In 1860, Robert O'Hara Burke, a police officer from Ireland, was chosen to lead an expedition across the continent from south to north.. The three men continued south, but without enough
Trang 1Patricia Ackert Gidi thieu va chu giai
Trang 2C A U SE AND E F F E C T
Intermediate Reading Practice
Patricia ackert
Kim Thu chu gia i
NHA XUAT BAN VAN HOA - THONG TIN
Trang 3C O N T E N T
To the Instructor
Unit I Explorers
'' 1 Burke and Wills - Across Australia 3
2 Alexandra David - Neel - A French Woman in Tibet 10
4 Robert Scott - A Race to the South Pole 27
5 Mary Kingsley - Victorian Explorer 38
Unit III A M ish m a sh (A H odgepodge)
7^ The Roadr unner 103
Trang 4CAUSE AND EFFEC T
Unit_V M edicine and Health
Trang 5J/jAlexandra INDIA A David-Neel
Trang 6These rough notes and o u r dead bodies mu s t tell the tale.
R obert Scott's Diary
Trang 7ACROSS AUSTRALIA
Australia is a huge country, and the out-back
(the Australian word for the interior o f the country)
is desert Some years it rains only 8 centimeters in
the outback, but other years rainstorms turn the
desert into sandy swamps.
Until the eighteenth century, only aborigines
lived in Australia These are tall, thin, brown
skinned people, the first people in Australia When
Europeans went there to live, they built towns on
the coast However, by the 1850s, people began
t hinking more a bout the interior
In 1860, Robert O'Hara Burke, a police officer
from Ireland, was chosen to lead an expedition
across the continent from south to north He took
with him William John Wills and 1 1 other men,
camels, horses, and e nough supplies for a year and a
half The y left Me lbourne for the G u l f o f
Ca rpe Ha ri a on August 20, winter in the southern
hem isphere.
The expedition had problems from the
beginning Burke had no experience in the outback
The men fought and would not follow orders Twice
they left some o f their supplies so they could move
faster, and later sent one o f the men, William
Wright, back for them
Finally, a small group led by Burke moved on
ahead o f the others to a river named Cooper's Creek
: vi'ing d a l ben tro n g
: choc tlidin lueti : b an c an
: l on g Urn
Trang 8CA U SE A N D EFFECT
and set up their base camp They were ha lf wa y across
the continent, but it was summer now, with very hot
weat her and sandstorms
Th e y waited for a month for Wright, and then
Burke decided that four from his small group, with 3
months' supplies, should travel the 1250 kilometers to
the north coast as quickly as possible Th e y told the
others to wait for them at Cooper's Creek
The j our ne y across the desert wa s very difficult,
but at the end o f January they reached the Flinders
River near the G u l f o f Carpentaria
The y started their return j ourney, but now it was
the rainy season and traveling was s low and even
more difficult than their trip north Th e y did not have
enough food, and the men became hungry and sick
Then one o f them died Some o f the c ame ls died or
were killed for food
Finally, on April 21, they arrived back at
Cooper's Creek, only to find that no one was there
The rest o f the expedition left the day before because
they thought Burke must be dead
The three men continued south, but without
enough food, both Burke and Wills died Aborigines
helped the last man alive, and a s e a r c h p a r t y found
him in September 1861 He was h a lf crazy from
hunger and loneliness
There were many reasons that the expedition did
not go as it was planned, it had an inexperienced
leader, the men made bad d e c i s i o n s , s ome did not
follow orders, and they did not get a l o n g But they
were the first expedition to cross Australia, and
Burke and Wills are still known as heroes o f
sand storm (n) [ si en ds to :m] : bao cat
search party (n) [so:Lf] ; m ot d m tun h e m
aborigine (n) [,a;bo'rid3in] : tho dan
get along (v) [get e ’b r | ] : lioa licrp, do a n ket
Trang 9A V ocabu lary
In this book, difficult words are repeated several times in the exercises These words are also repeated and reviewed in other lessons It is not necessary to list ne w English words with their meanings in your own language You will learn them j ust by practicing In each lesson, when you read the text the first time, underline the words that you don't know Then you can give y o u r se l f a test when you finish the lesson, look at the words you underlined and see if you understand them If you don't know them yet, this is the t ime to memorize them
In the vocabulary exercises in this book, write the correct word in each blank.Use each word only once Use capital letters where they are necessary
exploration /I decision ^hemisphere 4 e x Pe r ' ence (j continents ^ ahead expedition Ccentury
