CHƢƠNG I: CƠ CHẾ DI TRUYỀN VÀ BIẾN DỊ Bài 1: GEN, MÃ DI TRUYỀN, QUÁ TRÌNH NHÂN ĐÔI ADN Câu 1: Gen là gì? =>Gen là một đoạn phân tử ADN mang thông tin mã hóa cho một chuỗi polipeptit hay một phân tử ARN. Câu 2: Gen có cấu trúc như thế nào? =>Mỗi gen mã hóa protein gồm ba vùng trình tự nuclêôtit: vùng điều hòa, vùng mã hóa, vùng kết thúc. Câu 3: Một axit amin trong phân tử prôtêin được mã hóa trên gen dưới dạng nào? mã bộ ba Câu 4: Mã di truyền là gì? Là trình tự nucleotit trong gen quy định trình tự các axitamin trong phân tử protein. Câu 5: Vì sao mã di truyền là mã bộ ba?=>Vì 3 nu mã hóa cho aa thì số tổng hợp sẽ là 4 3 = 64 bộ ba, dư thừa để mã hóa 20 aa. Câu 6: Có bao nhiêu bộ ba mã hóa cho các aa? 61(do có 3 bộ ba kết thúc) Câu 7: Mã di truyền có bộ ba nào là bộ ba mở đầu? AUG Câu 8: Mã di truyền có bộ ba nào là bộ ba kết thúc? UAA, UAG, UGA Câu 9: Hãy nêu đặc điểm của mã di truyền? 4 đặc điểm: -Mã di truyền được đọc từ điểm xác định và theo từng bộ ba nu mà không gối lên nhau. -Mã di truyền có tính phổ biến.(các loài đều dùng chung một bộ mã di truyền) -Mã di truyền có tính đặc hiệu(một bộ ba chỉ mã hóa cho 1 aa.) -Mã di truyền có tính thoái hoá(nhiều bộ ba cùng mã hóa một aa,trừ AUG, UGG) Câu 10. Đặc điểm nào của mã di truyền phản ánh tính thống nhất của sinh giới? Tính phổ biến. Câu 11. Thế nào là mã thoái hóa? nhiều mã bộ ba cùng mã hóa cho 1 aa ( trừ AUG và UGG) Câu 12 Hãy nêu nguyên tắc bổ sung trong cơ chế nhân đôi ADN? A liên kết T và G liên kết X. Câu 13 Trong nguyên phân, sự nhân đôi ADN trong nhân diễn ra khi nào? Kì Trung gian, trước khi tế bào bước vào giai đoạn phân chia. Câu 14 Quá trình nhân đôi ADN còn được gọi là quá trình gì? Tái bản,tự sao. Câu 15 Quá trình nhân đôi ADN diễn ra theo nguyên tắc nào? Nguyên tắc bổ sung và bán bảo toàn Câu 16 Qúa trình nhân đôi ADN gồm có mấy bước, đó là những bước nào? -> gồm 3 bước: - Tháo xoắn phân tử ADN - Tổng hợp các mạch ADN mới - Hai phân tử ADN được tạo thành Câu 17 Hãy nêu nguyên tắc bán bảo toàn trong cơ chế nhân đôi ADN? Trong hai ADN mới hình thành , mỗi ADN gồm có 1 mạch cũ và 1 mạch mới tổng hợp. Câu 18. Nguyên tắc bán bảo tòan được thể hiện trong cơ chế nào? tự nhân đôi. Câu 19. Có những thành phần nào tham gia quá trình nhân đôi ADN? ADN mẹ, các nu tự do, enzim tháo xoắn, enzim cắt, enzim nối, ADN pôlimeraza, đoạn Okazaki Câu 20 Trong quá trình nhân đôi ADN có mấy mạch gốc được sử dụng để nhân đôi ADN? 2 Câu 21 Trong nhân đôi ADN, các mạch ADN mới được tổng hợp theo chiều nào? 5 ’ -> 3’ Câu 22 Sau khi kết thúc nhân đôi từ ADN mẹ đã tạo nên bao nhiêu ADN con? Hãy nêu đặc điểm của ADN con? 2 ADN con, mỗi AND con có 1 mạch cũ, 1 mạch mới Câu 23 Sau khi kết thúc nhân đôi từ ADN mẹ đã tạo nên bao nhiêu ADN con? Hãy nêu đặc điểm của ADN con? 2 AND con, mỗi ADN có 1 mạch cũ và 1 mạch mới. Câu 24. Vai trò của enzim ADN pôlimeraza trong qúa trình nhân đôi? -Lắp ghép các nu tự do theo nguyên tắc bổ sung vào mạch đang tổng hợp. Câu 25. Sự nhân đôi của ADN dựa trên nguyên tắc bổ sung có tác dụng gì? =>Đảm bảo duy trì thông tin di truyền ổn định từ nhân ra ngoài tế bào chất. Câu 26. Với 4 loại nu A,T ,G,X thì có bao nhiêu mã bộ ba không có G? 3 3 = 27 bộ ba. Câu 27. Hãy giải thích tại sao trên mỗi chạc chữ Y chỉ có 1 mạch của phân tử ADN được tổng hợp liên tục còn mạch còn lại được tổng hợp ngắt quảng? =>Vì chiều tổng hợp là 5’ -> 3’ Câu 28.Trong quá trình nhân đôi ADN, các đoạn Okazaki được nối lại với nhau nhờ enzim nào? Enzim nối ADN ligaza. BÀI 2: PHIÊN MÃ, DỊCH MÃ. 1. Phiên mã là gì? -> là quá trình tổng hợp ARN trên mạch khuôn ADN. 2. Qúa trình phiên mã đƣợc diễn ra ở loại sinh vật nào? -> sinh vật nhân sơ và nhân thực. 3. Phiên mã ở sv nhân thực diễn ra ở đâu? -> trong nhân tế bào 4. Những thành phần nào tham gia quá trình phiên mã? ADN mạch gốc, các nu tự do, enzimARN pôlimeraza. 