 (D) 1951 18 The author mentions all of the following as causes of declines in population growth after 1957 EXCEPT (A) people being better educated (B) people getting married earlier (C) better standards of living (D) couples buying houses 19 It can be inferred from the passage that before the industrial Revolution (A) families were larger (B) population statistic were unreliable (C) the population grew steadily (D) economic conditions were bad 20 The word "It" in line 28 refers to (A) horizon (B) population wave (C) nine percent (D) first half 21 The phrase "prior to" in line 30 is closest in meaning to (A) behind (B) Since (C) During (D) Preceding Questions 22-30 Are organically grown foods the best food choices? The advantages claimed for such foods over conventionally grown and marketed food products are now being debated Advocates of organic foods – a term whose meaning varies greatly – frequently proclaim that such products are (5) safer and more nutritious than others The growing interest of consumers in the safety and more nutritional quality of the typical North American diet is a welcome development However, much of this interest has been sparked by sweeping claims that the food supply is unsafe or in adequate in meeting nutritional needs (10)Although most of these claims are not supported by scientific evidence, the preponderance of written material advancing such claims makes it difficult for the general public to separate fact from fiction As a result, claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have (15) become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore Almost daily the public is besieged by claims for "no-aging" diets, new vitamins, and other wonder foods There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones, that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs, that (20)untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like One thing that most organically grown food products seem to have in common is that they cost more than conventionally grown foods But in many cases consumers are misled if they believe organic foods can maintain health and provide better nutritional quality than conventionally (25) grown foods So there is real cause for concern if consumers, particularly those with limited incomes, distrust the regular food and buy and buy only expensive organic foods instead 22 The world "Advocates" in line is closest in meaning to which of the following? (A) Proponents (B) Merchants (C) Inspectors (D) Consumers 23 In line 5, the word "others" refers to (A) advantages (B) advocates (C) organic foods (D) products 24 The "welcome development" mentioned in line is an increase in (A) interest in food safety and nutritional quality of the typical North American diet (B) the nutritional quality of the typical North American diet (C) the amount of healthy food grown in North America (D) the number of consumers in North America 25 According to the first paragraph, which of the following is true about the term "organic foods"? (A) It is accepted by most nutritionists (B) It has been used only in recent years (C) It has no fixed meaning (D) It is seldom used by consumers 26 The word "unsubstantiated" in line 18 is closest in meaning to (A) unbelievable (B) uncontested (C) unpopular (D) unverified 27 The word "maintain" in line 24 is closest in meaning to (A) improve (B) monitor (C) preserve (D) restore 28 The author implies that there is cause for concern if consumers with limited incomes buy organic foods instead of conventionally grown foods because (A) organic foods can be more expensive but are often no better than conventionally grown foods (B) many organic foods are actually less nutritious than similar conventionally grown foods (C) conventionally grown foods are more readily available than organic foods (D) too many farmers will stop using conventional methods to grow food crops 29 According to the last paragraph, consumers who believe that organic foods are better than conventionally grown foods are often (A) careless (B) mistaken (C) thrifty (D) wealthy 30 What is the author's attitude toward the claims made by advocates of health foods? (A) Very enthusiastic (B) Somewhat favorable (C) Neutral (D) Skeptical Questions 31-40 There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece The one most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual The argument for this view goes as follows In the beginning, human beings viewed (5) the natural forces of the world, even the seasonal changes, as unpredictable, and they sought through various means, to control these unknown and feared powers Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals Eventually stories (10) arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, (15) masks, and costumes were almost always used Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances, and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the "acting area" and the "auditorium." In addition, there were performers, and since considerable importance was (20) attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect - success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun - as an actor (25) might Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling According to this view, tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through (30)the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds 31 What does the passage many discuss? (A) The origins of theater (B) The role of ritual in modern dance (C) The importance of storytelling (D) The variety of early religious activities 32 The word "they" in line refers to (A) seasonal changes (B) natural forces (C) theories (D) human beings 33 What aspect of drama does the author discuss in the first paragraph? (A) The reason drams is often unpredictable (B) The seasons in which dramas were performed (C) The connection between myths and dramatic plots (D) The importance of costumes in early drama 34 Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a common element of theater and ritual? (A) Dance (B) Costumes (C) Music (D) Magic 35 The word "considerable" in line 19 is closest in meaning to (A) thoughtful (B) substantial (C) relational (D) ceremonial 36 The word "enactment" in line 20 is closest in meaning to (A) establishment (B) performance (C) authorization (D) season 37 The word "they" in line 22 refers to (A) mistakes (B) costumes (C) animals (D) performers 38 According to the passage, what is the main difference between ritual and drama? (A) Ritual uses music whereas drama does not (B) Ritual is shorter than drama (C) Ritual requires fewer performers than drama (D) Ritual has a religious purpose and drama does not 39 The passage supports which of the following statements? (A) No one really knows how the theater began (B) Myths are no longer represented dramatically (C) Storytelling is an important part of dance (D) Dramatic activities require the use of costumes 10 (D) It was the only part of the paper containing cartoons In line 25, the word "boasted" is closest in meaning to (A) planned (B) financed (C) was forced to close (D) took pride in having Question 10 - 19 Europa is the smallest of planet Jupiter's four largest moons and the second moon out from Jupiter Until 1979, it was just another astronomy textbook statistic Then came the close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager 2, and within days, Europa was (5)transformed in our perception, at least into one of the solar system's most intriguing worlds The biggest initial surprise was the ahnost total lack of detail, especially from far away Even at close range, the only visible features are thin, kinked brown lines resembling cracks in an eggshell And this analogy is not far off the mark The surface of Europa is (10) almost pure water ice, but a nearly complete absence of craters indicates that Europa's surface ice resembles Earth's Antarctic ice cap The eggshell analogy may be quite accurate since the ice could be as little as a few kilometers thick a tree shell around what is likely a subsurface liquid ocean that, in turn, encases a rocky core The interior of Europa has been (15) kept warm over the cons by tidal forces generated by the varying gravitational tugs of the other big moons as they wheel around Jupiter The tides on Europa pull and relax in an endless cycle The resulting internal heat keeps what would otherwise be ice melted almost to the surface The cracklike marks on Europa's icy face appear to be fractures where water or (20) slush oozes from below Soon after Voyager 2's encounter with Jupiter in 1979, when the best images of Europa were obtained, researchers advanced the startling idea that Europa's subsurface ocean might harbor life Life processes could have begun when Jupiter was releasing a vast store of internal heat (25)Jupiter's early heat was produced by the compression of the material forming the giant planet Just as the Sun is far less radiant today than the primal Sun, so the internal heat generated by Jupiter is minor compared to its former intensity During this warm phase, some 4.6 billion years ago, Europa's ocean may have been liquid right to the surface, making it a (30)crucible for life 10 What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The effect of the tides on Europa's interior (B) Temperature variations on Jupiter's moons (C) Discoveries leading to a theory about one of Jupiter's moons (D) Techniques used by Voyager to obtain close-up images 11 The word "intriguing" in line is closest in meaning to (A) changing (B) perfect (C) visible (D) fascinating 12 In line 8, the author mentions "cracks in an eggshell" in order to help readers (A) visualize Europa as scientists saw it in the Voyager images (B) appreciate the extensive and detailed informalion available by viewing Europa from far away (C) understand the relationship of Europa to the solar system (D) recognize the similarity of Europa to Jupiter's other moons 13 It can be inferred from the passage that astronomy textbooks prior to 1979 (A) provided many contradictory statistics about Europa (B) considered Europa the most important of Jupiter's moons (C) did not