^aborigines 5 Sets along 2-base ^Qheroes
1 Please decide what you want to do You must make a _
2 In baseball, a player hits the ball and runs to f i r s t _
3 The dark- s kinned first Australians are c a l l e d
4 Do you have a n y _ as a secretary, or is this your first j o b ?
5 Kumi ko well with everyone She is always nice andnever fights with people
6 The years 1900 - 1999 are the twentieth _
7 Tom saw s ome c h i l d r e n o f him in the street while he wasdriving home, so he slowed down
decision (n) [di'si3n] : sirq u y e t dinli
experience (n) [iks'pieriens] : kinli ngliiem
hero (n) [’hierou] : anh hung
Trang 10h tQ Q Q
C A U SE A N D EFFECT
B V o c a b u l a r y
Do this exercise like Exercise A
chosen jexpedition e xp eri ence ^exploration
^'huge 1 interior Gjourney ^ pa rt y
searching Jsupplies / js wa mp s upturned into
1 Burke and Wills led a n into the interior o f Australia
2 Christopher Columbus w a s for a ne w wa y to go to India
3 Canada is a country, one o f the biggest in the world
4 Birds like to live i n _ because there is a lot o f wa te r and food
5 We use one kind o f paint for t h e o f a house and anotherkind for the exterior
6 It is a l o n g from Melbour ne to London
7 A s e a r c h was sent to find Burke and Wills' expedition
8 Most o f the earth has been explored N o w we are in the age o f space , searching for more information about the stars, themoon, and other planets besides earth
9 The secretary ordered paper, pens, and o t h e r _ for the office
10 Carlos started to study hard a n d a good student
C T r u e / False
Write T if the sentence is true, write F if it is false If a question is false, change it to make it true, or explain why it is false
An asterisk (*) before a question means it is either an in ference or an
opinion question You cannot find a sentence in the text with the answer You have to use the information in the text and things you already know and then decide on the answer
_L The first Europeans in Australia built villages in the outback
because there were too many aborigines on the coast
_2 1 he Burke and Wills expedition crossed Australia from south to north.
_ *3 De ce mbe r is a summer month in Australia
supply (n) [so'plai] : ngtion ta i Ira, vien tro
exterior (n) [cks'tiorio] : ben ngoai
exploration (n) [ , e k s p b : ' r c i / n ] : s tf llidm liieu
p l a n e t ( n ) ['plicnit] : I,an li n ull
Trang 11_4 Much o f the interior o f Australia is swampy all year long.
5 Eleven men crossed Australia with Burke and Wills
_*6 Burke and Wills did not have enough food for their j ourne y back
to Cooper's Creek because the rain slowed them down
*7 The aborigines could help the last man alive because they
understood how to live in the desert
8 Burke was a good leader for this expedition
D C o m p r e h e n sio n Questions
A n s w e r these questions in complete sentences An asterisk (*) means it is
either an inference or an opinion question You cannot find the exact
a n s w e r in the text
1 W he re did the first Europeans live when they went to Australia?
*2 W h y wer e camels good animals for this expedition?
3 W h y did the men leave some o f their supplies behind them?
4 W h y wa s it difficult to travel in the interior o f Australia?
5 Wha t happened to some o f the camels?
6 N a m e t wo reasons why this expedition had so many problems
*7 Do you think Burke and Wills should be called heroes o f exploration? Why?
E M ain Idea
Wha t is the main idea o f paragraph 4 (lines 20-25)?
1 Robert Burke led this expedition
2 The expedition had many problems
3 Burke had no experience in the outback
s w a m p y (adj) ['swompi] : lay loi
l eader (n) ['li:do] : ngifcri dan dan
Trang 12turn into - changc into, become
get along (with) - not fight, be friendly
break down - s t o p goi ng or w or ki ng (often about a car)
call on - when s omeone, usually a teacher, asks s ome one to speakput away - put s omet hing in the place it belongs
1 Ou r washing machi ne _ t yesterday and I c o ul dn ’t finishwashing my clothes
2 To mmy and his little brother d on ' t very well The y fightabout something almost every day
3 Ali knew the a ns we r wh en the t e a c h e r him
4 It was rainy this morning, but now' it h a s a beautiful day
5 Mary doesn’t u s u a l l y her clothes She j u st leaves them on
a chair or the bed
B Articles (a, an, the)
There are so many rules about articles that it is easier j u s t to get used to them
by practicing than to learn all the rules However, you will learn a few of the rules later in this book Here are some sentences or parts o f sentences from the text Put an article in the blank if it is necessary
1 Other years rainstorms t u rn desert into sandy swamps
Trang 133 Iii I860, _ Robert O'Hara Burke, policeofficer from Ireland was chosen to lead _ expeditionacross continent from south to north.
4 He took with him William John Wills, eleven other men, _ c a m e l s horses, and enough supplies for
y ea r and _half
5 expedition h a d _problems from beginning
6 men fought and would not follow _ orders
C C o n te x t C lu e s
It is not n ec es sa ry to look up every new word in the dictionary You can often tell wh at the word means from the sentence it is in, or from the
s entence a ft er it For example, the word aborigines in line 6 is explained in
the next sentence What are aborigines?
A lw ay s look for this kind o f sentence when you are reading Don't look
up the wo r d in y o u r dictionary
Her e are s o me sentences from the other four lessons in this unit Tell what ea ch word in bold print means
