Test it fix it english verbs tenses intermediate

Contents ()XFORD 1'Nl \'ll~ ""Il"Y Pl(l-.SS (";"':1 Clarendo n Street, Ox for d OX 6D P O xf ord U n iv ersity Press is a department o f the U n iv ersit y of Ox ford It 1IIIthers the University's objective of excellence in research, I:h' dnrs h ip and educa tion by p ub lis hing w or ldwide in How to use Test it, Fix it Present tenses Used to, would, be used to, get used to 10 Present pe rfect o r past simple? 14 Present perfect simple o r present perfect continuous? 18 Since, for and ago 22 Past tenses 26 T he fu t u re 30 I l n l nil l " ;u riUlot Oxford University Press (maker) Second and t hird conditiona ls 34 I II ~ t pnill fslwd 2003 I lwei 1I11pre% IUn 20 Reported speec h (1) 38 N o un aut h ori zed toco py ing Reported speech (2) 42 T he passiv e (1) 46 T he passiv e (2) 50 Have/Get something done 54 Relative clauses 58 Modal verbs 62 Modals in the past 66 Verb patterns 70 Act ion and state verbs 74 ISII N 1!J 43H07t1 Confusin g ve rbs 78 ll lu utratud hv Tamsin Cook Phrasa l verbs 82 Ox for d N ew York /\ ll4'kl:lnd Bang kok Buenos Ai res Cape To w n Chennai Dill us S alaam De lhi Hong Kong Ist anb u l Karachi Kolkat8 Ku nl a l umpur Madrid M el bo u rn e M e x ico City Mu m bai Nairobi S I" I Paul o Shanqhai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Ch l ll ,, 10I 1ll i Ox for d Enqlish are re(listered trade marks o f I )xl ",,1 Uuiver sity Press in the UK and in certain other countries «n K'mll" Bourko 20 03 110" 11l111al II ~J II1 S o f th e author have been asserte d /\11 I illlol ~; re serv ed No part o f this publ ication may be reproduced, tllilld i n re trieval s y ste m, or transmitted , in any form or by any IIIUOIIS without the prior permis sion in wr itin ~l of Ox ford University Plll ~ H, ()I 11S expressly permitted by law, or under te rm s agreed wl lil tllH appr opr iate reprog raphics rig ht s orqanlzat ion Enqu iries Cll nci ll fl ino rup roduction outside the scope of the above shou ld hu IIUli t to the ELT Rig hts Depart m ent, Oxford Univer sity Press II tllli fld clru s s above ,I Von must not Circu la te t h is book in any other binding or cov er '1I 1l1vou IIIl1s l impose t his same condition on any acqu ire r /\lIy wu hsi tus referred to in th is pu b licatio n are in the pub lic doma in I/Id Ih u il nclelrusses are provided by Oxford University Press fo r Iu tuunn tion only Oxfor d U n iv ersit y Press disclaims any rlJlIllllllllilJlli ty for t he content 11) )( lnvo ut l i nd dusiUn by C/'Irll i l/ idll" Publishinn Management Ltd State and action verbs 86 Table of verb forms 87 List of irregular vorb 88 1'I IIItuclill CI1I/I:' Test it, Fix it is a series of books desig ned to help you id ent ify any problems y o u may have in Eng lish, an d to fix th e problems Each Test it, Fix it book has twenty tests which concen t te on m istakes commo n ly made by learners I",,,,, ~ !.I" '" If " o • I :.:: :'.~_ " ' ., ~' " , '.-, · R , " ,,_ ~ '., •• ~ ~ , I!!I ~ " •• •• , ' , 1• _ " - o Do Test it again, exercise ,• - ~ ~::!:::·::~··~:X·',7·::: , ,' ·u " , •• : :- ::::'~:';"~':::'::- • ~l~~~~:~t:;~:;i~·~·': ·: e , Fix it Then Test it, exercise () Do Test it again, exercise I o First Test it, exercise ~ • · : :;- ::: ~;~.' : .:.:~~.A; :: ; :;: ~·:~ :;: , ~:·t ' :'· ~ (Seco nd pagel •• (Fi rst p agel • A • - , _ •• ' ' " " .;: ":':':.~,:: ;;:~:::~ fest it, Fix it has an un usual forma t You start at the first page of each u nit, then go to t he third pag e, th en to th e second pag e Here's how it works : Test it Test it again e, "" _ ~ o Go to the Fix it page and check your answers < _ .1 I I"~JA •• , ~ , 11' lI " 1~ l ,' (." "' -' ' ~- - - .:.:::;::- =;~:::;:~,:~~::.~"::; ; • _•• • · _ ,~ ~ _"'f>K._ _ _ _ , - Joo _ ••• • • • ·, • A ~ - ·, ~ ·~f~~:El~~~~:::~· · ··· · ·· _ · ·· fD You can read this page at any t ime It gives you extended Fix it notes and example sentences It 's desi gned to give you a su mmary of the grammar you need f or the w hole test Present tenses Test it ~ Test it again ~ o Whic h d escription (1-5) fits each sentence (a-j)? o Complete t he dia logue b et w een two frie nds at a party Use the present s imple a b c d e f h and contin uous forms of the verbs in b rackets A routi ne or habit Somethi ng ppe ning no w An officia l sc he dule d or ti metabled event A future persona l arrangement Somethi ng perman ent or a lw ays true J ackie: Lisa ! Great t o see y o u agai n I a I've even spoke n to y o u since Richard's w eddin g last month How Li sa: Dav id goes fo r a run every day I' m meet ing George and Phil at the jazz concert Look! The dog's digg ing a hole i n your garden agai n She co m es f rom Barcelona She's playing tenn is wi t h J o h n lat er The tra in leaves at 20.08 W e' re going ou t at eig ht t hirty to nig ht If you put oil i n w ater, it floa ts The fi l m starts at seve n ex act ly so n't be late Ice m elts in hot weath er " you " " " " " OK, t hanks W hat about y o u? c Jack ie: No, I'm not He Lisa : Ie " d " (g et o n )? y o u st ill " (g o ou t ) w ith Caro l no w " " (not / believe ) it ! Carol f ro m t he toyshop? Jackie : Oh, no Thi s is a differe nt Caro l Sh e f '" (co m e) f ro m Brazil She's unbelievabl y pretty and ve ry nice Lo o