Animal rights gail mack (2011) TỪ VỰNG HAY THEO CHỦ ĐỀ

Animal Rights ANIMAL RIGHTS THE ISSUES Animal Rights DEBATING GAIL MACK ANIMAL RIGHTS Copyright © 2012 Marshall Cavendish Corporation Published by Marshall Cavendish Benchmark An imprint of Marshall Cavendish Corporation All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner Request for permission should be addressed to the Publisher, Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 99 White Plains Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 Tel: (914) 332-8888, fax: (914) 3321888 Website: www.marshallcavendish.us This publication represents the opinions and views of the author based on Gail Mack’s personal experience, knowledge, and research The information in this book serves as a general guide only The author and publisher have used their best efforts in preparing this book and disclaim liability rising directly and indirectly from the use and application of this book Other Marshall Cavendish Offices: Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Private Limited, New Industrial Road, Singapore 536196 • Marshall Cavendish International (Thailand) Co Ltd 253 Asoke, 12th Flr, Sukhumvit 21 Road, Klongtoey Nua, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand • Marshall Cavendish (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd, Times Subang, Lot 46, Subang Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Batu Tiga, 40000 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia Marshall Cavendish is a trademark of Times Publishing Limited All websites were available and accurate when this book was sent to press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mack, Gail Animal rights / Gail Mack — 1st ed p cm — (Debating the issues) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-7614-4967-6 (print) —ISBN 978-1-60870-662-4 (ebook) Animal rights—Juvenile literature I Title II Series HV4708.M323 2012 179’.3—dc22 2010039298 Editor: Peter Mavrikis Publisher: Michelle Bisson Art Director: Anahid Hamparian Series design by Sonia Chaghatzbanian Photo research by Alison Morretta Front cover: IndexStock/Superstock Associated Press: Jennifer DeMonte/Daily Inter Lake, 8; Joe Jaszewski/The Idaho Statesman, 9; April L Brown, 17; Associated Press, 21, 28; Susan Ragan, 27; John Dearing/Bureau of Land Management, 30; Steve Parsons, 32; Ted S Warren, 36; Busch Gardens, Tampa Bay/Press Association, 37; Marcio Jose Sanchez, 40; Gary Kazanjian, 43 Bridgeman Art Library: The Bridgeman Art Library International, 12 Getty Images: altrendo images, 6; Mark S Wexler, 11; Melanie Stetson Freeman/The Christian Science Monitor, 16; Kim Steele, 19; Daniel J Cox, 32; Bill Pugliano, 35; Stephane De Sakutin/AFP, 47; Alberto Simon/AFP, 50; Chris Hondros, 57 Superstock: Frances M Roberts/Ambient Images, 1, 2-3, 4-5; image100, 14; age fotostock, 24; IndexStock, 52, 54 Back cover: age fotostock/Superstock Printed in Malaysia (T) 135642 Chapter Living Together Chapter One Side: Animals Should Not Have Rights 15 Chapter The Other Side: Animals Should Have Rights 33 Chapter You Decide 53 Glossary 59 Find Out More 61 Index 63 Table of Contents From the earliest times, humans have relied on animals to perform many kinds of jobs Dogs help people with disabilities They are trained to guide people who cannot see and to alert the hearing impaired when someone knocks at the door, rings the doorbell, or calls on the phone Dogs often work as partners with police officers These dogs are trained to sniff out drugs and explosives and to track criminals Working dogs living on farms and ranches herd sheep and cattle Some breeds serve as watchdogs for property owners and businesses Cats also work On farms, for instance, they are used to keep barns free of mice Humans have also used animals for clothing Sheep and alpacas provide wool Minks, rabbits, and other fur-bearing animals are killed for their pelts Leather is made from the hides of cattle and other animals— even crocodiles Today there are alternatives to using animal fur and skins Many fabrics are woven from plants such as cotton and flax Humans’ Best Friends Dogs have lived with humans for more than 14,000 years It is believed that prehistoric humans fi rst used them as watchdogs and later A seeing-eye dog guides his blind owner as they walk along a city sidewalk LIVING TOGETHER Chapter ANIMAL RIGHTS A furry barn cat ignores the antics of its stable pal put them to work herding and hunting other animals The more than four hundred breeds of dogs that exist today have shown their intelligence, loyalty, companionship, and abilities in many different ways Their services include tracking criminals, finding lost persons, sniffing out illegal drugs and explosives, serving as “eyes” for the blind and “ears” for the deaf, as well as helping others with a variety of tasks Socalled therapy dogs are used to cheer up patients in hospitals and nursing homes Having a dog as a loyal companion may provide health benefits Petting a dog, for example, can slow the heart rate and lower blood pressure Cats are smart and independent Like dogs, they can be playful and entertaining, and, like dogs, domestic cats have jobs to Cats LIVING TOGETHER can see better in darkness than people can They climb trees, have