1 She started wor ki ng as a journalist, writing articles about Asia and
B ud dh i sm for English and French magazines and newspapers
2 Scott t ook ponies (small horses) and a few dogs.
3 She he lpe d to start anthropology, the study o f people's customs and
lives, in Africa
4 Eu r op e an s bought ivory, which c omes from elephants, and other things
from Africans
5 She met t r a d e r s there, European men who bought ivory and other things
from Af ric ans and sold them things from Europe
6 M is s io n a r ie s went to Africa to t each Christianity.
Trang 14C A U S E A N D EFFECT
ALEXANDRA DAVID - NEEL - A FRENCH
WOMAN IN TIBET
Tibet has been a secret and myst eri ous countr y to
the rest o f the world for several centuries, it is on a
high p l a t e a u in Asia, surr ounded by even higher
mountains, and only a few foreigners were able to
cross its b o r d e r s until recently
O ne o f these foreigners wa s a French wo ma n
na me d Alexandra David-Neel ( 1868-1969) She
t raveled by herself in India, Chi na, and Tibet She
studied the Buddhist religion, wr ot e articles and books
about it, and collected a n c i e n t Buddhist books She
also be came a Buddhist herself
Al exandra always said she had an unhappy
childhood She e s c ap e d her u nha ppi ne ss by r eading
books on adventure and travel She ran a way from
school several times and even ran a wa y to England
wh e n she was only sixteen
She was a singer for several years, but in 1903 she
started working as a journalist, writing articles about
Asia and Buddhism for English and French magazines
and newspapers The next year, when she was thirty-
seven she married Philippe-Fran^ois Neel It was a
strange marriage After five days together, they
moved to different cities and never lived together again
Trang 15ga'.t her money to live on
Vet lie supported her all his life, and she wrote him Yet but/supported
hu nd r ed s o f letters full o f details about her travels
She traveled all over Europe and North Africa, but
she went to India in 1911 to study Buddhism, and then
her real travels began She traveled in India and in Nepal
and Sikkim, the small countries north o f India in the
Hi mal ay a Mountains, but her goal was Tibet She
c on ti n ue d to study Buddhism and learned to speak
Tibetan She traveled to villages and religious centers,
with onl y an interpreter and a few men to carry her
c a m p i n g equipment For several months she lived in a
c a v e in Sikkim and studied Buddhism and the Tibetan
l anguage The n she adopted a fifteen-year-old Sikkimese
boy to travel with her He remained with her until his
death at the age o f fifty-five
For the next 7 years she traveled in remote areas o f
Chi na Th e se were years o f civil war in China, and she
was often in danger She traveled for thousands o f
ki lomet ers on horseback with a few men to help her,
t hrough desert heat, sandstorms, and the rain, snow, and
fre e z in g temperatures o f the colder areas.
In 1924, David - N e e l was fifty-six years old She
da rk e ne d her skin and dressed as an old beggar She
carried only a beggar's bowl and a backpack and traveled
t hrough hot lowlands and snowy mountain passes until
she reached the border o f Tibet Because she spoke
Ti be ta n so well, she was able to cross the border and
reach the famous city o f Lhasa without anyone knowing
that she was European and forbidden to be there It
wa s often freezing cold, and somet imes there wasn't
e n o u gh food Sometimes she was sick, and once she nearly
0° C or colder
f'bceol
c u n g c a p lo t n o
n in e d ic l i lia n g d o n g ngitt'ti a n .xin
Trang 16C A U S E A N D EFFECT
search for nc« information
died This was the most dangerous o f all her j ourne ys , but she
reached her goal and collected more information about
Tibetan Buddhism
She returned to France in 1925 She spent several years
writing about her r e s e a r c h and adventures and translating
ancient Tibetan religious b o o k s When she was sixty-six, she
returned to Chi na and the Tibetan border area for 10 years
In 1944, the Second Worl d war reached even that remote
area, and at the age o f seventy-six she walked for days,
sometimes without food, until she wa s able to reach a place
where she could fly to India and then home to France She
continued writing and translating until she died, j u st 7 weeks
before her 101st birthday
Most explorers traveled to discover and map new places
David-Neel went to do research on Buddhism She said that
freedom was the most important thing in life for her, and like
many other explorers, she lived a dangerous, exciting, free life
A V o ca bu la ry
Write the correct wor d in each blank Use each word only once and use capital letters if they are necessary
civil war t emperat ure freezes border
myst eri ous article ancient discoveredcaves j our na li st remot e forbidden
adventur e beggars plateau
to travel in Ti bet on horseback
_ in the n e ws p ap e r t oday about Tibet
e qui pme nt
1 It would be a g r e a t _
2 Ther e is an interesting
3 You can f i n d asking for money in most countries
4 Wh en Ali got to his car, h e that he had a parking ticket
5 Some ancient North American Indians lived in _ Others built houses
6 Smoki ng i s in the front rows in airplanes.
Trang 177 Wh e n w a t e r _
8 Did you bring all the sports
9 T h e Himalayas are on the _
10 A
it turns into ice
for our picnic?
between China and India.collects information and then writes articles about itfor magazines and newspaper
1 1 T h e language o f
Egyptian language
12 T h e united States had a
southern states from 1861 to
B V ocabu lary
Egypt was different from the modern
between the northern and865
R e m e m b e r to underline the words you don't know as you read the text and then test yoursel f when you finish the lesson