k! Sh e Lisa: " " " The one w ho h (st and ) over there next t o J u li an "" " (laugh)? Jackie: Yes, that's t he o ne An yw ay, l ' id ea no w I can't lo ve Jonathan if he i conti nuo us b c d e f h b (go o ut) w it h J o nat han? e Write the correct form of the verbs in brackets Use t he present simp le or II " " " (not / t hin k) (g et) used to the (no t! lov e) me, and afte r all there are plenty of ot her nice me n about If I say I love yo u, I (m ea n) it ! Please be quiet You (make) so much no ise I ca n't concentrate Sam (pl ay) a lot of footb all th es e days He w an ts t o g et f it Th e rehearsal (f inish ) at four so I'll be bac k at half pas t (y ou / be li eve) in life after death ? They (speak) Spanish and Catala n in Barcelo na W hat lang uag e (she / speak)? I can't unde rstand what she's say ing ! Sid's reall y cle ver He (u nd erst and) q uantu m ph ys ics The sun (set) in t he wes t W hat (y o u / d o ) late r? Do you fancy going out? e Choose t he correct quotation in each p a ir a A b A I am nev er fo rg etting a face, bu t in you r case I' ll be glad 10 make an exc ept io n B I neve r forget a face, but in your case I'll be g lad to ma ke a n except ion I'm lov ing deadlines I like t he whooshi ng sou nd they make as th ey f ly by B I love dead lines I like t he who o shin g so und they make as they f ly by Doug las Adams Grouch o Ma rx c A It's not th at I' m afra id to die, I' m just not wan ting t o be th ere w hen it happe ns B It's not t hat I'm afraid to die, I just d on't wa nt to be th ere when it happe ns Wood y Allen d A Co ffee in Eng land alw ays tas tes like a che mi st ry 'ex per irn ent Coffee in EIlU1iJil d is alwa ys ta stinq li ke a che m istry ex per i m e nt I 1'''1 I I A Uiltl1 " Ct uin tu: B ~ [mlD f2) Present tenses Check your answers Wrong answer? Read the right Fix it note to find out why ! I~ ~ A C ~ F B C ~ f h i ~ F j5~ B ~ e ~ F B b4 c d5 ~ ~ ~ i 21 a mean b 're making c 's playing d finishes e Do you believe f speak is she speaking h understands I sets j are you doing Now ~ r ~ D ~ E ~ ~ C G ~ P; ~ D G ~ ~ ~ G F g'ci ~~r~ ~el Answers to Test it again a don't think b are getting on cAre going out d 's going out e don't believe f comes 's standing h 's laughing i 'rn getting doesn't love a B bB cB o Review Fix it notes Answers to Test it A Use the present simp le to talk abo ut ro utin es and habit s B Use the present simple to ta lk about thi ng s t hat are permanen t or always true, and in zero co nd it iona l sentences C Us e th e present simple to ta lk about officia l scheduled or t imetabled events, e.g tra in timetab les D Use the present continuous to ta lk about th ings that are happen ing at th e moment of speaking, or in the process of chang ing or developing Present simple • You use th e prese nt si m ple to talk about peop le's rou tines and habits David goes for a run every morning We always spend the summer in Greece • You also use the present simple to ta lk about th ings that are permane nt or always true, and in zero cond it ional sentences The office opens at eight every morning Water boils at 100°C If I say I love you , I mean it • Yo u use the present simple to ta lk about official scheduled or timetabled events, e.g train timetables, television listings, etc This train arrives in Newcastle at 08.28 The film starts at seven • You usually use the present simple (not the present continuous) w ith certain verbs , e.g agree, believe, feel, hate, hear, know, like, love, prefer, see, smell, taste, understand, etc She doesn't understand the question NOT She ·isn+tmderStBfld,'rJfj the qtJeStieff; I don 't believe in life after death NOT l!.m-not believina in fHe after death E Use the present contin uous to ta lk about things th at are tempora ry F Use the present co nt inuou s to talk about persona l future arrangements, especially when yo u give the time and/or place dA Present tenses G Usually use the present simple (not the present continuous) with certain verbs, e.g agree, believe, hate, know, like , lo ve, prefer, understand, et c , For more inf o rmatio n, see the Review pag e o pposite ,[:> Present continuous • You use the present continuous to talk about th ings that are happening at the moment of speaking , o r in the process of changing or developing Look! The dog is digging up your flowerbed! MP3 p layers are getting cheaper • You use the present continuous to talk about t hings that are temporary Jane's drinking lots of fruit juice She 's on a diet at the moment I'm reading a great book by William Dalrymple • You use the present continuous to talk about personal future arrangements, especially when yo u give the time and/or place We're meeting Tony and Rupert outside the post office I' m playing squash with John this evening Used to, would, be used to, get used to Used to, would, be used to get used to Test it ~ Test it again ~I o Find and correct the m istake in each sentence o Choose the correct option, A or B / a Whe n I was a chi ld, I didn't used to believe in Father Christ m as f r \ ' - - • You li se m ust nn d mustn't to talk about ob liga tion s Passonqers 11111:1/ uw itc n o ff their mobile p honos YOIi mustn 't park here Modals in the past Test it ~ Test it again o Choose th e best op