an amazing sense of balance, and can walk along narrow ledges or fences They are speedy runners and can leap long distances When they fall, they almost always land on their feet These abilities make them skillful hunters, especially of mice, rats, and snakes Although a cornered cat can be dangerous—it will hiss and scratch with its sharp claws—cats can also be loving and very patient with little children Cats, with their big, glowing eyes, seem mysterious creatures to many people The ancient Egyptians believed cats were sacred and protected their homes Because of their beauty and grace, cats have been painted and drawn by many artists throughout the centuries Twins Julia and Claire have a sensory muscular disorder, but they have a great time with Ovelle, a six-year-old Labrador retriever, during feeding therapy at St Alphonsus Rehabilitation in Meridian, Ohio ANIMAL RIGHTS BULLFIGHTING: ART OR CRUELTY? Bullfighting was common in ancient Crete, Thessaly (a region of Greece), and Rome It is still popular today in Spain, Portugal, southern France, and Latin America The traditional spectacle has as many as six bullfights The matador brandishes his cape with skill and grace to draw the bull close to him while avoiding being gored by its horns, and horsemen called picadors then jab the bull with lances to weaken its neck and shoulder muscles In the final ceremony, the matador performs a ritual slaying of the bull using his sword Animal rights advocates call bullfighting a cruel blood sport, but its fans see it as a traditional fine art form that is an important part of Spanish culture Conchita Citrón, the most famous and respected female bullfighter of modern times, described the bullring as a symbol of different aspects of the world: “Within its small circle one finds life, death, ambition, despair, success, failure, faith, desperation, valor, cowardliness, generosity, and meanness—all condensed into the actions of a single afternoon or even a single moment.” On July 28, 2010, the Spanish region of Catalonia banned bullfighting Before the vote, animal rights activists had mounted a strong campaign Some saw the vote as a “message” from a region that strongly supports political and cultural independence from Madrid Spanish matador Manuel Jesús “El Cid” makes a pass to a bull during a bullfight at the famous bullring Las Ventas, in Madrid 50 THE OTHER SIDE: ANIMALS SHOULD HAVE RIGHTS Countries around the world that have banned or restricted the use of animals in entertainment include Sweden, Austria, Costa Rica, India, Finland, and Singapore WHAT DO YOU THINK? Do you think animals express emotions? How? Can you think of any emotions that Darwin left off his list? Is medical testing using animals necessary? Would you attend a bullfight or a circus that had wild animal acts? Why or why not? What are some laws in your community that protect animals? 51 At the local, regional, and national levels, issues that divide researchers and animal advocates are being debated Legislation that refl ects recent research and the growing interest in animal rights has been passed or proposed The goal of these new acts and proposals is protection of the interests of animals In 2011, after long years of debate, the U.S Food and Drug Administration was preparing to issue new guidelines on the prolonged use of antibiotics in healthy animals This use has been blamed for creating resistance to these antibiotic medications in humans Livestock farmers who oppose the guidelines say there is no proof of a direct link between the farms and human sickness On the other side are the many scientific groups who are demanding even stronger rules Among them are the American Medical Association, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and many others Dr Thomas R Frieden, the director of the CDC, wrote to Congress and cited “compelling evidence” of a “clear link between antibiotic use in animals and antibiotic resistance in humans.” In 2007, the European Union (EU) adopted a directive that improved controls on the use of animals in experiments The directive includes a A scientist tests a drug on mice YOU DECIDE Chapter ANIMAL RIGHTS ban on using primates such as gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans, all of which are threatened with extinction Other primates included in the ban are macaques, marmosets, vervets, and baboons The goal of the directive is eventually to end all use of primates in experiments It is based on what advocates call the Three R’s principle: replace, reduce, and refine animal testing In 2010, the European Parliament approved legislation that revises the new directive to further improve the welfare of animals used in scientifi c experiments, ensure fair competition for industry, and foster research activities in the European Union The legislation is the result of an agreement between the European Parliament and the European Scientists often use monkeys like this one for testing new drugs and other products 54 YOU DECIDE Council The revision will make ethical evaluation compulsory and require that experiments using animals be authorized Other revisions clarify requirements for replacing animals with nonanimal methods and improvements in procedures that will eliminate or reduce