plateau escaped area
details surrounded support
yet - research border
adopted - temperature remote frozen
mysteriousjournalistreligion
from Russian cities
1 It's hot today What is t h e
2 Nort hern Siberia i s
3 A noise woke me up in the middle o f the night
4 Mr and Mrs Thompson a baby because they couldn’thave any children o f their own
5 Wha t is y o u r ? Are you a Christian?
6 Mos t English paragraphs have a main idea and s u ppor ti ng _
7 Parents u s u a l l y their children until the children finishschool The parents pay for everything the children need
8 Dr Garcia is d o i n g for space exploration
9 Tibet is a remote c o u n t r y , tourists go there now
10 A m a n from prison last night He is dangerous
1 1 O u r house i s by big trees
12 Tibet is on a north o f the Himalayas
13 There are a lot o f apartment buildings in t h e _around the university
s urround (v) [se'raund] : bi bao boc
frozen (pp) ( of past participle) [fri:z] : b i dong bang
mysterious (adj) [mis'tieries] : liuyen bi
religion (n) [ri'l id3 on] : ton giao
Trang 18C A U SE A N D EFFECT
C M ultiple C h o ic e
Circle the letter o f the best answer An asterisk (*) means it is an inference
or opinion question, and you cannot find the answer in a sentence in the text
1 Alexandra David-Nee! went to Asia t o _
b escape her u nha ppi ne ss
c learn about Eur ope
3 After she got m a r r i e d ,
a she lived in Eu r op e with her husband for several years
b her h us ba nd s u ppor te d her
c her h us band t raveled in Europe with her
*4 It is possible that s h e
a took p h o t og ra p hs d ur in g her travels
b had a car w h e n s he lived in a cave
c spoke T ibe ta n to he r Indian friends
5 The c ountry she w an t e d most to visit w a s
adopt sb (v) [o'd.Tpt] : chain, m id i ai
dangerous (adj) ['dcind^ros] : ngny hiein
Trang 197 David-Neel said t h a t .
a she wasn't afraid o f danger
b freedom was very important to her
c she wanted her husband to travel with her
D C o m p r e h e n sio n Questions
Al wa ys a ns we r the comprehension questions with complete sentences
1 Why is Tibet a mysterious country?
*2 Why did Alexandra run away from school?
3 What is a journalist?
4 Why was her marriage strange?
5 What did she do when she was living in a cave?
6 What does rem ote ureas mean?
7 Why didn't the Tibetans know she was a foreigner?
8 What kind o f work did she do after her last trip0
*9 Do you think she lived a free life? Why?
E M ain idea
Wha t is the main idea o f paragraph 3 (lines 14-18)?
1 Alexandra read books on travel and adventure
2 Alexandra ran a way from school several times
3 Al exandra had an unhappy childhood
Trang 201 I saw an exciting television program last night It was a _
2 Dan drove so fast on his vacation trip that he hardly saw h i s
3 Small children often _ to go with their parents when theparents go out at night
4 Al ex an dra David-Neel was a very
5 David-Neel was also v e r y
6 Th e c omp a ny was unable t o _
7 T h e Br owns are going t o
8 It is very difficult t o children in the United States today
9 Capt ain Ja me s Cook is famous for t h e _ o f many Pacific islands10a.Somet imes it is difficult to make a g o o d on a difficult problem
1 Ob.David-Neel was a adventurous woman There is no question about it
most o f the things we ordered.their truck with a t elephone
Trang 21B A rticles
\ and an are used to show that the noun after it is one o f a group.
J ohn Burke was an explorer (He was one o f all the explorers in history.)
Mari a is a student (She is one o f all the students in the world.)
There is an apple in the refrigerator (Tliis is one o f all the apples in the world.)
The is used to show the noun is one special, particular, specific noun or nouns
J ohn Burke and William John Wills were the first explorers to cross
Australia
Mari a is the best student in the class.
Th e re is an apple in the refrigerator ( We know that we are talking about
t he refrigerator in our kitchen.)
Put the right article in the blanks
1 Australia i s _ huge country
2 T h e US SR i s _ largest country in the world in area
3 journalist who wrote this article is a friend o f mine
4 David-Neel w a s _ journalist
5 Woul d you please c l o s e _ door?
6 Her office i s _ first one on the left
7 professor called you today, but 1 d on’t know who it was
8 W h o w a s _ worst teacher you ever had?
C C o m p o u n d W ords
C ompound words are common in English They are two words put together, and the meaning o f the compound word is related to the meaning o f the two words
T h e y are not like two-word verbs where the meani ng is different from the
m e an i n g o f each word by itself
Put these c omp ou nd words in the right blanks
Trang 22Barbara couldn't drive to her parents’ last week becaus e there was a _ and it was very cold
Abdullah looks in h i s every day and he usually finds a Icttcrl
A _ is a place for people to walk at the side o f the street.When you unlock a door, you put your key in the _
T h e _ rang, and Susan went to a n s we r the door
Did you ever g o _ riding?