t ion o Comp lete t he sentences Use a moda l fro m t he list and t he correct form of the a b c d e f h I tried and t ried bu t I can't/cou ld n't open the jar Ho w nice of you to w rit e and thank me You really had to/needn't have When we were at school we must/had to wear school uniform We all hated it I heard a noise I think it must have/should have been the cat jumping through the window You cou ld have/would have laug hed if you 'd seen his face! I' m afraid I can't have/wasn't able to get in touch with George You might have/can't have seen lim He left fo r the States last week I think you should have/had to apologized to Samantha I needn't/didn't have to work last Sunday I had a day off Th at lett er must/might have arrived by now I sent it yesterday a verb in brac kets could have tx 2) would have might have didn't have to a What you b I' m not su re but I think it c No one (do) if you'd been me ? (be ) t he pos tman who (p red ict) last night's th u nd ersto rm It was a tota l surprise d Do you think I n (send) me these flowers but I' m glad he did! I think Tom h We (call ) Nick? (get up) early so we slept till eight Phi l You should have watched the film last night It was great b I hadn't to go to work last week so I went to stay w ith f riends c Pete must gone out The door's locked d I would have got full marks if I'd stud ied a bit harder e We needn't to hurry - we had plenty of time J im can't swi m till he was twelve The ne w as ringing when I came in It might be Lisse h Did you must get up early when you worked on the farm? W e shouldn' t have st ayed out so late I'm tired now Do yo u th ink that man we saw can have been the burglar? ., had to knocked j ust then e No ne of us Find the in correct sentences should have needn't have (be) here I th ink I saw his car (clean) the flat because the kids had already done it a True or false? a b c d ~ Jo shouldn't have been so silly Jo wasn't silly That must have been an eagle I' m sure it was an eagle You couldn 't hav e been there I' m sur e you weren 't there I didn't have t o go to school yesterday I probably went to school True D False D True D False D True D False D True D False D C@] Mo dals in the past o Review Fix it notes A Use must have + past participle t o say t hat yo u be lie ve t hat someth ing was true in the past B Use can 't /co uldn 't have + past partic iple to say that you be lieve tha t something was imposs ib le in the past C Use didn't ve to /h ad to t o talk ab ou t t hi ngs t hat weren 't or were necessa ry in t he past D Use needn 't have + past part ic ip le to say th at so meth ing wasn't necessary in t he past bu t t hat it happened anyway E Us e should/shouldn't have + past partic ip le to say th at somethi ng was t he right or w rong th ing to in the past Modals in the past • Yo u use must have + past participle to say that yo u bel ieve that something was t rue in t he past Yo u usually believ e it was tru e because of something you know It must have taken you ages to write that report (I know it was a very lo ng report.) It must have rai ned last night (The gro und is wet.) • You use cen't/coukin 't have + past part iciple to say t hat you bel ieve th at something was impossible in t he past You usually bel ieve it was im po ssib le because of somet h ing you know He can 't have come home very late (I was still awake when he carne back.) He couldn 't have committed the murder (He was somewhere else at the time.) • You use had to and didn't have to to ta lk about th ings t t were or weren't necessary in the past I had to leave at ten (I had another meeting to ge t t o ) I didn't have to wear a uniform at school (The school rules didn 't require it ) • You use needn't have + past participle to say th at someth ing wasn 't necessary in the pas t but that it happened anyway You needn 't have sent me the roses (It wasn't necessary but I'm very gratefu l.) • You use should/shouldn't have + past participle to say th at someth ing was the rig ht or w rong thing to in the pas t You should have gone home (It was t he right t h ing to but yo u didn't go.) He shouldn 't have said that (It was a bad t hing to bu t he did it.) F Use m ighUcould have + pas t part ici p le to say that something was a possibi lity G Use couldn 't/could and wasn 't able to /was able to to talk abo ut ab ility in the past • possibility in the past I think that might have been the postman (I'm not su re but it' s possi ble.) Jane could have sent me the chocolates (It's possib le it was Jane w ho sent them ) • i n formil ti~n, For ,Ill o re SHO th o Hov iuw pa gu o p posi te II~.;> You use could/cou ldn't and was/wasn 't able to to talk about abi lity in t he past I could/was able to read when I was four He couldn't/wesn 't able to swim till he was ten H Us e w ould/wouldn 't have + past part icip le in th ird co nd iti o nal sentences You use mighUcould have + past participle to say t hat someth ing was a • You use would/wouldn't have + pas t participle in t h ird conditional sentences Tim would have helped yo u if he'd been here (But he wasn't here so he didn't.) I wouldn 't have gone ou t if I'd known it was raining (But I dld go 111.) Verb patterns Test it ~ Test it again ~ o o Complete the sentences Use t he