CHÍNH SÁCH THUỘC ĐỊA Ở VIỆT NAM ĐẦU NHỮNG NĂM 30

< SACH THUOC D I A CUA P I E R R E d V I E T PASOJTD3R I K A M D A U I K H U j ^ G H?AM , T H E K Y X X TA THI THUY* K h i cuoc tdng khung hoang kinh te the gidi d i l n ra, de viia giai quye't tinh trang suy thoai nang ne d chinh quo'c, vita dd'i phd vdi mot cudc khung hoang kep khung hoang kinh te' chdng len khung hoang gay gat ve chinh tri d thudc dia, thiic dan Phap da thay ddi chien liidc thudc dja hay cdn goi la chinh sach thudc dia (politique coloniale) d Viet Nam ndi rieng, d Ddng Diidng ndi chung Vay ly cua sii thay ddi chinh sach thudc dia va ndi dung cd ban cua chinh sach thudc dja "mdi" ma Phap trien khai d Viet Nam thdi ky khung hoang la gi? Dd se la nhiing dieu diidc trinh bay mdt each tdm liidc trdng bai viet cua chiing tdi Khung hoang d Phap va chu triidng diia vao thuoc dia de giai quye't khung hoang cua thiic dan Phap So vdi cac niidc chau Au khac, khiing hoang dien d Phap mudn hdn nhiing cung khdng kem phan dii ddi va dai dang Nam 1929, khung hoang da hoanh hanh d phan ldn cac midc tu" ban thi Phap van cdn diidc coi la "hdn ddo may man" Ddng tien Phap, diidc cung cd' tii 1926, van "dn dinh" San xua't cdng nghiep diidc * PGS.TS Vien Sii hoc tri ve hinh thiic cho den nam 1930 Sii giam siit dot ngdt cua nen kinh te' Phap chi bat dau t i i thang nam 1931, ddng bang Anh pha gia anh hiidng tdi nhiing midc v i n giu ban vi vang va chiia kip pha gia ddng tien nhu" Phap Ngoai thiidng Phap suy sup, can can toan tham hut San xua't cdng nghiep va nha't la ndng nghiep suy giam Nhieu cd sd san xua't thua Id Nam 1932, trung binh mdi thang d Phap cd tdi 1.470 vu pha san (diing sau My va Y) (1) Trong thdi gian t i i 1929 den 1934, trung binh hang thang, ty le doanh nghiep bi pha san d midc la 77% (2) Nen kinh te' Phap cdn bi be gay them mdt lan mia viec ddng Dd la pha gia vao thang 4-1933 Gia ca cua Phap cao hdn gia the' gidi, ngoai thiidng Phap bi anh hiidng Do vay, chi cd rat it nganh kinh te' "drfdc che chan" (abrites) cdn tri diidc hoat ddng nhu" biiu dien, diidng sat, dien liic cdn lai thi hau het cac nganh kinh te khac deu giam san xua't: san liidng cdng nghiep giam 1/3; ndng nghiep giam 2/5; ngoai thiidng giam 3/5; thu nhap qudc dan giam 1/3 (3) Cd phieu tren thi triidng chiing khoan giam deh 60% thdi gian th 1929 den 1935 (4) Ngan sach Phap tham hut nang ne va Phap la niidc - Rghien cuu Lich sit, so 3.2011 nhat khong phuc hoi diidc chi so' san xua't so voi mQc toi thieu cua nam 1932 (5) Mai tdi nam 1936, nen kinh te Phap mdi co da'u hieu phuc hdi cue bo Tinh trang khung hoang dai ding d Phap diidc giai thich bing su bat liic cua cac chinh phu Phap viec phat hien va giai quye't khung hoang Tren thiic te, cac chinh phu da thiic thi cai goi la "chinh sdeh dd dieu" (khong dam nhin thing vao sii that), khong diia mot ke hoach chd'ng khiing hoang tdng the, co' ket, trai lai da thiic hien nhiing bien phap manh miin, vun vat, bao thii, lac hau Khi mot s6' midc tu ban khac chdng khiing hoang theo goi y cua hoc thuyet kinh te tan cd dien (6), chii y tang tong c i u cua xa hoi nen da nhanh chong diia nen kinh te khdi khung hoang thi cac chinh phu Phap, chiu anh hiidng cua hoc thuyet gia t r i cua Malthus, quan niem "lam sach nen kinh te" ddng nghia vdi can bing can can ngan sach nen chi chii binh on thu - chi (7), han che mot each ciic doan nen san xuat de giam tong cung ciia xa hoi ma khong chii y den cac bien phap kich ciu Hoc thuyet Malthus ciing diidc ap dung de lam mat chat bdt mi, giam dien tich trdng nho va cam lap cac nha may dong giay mdi The' nhiing gia cac san pham van khdng tang va san xua't van khdng giam di Ben canh dd, viec cd' tinh t r i che ngang gia - vang (parite - d'or) ciia ddng franc d mile cao va tu chd'i pha gia ddng tien la mdt sai lam mia ciia chinh phu Sac lenh thang 11 1931 lap khoan "tren ty gid trao ddi 15% cho dong francs" (8), ngiidc lai vdi chinh sach pha gia cua My, Anh, DQc gay thiet hai cho viec xua't khau cua Phap Nam 1932, ngan sach Phap b i t dau tham hut Cac chinh phii phai tang thue' nhiing phai ta phan dd'i tang thue gian thu, phai hQu phan dd'i tang thue triic thu SQc nang de 1 len nghi vien va chinh phu, dd ca hai deu dUdng nhii da te het, khdng the diia cac giai phap de can bing can can ngan sach va giai quyet tinh trang bat dn hen mi'Sn ve the che Khung hoang kinh te d i n den khung hoang chinh t r i xa hdi Tinh trang that nghiep d Phap gia tang, nam 1932 la 273 nghin ngiidi, nam 1933 tang len den 340 nghin (9) Thu nhap ve cdng nghiep, thiidng nghiep suy giam anh hiidng den tieu thiidng, tieu chu, thd thu cdng Ndng dan khdng ban dtfdc ndng san bi ngan hang tich thu ruong da't de trQ nd Liidng cdng nhan, vien chQc giam di Liidng thQc te' cang giam gia sinh hoat tang cao Khung hoang ve kinh te, khd khan ddi sd'ng, sQ bat lQc cua cac chinh phu, cdng them nan tham nhung, be bdi chinh gidi da gay nhQng bat binh gay gat cua tat ca cac t i n g Idp nhan dan Phong trao dinh cdng, bai cdng, bieu tinh dien tren khap midc Phap chd'ng lai chinh phu va nghi vien Chinh triidng Phap rd'i ren Cac chinh phu Phap hen tiep bi lat dd Cac dang phai ta va phai hQu chd'ng dd'i nhau, tranh gianh quyen liic TQ 1929 den 1932, cac dang phai hQu n i m quyen, chu triidng giai quye't khung hoang bing tap trung quyen lQc, phu nhan che' cdng hda dai nghi, ddi giam quyen kiem soat cua qudc hoi va tham chf cdn ddi trao quyen g i i i tan quo'c hdi cho tdng thd'ng Cudc b i u cQ nam 1932 lam