emphasize Europa because little information of interest was available (D) did not mention Europa because it had not yet been discovered 14 What does the author mean by stating in line that "this analogy is not far off the mark"? (A) The definition is not precise (B) The discussion lacks necessary information (C) The differences are probably significant (D) The comparison is quite appropriate 15 It can be inferred from the passage that Europa and Antarctica have in common which of the following? (A) Both appear to have a surface with many craters (B) Both may have water beneath a thin, hard surface (C) Both have an ice cap that is melting rapidly (D) Both have areas encased by a rocky exterior 16 The word "endless" in line 17 is closest in meaning to (A) new (B) final (C) temporary (D) continuous 17 According to the passage, what is the effect of Jupiter's other large moons on Eurnpa? (A) They prevent Europa's subsurface waters from freezing (B) They prevent tides that could damage Europa's surface (C) They produce the very hard layer of ice that characterizes Europa (D) They assure that the gravitational pull on Europa is maintained at a steady level 18 According to the passage, Voyager 2's images Ied rcsearchers to develop which of the following theories'? (A) Jupiter may be hotter today than it once was (B) Europa is far older than scientists originally thought (C) Europa's temperature is maintained by Jupiter's vast store of internal heat (D) The ocean waters of Europa could contain some forms of life 19 The word "it" in line 24 refers to (A) internal heat (B) warm phase (C) Europa's ocean (D) surface Question 20 - 28 The term "print" has several meanings, so it is important to understand exactly what is meant by the artistic terminology A print in the artistic sense is not a reproduction of a work of art done in some other medium, such as painting or drawing That can in no sense be considered a work of (5) art, since the artist had no involvement with it A print is an original work of art created by an indirect method Instead of making an image directly on a surface, as in drawing or painting, the artist works on a master surface, which may be a sheet of metal, a block of stone, wood, plastic, or linoleum From this master surface, numerous impressions may (10) be made by inking the surface, laying a sheet of paper on it, and then subjecting both surface and paper to pressure, generally by means of a printing press A print may exist in several versions Sometimes the printmaker alters the image between impressions, so that each print is slightly different from (15) the others Any series of such prints is referred to as multiples The number of impressions (known as the edition) that are possible from a single original varies with the material Prints made from linoleum, which wears readily, will be fewer than those made from a metal plate, which is capable of striking fine-quality prints in the thousands It is customary to (20) number prints as they come off the press, the earlier impressions being the finest and therefore the most desirable Prints incorporate the same compositional principles, as paintings Line, shape, or texture may be the predominant element according to the printing technique used Some prints have obvious decorative qualities (25) while others may be filled with emotional impact Printmaking derives from two historical sources: early woodblocks into which an image was cut and used to illustrate a book or playing cards, and the medieval practice of decorating metal with incised designs, as in armor Today most techniques fall into one of four categories: relief (intaglio, lithography, and (30) serigraphy However, there are many variations, combinations with photographic techniques, and considerable overlapping 20 In the artistic sense, a print is a work of art created by (A) making a painting from an original drawing (B) drawing or painting similar images many times (C) transferring an original image from one surface to another (D) copying an original image made on paper onto a hard surface 21 The word "That" in line refers to (A) terminology (B) sense (C) reproduction (D) medium 22 Which of the following is mentioned as an example of a master surface? (A) a drawing or painting (B) a block of stone (C) a sheet of paper (D) a printing press 23 The word "versions" in line 13 is closest in meaning to (A) ideas (B) numbers (C) functions (D) forms 24 Which of the following terms is NOT defined in the passage? (A) "print" (line 1) (B) "impressions" (line 9) (C) "multiples" (line 15) (D) "edition" (line 16) 25 A metal plate is compared favorably with linoleum as a meter surface because a metal plate (A) lasts longer (B) is less expensive (C) makes prints more quickly (D) produces a greater variety of prints 26 The word "customary" in line 19 is closest in meaning to (A) necessary (B) attractive (C) legal (D) usual 27 The phrase "according to" in line 23 is closest in meaning to (A) in addition to (B) in order to (C) regardless of (D) depending on 28 It can be inferred that prints may differ from other works of art in terms of all of the following EXCEPT (A) compositional principles (B) use of line, shape, or texture (C) decorative qualities (D) emotional impact Question 29 - 39 Water projects in the United States gained a new rationale in the 1930's as the nation suffered its worst cconomic depression and the Great Plains region suffered its worst drought in recorded history As the economy sank into a deep depression and unemployment rates increased, (5) the political climate for direct federal govermnent involvement in water projects improved President Franklin Rooseveh's first 100 days in office brought a number of new laws to deal with the severe economic depression that became known as the Great Depression Two of these laws, the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933 and the National Recovery Act of I933 (NIRA), (10) had particular significance for water resource development The natural pattern of the Tennessee River was characterized by large spring flows that produced destructive floods and low summer flows that inhibited navigation The intensily and frequency of the events discouraged development and contributed to persistent poverty in the (15)valley To counter these natural obstacles, the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933 created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), a public agency with broad powers to promote development in the region, including the authority to build dams and reservoirs and to generate and sell hydroelectric power The TVA is a unique institution in that it brings (20) all the water-related functions of the federal government under a single body The TVA used its authority to transform the Tennessee River into one of the most highly regulated rivers in the world within about two decades The TVA inherited the Wilson Dam, and by the beginning of the Second World War it had completed six additional multipurpose dams (25)with power plants and locks for navigation Investments in dams and hydropower facilities within the Tennessee Valley also received high priority during the war The NIRA authorized the creation of the Public Works Administration to create jobs while undertaking work of benefit to the community The (30) NIRA also gave the United States President unprecedented powers to initiate public works, including water projects The Public Works Administration provided loans and grants to state and local governments and to federal agencies for municipal waterworks, sewage plants, irrigation, flood control, and waterpower projects 29 All of the following are mentioned as resulting from the Great Depression EXCEPT (A) an increase in unemployment (B) a change in political thinking (C) a different approach to water projects (D) a new study of the history of droughts 30 It can be inferred from the passage that before the 1930's the role of the federal government in water projects was (A) restricted to the Great Plains region (B) more important than its role in other conservation projects (C) more limited than it was after 1930 (D) designed to help with drought recovery 31 The word "'significance'" in line 10 is closest in meaning to (A) difference (B) disturbance (C) importance (D) excellence 32 Which of the following discouraged development of the Tennessee Valley prior to 1933 ? (A) Laws imposed by the local government (B) The effects of seasonal flows of the river (C) The lack of suitable building materials (D) The geographical features of the valley 33 The word "counter" in line 15 is closest in meaning to (A) explain (B) measure (C) exploit (D) overcome 34 The passage mentions "the authority to build dams and reservoirs" in line 18 as an example of the (A) wide powers of the Tennessee Valley Authority (B) responsibilities of regional governments (C) federal government's interests in profitmaking water projects (D) development needed to generate hydroelectric power 35 The word "transform" in line 21 is closest in meaning to (A) clean (B) change (C) control (D) widen 36 According to the passage, the Tennessee Valley Authority decided to (A) introduce rules to control the use of the Tennessee River (B) build the Wilson Dam (C) reduce investment in hydropower facilities in the Tennessee Valley (D) increase the price of electricity 37 The word "it" in line 24 refers to (A) the Tennessee River (B) the TVA (C) the Wilson Dam (D) the Second World War 38 The word "unprecedented" in line 30 is closest in meaning to (A) not extensive (B) not used often (C) not existing before (D) not needing money 39 According to the passage, one of the functions of the Public Works Administration was to (A) replace the NIRA (B) regulate federal agencies (C) influence presidential policy (D) give financial support to state and local governments Question 39 - 50 Many of the most flexible examples of tool use in animals come from primates (the order that includes humans, apes, and monkeys) For example, many wild primates use objects to threaten outsiders But there are many examples of tool use by other mammals, as well as by birds and (5) other