correct form of t he verbs in brackets a Yo u w o n't believe th is ! J immy wan ts m e "." " " " (go) ou t verbs below tie give with hi m! b Carla says she'd prefer c M ike loves " "" " ." (stay) in t han g o ou t to nig ht (chat) to new peopl e " (pl ay) tenni s w it h me somet ime? d Ar e yo u in te rest ed in o Sally denied (eat ) th e sweets even t ho ug h it was " obvio us she had W ill you let us {) My g ran d fathe r ta ug ht us h I reg ret Solve t he clues t o comp lete t he cro ssword Use the correct form of t h e "" " (wa tc h) TV if w e o ur homewor k? " " (fish) with rods an d nets regret hop e revise rem ind like p refer laugh see talk take w an t be enjoy Down I to say t hat you're wro ng th is time I to see yo u again on e day her shoe laces She stopped to Don't m ake me ! Do you regr et not fo r the exa m ? 11 Do t he kids play ing te nnis? 12 Do es Tom to m arry Gisell a? 13 Jack per suaded his boss t o h im a Across Who w ant s to a m il liona ir e? I'd to pay in cash Stop fo r a seco nd, pl ease! We're loo king forward to , you soo n 10 Wou ld yo u to go fo r a walk? 14 He su gg est ed th e bus 15 Please me to pay th e gas bil l " (say) that I com p lete ly for got you r bi rt hday pay rise I w on 't next year I'm so rr y bu t I n't rem em ber Wh at you ho pe 'r-­ (m eet) yo u befo re cz­ " (b e) wh en you g row up? nd and correct t he m istakes b c d h I J I sugg ested t o hav e a pic nic at th e w eekend She m ad e m e to al l th e w ash ing -u p and m ake th e beds! Tony always per suades m e relaxing I can' t dr ink co ffee w ith o ut t o put three spoonfu ls o f suga r in it he lect urer let me to hand in m y essay late We sto pped having lunc h beca use w e w ere hu ng ry So, w hat yo u advise m e in g? J ill w ill nev er fo rge t to los e her son i n t he sho pping cent re Please don 't let m e for gett ing to post t his lett er We all dislike to w ork here Th e pay is terrible s-' - 1­ ~ I I l. J 11 10 L ­ ~ f-­ f-­ [13 - - f-­ I-­ f-­ 14 '­ r ~ ~ ~lD Verb patterns -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ F C f h i j watch to fish to say meeting to be having to relax cr~ d t-e-f;lttt putting et~ handin f hevi-flg to have deffifj to h te-lose losing I forflettfflg- forget working I te-werk -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ @ a to go b to stay c chatting d playing e eating B A B l ~) te-heve b te-ee- -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ G F E C B G o G G B ~I~~ ~~ -:q 'h () p rl~ ' f, t 'u 11 n lJ Verb patterns Using the -in g form • You use the -ing form (not the infinitive) after a prepositio n, e.g about, at, in, like, of, without, etc Is Charlie interested in music? We're really looking forward to seeing you • You use the -ing form (not the infinitive) after some verbs, e.g can't bear, can't stand, dislike, don't mind, enjoy, finish, go, hate, like, love, mean, suggest, etc It means getting up really early but at least the flight is cheap The verb go is very com mon when you're talking about sports I suggested going to Majorca Let 's go jogging/swimming/cycling Using the infinitive Us e the infinitive after regret when it means t hat you are sorry about someth ing you're going to say Use the infin it ive after stop when it means that yo u stop doing one thing in order to another thing E Use the -ing form after remember and forget when you're ta lking about a memory F Some verbs are followed by object + infinitive, e.g advise, persuade, teach , want n o I,In19II ~ 'q- " 1k B Use the -ing form (not the infin itive ) after some verbs, e.g deny, dislike, love, suggest F E A Answers to Test it again r] A Use the -ing fo rm (not the infinitive) after a prepos itio n, e.g in, without C Some verbs are followed by the infinitive (not the -ing form), e.g hope, would prefer F '.~ ~~~go to JJage 71 irest yourself again, u~ o Review Fix it notes Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer? Read the right Fix it note to find out why G Use object + base form of the v erb after let and make • You use the infinitive (not t he -ing form) after some verbs, e.g agree, decide, hope, learn, manage, need, promise, want, would like/love/hate/prefer, etc She promised not to eat the sweets, He' d prefer to pay cash if that's OK Verbs that take both the -ing form and infinitive You use the -ing form or the infinitive after some verbs, e.g forget, regret, remember, stop, try Be careful ! The meaning of the verb changes stop Sheila stopped to say hello (She stopped wha t she was doing She said 'Hello'.) Mary stopped saying she was hungry (She kept saying she was hungry T hen she stopped ) forget I forgot to lock the car (It's unlocked.) I'll never forget meeting you for the first time (It' s an importa nt m em o ry ) remember Do you remember meeting me for the first time? (Is it a memory you hav e?) Did you remember to lock the car? (Som etimes you fo rg et ) r egr et I regret shouting at the dog (I shouted I'm sorry th at I did.) I regret to say you're fired (I'm going to tell you you're fi red I'm sorry about it ) 1"1 , Fo r more information, see the Review page opposit e ,[:> Object + infinitive • You can put the object + infini tive after some verbs, e.g advise, allow, encourage, tiolp, order, persuade, prefer, rem