cho phai hQu that bai, cac ding phai ta gianh da sd' phieu, diia Herriot len c i m quyen nhiing chi diidc thang TQ 14-12-1932 deh 7-1934, ddi chinh phu theo hiidng cap tien hay cdng hda xa hoi thay n i m quyen Cac chinh phu triidc sau deu kien t r i chinh sach chd'ng khiing hoang bao thu lam cho khung hoang keo dai, gia tang nhQng bat dn chinh t r i - xa hdi Chinh sach thuoc dia ciia Phong trao da'u tranh chd'ng chi'nh phii ganh nang khung hoang len dau nhan dan len cao chua tirng thay, nhung anh cac nUdc thudc dia, tien tdi nhQng muc tieu hudng cua chfnh trUdng da bi phan hoa sau ldn hdn mang tfnh toan cau cua Phap sac Mot so ky vong vao mot chfnh phu cudc canh tranh vdi cac cUdng qudc khac, manh de giai quye't khung hoang da to nha't la vdi My va Nhat thien chf vdi che doc tai theo hinh mau Nam 1931, cuo'n Vinh Nhuc cua chfnh phii phat xft Y Mussolini VI thudc dia, Albert Sarraut ndi ve vj t r i cua vay, nhieu td chUc phat xft da ddi d Phap thudc dja dd'i vdi Phap nhU sau: "Ddn tdc ma ndi len la: Hgi Chii thdp liia (Croix de Phdp phdi duqc chii'n thang, De Feu) td chUc cua cac cUu binh The qudc dam bdo cho nd niem vinh quang vd chien I , dUng dau la La Roque; Dang dodn vi tri cua nd tren the gidi bang viec cap cho ket niidc Phdp; Lien minh nhiing nhd tdi nd nhiing ngudn tdi nguyen gidu cd, cd the chinh; Dang hdnh ddng; Ddi chii thdp liia dam bdo cho nd mdt sU bdnh trUdng rdng ldn chien ddu Cac td chUc thi tien vd nhung phUdng tu>n phong ve phii hop vdi hanh dieu binh kieu phat xft DUc, lap mdt dia • chinh tri the gidi" (10) va Thudc cac to chUc ban quan sU (paramilitaire) va dja se la cai dam bao cho " an ninh cua mac du tuyen bo' "phi chinh tri", thiic te la mdu quo'c vi rang nd tqo thdnh mdt ngudn che d i u khuynh hudng ciic hQu hda, phat dU tru menh mdng ve qudn linh vd sdn xit hda, thUc sii nguy hiem cho van menh phdm'' (11) Va chu trUdng "gan chat" vdi nUdc Phap, nhat la chu nghia phat xit thudc dia da dUdc cac chfnh phu Phap DUc da trd mdt quai vat khdng Id nhanh chdng trien khai ca b tam "vi mo" va tren the' gidi Trong dd, dai da so' quan "vi md", b ca chinh qudc va thudc dja chung tinh tao hdn, dudi sii lanh dao cua C* chfnh qudc, chfnh phu dd day len ca Dang cdng san Phap va cac dang canh ta mot chien dich tuyen truyen ram rd chUa da dUng day da'u tranh nham lap lai trat tii, bao ve nen cdng hda, chd'ng lai cac liic tQng thay cho thudc dja qua dai, bao, qua lUdng phat xft va cac cudc dao chfnh phat nhQng ky hdi thad chi chft (24 cudc nam xft Phong trao da'u tranh da gianh 1930 va 52 cuoc nam 1931) (12), qua kenh dUdc nhieu thing ldi, chu nghia phat xft cac trUdng hpc-cua nha nUdc cung nhu cac Phap bi day lui Tuy nhien, dieu dd cang trUdng Thien Ghua giax>, qua cac cudc trien lam cho cac dang phai hQu dien cudng, lam trien mien {trong fid, cudc trien lam mau thuan giQa cac dang phai cang Vincennes thu hut deh trieu ngudi tham gia) (13) Muc dfph cua chien dich hay la trd nen gay git TrUdc tinh hinh nay, ben canh mdt gay sii chu y cua caic hha dau tu cQng nhu chfnh sach dd'i ndi chu yeu dUa vao cUdng nhQng ngUdi tieu thu Phap dd'i vdi cac san quyen, dan ap va bdc lot quan chung lao pham thudc dia' ddng nUdc, theo gUdng nUdc Anh, Phap chu trUdng "khep lai" (se replier) De quo'c cua minh, "gdn chat" hdn vdi thudc dja, dUa vao thuoc dia, coi thudc dja nhu mot cai "gidm chdn amortisseur", "mdt lieu thudc cho khung hodng" de giai quye't nhQng khd khan cua chfnh qudc, Tai thudc dia, tQ dau nhQng nam 30, nhieu cudc trien lam ca'p lien bang, ca'p xQ, cap tinh ciing da dUdc md Nhilu cdng trinh nghien ctira cdng phu ve ddi song kinh te xa hdi cua Ddng DUdng da dUdc tien hanh, tao cd sd cho viec hoach dinh chfnh sach kinh t#-X;a hdi, giai quye't "c&n nguyen" cua khung hoang ma cac nha nghien chu diidc thQa hiidng (14) Khoang each ve dia ly, ly de cac nha thiic dan "ngai" dau tii vao Dong Diidng xa xdi da diicic chinh phu Phap rut ngan bang viec tang dicing cac tuyen van tai diidng bien, diidng hang khong lien he giQa chinh quoc va thuoc dia Mot dieu dang chu y la nam 1931, lan dau tien va cung la lan nhat, dich than Bo tracing Bo thuoc dja Paul Reynaud da sang Dong Diidng thi sat tinh hinh Dieu vQa noi len tinh hinh cang thang d Dong Diidng, vQa noi len sQ "quan tdm" dac biet cua chinh gidi Phap tdi xQ thuoc dia Rghien curu Lich sir s6 3.2011 sach tren thQc te da tao nhQng chuyen bien nhat dinh xa hoi Viet Nam giai doan triidc khung hoang (16) The nhiing, boi canh cuoi nhQng nam 20, dau nhQng nam 30, chinh sach "hqp tdc" da bi xem xet lai va bi dieu chinh ca tQ phia cac midc de qudc lan nhQ ve phia phong trao each mang Tren the gidi, cac midc de qudc tang ciidng vu hie, phat xit hda bo may nha midc, chuah bi chien tranh the gidi, chd'ng lai loai ngiidi nen chu nghia cai lQdng, du diidi mau sac nao cung khong cdn diidc chung ldi dung nhQ triidc nQa Trong do, chinh sach "hqp tdc vdi ngUdi bdn xd" - mot Tom lai, Phap dat nhieu ky vong vao chinh sach cai liidng hang nang, diidc mot thuoc dja viec giai quyet nhQng kho so' de quo'c sQ dung tai cac thuoc dia cua khan khung hoang gay cho chinh chung nhii mot trao liiu, gid cung bi bd qua quoc va tim d thuoc dja mot giai phap dam Ddi vdi Phap, Albert Sarraut, mot tin dd bao cho Phap mot tiidng lai ve kinh te va cudng nhiet cua chinh sach "hqp tdc" va la chinh t r i Mot De che manh la mo hinh ly ngiidi da diia chinh sach thQc hien d tricing cua midc Phap nhQng nam 30, Viet Nam ca gan hai thap ky (tQ do, Dong