Exercise 1. Fill in “where, whose, who, which, why or when” Having visited a few countries (1.)______ the climate is different to yours, you will appreciate how important it is to plan carefully before travelling. Not planning well enough is the reason (2.) ______some holidays can go wrong. A holiday (3.) ______involves a lot of walking, for example, means you need to go at a time (4.) ______it is neither too hot nor too cold. It also means you need to plan to go with someone (5.) ______enjoys walking and (6.) ______stamina is equal to yours. A travel companion (7.) ______likes the same things as you is ideal, but it’s very difficult to meet someone (8.) ______likes and dislikes are exactly the same as yours. In any case, you need to decide on a holiday (9.) ______suits both of you and a country (10.) ______climate is not uncomfortable for either of you. Exercise 2. Fill in the relative pronoun adding commas where necessary. Write (D) for defining, (ND) for nondefining and whether the relative pronoun can be omitted or not. 1. That’s the man whothat I was talking about. 2. Her school ________ is very old is closing down. 3. Have you seen the pencil ________I bought yesterday? 4. Ann, ________contract expires next week, is looking for another job. 5. This house, ________he inherited from his parents is worth a fortune. 6. The company ________I set up last year is expanding. 7. She is the singer ________latest record reached the top of the charts. 8. I’ve never met anyone before ________was quite so rule. 9. This jumper ________my grandmother knitted for me is too small. 10. The necklace ________I bought in Egypt is very old. 11. They are the friends ________invited us to their daughter’s wedding. 12. The documentary ________I saw last night was very informative. 13. Elephants ________are hunted for ivory are becoming extinct. 14. The girl ________speaks four languages is in my class. 15. This is the hospital ________was built in 1920. 16. The police are looking for a man ________car was found abandoned in Newcastle last night. 17. That man ________name is Bill stole my purse. 18. She is a person ________I shall always be grateful to. 19. He’s the man ________she’s going to marry. 20. This book ________is about Vietnam is fascinating. 21. I know few people ________are as considered as she is. 22. His group ________is touring Europe is called “Blunt”. 23. The woman ________dog was stolen is offering a reward. 24. I met a really interesting man ________name I have since forgotten. 25. She’s the girl ________I’m sharing my flat with. 26. My team ________won the cup are going to tour America. 27. “Macbeth” is a play ________was written by Shakespeare. D omitted Exercise 3. Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. 1. He lost his passport, which was silly of him. (lose) → It was _________________________________ his passport. 2. That’s the hotel we are staying in. (where) →That’s _________________________________staying. 3. That woman complained to the manager. (who) →That’s _________________________________to the manager. 4. We met several people from Portsmouth, but one of them knew Dr Irons. (whom) →We met several people from Portsmouth _________________________________Dr Irons. 5. The car we rented was very unreliable. (which) →We _________________________________very unreliable. 6. Clare Spender is the author; her book became a bestseller overnight. (whose) → Clare Spender is ___________________________________ a bestseller overnight. 7. We bought a kilo of apples; some of them were bruised. (which) →We bought a kilo of apples, ___________________________________bruised. 8. August is the month when most people take their holidays. (which) → August ___________________________________most people take their holidays.
Trang 1CLAUSES – LINKING WORDS
Exercise 1 Fill in “where, whose, who, which, why or when”
Having visited a few countries (1.) the climate is different to yours, you will appreciate how important it is to plan carefully before travelling Not planning well enough is the reason (2.) some holidays can go wrong A holiday (3.) involves a lot of walking, for example, means you need to go
at a time (4.) it is neither too hot nor too cold It also means you need to plan to go with someone (5.) enjoys walking and (6.) stamina is equal to yours A travel companion (7.) likes the same things as you is ideal, but it’s very difficult to meet someone (8.) likes and dislikes are exactly the same as yours In any case, you need to decide on a holiday (9.) suits both of you and a country (10.) climate is not uncomfortable for either of you
Exercise 2 Fill in the relative pronoun adding commas where necessary Write (D) for defining, (ND) for non-defining and whether the relative pronoun can be omitted or not