ind, teach, want, etc We encoumqaa tho children to 108m French 8S well as Italian Action and state verbs Test it ~ Test it again ~ o Choose the best opt ion , A or B If both op ti ons are possi b le, choose both o Complete t he dia logues Use t he sim p le or cont inuo u s for ms of th e verbs a b c d e h Oh, no! Last week I " " , " 50 kilos This w eek it's 56! If bot h f o rm s are possible, writ e bot h A weighe d B w as w eig h ing Oonagh ,." a letter when I ca lled in to see her A wrote B was writing Th ese kids " " too much noise A m ake B are maki ng Why on earth " at me like that? Is th er e someth ing o n my f ace? A d o you look B are you looking Billy a word his teacher said thi s morn ing A w asn't understanding B didn't und erstand Jo a house in Lucca A has B is having Anthonv amazed when I told him the news A loo ked B was looking I ."" this headli ne! 'Man bites dog ' ­ it sounds absurd A ' rn no t believing B n' t be lieve We someone to love A are all needing B all need Sarah says she a bit sick this morn ing A feels B 's f eeling Kim : W hat Nick: Ib i ; (you / do)? (m easu re) the staircase We (need) a new carpet for it Boy: Can you come upstairs? M y head d Ie Mother: OK I f , , , (hurt) (t hin k) I'm ill , , "., , , , (come), don 't worry ,- (you/ w ant) an aspirin? " Boss: So, M r Jones, I h , (u nd erst and ) you (not / Iike) working for us any more Is that right? Employee: W ell , yes i t _ (fee l) it's time I changed m y caree r e Write the correct f o rm of t he verbs in brackets a b c d e f h I (know ) you love me rea ll y Kare n (admire) Richard Now I (taste) the sou p to see if it's got eno ugh salt in it (y o u I want) anything or are you OK? Th e party's great, Mark We (have) a fantastic t ime N at ash a (not I mean) to be rud e to m e yesterday I (b elong) to a bird-watching club and I lov e it ! You look sad What (you / thin k) about? Th e judge (fee l) t hat the appropriate sent enc e is te n years in j ail Loui se (not I understand) what you said Andy: What k Kate: I' m not sure any more This ham I bought yesterday _ e (we / have) for lu nch? I' m st ar vi ng . (taste) a bit funny to me Here, you try it Choose the best optio n a b c d e f h ~ , This can is containing/contains paraffin so be careful w it h it Hi, Monica I'm adm iring/admire y o ur garden What's that rose called? I'm thinking/think we should go and live somewhere hot How about you? We ve/re hav ing a lovely t ime i n Switzerla nd I wish you were here We w ent to a terr ib le restaurant The soup was t asting/tasted like water You seem/are seeming very worried Is everything OK? It really isn't mattering/doesn't matter what I th ink That m otorbike costs/is costing too much I' ll take the other one Poor Debbie She 's fee ling/feels she made the wrong decision You strongly resemble/are strongly re sembling an old boyfriend of mine C@] ~ ~m Act ion and state verbs Check your answers Wrong answer? Read the right Fix it note to find out why -+ -+ bB c A, B -+ -+ dB e B -+ (I) a A c A A f A gA hB i B j A,B ~ ~) a know b admires c 'rn tasting d Do you want e 're having f didn't mean belong h are you thinking i feels j didn't understand -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ C C B B E -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ B C D B B B C B '~111101 I t~~ go to page 75 ifest yourself again Answers to Test it again Ii a are you doing b c d e f a b c d e I'm measuring need hurts/is hurting think 'rn coming contains 'rn admiring think 're having tasted Do you want h understand i don't like j feel k are we having I tastes f seem h i j o Fix it notes Answers to Test it doesn't matter costs feels strongly resemble A Use action verbs in the si m ple or continuous form, depending on the situation Follow the usual rules Review Action and state verbs Verbs can express either states or actions An action means that something happens So m e typical action verbs are decide, go, jump, listen, run, speak and work A state means t hat something remains the same Some typical stat e verbs are like, love, hate, know, believe and understand B Use the simple form (not the continuous) with most state verbs, e.g believe, belong, know, mean, need, understand and wan t C Use the simple form (not th e continuous) when certain verbs, e.g admire, feel, have , look, weig h, etc have stative meanings You use action and state verbs differently in English Here are som e ru les to help you decide whether to use the simple or continuous form with certa in verbs Act ion verbs • You use action verbs in the simple or continuous form, depending on the situation I often go to the cinema Where are you going? Stan read fifteen books last m onth Yesterday, I was reading a book by Duncan Forbes State verbs D Use the continuous form (not the simple) when certa in verbs, e.g have, look, taste and think, have active m eani ngs E Use the simple or continuous form with a few state verbs, e.g feel, when there's no difference in meaning , For more informa tion, see the Review page opposite ,[:> • You use the simple form (not the continuous) with most state verbs This medication contains caffeine NOT Fhismedication is-eontainifltl caffeine; Do you need anything? NOT Are-you-needing