5. Sản phẩm của quá trình phiên mã? mARN 6. Hãy nêu sự giống nhau giữa 2 quá trình VnDoc - Tải tài liệu, văn pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí Tổng hợp câu hỏi mẫu IELTS Writing Task chủ đề Môi trường Môi trường đề tài phổ biến các kỳ thi IELTS, không riêng đề IELTS Writing Task Vì vậy, việc nắm rõ cách sử dụng từ vựng môi trường cấu trúc câu nói đề tài môi trường việc vô cần thiết Để giúp bạn học tốt hơn, VnDoc.com xin giới thiệu đến bạn tài liệu Tổng hợp câu hỏi mẫu IELTS Writing Task chủ đề Môi trường Reducing global environmental damage should be handled by governments rather than individuals To what extent you agree or disagree? Sample Answer 1: Global environmental damage is the most pressing problem in the world nowadays However, when it comes to tackle the problem, people are divided in their opinions In many circles, it is argued that governments’ role is crucial in reducing the environmental damage, while others put emphasis on individuals’ attempt While I accept the notion that individuals can reduce environmental damage, I believe the governments can play a paramount role in improving environmental damage Environmental damage can be slowed and stopped with practical actions that yield a healthier, cleaner atmosphere Actually, it is up to each of us, as individual, to take steps to slow down and eventually stop the damages through everyday awareness of our energy use, and pay attention to the ways we can save electricity and minimize fossil fuel usage For example, using electricity to lighting our home, driving a car, heating our room and throwing away trash all lead to greenhouse gas emission that causes environmental damage severely We can reduce emissions through simple actions like switching to energy-efficient lighting, improving the efficiency of home appliances, reducing energy required for heating, improving vehicle fuel-efficiency, and so on But, the governments could certainly make more effort to reduce environmental damage They could pass VnDoc - Tải tài liệu, văn pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí laws to limit the emission from factories and industries and gradually they can force to the companies to use renewable energy from solar, water, or wind power In addition to this, the government can set forth a national blueprint for a clean energy economy Actually, they can outline a national climate action plan that puts emphasize on several key ways to reduce environmental damages Apart from that, since environmental damage is a global issue, they can work for an effective international climate treaty negotiation so that international efforts can be ensured in reducing environmental damages worldwide To reiterate, as individuals we can contribute by taking steps to reduce our personal carbon emissions But fully address the threat of global environmental damage, we must need actions from the government to support and implement a comprehensive set of climate solutions Sample Answer 2: The rate at which the Earth is being damaged through human activity is alarming As awareness of this disturbing situation grows, actions are increasingly being taken to meet the challenge Although world governments play key roles in the question of environmental health, it is strongly disagreed that their environmental efforts negate those of individuals I will use both a personal experience I have had as well as non-government inspired initiatives undertaken in my country to illustrate this position Firstly, the sizeable contribution an individual can make in the world’s attempt to cleanse itself should not be underestimated I feel the changes I have made to my own lifestyle act as a good example here Four years ago, I made a conscious effort to start taking the subway to work instead of driving after realizing I had been burning an entire tank of gas every week The effect of this small change over the course of four years became magnified when I realized I had refrained from burning more than two hundred full car tanks of