1. That’s the man who/that I was talking about.
2. Her school is very old is closing down
3. Have you seen the pencil I bought yesterday?
4. Ann, contract expires next week, is looking for another job
5. This house, he inherited from his parents is worth a fortune
6. The company I set up last year is expanding
7. She is the singer latest record reached the top of the charts
8. I’ve never met anyone before was quite so rule
9. This jumper my grandmother knitted for me is too small
10. The necklace I bought in Egypt is very old
11. They are the friends invited us to their daughter’s wedding
12. The documentary I saw last night was very informative
13. Elephants are hunted for ivory are becoming extinct
14. The girl speaks four languages is in my class
15. This is the hospital was built in 1920
16. The police are looking for a man car was found abandoned in
Newcastle last night
17. That man name is Bill stole my purse
18. She is a person I shall always be grateful to
19. He’s the man she’s going to marry
20. This book is about Vietnam is fascinating
21. I know few people are as considered as she is
22. His group is touring Europe is called “Blunt”
23. The woman dog was stolen is offering a reward
24. I met a really interesting man name I have since forgotten
25. She’s the girl I’m sharing my flat with
26. My team won the cup are going to tour America
27. “Macbeth” is a play was written by Shakespeare
Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using the words in bold Use two to five words.
1. He lost his passport, which was silly of him (lose)
→ It was _ his passport
2. That’s the hotel we are staying in (where)
→That’s _staying
3. That woman complained to the manager (who)
→That’s _to the manager
4. We met several people from Portsmouth, but one of them knew Dr Irons (whom)
→We met several people from Portsmouth _Dr Irons
5. The car we rented was very unreliable (which)
→We _very unreliable
6. Clare Spender is the author; her book became a bestseller overnight (whose)
→ Clare Spender is _ a bestseller overnight
7. We bought a kilo of apples; some of them were bruised (which)
→We bought a kilo of apples, _bruised
Trang 2→ August _most people take their holidays.
9. She has a class of twenty students; half of them are of Canadian origin (whom)
→She has a class of twenty students, _are of Canadian origin
10. Sue tried on some shoes but none of them fitted (which)
→Sue tried on some shoes, _fitted
11. At the film festival we saw many people; some were famous actors (whom)
→At the film festival we saw many people, _famous actors
Exercise 4 Underline the appropriate time phase and put the verbs into the correct tense.
New research offers proof that global warming is a direct consequence of man’s activity on earth and
not a result of some unidentified natural phenomenon (1.After/As soon as) noting climate changes on a computer, researchers, (2 show) that the Earth’s average temperature has risen by 0.70C (3 before/since) the Industrial Revolution (4 While/As soon as) the results were published, climate changes once again (5 become) headline news Other research predicts that (6 by/by the time) the end
of the century average rainfall will be 30% higher than today as a result of a warmer climate Air pollution is
blamed for the sharp rise in the Earth’s temperature and (7 until/whenever) strict laws (8 be/introduced) , the problem will continue to get worse Something needs to be done (9.the moment/before) it (10.be) too late (11 When/Whenever) E.U countries (12 meet) last month, they agreed to cut down on pollution levels (13 Just as/Once) clean sources of power (14 be/developed)
, we will have taken the first steps towards stopping global warming
Exercise 5 Fill in so, such or such a(n).
Mandy was getting (1.) _ bored one afternoon that she decided to go shopping She always took (2.) _pleasure in buying things for herself that she would often spend lots of money in just one day She set out feeling really excited After two hours she had bought (3.) _many things that she could hardly carry them The shops were closing and there was (4.) _lot of traffic in the streets that she couldn’t find a taxi She started feeling frustrated as the parcels and bags she was carrying were getting in everyone’s way She was (5.) _anxious to get back home that she decided to take the underground She took (6.) _long time to find her purse among her things that people waiting behind her in the queue started muttering When she finally found it, there was (7.) _little money
in it that she didn’t have enough to buy a ticket Mandy was (8.) _embarrassed that she just wanted
to disappear She left the station and was in (9.) _desperate state that she didn’t know what to do
“I’ve spent (10.) _much money,” she thought, “that I’ve made a fool of myself in front of complete strangers.” Mandy eventually got home with all her shopping after getting a lift in pizza delivery van!