D C on text Clues
You can often guess the meani ng o f a word from the s entence even if thf sentence doesn't explain the word exactly For e xa mpl e, in the next lesson J
sentence says *They lost a lot o f their food when one o f the ships sank ini
storm "What could a storm do to a ship so that the food was lost? The shij probably went down into the water to the bottom o f the ocean When yo<
can guess easily what the word means from the sentence, don't look up th|
word in y our dictionary
Now practice w ith these new words from the next lessons Circle the letter01
the best mea ni ng o f the bold word
I Please w rite your c o m p l e t e name, not just your f a m i k name
a first b whole c first and last
2 David-Neel had to go to Chi na first in o r d e r to go to Tibet
4 On my last flight to London, there was a delay o f three hours because ofl
bad weather 1 waited in an airport restaurant
a danger b line c wait
5 After three weeks at sea, the sailors were happy to go ashore in Singapore
a for the weekend b to the land c s wi mmi ngCr
6 After the d ecade o f 1990-1999 it will be t he t wenty-first century ,
a 100 years b 10 years c 50 years
Trang 23SIBERIA TO NORTH AMERICA
In 1733, the most compl ete scientific
e xpedit ion in history up to that time left St
Pet ersburg (now called Leningrad), Russia, to
e xpl or e the east coast o f Siberia and discover if Asia
and North America were j oined The scientists
p lanned to report on everything: the geography,
cli mat e, plants, and animals, and the customs and
l anguages o f the Siberian people
T h e expedition had to c ross Siberia in o rd er to
r each the Pacific Ocean Vitus Bering, the leader o f
the whol e expedition, left St Petersburg with almost
600 people The group included a few scientists, to
skilled workers o f all kinds, soldiers, and sailors
Alexei Chirikov left later with most o f the scientists
and tons o f supplies
It took 7 years for Bering’s and Chirikov's
g roups to cross Siberia T he y traveled mostly in flat- *iac* ‘n
bot tomed boats on the rivers Bering's group spent a
y ea r in Tobolsk where they built a ship and explored
the O b River They continued to Yakutsk where
t hey spent 4 years Yakutsk was only a small
village, so they had to build their own buildings
b ec aus e there were so m an y people in the
expedition They also built boats and explored the
Lena River Then they moved o?Tto Okhotsk on the
eastern coast It took t wo more years to build ships
so they could explore and m ap the east coast
Bering made careful plans, but there were always
problems For example, they lost a lot o f their food
w he n one o f the ships s a n k in a storm But finally
Trang 24Q Q
C AUSE A N D EFFECT
their two ships started for North America They had
only one s u mme r instead o f two years for their
explorations because o f the many problems and delays
And summers are short in the north
There was more bad luck There wer e storms, and
the two ships we re s e p a r a t e d , but at last the sailors on
Bering’s ship s aw mountains a short distance across
the sea This pr oved that North Ameri ca and Asia
were two separate continents
Their pr oblems continued Thei r wat er supply was
low, but when the men went ashore in Alaska, t hey got
water that was a little salty Ma ny o f the men were
sick from scurvy, a disease caused by the l a c k o f
vitamin C Wh e n they drank the salty water, they
became even sicker The n they started dying, one after
another
As the ship sailed south, back toward Okhot sk, it
became lost in storms Finally, a storm drove it onto a
small island, and the men knew their ship could not
sail again T h e y wer e in a place with no trees, but
there were birds and animals for food, and fresh water
to drink However , it was too late for many o f them
Men continued to die from scurvy, and on De ce mbe r
8, 1741, Bering died and was buried on the island
which is no w n ame d for him When spring came, the
few remaining me n wer e able to build a small ship
from the wood in the old one and leave the island
By this time, the Russian g overnment had lost
interest in the Nor th Pacific Bering's r eports were sent
back to St Pet er sburg and forgotten D ec a d e s
later, people realized that Bering was a great explorer
went to the bottom of the ocean
moved apart
not enough of or none
one decade = ten vears
sink (v) [sir|k] : dam , chi in
instead of (adv) [in’stcd] : thay the
separate (v) ['scpret] : tacli bier, rieng le
lack o f s t ( v ) [lack] : thieu cat gi
d e c a d e ( n ) ['dekeid] : th q p m e n , thap ky
Trang 25His expedition gathered important scientific
information about the interior o f Siberia, made maps
o f the eastern coast, and discovered a new part o f
North America Today we have the Bering Sea
between Siberia and Alaska to r e m i n d us o f the make us remember leader o f this great scientific expedition
1 They could see something in the
w hat it was
2 Did you study t h e
3 Mr and Mrs Baker drive to work in
included delaygather historyseparate lack _ , but they couldn't tell
o f your country in school?
cars because they
work in different places
P l e a s e _me to buy some bread, or I might forget
In some restaurants, the waiter's tip i s in the bill In othersyou leave it separately
You should do t h e _
all the exercises
lesson foi tomorrow's homework Do
Ther e will be a short
the e q ui pme nt ready
He didn't
while the chemistry professor gets
Wood doesn't
what time it was, and he got to class late,
in water Rocks do
10 Burke's expedition failed partly because o f his
experi ence in the Australian outback
o f
great (adj) [grcit] i f dai
remind (v) [ri'maind] iihdc nliri
bury (v) ['bcri] chon car
realize (v) [’riolaiz] nhdn ra
distance (n) ['distpns] khodng cdcli
Trang 26gatheredskilledscurv\
1 Ali is studyi ng English
2 In many c ountri es it is t he to
3 A n n _ up her books and papers and left the library
4
go to an Ameri can university _people whe n they die.caused by the lack o f vitamin C, was a problem on ships
on long trips
5 North Africa has a desert
6 A century is 100 years A is 10
7 Electricians and mechanics are _ workers
8 After a ha lf hour in the water, the children s w a m _
9 People c a nnot drink sea water They n e e d
10 C is found in oranges
C V ocabu lary Review: Definitions
and dried off water
Match the words with their meaning
h writer for magazines
i search for new information
Trang 27D T r u e /F a ls e
Write T i f the sentence is true, F i f it is false, and NI if there is no
i nformat ion in the text Change the false sentences to make them true, or
e xplain w h y they are false
_ I Bering left St Petersburg ahead o f chirikov
_ 2 It took them 7 years to cross Siberia because they were traveling
on horseback
_ 3 Vitus Bering was from St Petersburg
_ 4 Bering spent 2 years exploring the east coast o f Siberia
_ 5 Bering's and Burke’s expeditions were similar
_ 6 Bering's men found Eskimos in Alaska
7 Scurvy is caused by a lack o f vitamin C
_ 8 Alaska belonged to the United States at the time o f Bering's expedition.