gas! Thus, although there are many things that governments can to help fight environmental damage, the individual still plays a huge role In addition to this, many non-government related entities have also been making inroads in the battle for a cleaner world For example, at many of the universities in Canada, there are student groups that work to raise awareness of the lifestyle changes people can make to better help the environment These independent groups help put a face to a message and really push people to alter themselves for the benefit of the natural world As this makes clear, projects aimed at preserving the Earth not have to be government-run to make a difference As my experiences show, the world’s governments should not solely handle the issue of global environmental damage It is hoped that the future sees more people contribute to this cause in any way they can Explain some of the ways in which human are damaging the environment What can governments to address these problems? What can individual people do? VnDoc - Tải tài liệu, văn pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí Sample ...Mr.Tùng Bờm (8.0 IELTS) – Tổng hợp biên soạn https://www.facebook.com/groups/ielts.mr.Tung Tổng hợp: Mr.Tùng Bờm – IELTS Fighter Club Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/tungtrym Fanpage: https://www.facebook.com/30ngaychinhphuc6.5ielts Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/ielts.mr.Tung Nguồn: Tổng hợp từ internet Website học IELTS Online miễn phí: http://ielts-fighter.com/ Thông báo: Đầu tháng 4, Mr.Tùng khai giảng lớp IELTS kĩ Hà Nội - Lịch dự kiến: 15/04/2016 - Số buổi học: 26 buổi / 52 học Cam kết đảm bảo đầu học viên tham gia khóa học Chi tiết ad thông báo sau! Chúc bạn học tốt! Học tập IELTS tốt với Khóa học IELTS miễn phí tại: https://www.facebook.com/groups/ielts.mr.Tung Giảng dạy: Mr.Tùng Bờm – 8.0 IELTS Mr.Tùng Bờm (8.0 IELTS) – Tổng hợp biên soạn https://www.facebook.com/groups/ielts.mr.Tung Writing sample Some people believe that media should be allowed to publish information about the private lives of famous people Others say that everybody has a right to privacy and this practice must be controlled or even stopped Discuss both views We are living in a celebrity obsessed world where everything that famous people or say makes headlines If media publishes stories about the private lives of the rich and the famous, that is because there is an audience for them People want to know what celebrities do, say, wear, eat and drink Media merely satisfies this need because it makes sound business sense for them Public personalities also have a private life that they want to shield from others Just because they are famous, the media doesn’t have the right to publish all sorts of personal information about them It has now become fashionable to publish photos and stories that are demeaning to famous people This trend must be condemned Everybody has flaws; however, when a celebrity exhibits them it becomes news People get some weird pleasure from knowing that these famous men and women that they admire are not perfect On the flip side, there is a symbiotic relationship between celebrities and the media One depends on the other for their existence Celebrities need media exposure to remain celebrities They are desperate to stay in the news They need media attention to build their career They become conscious of their right to privacy only after they have established themselves in the industry At that stage, however, they can’t expect the media, which fuelled their growth, to stop writing about them To conclude, as long as people want to know about the private lives of famous personalities, media will oblige them with photos and stories However, I believe that public personalities also have a right to privacy Although I wouldn’t say that media should stop writing about famous people, I believe that they should draw a line Media must resist