Diidng, luon quan doi 1911) nhiing vao nam 1933, vien ciiu toan vdi Phap van giQ vi t r i diidc "Uu tien" quyen da quay sang vdi viec tap hqp chinh sach thuoc dia cua Phap lan lqi d chdu Au xung quanh sii nghiep thudc The roi, de dat diidc nhQng muc dich do, dia Su nghiep thudc dia Id mdt sU nghiep chinh quyen thiic dan da diia thQc hien sdng dd'i vdi chdu Au vd dd'i vdi nUdc mot loat nhQng ''cdi cdch" ve chinh tri, kinh Phdp, Id sU nghiep cdn bdo ve tdi nhdt" te, xa hoi, tQu chung la mot chinh sach (17) Va thay vi "hop tdc vdi ngUdi ban xd", cai tri thuoc dia "mdi" thay cho chinh sach Albert Sarraut chu triidng lap Lien "hqp tdc vdi ngUdi bdn xii" da khong minh thdn thdnh cdc nhd thiic dan chau phu hdp nQa Au (Sainte Alliance des colonisateurs Chinh sach "hqp tdc vdi ngudi bdn europdennes), dd bao gdm ca niidc DQc cua Hitle de chd'ng lai phong trao cua xd" bi xem xet l a i Chinh sach "hqp tdc vdi ngUdi bdn xu" cac midc thudc dia dang len cao am am va nhii da diidc chung toi trinh bay kha can ke "xoa diu" mau thuan giQa cac nQdc de' quo'c cong trinh Lich sii Viet Nam (15) cua xung quanh van de thudc dia minh, da diidc ngiidi Phap ban di tinh lai Ve phia phong trao each mang, triidc tQ rat lau, nhiing phai cho deh nhQng nam nguy cd phat xit va chie'n tranh de' qudc 20, boi canh cua cuoc khai thac thuoc cung nhii dQng triidc tinh the cua mdt cudc dia lan thQ hai, v6i Albert Sarraut moi each mang xa hdi tren pham vi rdng ldn chinh thQc diidc diia thQc hien Chinh dang deh gan, moi tii tiidng cai liidng, "hop Chfnh sach thupc dia ciia tdc" deu da bi len an, moi su lien he vdi cac ghet Su that bai cua Dang Lap hien dang phai quoc gia, t i i san, cung nhu" moi Chu nghia "Phdp Viet de hue" nam 1926 anh hudng cua t i i tudng tu san, tieu tU san da la mot vf du ve dieu Tren thUc te, deu da dUdc Quoc te' cong san canh bao nhQng nam 20: Ngay cd ndi Bao hie each mang cua giai cap vo san gid nhieu nhdt den hqp tdc, tU do, binh ddng la phUdng phap each mang nhat dUdc va khuyen khich nhiing ngUdi duqc goi Id cho la dung d i n de chong lai de quoc, chong thUOng lUu trt thdc de gan hq vdo vdi bd lai chien tranh, giai phong loai ngUdi Ngay may chinh quyen thudc dia cung nhu ve ca d ben Phap cdc ddng cdnh td, nhiing "nhiing bdn tay day sach se" thi Albert ngiidi cong sdn len dn 'chinh sdeh bdn xii" Sarraut lqi dd sdc cung cd', td chdc lqi (tdc chinh sdeh "hop tdc vdi ngiidi ban xd") nam ddm, tdc Id to chdc lqi cdc cO quan cua cdc chinh quyen" (18), cac dang canh sat' (20) Chfnh quyen thuoc dia canh hQu chu trUdng giai quyet khung thang tay dan ap, khung bo'phong trao dau hoang bang tap trung quyen liic mot each tranh cua nhan dan ta, du dQdi sU lanh dao cUc doan vao nha nUdc Vi the, chfnh sach cua Dang Cong san hay cua ba't cQ giai ca'p thuoc dia cung chiu anh hQdng tQ chfnh nao khac Cudc Khdi nghia Yen Bai dudi sU qudc, vdi tat ca nhQng dien bien phQc tap lanh dao cua Viet Nam Qudc dan Dang da cua nd bi dim mau Phong trao each mang thuoc dia Dong DQdng, nam 1931, 1930-1931 ma cao trao la Xd viet Nghe cuo'n Vinh Nhuc thuoc dia Tinh dudi sU lanh dao cua Dang Cong san (Grandeur et Servitude coloniale), Albert Ddng DUdng da gay mot cu sdc ldn cho bo may chfnh quyen thudc dia Lieu phap Sarraut cdn nhac tdi chfnh sach "hop tdc" NhUng chfnh sach "hop tdc", dUdc phd "hop tdc" thoi khong cdn phu hdp vdi chfnh bang chu nghia "Phdp Viet de hue" da bi sach thuoc dia nQa va tren thUc te, ta't ca nhQng ngQdi each mang D6ng DQdng len cac cdng cu "chuyen chinh" cua bd may an quye't liet vi tren thiic te no dung chi la chfnh quyen thUc dan va phong kien da "cdi meo" cua chu nghia thiic dan diia vao dUdc ca Pierre Pasquier va Ren6 Robin huy ngUdi ban xQ de khai thac thudc dia theo ddng de "de bep" phong trao cdng san each noi cua nha sQ hoc Phap Charles Charles Robert Ageron viet: "Sau khdi Fourniau (19) Moi niem tin thd vao nghia Yen Bdi vd cdc cudc khdi nghia cdng chu nghia cai lUdng, vao nhQng "cdi cdch" sdn d Bac Trung Ky, thdi gian dd thay ddi da trd nen loi thdi, bdi thiic te each mang Dd Id thdi diem, nhu Sarraut thiia nhdn, cho hay de cd the gianh dUdc nhQng quyen ddi lqi nhiing cu sdc cua tU tudng khai hda tU dan chu, du la tdi thieu nhat cung (civilisation), la thdi diem phan cdng cua khong the bang bien phap thda thuan va nhiing ndng lUc ma nd dd ddnh thdc ddy" rang doc lap dan toe chi co the cd dUdc bang va triidc nhiing dot sdng ddi lqi d bao liic each mang ma thoi Hdn nQa, theo thudc dia, trUdc nhiing hoat ddng mang kinh nghiem cua nhQng nam 20, thi du tinh chdt the gidi cua Qudc te cdng sdn, ndng nhiet chao don va "thiic tdm" hanh xit nhdm "tieu diet cdc cUdng qudc chdu Au, theo phUdng cham "hop tdc", "de hue" thi lam rung chuyen vd hq guc nhiing cdt tru gidi "thUOng liiu, trt thiic" ban xQ cung da md cdu true cua phdn ldn cdc cUdng qudc bi gidi quan chQc va gi6i thuc dan d ca chau Au dUa vao" thi Albert Sarraut ddn chfnh qudc va thuoc dia nghi ngd, cam cdm lang sii bdo thu cua minh nhung a da phdi thda nhdn rang thiic te lich sd dd vucft qua tu tudng "hqp tdc'' (21) Dominique Borne va Henri Dubief cung viet na na nhu" vay, rang: "Tit 1927, Viet Nam Qudc ddn ddng, mdt ddng theo md hinh Trung hoa Qudc ddn ddng, mdt ddng theo chu nghia qudc gia quyet liet duqc lap, vdi muc dich budc ngUdi Phdp phdi di lap tdc Thdng 2-1930, cudc khdi nghia Yen Bdi no' Rdi cudc khung hodng kinh te lam trdm them nhiing khd khan cua ddi sdng hdng ngdy vd gdy nhiing cudc bai cdng, nhiing