anything-? • You use the simple or continuous form with a few state verbs when there is no difference in meaning These verbs are feel, ache and hurt I'm feeling a bit depressed OR I feel a bit depressed My head's aching OR My head aches My tummy's hurting OR My tummy hurts Note: It's possible that you'll hea r native speakers using other state verbs in the continuous form However, if you want to be sure you don 't make m ist akes, it's probably best to follow t hese rules State and action verbs • Some v erbs can have bo th a state and an action mean ing You use the simple form (not the co ntin uou s) when they have stative mean ings For some examples, see page 86 Note: With verbs of perception (feel, hear, see, smell, taste) you often use can/can 't and could/couldn 't I could tienr tho WHVtlS crash ing down on the beach I cnn tnsto curry in tbls dish Cnn you smell burning? Test it ~ Test it again ~ o Choose the best optio n o a John ta lks and talks and ta lks and ye t he never savs/tells any t hing b I don't like my boss He makes/lets me all the photocopy ing c Are you coming/going round to my place this eveni ng? Do sto p ta lkir1g/speaking ru bbi sh Wh en yo u go/come ro und, co uld you bring my video back? What language th ey speak/talk in Uzbek ista n? Please say/tell me w hat's wrong Let 's begin/start Word and w rit e th e letter I'm go ing t o bring/fetch t he kid s fro m school now Back in a sec Oh, p lease make/let me stay up and w atc h the f il m d e f h Do n't me you've lost your keys again A say B tell b French and Flem ish are in Belg ium A talked B spoken c It w as a g reat day Th ey even us stroke the kang aro os A made B let d Why don 't yo u rou nd to J ean's place and ask her out? A go B co me e Sh al l I _ you out so mewhere t o nig ht? A brin g B take f Can you m e what t he ti m e is, please? A tell B say W hat com pl ete ru bbish you A speak B talk h 'Where's th e co rkscrew?' ' In the kitchen I'll go and it.' A bri ng B fetc h Let's to th e park A go B come Liz _ the tr ut h Ma rk lie d A said B to ld a a Find and cor rect t he mistakes in t he verbs in t hese sentences a b c d e f h Choose t he best optio n, A or B Cou ld yo u please t ell that ag ain ? I didn 't hear you properly Hav e I ever said you I love yo u? 'Could you come here , please?' 'OK I' m going.' He talks French w ell I'll m ake you stay if you prom ise to be good I can't beg in t he eng ine I thi nk there's someth ing wro ng with it Could you fetch this video back to the shop fo r m e? Kate's br inging her dog to th e vet's He's unwe ll Lia said us a joke yesterday It was ve ry funny I'd love to come and liv e in Italy but I can't e Complete the sentences wi th a verb fro m the list in the correct f orm say m ake fetch tell go come a l a nce met a m an who ju st co uldn't st o p b As soo n as term fi ni shes I' m c He has tr avell ed a lot and d He's a good dog I th row the ball and he e I _ talk (x2) speak lies t o Spain severa l lang uages it _ M icrosoft Windows bu t noth ing happened Let's invite Joh n to th e meeting He always The baby sense ! her fi rst word It was 'dog', unfortunately over here I wa nt to show you something h If o nly anima ls could My m u rn CEQ] start - to us I wonder what they'd say me come ho me by ten o'clock ~ ~ [;IbID Confus ing verbs Answers to Test it ,]It a says ~ A b makes ~ f c coming ~ d talking e come ~ D i21 a teH b said c goingd talks e~ f begifl feten hbr~ i sam j eeme ~ G ~ C f speak tell h start i fetch j let say told coming speaks let start take taking told go ~ ~ G ~ ~ ~ ' a b c d e telling going speaks fetches started cB hB dA iA A,S D ~ A Confusing verbs Use say (not tell) to talk about speech in general Use tell (not say) when you're i nf o rm ing or instructing someone Use tell in certa in f ixed express ions w ith joke, story, lie, etc • B Put a personal direct object or someone 's nam e after tell/told Don 't put a personal direct ob ject after say/said • Always put a personal direct object or someone's name after tell and told Never put a personal direct object after say or said We 're going to tell Katy about the article Did you say something? ~ C F G ~ f:' C ~ E ~ A.6 ~ C Use speak to refer to languages and the physical abil ity to speak Use talk in expressions wi th rubbish, sense, etc ~ a,gain eB jB f talks said h Come i ta lk j makes (), ~ Answers to Test it again bB 9B E F ~ N9:w,~ [~a g e 79 irest yourself aB fA o Review Fix it notes Check your answers Wrong answer? Read the right Fix it note to find out why, o Use come for a movement in the d irection of the speaker Use go for a movement away from the speaker E Use bring to talk about a movement in the d irection of the speaker Use take to talk about other movements Use fetch w hen you mean 'go and br ing back' F Use make to force someone to something Use let to allow Someone to something Say, speak, tell and talk You use say (not tell) t o talk about speech in general Yo u use tell (not say) when you're info rm ing someone about something or giving them instructions He said something funny the other day What did you say? I told you not to climb on the chairs I'll tell you how to get there • You use tell in certa in fixed expressions Tell ties/e story/the time/e joke/the