Trànormation -Theory

Transformation Structure 1. • She’s a better tennis player than I am.  I don’t play tennis as well as she does. • Britain isn’t as warm as Greece.  Greece is warmer than Britain.  EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. • They don’t speak as fluently as we do.  We speak ……………………………………………………………. • No other city in Vietnam is so large as Ho Chi Minh city.  Ho Chi Minh city …………………………………………………. Structure 2. a) •This song is simple enough for all of us to sing.  This song is so simple that all of us can sing it.  EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. • He is rich enough to buy whatever he wants.  He is …………………………………………………………. • Richard is tall enough to change light bulbs in some rooms without having to stand on a chair.  Richard is ……………………………………………………… b) • The house was so expensive that my brother couldn't buy it.  The house was too expensive for my brother to buy.  EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. • The water was so cold that the children could not swim in it. The water ……………………………………………………. • He was so tired that he couldn't stay awake until the end of the film. He was ………………………………………………………. Structure 3. • It’s wonderful to lie on the beach all day.  To lie on the beach all day is wonderful.  EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. • It’s difficult to understand what she’s talking about.  To understand…………………………………………………… • It is very relaxing to spend a day in the country.  To spend………………………………………………………… Structure 4. Ex: • I advise you not to see her again.  You’d better not see her again. • You’d better think carefully before accepting the offer.  I advise you to think carefully before accepting the offer.  EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. • I don’t think you should drink any more coffee.  You'd better …………………………………………………………. • You had better begin by introducing yourself.  I advise………………………………………………………………. Structure 5. • He’d rather watch TV than go out to the cinema.  He prefers watching TV to going out to the cinema.  EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. • Alice would rather drink Coca-Cola than orange juice.  Alice prefers…………………………………………………………. • Jane would prefer to go to class tomorrow than today.  Jane would rather……………………………………………………. Structure 6. • He started working here three years ago.  He has worked here for three years.  EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. • She last saw him when she was ten.  She hasn’t……………………………………………………… • The last time Jack went swimming was five years ago.  Jack hasn’t……………………………………………………… Structure 7. • I can't see the play because it is sold out.  If the play were not sold out, I could see it. • We didn't go on holiday because we didn’t have enough money.  If we had had enough money we would have gone on holiday.  EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. • My brother didn't buy that car because he didn't have enough money.  If my brother…………………………………………………… • He smokes too much; perhaps that's why he can't get rid of his cough.  If he didn’t smoke…………………………………………… Structure 8. • She said, "The school opened a year ago."  She said the school had opened a year ago. • 'You must wear a tie,' the teacher said.  The teacher told him he had to wear a tie. Notes: • Changes in tenses Direct speech Indirect speech Simple Present Present Progressive Simple Past Present Perfect ** Past Progressive Simple Future (will + v) Future Perfect (will have + v) Present Conditional (would + v) Simple Past Past Progressive Past Perfect Past Perfect ** Past Perfect Progressive Present Conditional (would + v) Perfect Conditional (would have +v) Perfect Conditional (would have + v) • Changes in time and place Direct speech Indirect speech today tonight yesterday the day before yesterday tomorrow the day after tomorrow last week / year, etc next week/year, etc a year ago these come here that day that night the day before / earlier two days before the next / following day in two days’ time the previous week/year, etc the following week/year, etc the previous year/ a year before those go there a) • The teacher said to us: “Did you understand my instructions?”  The teacher asked us if (whether) we had understood his instructions.  EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. • Tom said, “Can you remember where you put the dictionary, Mary? ”  Tom asked…………………………………………………… • My brother said to her, "Did you see George at the football match?"  My brother asked …………………………………………… b) • I said to her: “What do you mean?”  I asked her what she meant.  EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. • ‘Where did you buy your shoes, Sally?’ asked Gail.  Gail asked……………………………………………………… • I said to my brother, "How much did you pay for these over ripe tomatoes?"  I asked……………………………………………………………. c) • He said to me: “Don’t believe everything she says”.  He told me not to believe everything she said.  EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. • He said to the servant, “Please bring me some hot water".  He requested……………………………………………… • The teacher said to his student, "Don't be late tomorrow." The teacher told……………………………………………… Structure 9. • You will be late for dinner if you don’t hurry.  