cudc ndi day nam 1930 Bdng cdng sdn Bdng DUcfng duqc lap vdo thdng - 1930 Thdng 1930, nhiing Xd viet da duqc lap d Nghe Tinh Su dan dp ddnh vdo tdt cd khdng phdn biet cdc ddng vien Viet Nam Qudc ddn ddng hay ddng vien cua Bdng cdng sdn Viet Nam Tii 1930, chinh quyen thudc dia da tien hdnh mdt thi nghiem mang tinh quyet dinh khdng thdng nhdt vdi nhiing cdi cdch ddi vdi gidi thuqng luu hien tai, ngUdi ta bat budc phdi dot ddu mdt cdch quyet liet " (22) Con ve phia gi^'' thiic dan thuoc dja, Philippe Franchini viet: "Nd (gidi thUc ddn thudc dia) ludn ddi hoi cung mdt tU tudng ve sU vuqt trdi ve van minh va ky thudt vd dUa vdo ciing mdt dUdng ldi chinh tri cua mdt nen cai tri triic tiep, loai bo tdt cd moi sii "hqp tdc" thiic sii vd mong mudn mdt sU thinh vUqng mdi vd mdt sii bdo dam cho mdt quyen luc tuyet dd'i, khdng chia se, nhiing ngUdi bdn xd thi bi gidm thieu d chd im lang tdc Id mdt thdi dd phuc tiing" (23) Trong nhiing nam 20, Maurice Long va Alexandre Varenne bi trieu hoi ve Phap la nhiing vien toan quyen da bi gidi thiic dan len an la da "hqp tdc" qua "thdnh thiic" vdi ngiidi ban „Q la mot vi du ve thai Rghien cum Lich sir s6 3.2011 cua gidi thiic dan dd'i vdi chinh sach "hqp tdc" nhri the nao Thang 10-1928, Varenne rdi Dong Diidng de cho Pierre Pasquier mdt ciiu hoc sinh Triidng thuoc dja, da trai qua 30 nam d Dong Diidng vdi nhiing chiic vu t i i nhd den ldn, ciing da tiing tap sii chiic vu toan quyen (tii 4-10-1926 den 16-51927), chinh thuc diidc bd nhiem toan quyen vao 23-8-1928 Pierre Pasquier giQ chQc vu cho mai den bi chet mot vu tai nan may bay vao thang 1-1934, tQc la gan het thdi ky khung hoang Trong lich sQ thudc dia, day la vien toan quyen giQ chQc vu lau nha't so vdi nhQng toan quyen khac Dieu mot phan la gidi thiidng liiu ban xQ yeu cau keo dai nhiem ky toan quyen neu khong diidc ca ddi thi it nha't cung la 10 nam, phan khac theo cac tac gia thi lai la do: " tdi ndng Idm an long nhiing ngUdi ban xii bdng nhiing cai cdch khiem ton vd sdn sdng ddn dp tan bao nhu nhiing vien todn quyen phdn ddng nhdt dot vdi phong trao qudc gia" (24) cua Pierre Pasquier va noi each khac nhu" Joseph Buttinger thi: "Ong ta biet rd ngUdi Viet Nam hon bdt ky mdt ngudi tien nhiem ndo khdc, vdi ddn Viet Nam, nhii dng ta ndi, khdng the gidi quyet van de neu diing vu lUc The nhung, dudi thai Pasquier, so ngUdi Viet Nam bi hanh quyet cao gdp 10 ldn so vdi nhiem ky cua cdc vien toan quyen khdc" (25) Dieu cd nghia la tQ len nam chinh quyen, de giai quye't hai van de nong bdng la khung hoang kinh te va "khung hodng thudc dia", Pierre Pasquier da thay ddi chinh sach thuoc dja d Dong DQdng ndi chung Nam 1934, Pierre Pasquier chet, Rend Robin nguyen Thd'ng sQ Bac Ky len thay thdi khdng cdn mi dan nQa ma da cai tri xQ theo each ndi cung cQa Joseph Buttinger la bang "nhiing ban tay sat vd Chfnh saeh thuoc dia ciia thtfc hdnh mot che hodn todn phi ttf do'' (26) Mot hoc gia nii6c ngoai nhan xet la: "Stf xud't hien nhtfng roi loan (tdc phong trao cdch mang) d Viet Nam ttf 1929 gdy stf ddo ldn chien Itfpc thudc dia, tiem tdng td luc di cua Varenne" (27) Tom lai, triidc tinh trang rdi loan nghiem ca ve kinh te, chfnh tri, xa hoi d chfnh qudc, "trong mpi stf Itfa chpn, Paris quye't dinh th if chdt mdi quan he vdi thudc dia xa xdi d Vien Ddng" (28), mong diia vao thudc dia de giai quyet nhiing khd khan cua minh Tuy nhien, chfnh sach "help tac vdi ngiidi ban xii" diidc thiic hien triidc day khong cdn tru viing diidc nQa Mot chinh sach thuoc dia khong hoan toan khac nhiing cung khong cdn giohg nhu' chfnh sach "hdp tac" da diidc Pierre Pasquier diia thiic hien Chfnh sach thuoc dia lan mang dac tfnh "Pierre Pasquier", rdi "Rene Robin" la mot chfnh sach ciidng quyen, tQc la tang ciidng quyen lQc va sQ dung vu lQc la chfnh de dan ap phong trao each mang cua nhan dan ta, on dinh che thudc dia va giup Phap thoat khdi khung hoang Dieu co nghia la chinh sach "hop tdc" da bi bd qua, mac du Phap chu triidng quay trd lai vdi che bao ho "Hdp tac", "cong tac" gid trd nguyen vong cua chfnh gidi thQdng liiu ban xQ hdn la diidc ndi tQ mieng cua cac nha thQc dan nhu" triidc day Thay cho "hqp tdc" theo tinh than ma Albert Sarraut gan cho no, gid Pierre Pasquier noi tdi "cdng tdc", "hqp tdc", nhiing khong vdi nguyen nghia cua tQ NhQng bien phap cai each mi dan da diidc ket hdp cang tang vdi nhQng cuoc hanh quan dan ap dam mau, rdi co luc bi thay the hoan toan bang nhQng dui cui cua canh sat, sung ong cua quan doi, sQ giam sat cua cd quan ar ninh, bang viec tang ciidng liic liidng quan doi, canh sat thuoc dia cung vdi sii "cdng tdc" dac lQc cua bo may chfnh quyen phong kien cac cap Moi quyen tQ dan chu da bi bop nghet nhQng nam dau thap niem 30 Patrice Morlat n h i n xet: "That thii vi chu thich rang chinh sach cua Alexandre Varenne md cho ngudi bdn xd vdo khung cua bd may hanh chinh tuong dng vdi dinh cao cua viec ddu tU vd'n tU nhdn [trong nhQng nam 20 TTT] Ciing nhu vdy, giai doan tiep theo cua Pierre Pasquier vd Rene Robin dupe minh hoa bang mdt chinh sach dan dp manh va dat vdo tinh trang ngdi ngu nhtfng cdi cdch mang tinh chdt ddng hda, tuong dng vdi stf tang len cua khung hodng the gidi tai cdc thudc dia" (29) Thay cho viec chi dQa vao "gidi thUOng luu tri thdc" chfnh sach "hop tdc" cua Albert Sarraut triidc day, Pierre Pasquier chu triidng dQa vao tat ca, tQ tang Idp thQdng lQu tdi tang Idp trung liiu, tdi cac quan lai va chfnh phu Nam trieu de quay trd lai vdi che bao hd, "dung ngtfbi