truth/the difference • You use speak wh en you 're referring to lang uages and to refer to the physical ab ility to speak I speak French and Italian Of course he can't speak to you He's a rabbit • You use talk in fixed expressions with rubbish, no nsense, sense, etc and to refer to the act of speaking Co m e and talk to me! Don 't talk rubbish Let 's talk about it tonight Come and go ; bring, take and fetch • You use come to talk about a movement in the direction of the speaker or th e person you're speaking to You use go to talk about a movement away from the speaker or the perso n you 're speaking to Com e over here a second I'd love to go to Venezuela • You use bring to talk about a movement in the direction of the speaker or the person you're speaking to You usa take to talk about other movements Yo u use fetch when you mean 'go and bring back ' Could you bring a bottle of w ine round? I'll take the laptop with me My dog's good at fetching sticks G Use start (no t begin) when you're setting something in motion, e.g an engine For m o re Rnv iow inf orma ti~n , see the Il ;UI A nnnn short wo rd We've cu t the old apple tree down OR We've cut down the old apple tree, We've cut it down NOT We've cut flown -it; I picked Billy up at the station OR I picked up Billy at the station I picked him up NOT f oo'eked ue -him • Some phrasa l verbs t ake an object bu t yo u can't put t he object between the verb and the sho rt w ord Sally takes after her mother NOT Sally-takes her mether-ette« (She looks or behaves like her mother.) Sally takes after her NOT Sally1akes-l'tet-ttftff; • Some phrasal verbs hav e two short words after the verb You can't put the ob ject between the verb and the short words, I'm sorry We' ve run out of coffee NOT WeIve run eoffee o ot-ot (We hav en't got any coffee left.) I've come up w ith a brilliant idea! NOT lIve come {} brillianHtJtHt-ttp-with (I've had a brill iant idea ) State and action verbs State Action I have (= own ) a sma ll house I'm having lun ch/a bat h/a grea t t ime _ , I th ink (= beli eve) yo u' re righ t W hat are yo u thinking about at the m om ent? I feel (= have an opinion) it's the rig ht thing to I' m feeli n g a bit depressed He lo oks (= seems ) ppy Wh at's the cat looking at? He app ears (= seems) to be happy He's appearing on several chat shows to da y Present forms of verbs Past forms of verbs Present simple of be I'm he/she/it 's w e/you/they're Past simple of be I/he/s he/i t was we /y ou/t hey were IIhe/sh e/it wasn 't w e/you /t hey weren 't Was IIhe/sh e/it ? I' m not he/she/it isn't w e/you/they aren 't Am 17 Is he/she/i t? A re we/you/they? r-~~ ~~- S;-~~I~-~~ -~-egUlar -~e~~~ - - - - ! I/he/she/itlwe/you/they worked i I see (= understand) t he pro blem Are you seeing t he doctor this morn ing? I weigh abo ut 52 kilos I'm j ust weighing the ing red ients Present simple I/w e/yo u/t h ey w ork Pet e's mea surin g himself He's growing fast Th e ro om me asures 10 m et res by metres I'm sm elling the m ilk t o see if it 's gone off he/she/ it works I/we/you/they don 't work he/she/it doesn 't work Th is m eat sme lls bad Do I/w e/you/t hey work? Does he/she/it work ? She's t asting the soup in case it n eeds m ore salt I ; Were w e/y ou/t hey ? It t astes like water but it's lemonade Present continuous I'm workin g How much is it cost ing yo u to repair the roof? How m uch does th is cost ? I'm just adm iring you r car It loo ks great I really ad m ire your courage Sh e's carin g fo r th e sic k in Calcu tta nt the mo ment I n't car e w hat yo u say he/sh e/it's working we/yo u/t hey ' re working I' m not w orki ng he/shelit isn 't working we/you/they aren 't working Am I work ing? Is h e/she/i t w orki ng? I IIh e/she/itl w e/y o ulthey did n't work Did IIh e/she/i t/you/th ey work? ! -_._ - - - - _ '.- _ _- - .­ Past simple of irregular verbs I/ he/sh e/it/we/yo u/th ey w ent I/h e/she/i t/w e/you /t hey di dn 't go Did IIhe/sh e/itl we /y ou/th ey go ? I I Past continuous IIhe/she/it was working : w e/you/they were working ! I/he/she/it wasn 't w orking we/yo u/they weren 't w or king Was I/he/she /it working? L.Y"~ r~ ~e/~o~/~~~ _~ o~ k i_~g! _ I Present perfect simple I I I/w e/you/t hey 've w orked I he/she/it's w ork ed I Are w e/you/t hey working? IIwe/yo u/t hey haven 't w orked he/she/it hasn't worked Hav e I!we/you/t hey work ed? Has he/she/ it worked ? r ­ o , Present perfect continuous ! I/we/yo u/they 'v e been w or ki ng he/s he/it's bee n w orking I/w e/y o u/t h ey haven 't been w orking he/she/i t has n 't been w orking Hav e I/w e/y o u/t hey b een workin g? Has h e/she/i t been work in g ? Past perfect simple I/ho/sho/itlw e/you/th oy'd seen I/h Juhn / i t J'A,,, /un t IIth,-" , h •.,,,",• • • :111':111" Common irregular verbs Base form beat become beg in bend bite bleed blow break bring build burn burst buy catch choose come cost cut dea l dig draw dream drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fly forget forgive freeze get give go grow have hear hide hit hold hurt keep I Past sim ple beat became began bent bit bled blew broke brought built burnt burst bought caught chose came cost cut dealt dug did drew dreamt drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found flew forgot