You will be late for dinner unless you hurry.  EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. • If you keep adding salt, you’ll spoil the dinner. Unless you top…………………………………………………… • If it doesn’t rain soon, a lot of our crops will be lost. Unless it rains ………………………………………………… Structure 10. • My wife can't speak French.  I wish my wife could speak French. • What a pity you failed your driving test.  I wish you hadn't failed your driving test.  EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. • John never comes home before twelve o’clock.  I wish………………………………………………………………. • He won’t give up smoking.  I wish………………………………………………………………. Structure 11. Present Simple: IS/ARE + PAST PARTICIPLE Past Simple: WAS/ WERE + PAST PARTICIPLE Present perfect: HAS BEEN /HAVE BEEN + PAST PARTICIPLE • Another doctor examined him yesterday.  He was examined by another doctor yesterday.  EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. • The police arrested two hundred people.  Two hundred people…………………………………………… • The secretary has just finished the report.  The report……………………………………………………… Present continuous: IS/ARE + BEING + PAST PARTICIPLE Past continuous: WAS/WERE + BEING PAST PARTICIPLE • Someone is interviewing Dr Johnson at the moment.  Dr Johnson is being interviewed at the moment.  EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. • They were painting the outside of the ship when the accident happened.  The outside……………………………………………………… • Our teacher is going to punish that student.  That student………………………………………………………. Structure 12. · I’ll have my sister wash the car. @ I'll have the car washed. · George got a friend type all of his papers. @ George got all of his papers typed. Ø EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. · I’m going to have the barber cut my hair tomorrow. @ I’m going to………………………………………………………. · We’ll probably have someone paint our house next month. @We’ll………………………………………………………………. Structure 13. • Though he was inexperienced, he got a good salary.  Despite his inexperience, he got a good salary. • Although he was not guilty, they executed him.  In spite of his innocence, they executed him.  EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. • Although his leg was broken, he managed to get out of his car.  Despite his……………………………………………………. • Although the weather changed, the picnic went ahead as planned.  In spite of………………………………………………………… Structure 14. · Because she behaves well, everybody loves her. @ Because of her good behaviour, everybody loves her. Ø EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. · As he has behaved badly, he must be punished. @ Due to his……………………………………………………… · Since I can’t read Italian, I've had to have the book translated into English @ Because of……………………………………………………… Structure 15. · We wrote the letter in 2 hours. @ It took us two hours to write the letter. Ø EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. · The flight to Hanoi lasts an hour and a half. @ It takes……………………………………………………………. · When Mary wanted a new car, she had to save up for a year. @ It took.……………………………………………………………. Structure 16. • Mary couldn’t speak until she was five.  It was not until Mary was five that she could speak.  EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. • I didn't know how to use a computer until I was ten.  It was not…………………………………………………………. • The noise did not stop until after midnight. It was not……………………………………………………… Structure 17. • I haven’t seen her for three weeks.  It’s three weeks since I last saw her.  EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. • We have known each other for 6 months.  It is ………………………………………………………………. • John hasn't had his car repaired for over six months.  It is ………………………………………………………………. • Did they all enjoy the party last night? Do you know whether they all enjoyed the party last night?  EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. • Do you agree with the comments I made about public transport? Could you……………………………………………………… • Must we be here by six or can we come a little later? We’d…………………………………………………………… b) WH-Questions • Where can I get something to drink? Do you know where I could get something to drink?  EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. • What time are you coming to the party?  Could you ……………………………………………………. • Which of the routes to London do they prefer?  Do you……………………………………………………………. Structure 19. • As it is hotter, I feel more miserable.  The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.  EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. • As T.V programmes become more popular, they seem to get worse. The more……………………………………………………………. • That worker works better when he does not have enough time.  The less………………………………………………………………. Structure 20. • "Why don't you buy them this picture as a wedding present, Sarah?" said Robin.  Robin suggested that Sarah (should) buy them the picture as a wedding present.  EXAMPLE Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. • "Why don't you apply for the job, Ann?" said Sue. Sue suggested……………………………………………………. • “Why don't you put an advertisement in the local paper?" they said to me. The suggested…………………………………………………….