Viet tri ngtfbi Viet' va "Viet Nam hda" phQdng thQc dan ap phong trao each mang va viidt qua khung hoang Joseph Buttinger ndi rang: "Viec tdm lupc lich sd chinh sdeh thupc dia d Viet Nam khodng thdi gian ttf 1920 den 1940 da len dn cdi gpi Id Chinh sach hop tdc" (30) Vien toan quyen da chuan bi kha cong phu, ky liidng cho sQ nham chQc cua minh Rdi chinh thQc nam quyen, ket hdp vdi viec dung vu lQc, Pierre Pasquier trie'n khai nhieu bien phap, diidc goi la "cdi cdch" tQ the che chfnh tri cho deh bo may chfnh quyen, den cac linh vQc van hoa - xa hqi Tuy nhien, ket hdp vdi nhQng chfnh sach khai thac thuoc dia diidc ban hanh tQ chfnh quoc, chfnh sach thuoc dia cua Pierre Rghien ciiu Lich sir, so" 3.2011 10 Pasquier da lam cho tinh trang khung hoang cua nen kinh te Viet Nam them nang ne, ddi song cua nhan dan Viet Nam dieu diing Dieu da lam cho phong trao dau tranh cua nhan dan Viet Nam them manh me, quyet liet Roi phong trao da bi Pierre Pasquier dan ap dam mau, dan di xuong thoai trao nhiing nam 19321935 Tuy nhien, "Hdu qua cua khung hodng that Id ldn bdi ngtfbi ta thdy d ddy nhtfng cdi re cua nhiing khd khdn ttfdng lai, lien quan den nhiing khd khdn dd se tqo thdnh cd sd ve kinh te vd xd hdi cho yeu sdeh ve ddn tdc" (31) Do la sii phat trien cua phong trao da'u rranh gianh doc l&p dan toe cua nhan dan ta giai doan ciing nhii cl nhiing giai doan tiep theo dan tdi cuoc Cach mang thang Tam vi dai Chinh sach thuoc dia "mdi" cua Pierre Pasquier a "Chinh sdeh 19 diem" "Chu quyen cua ntfdc Phdp Id khdng the choi cai va khdng the ban cdi Dtfdi stf bdo hq cua ntfdc Phdp, Ddng Dtfcfng dtfpc td chtfc thdnh "lien bang" vdi stf "lien hiep' ve Nhd ntfdc Ddng Dtfcfng hien tai "Duy tri cdc bd phdn chinh tri, hdnh chinh vd ddn tdc cua Ddng Dtfcfng vd lam cho cdc bd phdn dd ciing tien trien nhtfng khdng phdi Id ngang bang Ttf dd, ddn deh stf da dang phtfetng phdp dieu khien, vdi sii men deo vi hdnh chinh, se Id triic tiep vdi xd vd "Bdo hd" ddi vdi cdc xtf khdc De cho mdi xtf cua Ddng Dtfong cd mdt the che cd nhdn ve chinh tri vd hdnh chinh Ttf dd, ndy sinh stf cdn thiet phdi phi tap trung hda, sd dung phiidng phdp mdt cdch thich hop theo tiing xd va khdng dp dung cung nhtfng quy dinh ddi vdi nhiing don vi khdc nhau, nhii mdt xd thudc dia Id Nam Ky, mdt xd bdo hd rdng rai Id Bac Ky nhiing lqi cung nam mdt don vi lien bang vikinh tevd tdi chinh Chinh sach thuoc dia hay goi la "Chtfcfng trinh cdi cdch" cua Pierre Pasquier diidc manh nha t i i ong chiia chinh thiic trd toan "Tqo mdt thtf "cdng ddn lien bang quyen Dong Diidng Nam 1926, Ddng Dtfcfng" (cytoyen federal indochinois) Varenne bi goi ve niidc, Pierre Pasquier diidc trao toan quyen cho den thang 5- cho tdt ca moi ngtfbi Ddng Dtfong, 1927 Thang 6-1927, Pierre Pasquier ve nhiing ngiidi Ddng Dtfcfng vdn phai gid Phap girl chiic Giam doc cd quan Dai dien lqi ttf cdch phdp nhdn rieng cua minh, theo kinh te Dong Diidng d Paris Trong thdi cdc cap khdc nhau, la cdng ddn cua xd gian d Phap, Pierre Pasquier khdi thao mot ndy hay xtf khdc, thdm chi cd theo ddn tdc chinh sach mang ten "Chinh sach 19 diem cua minh (cdng ddn Viet, Cambodge, Lao, md Todn quyen Ddng Dtfcfng cdn theo dudi" Thd, Mtfcfng, Moi ) (32) va de trinh len Bo Thuoc dia vao thang Bang stf tham gia cua cdng ddn bdn 3-1928 vdi muc dich ro rang la "stia ddi" lai xd vdo viec diiu hdnh cdc van di cua mdi chinh sach cua cac vien toan quyen tien nhdm ngiidi Ddng Dtfcfng - stf tham gia ddn nhiem, bi cho la "qua rdng rai" vdi ngiidi ddn vd ngdy cang dtfdc md rdng se tien tdi "bdn xu?' mot stf hqp tdc, cdng tdc hieu qua giQa Ndi dung cua "Chinh sach 19 diem ' ngiidi Phdp vd ngtfbi ban xtf vi lqi ich cua Pierre Pasquier diidc tdm liidc lai la: chung cua Lien bang Dong Dtfong Chfnh saeh ttiupc dia ciia To chuc nhiing to chuc Phdp - ban xu mdi xu cua Lien bang, trUdc thdnh lap "nghi vien Ddng DUdng" "Md rdng gido due, nhUng la mdt nen gido due phii hop vdi nhu cdu cua ddn Ddng DUdng, vd hudng tdi viec cai cdch ve phong tuc vd tinh thdn khdng dp dat quyen lUc viec thay ddi phong tuc tap qudn cua ngUdi dan Su thay ddi dy phdi dtfa vao nguyen vong cua hq Phdt trien tdt ca cdc ngudn cua cai cua xvt vdi viec ngudi ban xd phdi trd ngUdi tham dii khdng chi dudi hinh thdc lao ddng md ca dudi hinh thdc vdn "Bang viec thiic hien mdt chinh sdeh thUc/ng nghiep, ndng nghiep, cdng nghiep se cung cd' Tin dung Ddng Duong, dUa moi ngudi vao viec sii dung cdc phuong tien ngdn hdng, quen vdi cdc hinh thiic Cdng ty khdc nhau, theo ludt thUOng mai vd ludt ddn sii Sd dung mdt cdch rieng re nhiing nhdn td dan tdc de dam bao viec cai tri ben xd, tdc Id thiic hien chinh sach chung tdc - stf cdn thiet mang tinh quyet dinh Nhii vay, tinh than cua chinh sach la: Bang viec khang dinh chac chan chu quyen cua ngUdi Phap d Dong Diidng, chinh sach nham ngan ngiia kha nang doi doc lap cua dan Dong Diidng va mat khac la tranh sii nhom ngo cua cac de quoc tai khu viic Thai Binh Diidng Trong viec cai t r i Dong Diidng, tai khang dinh chfnh sach "chia de tri", Pierre Pasquier muon don diidng cho viec trd lai v6i Hiep vide 1884, bi bai bo bang Thoa vide 6-11-1925 Theo do, Dong Diidng bi chia cac xii, co the che chfnh tri khac (hoae la triic tri, hoae la bao ho) va moi xii co mot "nghi vien" rieng, dan 11 Dong Diidng thi bi t r i theo nguon goc dia phiidng va dan toe cua minh Roi, bang viec tiep tuc cho ngiidi Viet tham gia vao "dieu hdnh cdc vdn de cua mdi nhdm ngUdi Ddng DUOng ", Pierre Pasquier se trien