forgave froze got gave went grew had heard hid hit held hurt kept : Past participle Base form beaten become begun bent bitten bled blown broken I brought built burnt burst bought caught chosen come cost cut dealt dug done drawn dreamt drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found flow n forgotten forgiven f rozen got given gone/been grown had heard hidden hit held hurt kept know learn leave lend light lose make meet pay put read ride ring run say see sell send shake shine shoot show shut sing sink sit sleep smell speak spell spend spill stand steal stick swim take teach tear tell think throw understand wear win write I Past simple I knew learnt left lent lit lost made met paid put read rode rang ran said saw sold sent shook shone shot showed shut sang sank sat slept smelt spoke spelt spent spilt stood stole stuck swam took taught tore told thought threw understood wore won wrote ! Past par t iciple known learnt left lent lit lost made met paid put read ridden rung run said seen sold sent shaken shone shot shown shut sung sunk sat slep t smelt spoken spelt spent spilt stood stolen stuck swum taken taught tore told thought thrown understood worn won written [...]... and f irst condi tiona l sentences, see Test it, Fix it: English Verbs and Tenses Pre -intermediate pages 53 and 61 B Use second conditional sentences w he n you 're thi nking about future situations C Use second co nditio nal sentences wi th If I were you to gi ve advice Second conditional • Yo u can use second cond itional sen tences to ta lk about unreal situations i n the present You use t he past... use it I'm reading a great book NOT A-greet-book-is-being-reed-hy-f7le= 2 Intran sitivo verbs can' t be passive because they don't take an object, e.g arrive, diu, sit, slu l1/1, AllIn , v ou do n't uso tho passive with the se verbs: ag ree w i th, halona tit I W V II ,.mll ll 1111111 IU l( I s ult Test it ~ Test it again ~ o o Write passive sen tences Include a by phrase on ly if yo u t hink it' s... aren't in terested in who does it , or it isn't important who does it The poem wa s written in 1675 The carpets w ere cleaned (I don't know who wrote it. ) (It isn' t important who cleaned them ) • You use the passive w hen it' s obvious w ho does the action The theft was committed at 02.35 He's been arrested (It' s obvious the police arrested him.) (It' s ob vious a thief committed the theft.) E If a verb... was D3QI Report ed speech (1) o Review Fix it notes A Reported speech Usually go bac k a tense when you repor t speech Reporting statements B Change can to could and will to would in reported speec h C Chang e the pronouns whe n yo u repo rt speech • W hen you repo rt speech, you us ually need to go back a te nse See Test It, Fix It: English Verbs and Tenses Pre -intermediate page 81 for f urther deta... L120l '''11 [[J III I' IP ~ITI Reported speech (2) -+ B -+ A c A -+ A , 1 a B b B dB e B o Review Fix it notes Answers to Test it Check your answers Wrong answer? Read the right Fix it note to find out why -+ -+ B C Reported speech (2) A Use the infin itive or object + infi nit iv e to report orders and promises In negative statements, not goes between the object and the infin it ive 2 The correct sentences... change the form of the verbs after would, could, should, ouqiu to, must, might and had better after past report ing verbs 'I could buy some fruit ' She said she could buy some fruit NOT -She said-she-e8t:Jld l'Ja·.'e botlgM some fruit ' Yo u'd better stay the night ' He told me I'd better stay the night NOT He told-me t'd better Rave stayed-the-night: The passive (1) Test it ~ Test it again o Which answer... h about it If you win/won the lott ery, w o uld you te ll me? If I w in/won th e lo tte ry, I'd share it w ith vou , I wouldn't have bee n/wasn't angry if you had n' t t ol d m e about it If the capta i n saw/had seen t he iceberg, he wou ldn 't have hit it I'd babysit for yo u if I do n't/d idn't have a m eet in g a b c d e f 9 h f) Complete the sentences w ith th e correct form of t he verbs in... 9 sta rt s h 'rn goi ng to visit I 'II call I '11 he lp I - F G 8 A B G 0 A H E ~'r~ A -· : N()w,J g21R,page 31 iTest yourse lf aga in Answers to Test it again Q b c d e f 9 h I I I'll ta ke is goi ng to She'll br eak 's goi ng to We're go ing out you' ll fail goi ng to sta rt I'll be sta rts arc ge tt ing married 2 n B b B cA dA o Review Fix it notes Answers to Test it A Use going to to talk abo... infinit ive) afte r moda l verbs • You never pu t s o n the thi rd pe rson singu lar for m of modal verbs He can do it! NOT He cans -do -it! It might rain NOT h -mights-r-ain-; • You use the base form of th e verb, no t th e to infin it ive , after moda l ve rbs I must go to the bank NOT lmust-toqo-to the bank Jo can't come tonight NOT -Je e-a-n!t-w-eome-tonight: C M od al verbs hav en't got inf init... I'd known it was raining (But I dld go 0 111.) Verb patterns Test it ~ Test it again ~ o o Complete the sentences Use t he correct form of t he verbs in brackets a Yo u w o n't believe th is ! J immy wan ts m e "." " " " (go) ou t verbs below tie give with hi m! b Carla says she'd prefer c M ike loves " "" " ." (stay) in t han g o ou t to nig ht (chat) to new peopl e " (pl ay) tenni s w it h me