E C o m p r e h e n s io n questions
Tr y to a n s w e r the comprehension questions in your own words instead o f using the exact words from the text
I w h y wa s this called a scientific expedition?
2 What did the men on the expedition do in Tobolsk?
3 W h e r e did they stay longer, in Tobolsk or Yakutsk?
4 W h y did t he expedition have to build boats?
5 H o w did t he two ships get separated in the Pacific Ocean?
6 W h y did the men on the island continue to die even when they had food
a nd w at er ?
*7 Is s c ur vy a problem on ships today? Why or why not?
*8 W h e n Bering's expedition returned to St Petersburg, were they
w e l c o m e d as national heroes? Why or why not?
F M a in Idea
What is t he main idea o f paragraph 3 (lines 17-29)?
1 It t ook 7 years to cross Siberia
2 T h e expedition explored two rivers
3 T h e expedition built their own village in Yakutsk
s imilar (adj) ['similo] : tuang t i f , giong iilicui
belong to (v) [ b i ' b r | ] : thuoc ve
even (adv) ['i:vt>n] : lluhn chi
Trang 28WORD STUDY
A Reading
How carefully should you read? How fast should you read? These questions
have different answers Someti mes you have to read slowly and carefully Other times you read fast, and other times you read at a regular speed
How would you read these t hings? Use these answers:
а slowly and carefully b at a regular speed c fast (Students may have different answers.)
1 a letter from your parents
2 the text o f these lessons
3 the h omework for a difficult science class
4 the newspaper
5 a magazine article on an interesting person
б an exciting mystery story
Some students like to read a whole text quickly for the general idea Others like to start at the beginning and read each sentence carefully You can choose the best wa y for you to start reading a lesson After that, probably you need to read the lesson t wo or three times When you come to
a word you do n’t know, read the sentence again, or even three times, to help you remember the word It is never necessary to memor ize sentences or paragraphs This is not the wa y to study reading
If the text is very difficult for you read the first paragraph t wo or three times, then the second, and so on Then read the whol e text from beginning
to end Then \ o u might want to read it all again
You will probably want to read the complete text again after you ha\e finished the whole lesson Then test yourself on the vocabulary words that sou underlined when you first read the text and learn the words you don't know
B W ord Forms: V erbs
How do vou know which form o f a u o r d to use? This information will help \ou Eveiy sentence must have a verb There are often clues that tell \ou what form o f the \ e r b to use
C A U S E A N D EFFECT
Trang 29Put the right verb form in these blanks Explain why you chose each form.(lead)
Nadia has
Can y o u
The teacher
Mr Gorder wasThey are going to
an expedition across Siberia?
St Petersburg in 1973 about explorers,
a lot o f words this week
me with this exercise?
a lot o f homework every day
at midnight last night,
in Europe next summer
C P repo sitio ns
Prepositions are difficult The best way to learn how to use the right preposition is by practicing Write the prepositions in these sentences from the text
I 'i1' _1733, the most complete scientific expedition in history
<7.s that time left St Petersburg.
T h e scientists planned to report _ everything
The expedition had to ciObS Siberia order to reach thePacific Ocean
Vitus Bering, the leader _
8 Th e y were a place no trees, but there werebirds and animals food
9 this time, the Russian government had lost interest _the North Pacific
10 It discovered a new p a r t _North America
Trang 301 Isamu's English is not very good He frequ en tly makes mistakes,
a quickly b often c never
2 Oil, gas, and wood are all kinds o f fuel,
a something to burn for heat
b something to make cars go
c something to build ships from
3 David - Neel walked for days w he n she wa s seventy-six years old She
was often exhausted.