khai viec phuc hoat lai trieu dinh phong kien va bo may quan lai Nam trieu theo tinh than khoi phuc lai che bao ho d Viet Nam Ve van hoa giao due, Pierre Pasquier chii trUdng viec giao due chi la de cai each ve phong tuc va tinh than, chii khong phai la de nang cao dan trf, dao tao mot tang Idp trf thiic "ban xtf" cdt de chdng lai chfnh sach giao due "rdng rai" cua Varenne Ve xa hdi, bang viec tao mot thQ "cdng dan lien bang Ddng Duong", Pierre Pasquier mudn phan bo' lai ngudn nhan liic, md rong viec khai thac ve kinh te tren toan lanh thd, tao thuan ldi cho viec di chuyen dan cii, tiic la tao thuan ldi cho cac chu ddn dien, cac cd sd kinh te viec tuyen mo nhan cong Sii map md cdn tao tam ly diidc "binh dang" vdi cac cdng dan Phap d Ddng Diidng dd'i vdi nhQng ngiidi cd nguyen vong dQdc nhap qudc tich Phap Ve kinh te', Pierre Pasquier chu triidng md rdng khai thac thudc dia bang nhan tai, vat lQc cua ngiidi ban xQ cung nhii hien dai hoa nganh tai chfnh, ngan hang va cac nganh kinh te' khac Theo da luan luc bay gid thi vi chfnh sach dUdc soan thao bdi mdt ngUdi cd day nhQng kinh nghiem sd'ng d Ddng DQdng nha Pierre Pasquier nen cd kha nang thac thi cao Va cd le vi the, Pierre Pasquier da nhanh chdng dUdc bd nhiem chQc Toan quyen Lien dd, de bat dau ap dung chfnh sach cua minh, Pierre Pasquier trinh len Bd thudc dia mdt loat sac lenh ve td chQc 12 Rghien eiiu Lich sir s6 3.2011 khai thac kinh te va td chvlc bo may chinh quyen d Dong Dvidng Cac van ban da dQdc ban hanh vao 4-11-1928, Pierre Pasquier trd Toan quyen (33) Rdi vao dau nam 1930, vien toan quyen da ban hanh hang loat nhiing nghi dinh khac chuan bi cho viec trien khai cac "cdi cdch" cua minh tren cac Hnh viic kinh te, chinh tri, van hoa - xa hoi Ve chinh t r i : xay diing xa hoi dan sii, dao tao cac vien chiic co trinh cao, md rong quyen bau cQ nhiing khong d i n tdi dau phieu phd thdng de dat phong trao cdng san va cac chien si cdng san ngoai vdng phap lu&t d Nam Ky thudc dia theo che triic t r i va quay trd lai vdi che "bdo hq chat che", xda bd Thda vide 6-111925 d Bac Ky va Trung Ky b Tien t d i mot Chinh sach thuoc dia "mdi' - mot "Chuang trinh cdi cdch" Ve bd may chinh quyen, viec "cdi cdch" chinh t r i cd noi dung tren nen viec "cdi tc?' diidc tien hanh theo hiidng: phuc hoat lai bd may quan lai ban xQ va diing d&y trieu dinh phong kien Nam trieu de trd giiip chfnh phu thiic dan cai t r i thudc dia; tang ciidng bo may dan ap (liic liidng quan ddi va liic liidng an ninh) cung nhii bd may tu" phap (khdi phuc luat tuc, gia tang he thdng toa an, nha tu) de dan ap phong trao cdng san va phong trao yeu niidc cua nhin dan Viet Nam Ve cd ban, "Chinh sdeh 19 diem va nhiing sac lenh diidc ban hanh d tren da la cd sd de Pierre Pasquier va Rene Robin cai tri Dong Dvidng vao dau nhQng nam 30 Tuy nhien, diidc soan triidc cuoc khung hoang "ddbd" vao Dong Dvidng, nhat la phong trao dau tranh cua nhan dan ta chiia d vao thdi diem quyet liet, nen chinh sach chiia bao ham het diidc tinh hinh va chiia the hien het tinh "cap thiet" cua viec "cdi cdch" hay la thay ddi chinh sach thuoc dia Vi vay, no cdn tiep tuc diidc Pierre Pasquier bd sung, hoan chinh de trd mot chinh sach "mdi", nhat la niidc Phap va Dong Dvidng vao sau hdn khung hoang kinh te va phong trao each mang ciia nhan dan Dong Diidng da len den cao trao, tiic la liic: "Su khdn khd cda ddn chung; cdu true cua che dp quan lqi khdng dap Ung duqc nhiem vu cua nd [trong viec dan dp phong trao cdch mang - TTTJ; che thue khoa vd cudc khung hodng kinh te the gidi " (34) trd nhiing van de cap bach can phai ditdc giai quyet dd'i vdi chinh quyen thuoc dia neu mudn cQu van tinh hinh Diidc hinh trdng hoan canh nhii vay, chinh sach thuoc dia "mdi" cua Pierre Pasquier co nhiing noi dung sau: Ve van hda - xa hdi: khdi phuc cac phong tuc, t i p quan cd truyen; "each mang" Nho giao, "chdn hUng" Phat giao Khdng nhiing the, triidc cudc khung hoang chfnh tri sau rdng d thudc dia, Pierre Pasquier cdn dinh "dep loan tdn gdc" bang chu triidng xay diing cac cdng trinh thiiy ndng, thiic day hoat ddng cua he thd'ng tin dung ndng phd', ngan hang , quy dinh lai cac hdp ddng linh canh rudng da't, giai quye't van de quan he giQa tu ban va cdng nhan, xoa bd Tda kiem duyet bao chf toan Ddng Dvidng Hoc gia ngQdi Phap Patrice Morlat tdm gon chfnh sach chd'ng khung hoang kinh te' va khung hoang thudc dia cua Pierre Pasquier bang mot menh de la: Ban dp; cdc cdng trinh cdng cdng ldn vd tang cUdng cung co cdc cdu true ciia che Chfnh saeh ttiuoc dja ciia quan lqi trd thdnh ba tru cot cua chinh sach thuoc dia mdi duqc chu trtfOng" (35) Cung tac gia binh luan: "Cdc stf kien 1930-1931 cu the hoa moi lien he giiia cdi cdch vd ddn dp vd stf thd'ng nhdt ndy khai thdng viec trd lai vdi che bao hd chat che Ban dp tii dd hudng tdi viec ddt nhiing ngudi ddn bi hd khudn kho cua nhiing the che ngan ddi vd cdi each la trd lqi vdi Nho gido" (36) Vdi chfnh sach nay, Pierre Pasquier da nhan diidc sii ung ho nhiet liet cua ca gidi "thuqng luu tri thdc bdn xu" ciing nhu" cua cac quan chiic thuoc dia va chfnh phii chfnh quoc Ve phia cac quan chdc thuoc dja, ngiidi ung ho nhiet liet nhat va trung nhat doi vdi chfnh sach cua Pierre Pasquier la Rene Robin - Thong sii Bac Ky va sau ke nhiem Pierre Pasquier la Toan quyen Dong Diidng Doi vdi gidi "thuqng luu tri thdc' va bon quan lai, chiic dich "bdn xd" thi day diing la mot dip "chet dudi vd duqc cqc'', bdi neu ca che thiic dan va che phong kien cung bi sup trii6c chu nghia cong san, chiing se mat moi cho diia Vi the, chiing da day len ca mot phong trao xin vdi chinh phu thiic dan quay trd lai vdi che "bdo hd chat che" va thiic hien mot chfnh the quan chu lap hien Mat khac, "con bdo hodng hcfn cd nhd vua", bon nan ni chinh quyen thiic dan "cdng ran" hdn vdi phong trao cdng san Chiidng trinh "cdi cdch" diia tren "ba tru cdt' ciia Pierre Pasquier cung nhan diidc sii ddng tinh ciia chfnh phu chfnh qudc tren cac diem: ddng y cho chfnh phii thudc dja dUdc "cdi cdch" ve chinh t r i , quay lai vdi che' "bdo hp chat che"; "tiep tuc cdng ran vdi phong trao cdng sdn md khdng tii bd chu nghia ttf do"; thiic hien cac cdng trinh ldn de "tranh mat miia", "tdn cdng vdo 13 nhiing nguyen nhan gay rdi loan thoa man dan chung Bdng Dtfong deldm mdt di nhtfng bdt on" va "xdc dinh nhiing dieu kien tdt nhdt de ndng dan cd dUdc sd huu rudng ddt vd giup hp bang mdt he thd'ng tin dung cho vay" (37) Chiidng trinh "cdi cdch" cua Pierre Pasquier diidc ghi ve Phap giQa luc phong trao each mang d Viet Nam len tdi cao trao Moi bien phap dan ap da diidc diia thQc hien theo dung tinh than cua chiidng trinh Thang 5-1930, Hdi ddng Cao cap thudc dia lay lai gan nhii tat ca nhQng diidng ld'i ldn cua Pierre Pasquier: ddng y diia Bao Dai ve niidc de thQc hien nhQng "cdi cdch" ve chfnh tri; chap nhan chu triidng "cdi cdch Nho gido" va dung Nho giao de quan ly ca quan lai ban xQ va vien chQc ngiidi Phap Chiidng trinh "cdi cdch" cua Pierre Pasquier cdn diidc Nghi vien Phap ban tdi vao thang 6-1930 vdi muc dfch tim d dd giai phap cho "rdi loan" d Ddng DQdng Tai day, phai ta va phai hQu chd'ng tren chfnh sach thudc dja Hai khai niem "ddng hda" va "bdo hd" gay sQ ddi lap giQa mdt ben la nhQng ngQdi cap tien va nhQng ngiidi xa hdi va mdt ben la nhQng ngQdi phai hQu, phai trung Moutet, thudc phai ta, phan dd'i chfnh sach dan ap d Ddng Diidng, yeu cau xet den nhQng "nguyen vong sdu xa cua ddn chung thudc dia" va ddng y tien hanh nhQng cdng trinh ldn de "lam tieu tan stf khdn khd cua ddn chung - nguyen nhdn cua rdi loan" Trai lai, Outrey va Taitinger thudc phai hQu, benh vQc hanh ddng dan ap cua chfnh phu Ddng Diidng va gan nguyen nhan "rdi loan" d Ddng Diidng cho Moscou Cudi cung, Pietri-Bd triidng thudc dia diia luan diem chfnh thQc cua chfnh phu Phap bien phap giai quye't 14 khung hoang thuoc dja la: "viec ddn dp la cdn thiet, nhung chi la mat trdi cua hdnh ddng thuoc dia, Phdp phdi thay dd'i nhung nguyen tdc ve khai hda vdn minh", tdc la phai tinh den yeu to've phong tuc va chung toe (38) Vien bo truing cung phan doi viec dan ap va viec bien chii nghia cong san cai "bung xung" cua khung hoang lam cho chinh quyen thuoc dia phai tang cvidng liic liidng quan doi va bo may chinh quyen (39) The nhiing, tieng noi cua nghi vien chang co y nghia gi vi phai hiiu dang nam chinh quyen d Phap Mot Uy ban dieu tra thuoc dja nghi vien cd da bi chinh quo'c dep bo lam cho van de "rdi loan" b thuoc dia chi diidc giai quyet bang dan ap la chinh Pietri diia diem de "cai thien tinh hinh" nhiing lai chi nhiing diem lien quan den cung co' tinh hieu qua cua bo may chinh quyen thuoc dja la: "Ddm bdo viec tiep xuc chat che giiia chinh quyen thudc dia vdi ngtfbi ban xd; Nghiem tri nhtfng qua lam cua vien chdc ban xd; Phdt trien cd quan an ninh Trung Ky; Yeu cdu Thdng ddc, Khdm sd, Thd'ng stf kiem soat chat hdn ddi vdi cdc tinh; Budc chinh quyen qudn sU va chinh quyen ddn sU phdi lien he vdi mdt cdch chat che hdn viec kiem soat ddi vdi viec budn lau vu va moi ddng tinh cua nhiing ngUdi cdm ddu cdng sdn " (40) Sii bat liic cua Nghi vien Phap da tao dieu kien de cho Pierre Pasquier diidc rong diidng thiic hien cai goi la "chien lUdc thudc dia mdi" cua minh theo y cua phai hdu Thang 9-1930, Pierre Pasquier tuyen bo' chinh thiic "cdi cdch" theo "ba tru cdt" diidc neu b tren d Nam Ky, mot Hoi dong cai each diidc to chiic vdi phan gom toan la cac "thUdng Itfu tri thdc" thuoc dang L i p hien ciia Bui Quang Chieu (41) Rghien curu Lich sir, so 3.2011 Thang 11-1930, Pierre Pasquier ve Phap de trinh Bo thuoc dja chiidng trinh "cdi cdch" cua minh Ngay 3-12-1930, Hpi nghi Cao cap thuoc dia cho lap mot tieu ban, gdm toan la cac ciiu toan quyen Dong Diidng: Doumer, Perrier, Sarraut, Fabruy, Lamoureux, Varenne va Klobukowski de xem xet viec "cdi cdch" Ngay 23-3-1931, thay da den liic phai day nhanh "cdi cdch", Pierre Pasquier gin cho Bo thuoc dja mdt "ChUdng trinh cdi cdch day du." (42), vdi ly diidc bao bien la: Neu chi han che d dan dp thdi thi ntfdc Phdp da phdn bdi lqi sit menh khai hda ciia nd" va: "Ddng DUdng phdi chiu mdt cudc khung hodng cua tang trtfdng Stf phdt trien ve vdt chdt dUdc khang dinh nhanh chdng nhiing thiet che lqi chi tien trien mdt cdch chdm chap Ldi Id d chd mdt tdng Idp thiidng liiu han che mudn cd diidc ttf ve chinh tri ddn chung thi lqi vdn cdn rat lac hdu Mdt chinh sach mang tinh chdt phUdng phdp thi phdi xda bd nguyen nhdn cua nhtfng bdt binh" (43) "ChUdng trinh cdi cdch" mac du diidc tuyen bo' la khdng gan vdi nhiing "rdi loan", thiic lai la nhiing bien phap nham vao cai goi la "dn dinh trat tU xa hdi thudc dia" bang nhiing bien phap nhii Pierre Pasquier torn tat lai la: "To chdc chinh hdnh ddng cua chinh phu d Ddng DUdng dieu kien tien quyet cho tdt cd moi viec thUc hien kien quye't vd cd ket; tiep theo la dap dng nhiing yeu sach thudn ve chinh tri cd the cd; cdi cdch ve kinh te va xa hqi, cd the dam bao cho Dong Diidng mdt sU dn dinh Idu ddi" (44) The