to a minimum any possible pain, suffering, distress, or lasting harm to animals The revised directive includes new oversight measures, such as unannounced inspections Its goal is to promote research and competitiveness while ensuring that animal welfare is upheld The new directive will take effect on January 1, 2013 In 2010, Illinois amended a law that lists dangerous animals to include primates The state now prohibits ownership or possession of primates; exceptions include zoos, circuses, and colleges The law also states that those persons who possessed a primate before January 1, 2011, may keep it if the animal is registered Massachusetts became the fi rst state to make dog or cat devocalization surgery (cutting the animal’s vocal chords) a criminal offense The Animal Rights Debate Although people have been learning to understand how and why animals behave the way they do, animals are still used in ways that have created much controversy In 1975, Peter Singer’s book, Animal Liberation, shocked readers throughout the world with its description of the abuses of animals in medical experiments and on factory farms The book inspired a worldwide movement that changed the way humans treat animals It is now known that animals suffer pain and can ex55 ANIMAL RIGHTS press emotions such as joy, grief, and fear On this basis, some animal activists have acted in lawful and sometimes unlawful ways to secure what they consider animal rights On the other side are scientists and others who believe that animal research and scientifi c testing is an essential tool in the protection of humans from life-threatening diseases In their view, animal research and testing are not inherently cruel They hold to the traditional belief that “animal rights” as such not exist; rather, that human beings have a moral obligation to treat animals with respect and to them no harm beyond what is necessary to preserve and support human life That is to say, in terms of animal welfare, people must treat animals humanely, even though sometimes the animals may have to endure pain and suffering from necessary laboratory experiments Alternatives Research A new option has been slowly developing: alternatives research This is a search for replacements that will reduce the use of animals by means of a step-by-step process Eventually, its supporters say, the process could lead to elimination of the need for animals The Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing has received grants and gifts to sponsor research, and scientific interest in alternatives has produced legislative initiatives First, however, researchers must find alternatives that work The FDA notes that many procedures that could replace animals are still in development Ultimately, the FDA says, testing 56 YOU DECIDE must progress to the use of an animal—not using animals for testing would put humans at unreasonable risk The National Association for Biomedical Research (NABR) contends that in many areas of biologic and medical research, there are no substitutes for the study of living animals The NABR says many processes in the human body are too complex for computers or cell cultures Where you stand on the animal rights debate? Should animals A student examines a frog on a virtual frog dissection display at “Frogs: A Chorus of Colors,” a 2004 exhibition at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City 57 ANIMAL RIGHTS have rights? Perhaps you will want to have a discussion in class, with your friends, or at home Perhaps you will want to write a story or poem or explore this topic further What is right? What is wrong? Why? Armed with facts, you can choose your side and argue effectively WHAT DO YOU THINK? This book presents two sides of a controversial issue Have you taken a side? Do you think people should regard animals as equals? Why or why not? Has this book changed the way you think about animals? How? Do different societies treat animals appropriately? How does your society treat animals? What is the difference between animal rights and animal welfare? 58 GLOSSARY Glossary activist—A person who takes strong, direct action that supports one side or another of an issue that has opposing views anesthetize—To cause loss of feeling or sensation with or without loss of consciousness bearbaiting—The ancient practice of setting dogs upon a chained bear calorie—A unit of measure for the amount of heat energy contained in food clinical trial—A controlled study of the effectiveness of a drug or medical treatment on test subjects cognitive ethology—The study of animal thought and reasoning processes compassion—Sympathy for others’ distress coronavirus—A group of viruses known to pass disease from animals to humans cross-contamination—Movement of harmful bacteria from one object, person, or place to another Diabecell implants—Type diabetes destroys human insulin-producing cells The implant is an injection of cells from a pig’s pancreas The pig cells are coated in a seaweed-based gel and release insulin very similar to human insulin euthanize—To end a life in a virtually painless way in order to release an animal from incurable disease or severe suffering incubate—Maintain in a condition favorable for development 59 ANIMAL RIGHTS mucous membrane—A