a very hungry b very tired c very old
4 Jean was in an automobile a ccident and injured her leg.
a Hurt b stepped on c stood on
5 At t imes Neel became sick from the food she ate
a Usually b s ome time s c at different hours
6 Burke's expedition had terrible p r obl em s a nd several men died,
a large b Interesting c very bad
7 We know about Burke's expedition because he wrote in a diary every day
The search party found it
a a notebook about what happened e very day
b a cassette recording a bout w ha t h a ppe ned every day
c a book about a person's life
k ie t si(c
bi thifcrng
Trang 31TO THE SOUTH POLE 4
Roald Amundsen, a Norwegian, was the first person
to reach the South Pole Robert Scott, and Englishman,
arrived at the South Pole a month after Amundsen and
died on the return j o u r n e y to his ship Yet, strangely
enough, Scott became a hero and Amundsen did not
Captain Robert Scott (1868-1912) was an English
N a v y officer He led an expedition to Antarctica in 1901-
1904 for a British scientific organization called the Royal
Ge ogr aphical Society His group traveled farther south
t han a nyone else had ever done, and he gathered
information on rocks, the weather, and climate, and made
maps Whe n he returned to England, he was a national
hero
A few years later he decided to organize another
e xpedition He said he wanted to make a complete
scientific study o f Antarctica, but he really wanted to be
the first person at the South Pole He took three doctors,
several scientists, and o t her men with him
Th e y sailed on a ship named the Terra N ova in June
1910, but whe n they reached Australia, they learned that
A m u n d s e n was also on his way to the Pole
A mu nd s en and Scott wer e very different from each
ot her and made very different plans Amundsen planned
everyt hing very carefully
da tang
Trang 32C A U S E A N D EFFECT
He took sleds and dog teams as the great Arctic
explorers did Scott took ponies (small horses), and a
few dogs, but he planned to have his men pull the
sleds themselves for most o f the trip On other
expeditions, as some dogs became weak, the men
killed them for food for themselves and the other dogs
Amu nds en did this too, and it helped him reach the
Pole, but later people callcd him "dog eater" Scott
would not eat dogs, and this was one reason he died on
this expedition
There were other differences between the two
expeditions Amundsen sailed 100 kilometers closer to
the Pole than Scott did Scott also had the bad luck o f
having very bad weather - days o f blizzards and strong
winds, it was often - 4 0 nC (minus 40 degrees Celsius)
Scott and his men built a building as their base
camp near the ocean's edge and spent the winter there
They used sleds and ponies to carry a ton o f supplies
farther inland to a place that they named the ( )ne I on
Depot When spring came, a few o f the men started
ahead o f the others with motorized sleds to leave
supplies along the way However, after only a few days
the sleds broke down and the men had to pull them
A few- days later Scott started for the South Pole
with a few men The whole j o u r n e y was very difficult
Scott and his men either walked and skied through
deep snow or over ice and uneven ground, the climate
was too difficult for the ponies and they all died
There were frequent snowstorms Someti mes the men
couldn t leave their tents for several days because o f
storm with wind and sncw
toward the interior
often
Trang 33When Scott was 260 kilometers from the Pole, he
sent all but four men back to the base camp This was
probably his most serious mistake He had a tent big
enough for four people and only enough food and fuel
for four, but now there were five Also, one men had left
his skis behind with some o f the supplies He had to walk
in the snow, and this slowed down the whole group
On January 17, 1912, Scott and his men reached
the Pole, only to find a tent and the Norwegian flag
T h e y were not the first people to reach the South Pole
T h e y had lost the race
Th e next day they started the 1300-kilometer
j o u r n e y back to their base camp, pulling their heavy
sleds full o f supplies The trip back was worse than on
their way to the Pole They became weak from hunger
At tim es the whiteness everywhere made them blind, sometimes
Th ei r fingers and toes began to freeze and two o f the
men fell and injured themselves They never had ^
e nough fuel to keep warm in their tent They became
e x h a u s t e d , and it was more and more difficult to pull very tired
the sleds
Finally, one men died Then another became so
weak that he knew he was e ndangering the lives o f the
others One night he left the tent and never returned
He walked out into the blizzard and died instead o f
h ol ding back the other three
Every day Scott described the terrible j our ne y in
his diary On March 21 the three remaining men were
onl y 20 kilometers from the On? Ton Depot, but
a nothe r (jlizzard kept them in their tent On March 29
t hey were still unable to leave their tent On that day,
Scott wrote his last words in his diary
s low down (v) [e'lou daun] : lam chain lai
unable to do st [An'eibl] : khong the lam gi
serious (adj) [’sierios] : ngliiein trong
Trang 34CAUSE A N D EFFEC
A search party found the three bodies 8 months later
They also found Scott’s diary, excellent photographs o f the
expedition and letters to take back to England The search
party left the frozen bodies whe r e they found them
Today the building at the base c amp is still there Inside
there are supplies, furniture, and t hings that belonged to the
men They are left j ust the wa y they were when Scott's
expedition was there Ne w Z ea la nd takes care o f the building
and its contents
Robert Scott's n ame lives on as a great explorer o f
Antarctica, the last part o f the earth that people explored He
was not the first to reach the South Pole, and he and his men
died because o f his bad planning, but he is remembered as
one o f the great heroes o f exploration
A Y' ocabulary
organization each ot he r sleds inlandpony blizzard b r e a k d o w n exhaustedblind frequent fuel at times
1 A is a storm with wind and snow
2 Scott and his men slept c lose t o _in a small tent
3 A is a small horse, not a young horse
4 People who grow up near the sea are often unhappy if they have to mo\1
8 Burke rode hor se ba ck At other times he walked
9 People n e e d _ _ to c ook and to heat their homes
10 Children in Canada like to ride downhill on their
take care of st (v) : q u a n tu m
live on (v) : so n g dtfu vao
at time (adv) : thinli tliodug
Trang 35B Vocabulary
tent
broke down
terriblefuel
seriousinjured
exhausteddiary
1 We got home very late because our c a r
2 T o m _hi mself at work and had to go to the hospital
about learning English
every day about the things'
3 Some students are v e r y
4 Some people like to write in a _
they do and think
5 Last summer our family went camping in the mountains We slept ina _
6 Ali stayed up all night to study for a test He w a s _ in the morning
7 There was a _fire in an old apartment building, and 10 people died
C V ocabulary Review: A n tonym s
Match the words with their opposites
i escape
j allow
k small Lexterior
Trang 36CAUSE A ND EFFEC
D M ultiple Choicc
1 The first person to reach the South Pole w a s
a English b French c Nor wegi an
2 Scott was mainly interested i n _
a being the first person at the South Pole
b collecting information about the rocks in Antarctica
c learning about the weat her and climate in Antarctica
*3 Amundsen' s expedition ate d ogs because _
a this is a custom in Nor way
b it was a way for the men to have fresh meat
c there was no other food
*4 Scott's expedition had to t r a v e l _
a a shorter distance than Amundsen's
b the same distance as Amundsen's
c farther than A m u n d s e n ’s
*5 January is a _ month in Antarctica
a summer b fall c winter
6 Scott's trip to the Pole was difficult The trip back w a s
a more difficult
b about the same
c much easier
*7 Scott and his men be came e xhaust ed because _
a they didn't have enough fuel, and they c ould never get warm
b the sun on the snow blinded them
c they didn't have enough food and had to pull the heavy sleds
8 We know the details about Scott's e xpedition because _
a he sent reports back to the English government
b he kept a diary, and the search party found it
c he wrote detailed letters back to England
b o o c a n
Trang 37E C o m p r e h e n s io n Questions
* I Scott and Burke led expeditions in very different climates What was similar about their expeditions?