rdi "ChUdng trinh cdi cdch" cua Pierre Pasquier da diidc thiic hien theo hiidng diidc phai hiiu ben chinh qudc iing Chfnh sach thuoc dia cua ho la tang ciidng dan ap phong trao each mang, dung ban tay Bao Dai va bo may quan lai Nam trieu de "dep" phong trao cong san va tien hanh nhiing "cdi cdch" tren moi phvfdng dien de "xda bd nhdng nguyen nhdn cua rdi loan" va khac phuc khung hoang Sau chuyen cong du cua Bo trvidng thuoc dia Paul Reynaud, vao thang 11-1931, viec "cai cdch" cua Pierre Pasquier diidc trien khai mot each khan triidng hdn, v6i sii ho trd cua chinh quo'c Ngay 8-4-1932, chinh phu Phap dao luat cho Dong Diidng vay 250 trieu de "khuyen khich va tang ciidng ddu tii cua chinh qudc vao Ddng Diicfng, dac biet llnh viic ndng nghiep va cao 15 su" va cho phep chfnh phii Dong Dvidng bao lanh cho nhiing khoan vay ngan han cua cac nong gia dien chu v6i miic toi da la 100 trieu francs, do, 90 trieu de cho cac nha trot vay va 80 trieu de bii gia cao su (45) (Thang 6-1932, mot Quy bao trd nong gia da diidc lap d Ha Noi de lam trung gian thiic hien khoan vay nay) Ngay 16-8-1932, chfnh phu Phap diia Bao Dai xuo'ng tau ve niidc, 8-9-1932, vi vua tre ve den Hue de giup chinh phu thuoc dja trien khai chiidng trinh "cdi cdch" cua Pierre Pasquier tren cac linh viic ma triidc het la nhiing "cdi cdch" ve chfnh tri va bo may chfnh quyen thuoc dia nhu se diidc chung toi trinh bay d bai viet khac CHU THICH (1) Henry Claude: Cuoc khung hodng kinh te den The gidi chien tranh thd hai Huy Van dich, Nha Dai hoc vu xuat bain, 1951, tr (8) Jean Charles Asselin, sdd, tr 40 (9) Dominique Borne, Henri Dubief: Sdd, tr 104 (2) Dominique Borne, Henry Dubief: La crise (10) Dan theo Philippe Franchini: Sdi Gdn des annees 30 1929-1938, Nouvelle Histoire de la 1925-1945 de la "belle colonie" a I'eclosion France comtemporaine, Paris 1972, tr 12 revolutionaire ou la fin des Dieux blancs, Paris, (3) Nguyln Anh Thai: Lich sii the gidi hien dqi, 1992, tr 68 tU 1917 den 1945, Tap 1, Dai hoc Su pham, Ha (11) Din theo Dominique Borne, Henri Dubief, Noi, 1995, tr 117 Sdd, tr 61 (4) Jean Charles Asselin: Histoire economique (12) Charles Robert Ageron: Franoe coloniale de la France du XVIII e siecle a nos jours De ou Parti colonial? Presse universitaire de Franoe, 1919 a la fin des annees 1970, Paris, 1984, tr 44 Paris, 1978, tr 253 (5) Jean Charles Asselin, sdd, tr 44 (6) Hoc thuyet kinh te ciia Johnl Keynes: Ly thuyet chung ve viec lam, lqi ich vd tien te la ly thuyet ve sU can thiep cua nha nUdc vao nen kinh te, vdi nhQng bien phap ve kinh te tai chinh nham tang td'ng cau xa hdi de kich thich san xuat va o'n dinh nen kinh te Xem Dqi tii dien kinh te thi triidng, Ha Noi, 1998, tr 167-168 (7) Xem Thuyet gia tri cua Malthus Dqi Tii dien kinh tethi triidng, Ha Ndi, 1998, tr 159 (13) Charles Robert Ageron, sdd, tr 254 (14) Trong sd' dd phai ke den cac cdng trinh ciia: Yves Henri: Economie agricole de I'Indochine, 1931; Delamarre: L'Emigration et Vimigration ouvriere en Indochine, 1931; Goudal: Probleme du travail en Indochine, 1931); Paul Bernard: Le Probleme economique indochinois, 1934; Andrd Dumarest: La Formation des classes sociales en pays annamites, 1935; Pierre Gourou: Les Paysans du Delta tonkinois, 1936; Paul Bernard: Nouveaux Rghien cum Lich stf so" 3.2011 16 Asie Revue indochinoise aspectes du probleme economique de I'lndochine, (32) Extrem illustree, 1929 1937 (33) Cac Sac lenh ve: Thanh l&p Hoi dong ldi (15), (16) Xem Ta Thi Thiiy (chii bien): Lich sit Viet Nam Tap VIII (1919-1930), Nxb Khoa hoc xa ich kinh te - tai chinh cac xfl; lap Dai hdi dong ldi ich kinh te tai chinh Dong DUdng; Che hoi, Ha Noi, 2007 nhUdng dat khan hoang Dong DUdng; Cai to' (17) Charles Robert Ageron, sdd, tr 231 Hoi dong chinh phu Ddng Dudng; ChUc nang ciia (18) Philippe Franchini: Les guerres Td'ng ThU ky Ddng DUdng Xem Ta Thi Thuy (chii d'Indochine, Paris, 1988, tr 138 bien), sdd (19) Ta Thi Thiiy (chu bien): Lich sii Viet Nam (34) Patrice Morlat: Pouvoir et Repression au Tap VIII (1919-1930), sdd, tr 46 Viet Nam durant la periode coloniale 1911-1940, (20) Philippe Franchini: Sdi Gon 1925-1945 de These de Doctorat 3e cycle, University Paris VII, la "belle cononie' a I'eclosion revolutionnaire ou la1985, tr 366 fin des Dieux blancs, Paris, 1992, tr 61 (35), (36), (37) Patrice Morlat, sdd, tr 366, (21) Charles Robert Ageron, sdd, tr 231 649, 366 (22) Dominique Borne, Henri Dubief, sdd, tr (38) Discour de Pietri a la Chambre 6-6-1930, 69 din theo Patrice Morlat, sdd, tr 382 (23) Philippe Franchini, sdd, tr 66 (39), (40) Din theo Patrice Morlat, sdd, tr 381 (24), (25), (26) Joseph Buttinger: Viet Nam a (40) Din theo Patrice Morlat, Sdd, tr 381 Dragon embattled Tom 1: From colonialism to the (41) IIA 45/221 (3) Goucoch: Ddn lao khd Viet Minh, London, Paul Mall, 1967, tr 101, 102, (Travailleurs) cua Dang cong sdn (vung Hau 101 Giang) so 14-9-1930 (27) Patrice Morlat: Pouvoir et Repression au (42) II A 45/326 Un Programme de reforme en Viet Nam durant la periode coloniale 1911-1940, Indochine par Gouverneur General Pierre These de Doctorat 3e cycle, University Paris VII, Pasquier (3-1931) 1985, tr 366 (43) II A 45/326 (28) Philippe Franchini, sdd, tr 68 (44) II A 45/326 (29) Patrice Morlat, sdd, tr 621 (45) Duong Trung Qudc: Viet Nam nhiing sd (30) Joseph Buttinger, sdd, tr 102 kien lich su! (1919-1945), Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, (31) Philippe Franchini, sdd, tr 137 2000, tr 212