the temptation to publish stories that can destroy lives and careers (303 words) Học tập IELTS tốt với Khóa học IELTS miễn phí tại: https://www.facebook.com/groups/ielts.mr.Tung Giảng dạy: Mr.Tùng Bờm – 8.0 IELTS Mr.Tùng Bờm (8.0 IELTS) – Tổng hợp biên soạn https://www.facebook.com/groups/ielts.mr.Tung Writing sample Scientists and the news media are presenting ever more evidence of climate change Governments cannot be expected to solve this problem It is the responsibility of individuals to change their lifestyle to prevent further damage What are your views? Recently scientists worried about climate change have urged governments to introduce measures to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions that are seen as its main cause Simultaneously, politicians and environmentalists have urged individuals to make changes to their lifestyle I shall argue that governments and individuals should take join responsibility for this problem Firstly, industry accounts for a large proportion of the greenhouse gas emissions, and this can only be controlled by government action Measures could be taken to discourage pollution, such as limiting or taxing the use of fossil fuels Alternatively, subsidies could be offered IELTS Fighter – easy as pie!!! 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TRUNG TÂM LUYỆN THI IELTS HÀNG ĐẦU VIỆT NAM Địa chỉ: 254 Hoàng Văn Thái – Thanh Xuân – Hà Nội | SĐT: 046295 6422 Website: ielts-fighter.com |fanpage: 30 ngày chinh phục 6.5 IELTS Lịch khai giảng khóa học IELTS Fighter tháng 06/2016 thầy Tùng giảng dạy sở 254 Hoàng Văn Thái – Thanh Xuân – Hà Nội! Đăng kí tư vấn theo hotline: 0963 891 756 bàn tư vấn (tầng 2) >>>> Đăng kí khóa học IELTS Fighter Tất khóa học IELTS Fighter có cam kết đâu ra! Tất lớp học hỗ trợ đầy đủ trình học, việc học tập lớp bạn sử dụng thư viện (có thầy Tùng hỗ trợ thư viện), đầu sách thư viện… lúc cần thiết! Sau khóa học kết thúc, bạn nhận hỗ trợ học tập đầy đủ Chấm – nhận xét Writing, Chấm Speaking, Tài liệu học tập… cách đầy đủ! IELTS – easy as pie!!! Giảng dạy: Thầy Tùng – 8.5 IELTS (9.0 Speaking) Địa chỉ: 254 Hoàng Văn Thái – Thanh Xuân - HN Hotline: 0963 891 756 IELTS Fighter – easy as pie!!! TRUNG TÂM LUYỆN THI IELTS HÀNG ĐẦU VIỆT NAM Địa chỉ: 254 Hoàng Văn Thái – Thanh Xuân – Hà Nội | SĐT: 046295 6422 Website: ielts-fighter.com |fanpage: 30 ngày chinh phục 6.5 IELTS Writing sample Some people believe that media should be allowed to publish information about the private lives of famous people Others say that everybody has a right to privacy and this practice must be controlled or even stopped Discuss both views We are living in a celebrity obsessed world where everything that famous people or say makes headlines If media publishes stories about the private lives of the rich and the famous, that is because there is an audience for them People want to know what celebrities do, say, wear, eat and drink Media merely satisfies this need because it makes sound business sense for them Public personalities also have a private life that they want to shield from others Just because they are famous, the media doesn’t have the right to publish all sorts of personal information about them It has now become fashionable to publish photos and stories that are demeaning to famous people This trend must be condemned Everybody has flaws; however, when a celebrity exhibits them it becomes news People get some weird pleasure from knowing that these famous men and women that they admire are not perfect On the flip side, there is a symbiotic relationship between celebrities and the media One depends on the other for their existence Celebrities need media exposure to remain celebrities They are desperate to stay in the news They need media attention to build their career They become conscious of their right to privacy only after they have established themselves in the industry At that stage, however, they can’t