2 Explain one serious mistake that Scott made
*3 Wh y did Scott travel from his base c amp to the Pole in January?
4 Why did one man walk out o f the tent into the blizzard and not return?
5 Why was it difficult for the men to pull the sleds on the trip back from the Pole?
6 W h y couldn't the three men travel the last 20 kilometers to One Ton Depot ?
*7 W as Scott a hero o f exploration? Give a reason for your answer
F M ain Idea
Wha t is t he main idea o f paragraph 7 (lines 46-55)?
1 m ovi ng s upplies inland
2 getting ready to ski to the South Pole
3 bad luck with motorized sleds
Trang 38drove the ship
The subject is usually at the beginning o f a sentence The object o f the verb
is usually right after the verb It a nswers the question, " What ?" The object of
a preposition conies after the preposition
Ther e might be adjectives and other words to describe these nouns
Neel rode a large black horse to Tibet.
Th e large scientific expedition took a lot o f food for their animals.
A bad storm drove the large sailing ship onto a small island.
Write the correct word form in the blanks Use a word from line one in sentence one, and so 0 11 Use the right verb forms and singular or plural nouns
r emi nderinformationorganizationinjury
A djective
inclusiveseparateburial
(un) informativeorganizationalinjurious
inclusivelyseparately
(un) informativelyorganizationallyinjurious!}
a description o f your dormitory when vou wrote to
y ou r family?
2a A m a d o u ' s _ from his family is difficult for him but he wants
to study at a foreign university
2b Write your two compositions 011 _ pieces o f paper Do them
Trang 393 Mr Byrd died yesterday and they are going to him
t omorrow His is tomorrow
4 After Ms Cook got home, she she had forgotten to mail herletters
5 Ms Barber put a on the refrigerator for her children to dotheir homework
6 Ku mi k o asked the teacher for about the city buses Theteacher gave her a schedule that was very
7a An in Melbourne chose Burke to lead an expedition acrossAustralia
7b T h e first meeting o f the new club will be an meeting
8 Chri s was in an accident, but luckily he didn't receive a n y
B T w o - W o r d Verbs
run out o f - use up, not have any more
work out - exercise
slow d own - go more slowly
speed up - go faster
live on - have enough money for necessities
1 Cars have to _ when they enter a city When they leave thecity, t hey can _ again
2 A lot o f people like to go to a gymnasium and _ Thisexercise is good for them
3 The Lopez family adopted t wo children Now they can't _ the
m o n ey Mr Lopez earns
4 Scott's men were hungry because they had almost _food
run out o f st ( v ) [rAn aut d v ] : can kiet, liet sgcli cdi gi
work out (v) [wo:k, aut] : tieii lianlt, lam
speed up (v) [’spiid'Ap] : tang toe do
Trang 40C A U S E A N D EFFECT
C Finding the R ea so n
Here are some se nte nc es about the explorers you have read about Give a
reason for each statement The first one is done for you
Statem ent Reason
1 Scott and his men we re cold all the time The y didn't have e n ou gh fuel
2 Scott went to the South Pole
3 Neel studied Ti be ta n in India
4 Bering's e xpedit ion lost a lot o f their food
5 Bering took scientists with him
6 Burke died on his expedition
7 Burke took c a me ls on his expedition
8 The world k n ow s a bout Burke's and
Scott's expeditions
D Context C lues
1 When Scott returned from his first expedition to Antarctica, he gave
l ec ture s to organizations People wanted to hear about his j ourney
a movies that he t ook in Antarctica
b speeches t hat give information
c long articles full o f information from his diaries
2 Mr Mora told his son, "Stop fighting with your sister If you don't
be ha ve, you'll have to go to bed right now
a stay a wa ke b act correctly c slow d o wn
3 A wool sweater is much w ar me r than a cotton or polyester one
a cloth made from animal skin
b cloth from a plant
c cloth from sheep's hair
lecture (n) [’lekt/o] : bai dien tliuyei
behavior (n) [bi'heivjo] : c u x i'r le p lie p
wool (n) [wul] : long