membrane that contains mucous glands mutate—To undergo a change prion—An abnormal protein particle that lacks nucleic acid and is linked to neurodegenerative diseases ruminants—Hoofed animals species—In biology, the level of classification below which no further biological distinction can be made Members of a species share many biological characteristics and can breed with one another ultraviolet radiation—One of several kinds of electromagnetic waves that travel through space The other kinds are radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, X-rays, and gamma rays vegetarian—A vegetarian diet is plant-based only, without inclusion of dairy products, eggs, or meats Some vegetarians also not eat by-products of animal slaughter such as animal-derived gelatin, cheese, and other foods xenograft—The grafting of tissue from one species to another, completely different species xenotransplantation—The transplanting of an organ, tissue, or cells from one species—for example, a pig’s heart valve—into the body of another species, such as a human X-ray radiation—A form of radiation whose extremely short wavelength makes it more highly energized than ultraviolet radiation 60 FIND OUT MORE Find Out More Books Hayhurst, Chris Animal Testing: The Animal Rights Debate New York: The Rosen Publishing Group Incorporated, 2000 Judson, Karen Animal Testing (Open for Debate) Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2006 Martin, Ann M A Dog’s Life: Autobiography of a Stray New York: Scholastic Press, 2005 Roth, Ruby That’s Why We Don’t Eat Animals: A Book about Vegans, Vegetarians, and All Living Things Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 2009 Websites American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals: Real Issues www.aspca.org/aspcakids/real-issues/ The Real Issues column lists articles on animal testing, animal abuse in circuses, fur cruelty, tips on caring for your pets in hot and cold weather, and many other topics Dosomething.org: Animal Welfare www.dosomething.org/whatsyourthing/Animal+Welfare This site contains information related to animal rights and animal welfare 61 ANIMAL RIGHTS Minnesota Department of Health: Prevent Cross-Contamination www.health.state.mn.us/foodsafety/clean/xcontamination.html Find tips at this site on how to prevent cross-contamination when food shopping, refrigerating food, and preparing and serving it People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals www.PETAKIDS.com Articles on abuses at circuses and zoos and other topics on animal abuse Includes information on vegetarianism and how to support animal shelters Also contains material protesting dissection in the classroom and opposing circus and zoo trips 62 INDEX Index Page numbers in boldface are illustrations alternatives research, 56–57 Americans for Medical Progress (AMP), 26 A Natural History of Human Emotions, 34 animal agriculture, 15–18, 41–44 Animal Agriculture Alliance, 17 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), 16–17, 41 animal emotions, 33–41 Animal Legal Defense Fund (ALDF), 46–48 Animal Liberation, 37–38, 55 Animal Liberation Front, 30–31 animal rights activists, 29–31, 38, 46–48, 47, 55–56 animal rights legislation, 53–55 Animal Welfare Act, 24 antibiotics, 18, 41–42, 53 Ashoka, Mauryan king, 12 ASPCA, 48 Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), 31 frog dissection, 24 frog dissection, virtual, 57 battery cage, 39, 40 Bekoff, Marc, 34 bonding, animal-animal, 35, 37, 37 bonding, human-animal, 34–35, 36 bullfighting, 50, 50 orangutans, 32 gestation crate, 39 Getty, Jeff, 26–27, 27 growth hormones, 42 horses, 10–11, 11, 13, 36, 36 human-animal bonding, 34–37 Humane Society, 37 mad cow disease, 42–43 medical testing and research, 18–27, 19, 24, 44–45, 53–56, 56–57 Murray, Joseph, 26–27 National Association of State Departments of Agriculture (NASDA), 16 National Institutes of Health (NIH), 24 penicillin, 21 pigs, 39–41 police dogs and horses, 35, 36, 36 polio, 20–22 Pony Express, 10 protection of animals, 11, 12, 13, 24–25, 37–41, 46–48 California Animal Health and Food Safety (CAHFS), 18 cats, 7, 8, 8–9 cattle, 11, 13, 42–43, 43 chickens, 17, 38, 39 chimpanzees, 28, 28–29 circuses, 48–49, 51 cognitive ethology, 33–41 corporate farms, 37–41, 40 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), 43–44 cruelty to animals, 11, 12, 13, 37–41 Sabin, Albert, 21–22 Salk, Jonas, 21, 21 SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), 22–24 Singer, Peter, 37–38, 55 space travel, 27–29 spiders, 29 Sputnik 2, 27–28 Sunday Observance Act, 11, 13 Damasio, Antonio, 34 Darwin, Charles, 33–34 Descartes’ Error, 34 disease, 42–44 dogs, working, 6, 7–8, 9, 34–35, 35 terrorism, 29–31 therapy animals, 9, 35 transplants, animal-to-human, 25–27, 45–46 Earth Liberation Front (ELF), 30–31 The Emotional Lives of Animals, 34 ethical issues, 45–46 The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, 33–34 veal crate, 41 vegetarian diets, 44 Walton, Stuart, 34 xenotransplantation, 25–27, 45–46 zoos, 31 factory farming, 37–41, 40 Fleming, Alexander, 21 63 ANIMAL RIGHTS About the Author Gail Mack is a freelance writer and the author of several books for students A native of Boston, Massachusetts, she lives and works in New York City 64