types of animals Tools are used by many species in the capture or preparation of food Chimpanzees use sticks and poles to bring out ants and termites from their hiding places Among the most complex tool use observed in the wild is the use of stones by Ivory Coast chimpanzees to crack nuts open They (10) select a large flat stone as an anvil (a heavy block on which to place the nuts) and a smaller stone as a hammer Stones suitable for use as anvils are not easy to find, and often a chimpanzee may carry a haul of nuts more than 40 meters to find a suitable anvil The use of tools in chimpanzees is especially interesting because these animals sometimes modify tools to (15) make them better suited for their intended purpose To make a twig more effective for digging out termites, for example, a chimp may first strip it of its leaves Surprisingly, there is also a species of bird that uses sticks to probe holes in the search for insects One of the species of Galapagos finch, the (20) woodpecker finch, picks up or breaks off a twig, cactus spine, or leaf stem This primitive tool is then held in the beak and used to probe for insects in holes in trees that the bird cannot probe directly with its beak Birds have been seen to carry twigs from tree to tree searching for prey Tools may also be used for defense Hermit crabs grab sea anemones (25) with their claws and use them as weapons to repel their enemies Studies have demonstrated that these crabs significantly improve their chances against predators such as octopus by means of this tactic Also, many species of forest-dwelling primates defend themselves by throwing objects, including stones, at intruders 40 What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Primates are superior to other animals in using tools (B) The use of stones as tools is similar across different animal species (C) Birds and primates use tools that are different from those of sea animals (D) Many animals have developed effective ways of using tools 41 Why does the author mention ants and termites in line ? (A) To give an example of food that chimpanzees collect by using tools (B) To emphasize that ants and termites often hide together in the same place (C) To identify an important part of the chimpanzee diet (D) To point out a difference between two closely related species 42 According to the passage, Ivory Coast chimpanzees are among the most remarkable of animal tool users because they (A) use tools to gather food (B) use more than one tool to accomplish a task (C) transport tools from one place to another (D) hide their tools from other animals 43 The word "haul" in line 12 is closest in meaning to (A) diet (B) type (C) load (D) branch 44 The word "them" in line 15 refers to (A) chimpanzees (B) animals (C) tools (D) termites 45 The word "strip" in line 17 is closest in meaning to (A) search (B) eat (C) carry (D) remove 46 The word "probe" in line 21 is closest in meaning to (A) change (B) watch (C) explore (D) create 47 According to the passage, what is characteristic of the way in which woodpecker finches hunt insects? (A) The finches use different plant parts as tools to capture insects (B) The finches make narrow holes in trees to trap insects (C) The finches pick up insects that they find on leaves (D) The finches catch insects in the air as they fly from tree to tree 48 Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the behavior of the woodpecker finch? (A) It uses its beak as a weapon against its enemies (B) It uses the same twig to look for food in different trees (C) It uses twigs and leaves to build its nest (D) It avoids areas where cactus 49 According to the passage, studies have shown that hermit crabs manage to turn octopus away by (A) attacking the octopus with their claws (B) using stones as weapons (C) defending themselves with sea anemones (D) hiding under sea plants 50 Forest primates and certain sea animals are mentioned in the passage as examples of animals that use tools for (A) self-protection (B) food preparation (C) hunting prey (D) building nests or home plants grow ANSWER KEYS 08/1995 10/1995 01/1996 05/1996 STRU READING STRU READING STRU READING STRU READING 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 D B C D C C A D D A B C A B A B B A D A D D C C B B A B C B C A B B D A A D D B D B B D C B A C D C D A B A B D A B A B D A D A C D C A B D A D C D B B D D A B 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 B D B A D D A B C D 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 C D D B D A C B D C B C C A A B B B D B D B D D C C D D C D D C A D D C C D A A C C B B A D C A D A B D C D D A A B D B C C D A D B D B A A D C C C D B A A B B 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 D A B C C D B C A B 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 D C B A B D B B A D B C C A C B C B B C D C B A B A C A A A B B D D C B D B A C D B C C D C A B A B D C C A C A B B C A B C A D C D A D C C B C B A A A A D D A 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 B B A D B C C D D A 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 