expect the media, which fuelled their growth, to stop writing about them To conclude, as long as people want to know about the private lives of famous personalities, media will oblige them with photos and stories However, I believe that public personalities also have a right to privacy Although I wouldn’t say that media should stop writing about famous people, I believe that they should draw a line Media must resist the temptation to publish stories that can destroy lives and careers (303 words) IELTS – easy as pie!!! Giảng dạy: Thầy Tùng – 8.5 IELTS (9.0 Speaking) Địa chỉ: 254 TỔNG HỢP IELTS WRITING BÀI KÉM VÀ MẪU THEO BAND 22/02/2016 ─ Huong Mysheo support@mysheo.com mysheo.com “Cách học viết hiệu đọc mẫu mà nghiên cứu học từ sai lầm để tự hoàn thiện thân.” _ Mysheo _ Làm để viết tự chữa IELTS Writing: bit.ly/wokick Contents Writing Task Band 3.5 Test 2: Writing Task ( Cambridge 10) Band Test 1: Writing Task ( Cambridge 5) Test 3: Writing Task (Cambridge 6) Test 4: Writing Task (Cambridge 9) Band Test 4: Writing Task 2( Cambridge 7) Band 5.5 Test 2: Writing Task 2( Cambridge 8) Test 4: Writing Task 2( Cambridge 10) Band Test 3: Writing Task 2( Cambridge 5) Band 6.5 Test 4: Writing Task ( Cambridge 8) Band 7.5 Test 1: Writing Task 2( Cambridge 6) Test 2: Writing task 2( Cambridge 7) Band Test 2: Writing Task 2( Cambridge 9) Very good answers written by examiners Test 2: Writing Task 2( Cambridge 5) Test 2: Writing Task ( Cambridge 6) Test 4: Writing Task ( Cambridge 6) Test 1: Writing Task ( Cambridge 7) Test 3: Writing Task ( Cambridge 7) Test 1: Writing Task ( Cambridge 8) Test 3: Writing Task ( Cambridge 8) Test 1: Writing Task ( Cambridge 9) Test 3: Writing Task ( Cambridge 9) Test 1: Writing Task ( Cambridge 10) Làm để viết tự chữa IELTS Writing: bit.ly/wokick Writing Task Band 3.5 Test 2: Writing Task ( Cambridge 10) You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: Some people think that all university students should study whatever they like. Others believe that they should only be allowed to study subjects that will be useful in the future, such as those related to science and technology. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words. SAMPLE ANSWER This is an answer written by a candidate who achieved a Band 3.5 score. Here is the examiner's comment: This response is too short at only 232 original words, so does not meet the minimum length required for the task. It is difficult to work out what the writer is trying to say, as his/her position is not made clear. The relevant, but problems in the writing mean that no part of the task is adequately addressed. Although some linking words and phrases are used, and the paragraphing looks helpful on the page, the order of information is not coherent and the response does not progress clearly to the end. The vocabulary is basic and the writer has only limited control Làm để viết tự chữa IELTS Writing: bit.ly/wokick of word formation. The spelling errors cause strain for the reader. Two lengthy phrases have been copied from the writing question paper. Some complex grammatical structures are attempted but are all faulty. Some simple structures are correct but overall errors predominate. Commas, fullstops and capital letters are misused throughout so punctuation is faulty. An of us, agree that all University students have maind can . They use to think and choose a way life. The governments need to be better in the future. The big question? How can we found to answer to realize interested students and the governments? First of all, who the some people think that all university students should study whatever they like. There are experts. The experts could be give us the result suitable for the students, and drew for them the good choose. Also, should be the government put plan for future. For example, how many pailot, how many teacher or tuter the country need. Moreover, in schools, help students