Trang 3Exercise 6 Complete the sentences using the word in bold Use two to five words.
1. The team were so good that we couldn’t beat them (such)
→ They were _we couldn’t beat them
2. It was such a boring film that we left in the middle (so)
→It was _we left in the middle
3. No one knows why they are emigrating (for)
→No one knows _emigrating
4. Our car broke down so we were very late (consequently)
→Our car broke down _very late
5. She was so insistent that we couldn’t ignore her (too)
→She was _ignore
6. They couldn’t go to the post office because of a snowstorm (as)
→They couldn’t go to the post office _snowstorm
7. She had a very bad night’s sleep, so she was exhausted (result)
→She had a very bad night’s sleep _she was exhausted
8. Do you know the reason for her leaving her job? (why)
→ Do _her job?
9. The coffee was so strong that I couldn’t drink it (such)
→ It _that I couldn’t drink it
10. He was such a skillful player that he seldom lost a game (so)
→ He was _he seldom lost a game
11. He didn’t get the job because he was inexperienced (to)
→He didn’t get the job _experience
Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using the words in bold Use two to five words.
Trang 4→ It was us a lift.
2. That’s the college my son got his degree from (where)
→That’s got his degree
3. I bought several dictionaries but none of them are really up to date (which)
→I bought are really up to date
4. This is Emma Thompson; her husband is an Oscar nominee (whose)
→This is Emma Thompson, nominee
5. The reason for his resignation is strictly personal (why)
→The reason strictly personal
6. It was such an appalling even that we’d rather forget about it (so)
→It was we’d rather forget about it
7. It was so late that I couldn’t get to the meeting (too)
→It was get to the meeting
8. He forgot to post his application so he didn’t get called for an interview (result)
→ He forgot to post his application _he didn’t get called for an interview
9. He came into his inheritance and immediately after he bought a Ferrari (soon)
→He bought a Ferrari into his inheritance
10. The children were so polite that everyone took to them (such)
→They were everyone took to them
11. When he got the phone call, he left the house immediately (moment)
→He left the house the phone call
12. The last time I saw Peter was 14 February (since)
→ I 14 February
13. Careless drivers should be punished (carelessly)
→People should be punished
14. One of the five students he interviewed was Spanish (whom)
→ He interviewed was Spanish
Exercise 8 Complete the sentences using the words in bold Use two to five words.
1. I didn’t tell her the bad news I didn’t want to upset her (avoid)
→ I didn’t tell her the bad news _ her
2. Mary wrote out a shopping list She didn’t want to forget anything (that)
→Mary wrote out a shopping list _forget anything
3. Paul trained hard every day He wanted to be the best (as)
→Paul trained hard every day _the best
4. Lee gave up her job She planned to continue her education (view)
→Lee gave up her job _her education
5. She turned the oven down She didn’t want to burn the cakes (might)
→She turned the oven down _burn the cakes
6. He was saving all his money He intended to buy a house (aim)
→He was saving all his money _a house
7. Peter left the office early He wanted to be at the cinema on time (in)
→Peter left the office early _at the cinema on time
8. This is a pencil sharpener You use it to sharpen pencils (for)
→This is a pencil sharpener It is used _pencils
9. I’ll bring a pack of cards We might want to play later (case)
→I’ll bring a pack of cards _play later
10. We didn’t want to get stuck in a traffic jam so we bypassed the city centre (avoid)
→We bypassed the city centre _in a traffic jam
11. Before we went to Africa we had injections so we wouldn’t get malaria (prevent)
→Before we went to Africa we had injections _malaria
12. He’s taking his camera on holiday He might want to take some photos of the wildlife (case)
→He’s taking his camera on holiday _to take some photos of the wildlife
13. Peter goes to night school He wants to learn French (order)
→Peter goes to night school _French
14. If you want him to remember to phone the bank, leave a note on his desk (that)
→Leave a note on his desk _to phone the bank
15. She tries her best She wants to stand out in her field (as)
→She tried her best _in her field