B C C A C D B A B C D B B B D A C C D A C B D B B B D D D A A B A B A D A D D C C B A D D C A A A D C B C B C A C A B D B A D A B A C B C D B D A C D C A D B A 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 C B D C B C C A D A ANSWER KEYS 08/1996 10/1996 01/1997 05/1997 STRU READING STRU READING STRU READING STRU READING 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 D A B D A C B C A C B B B D A D A C A C C D A C A B B D B A B D C B C D A C A B A C B A B C C D D B D B B B C A C D A B C C A B D D C A B C A D B B A B A B C A 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 C B A C D A A C D C 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 C A B A D D C D A C C A C D D B C D B A A A D B D B C D A B D B B B B C C C C D C C A C C B C D C C A A C D C B D A B B D A C A D D B B C A A A D D C C D B A B 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 A A C B B A A B D C 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 B D B C B B B A D D A C A C B D D C D D C B A D B C A B A B D C A D C D B B D B A B B D B B A C B D D A A C C C A C C B D C A A B A B D B B C C A A A D B D D B 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 D C D D B C B B B C 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 A A B D A B D B A D C C C D B C D C D D D A D A B C C B B A C C A B D D B B C C A C B A D D B B D A D C C C B B D B B C B B C B B C A D D A A A B A B D B A C A 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 A B A B D B B D B D ANSWER KEYS 08/1997 10/1997 01/1998 05/1998 STRU READING STRU READING STRU READING STRU READING 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 A A C C C D B C D C B A B D D B D C D D B C A C C B D A C B A B A C D D C A A A C D C D B B A A C B D D B A A D C D A B D A D A C C D A C D D A B B D D B C D B 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 A A B C D A D D A A 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 A D A B A C C B B C B B D D B D B C D D C D C B D D B B C B D D C A D A C B A C C D C B C D A C B C D D D C C A B B A C D C C A D A B A C D B A B B C C A A B B 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 B B A B C A A C C D 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 B D A B A D B D C C A C C C B A C C D A A C D D B C A C C C D C B A C D A C A D B C C A B C C A B B A A D C C A C B D A A C D B B B C A B C B D C C A D B B C A 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 B D A D C A D B A A 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 A D D C D B B C D A A B B A C C B B C D A B D D A D D A A C B B A D A D B B C D A C B D C C B B D D A C A C A C B D B D B D D C C D A C A A D C B B D A B D A A 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 D A C C B B D D B A ANSWER KEYS 08/1998 10/1998 01/1999 05/1999 STRU READING STRU READING STRU READING STRU READING 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 A D B A B C A A D C C A C B D C D C B D D A B A C D A B A A B C C A D C B A B D B D D C C A B A B D D C D C B C A B A B D A A A C B B C A A D B D C D C B B B A 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 A C B B C D C D A D 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 D B A D C B B A C D C B B A A D D D C C B D A C B B D D B C B D C D B A D D C A A A C C D C A B D C D A C B A A C C B C D B B D A B D D A C B D B A D A C B D C 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 B D D A B C C A C D 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 A C C C A D B D D C A D B B A C A D A C D B D A D B B B D C C C B A C B C B A B A D C B B C B D A D C A A A C A C C A D B B D B A A C A D C D A C A D A D C A B 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 D B B C B B C A A D 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 A A D A B D B C B D C B C C B A C B C A C C D A B A C B B D B C C B A B C D A D B B D B D C A C A D C A B C D A B A C D B A B C B B C A D A B A A D C A B D C B 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 B B A B C B B C A D ANSWER KEYS 08/1999 01/2000 05/2000 08/2000 STRU READING STRU READING STRU READING STRU READING 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 D A B C B C C C B B A D D D C B B A C D B C C D D B D C A C D C D B C A B C A A D A C C B D B B A D D A B D C C D C B D A B C A B B B D D A B C A C A B C A B C 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 D B A B C A D A D D 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 B A C B B C C A D D C B B C D D B B D B A B D C C C B C D D C A A D B D B B D D B C D C D C B A B B D A A C A D C B C D C A D A D B C B B D B A D B B A D A B B 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 C C D D C B A D A C 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 D B B D B C B D A D C C C A A A D C C D B C A B D C C D D B C A A D C A D D A C D D C C B C A D A B B B D B C C C D A B C B B A A B C B A B D B D B D A A A D B 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 D C B A D C C A D D 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 B C D B D B D A D D B A D C D C D B C A B A A B A D B B A D C D A B B A A C D B C B D B D B B A B