for choose what they like of job. Furthermore, coumet all the minstor together. (together much better). On the other hand, I think not good idea a drew the way for students. Such as, take who finish study in school to study subject we like not what they like and the same as me. When I was student, me tuter told me “ please study computer science”, and my do not like computer science. Now, I will study another subject. I have aim and Tổng hợp luận IELTS Writing Task T May 2016 IELTS Contents Global warming essay 2 People living alone essay IELTS healthcare for children essay IELTS recycling essay IELTS technology and relationships essay IELTS advertising essay 12 IELTS international sporting events essay 13 IELTS exams and continuous assessment essay 14 IELTS computer technology essay 15 10 IELTS youth crime essay 16 11 IELTS globalisation essay 17 12 IELTS traffic essay 18 13 IELTS factory farms essay 19 14 Sample IELTS refugees essay 20 15 IELTS essay newspapers and books essay 21 16 IELTS fuel and the environment essay 22 17 IELTS salaries essay 23 18 IELTS unemployment essay 24 19 IELTS museums essay 25 20 Sample IELTS essay space exploration 26 21 IELTS television essay 27 22 IELTS curriculum essay 28 23 IELTS houses and apartments essay 29 24 IELTS arts and sciences essay 31 25 Sample IELTS overpopulation essay 32 26 IELTS technology and education essay 33 27 IELTS historic buildings essay 34 28 Read the IELTS food transportation essay 35 29 IELTS films essay 36 30 IELTS parents essay 37 31 IELTS junk food essay 38 32 IELTS nuclear technology essay 39 33 IELTS compulsory education essay 40 34 Teenagers and unpaid work essay 41 [Date] Global warming essay This global warming essay lesson is mostly about the need to vary your vocabulary when you write This means thinking about the topic of the question of course but also thinking about what the question asks you to – i.e talk about causes etc Read and understand the question – structuring the essay Research shows that global warming is caused by human activity What are the possible effects of climate change and what can governments and individuals to reduce these? This is a two part question To answer it, you must write about both the causes of climate change what can be done about it by both governments and individuals The sensible approach is to use separate paragraphs for each point My essay below is divided into two main topic paragraphs You could use three if you wanted to write a separate paragraph for government and individual actions Choosing the language You should see that you need this language for the essay: climate change vocabulary cause and effect vocabulary suggestion vocabulary My suggestion is that you not start writing too quickly but plan and think about what words you need to use See the vocabulary Cause and effect vocabulary This is key area of language and you want to vary the word “effects” in the question Look at the red words below to see how I this You will find a lot more words on my • lesson cause and effect vocabulary cause and effect Climate change vocabulary This is the topic vocabulary of the essay If you need more, take a look • at my vocabulary lesson on this: climate change vocabulary Suggestion language Don’t forget this You have options here too The mistake is to go “must” “must” “must” English had lots of words for this Think of • should • need [Date] • can [Date] There is now little doubt that global warming and climate change are the result of human activity This has happened because of a failure in environmental policy by governments and a lack of concern for wasted energy by individuals It is almost universally accepted that climate change is the consequence of a number of environmental failings Perhaps the most important of these is how fossil fuels such as gas and coal are still the main source of power This is a problem because their usemeans that a large amount