B D D C D C B C A C A C B D C A B D B C D A A C B C A B B D B 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 C C B A D B C B D B ANSWER KEYS 10/2000 01/2001 05/2001 08/2001 STRU READING STRU READING STRU READING STRU READING 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 A B B C A D D B D A C B C D A D D D B A B A B D C D A A C C B D D B D D D C A A A C D C A B C D B A B C A C D D C B A C D A B C C C B C B B D D C C A B A D C B 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 D C C A C B B C A D 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 B A B B A B B D C D D B C A D D D C C B A B D C A C A D C C A B B D B B C C D D B C A D B D A D D B C A D D D C A D B C A D C D B D A B D A B C D A C B D D A B 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 C B B A A D C A C C 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 C D D B B D B B B A C D C D B B D D A D D A C A B B A B C C C D D D B D A D D A A A B D A A C D B D C A B D C A B C B D B A C A D D C A C A C B A D D C C A B D 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 C A D A C D C D C C 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 C A A C B B A C C B A B D A B A C C D A D B D B B C D C D D A D A D C C B A C D A C B D A A D B D C B D C B A B D C B C A B C B C B D A C A A D C B C B D D C C 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 A A C B D B B C A D ANSWER KEYS 10/2001 01/2002 05/2002 08/2002 STRU READING STRU READING STRU READING STRU READING 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 B D B D B A C C A D A C B C B B D C D A C C A A A A C C A B D B D C C D C A D B A D C B B D A C D D C A B C A A C A D C B D A B A A D B D C C A A A B D D D B D 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 B C A B C B B C A D 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 A C A B A A C A B D A A D B B B A D D D B C C B B A C B D C C C D C B D A D C D A B C C B C A B D B B A D B D A C C B A D A B C C C D C C C B A D C C D C C B D 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 B C C C A D B A A D 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 B C D B C A D C C B C A C D C D B D C B B D A D B D B D A A C A D C D C B D B C B D B C C A C A A C A B C D A A A B D B B A C C D B B B C B B D C C C A D B D A 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 C B C D A A B A C C 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 D B A C B C B C C A B C D B A B A D A D A B C A D A D B D A D A C A D A D A C A A B C C C D D A A B D A C B D A D C D B C D C D A A D A B C A B B D B D C A B D 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 B C D A D C C C D C ANSWER KEYS 09/2002 10/2002 01/2003 08/2003 STRU READING STRU READING STRU READING STRU READING 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 A D B C A C D D C B A B D B C B D C B C B A B D C C B A D B B A B D B C D A D C D A A D C C D A D B C B D D A D D C C B D A D B D A B B C D 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 D C C B C A B B A C 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 B C B A C B C A D A D C D C B A C B C A C D B C A D B C B A B D A B D C D B D A A C B B A A C D B B A B B D A D D B B B C B D C A A B D B C C A D A D A C B D C 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 D C B D B C B A C C 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 D B C B C B A C A B C D A B A C B D C B C A C C A D A D B D B D A D B A D B D D D A C D B D A C C A B C D C C A D A D B C A D B A D A B A A A C A D B C A C C B 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 A A C D D B C D A C 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 C A C C B C D B C B D A C C C A B C D A C D C D C B D C D C B C D D C D B A C B D A A B A D D B A B C D B C B D C B B A B D A C B D D B A A D D A B C D C B B A 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 D C D B C C A D C B ANSWER KEYS 10/2003 01/2004 05/2004 08/2004 STRU READING STRU READING STRU READING STRU READING 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 A B A B D A B C D C B D C B B D A C D A D B C B C D C A D A D C D C B C D C B A C D A C D B D A B C D B A D B D C A C B D A A C A D B C B D C D D B D B C B A B 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 A A C C B C C D D B 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 B B A C D B C A C A B C B C B D A B A C B C D B C D B C D C B D A D B D B D A D B D A B C D B D C B D D A D D C B B B C B A D B D C A B D C C D A B C A D B B A 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 B A B C D B D A B A 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 A B D A D B D C D B D C D B D C D C B A D C D C B C D C D A C B A D C B D C B B A C D D A A B C D B C A C B C A B B D A D C B A B C C A C D B B D C C A A D B C 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 A A A A D B C B C C 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 A C A D D C B A C B C D C D C B B C D B A C A B C B A C D C D B D A C D B D A A B C A A D D C B B D D A A D C D A D C C C B D C A B D B D C C B D A B A B C D D 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 D A B C C D