instant grammar lessons

INSTAilT GRAIIIIAR LESS0ilS PHOTOCOPIABLE LESSONS FOR INTERMEDIATECLASSES Alan Battersbv STRAIGHTTORWARD, EASY-TO-USE ]'IATERIAL TOR BUSY TTACHERS I ¡ I I I I I I I I I I l Instant Gra,mma,r Lessons Alan Battersby I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I.IT Lil0ur tt -rr JL I N u I I 'f Teaching Publications Language ll{a ChurchRoad,Hove,BN3 2EB, England ISBN r 89939640 @ LTP 1996 Reprinted1997,1998,2000 Copyright This book is fully protected by copvright All rights reserved.No part of this publicatíon may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright owner Permissionto Photocopy All of the students'material in this book is intended for photocopying Permissionis hereby given to photocopy all such pagesfor use by individual teachersin their classes.No private or ¡ institutional copying which could be construed as re-publication is allowed without the permissionof the copyright owner The Author Alan Batrersby is a reacher at the Studio School in Cambridge where one of his responsibilities has been building up a resourcebank of teaching materials.Many of the ideas in this book originated from these materials He has taught English in Italy and is a past chair of the CambridgeEnglish LanguageTeachers'Association.He is an oral examinerfor the Cambridge examinationsand is activelyinvolved with the Materials DevelopmentAssociation(MATSDA) r{ Acknowledgements The author wishesto thank the Studio School,Cambridge,for permissionto publish materials originally developedfor the Studio School Teachers'ResourceFile Cover design by Anna Macleod Printed in England by Commercial Colour PressPlc, London E7 I rt L L fl =l b Contents lfeachers'Notes Introduction Lesson by Lesson Notes L- ]1 =a b Section Lesson1 Lesson2 = = :¡ Lesson3 u :¡ :t :¡ Lesson4 Lesson5 :¡ :t :t :t :t Lesson6 Lesson7 ¡ ¡ Section I-esson8 t ¡ I Lesson9 t I t Lesson10 a t I t I-€ssm 11 Activities Linking Phrases1 1.1 Narrative- Joe'sTrip to york 1.2 Narrative- Anna'sTrip to London 1.3 Follow-up LinkingPhrases 2.1 Essay- A Good Book v Television 2.2 Essay- A HolidayAbroador at Home? 2.3 Follow-up ImportantExpressions 3.1 InformalLetter1 3.2 Informal Lener 3 F o l l o w -u p AddingGrammar1 4.1 DearJulia 4.2 Follow-up AddingGrammar2 I D e a rS a l l y 5.2 Follow-up AddingGrammar3 6.1 DearRobinand Sarah 6.2 Follow-up Adding Grammar4 7.1 DearMrs Harlock 7.2 Follow-up b ;a Sequencing lV[atching Activities Adiective+ Preposition 8.1 Sentence Cards1 8.2 Sentence Cards2 8.3 Follow-up \trb + Preposition I Senrence Cards1 9.2 Senrence Cards2 9.3 Follow-up Noun + Preposition 10.I Sentcnce CardsI 10.2Sentence Cards2 3F o l l o w -u p Noun Collocarions 11.1 S entence Cards 11.2 S entence Cards2 1.3 Follow-up I .l Lesson12 Noun Collocations2 12.1Sentence CardsL 12.2 Sentence Cards2 12.3Follow-up Conditionals- Type 13.1 Sentence Cards 13.2Follow-up Conditionals- Type 14.1Sentence Cards 14.2Follow-up Conditionals- Type 15.1Sentence Cards 15.2Follow-up Conditionals- Mixed 16.1Sentence Cards 16.2Follow-up Lesson13 Lesson14 Lesson15 Lesson16 Section Lesson1.7 I Lesson18 Lesson19 :t Lesson20 Lesson21 Lesson22 t t_ Lesson23 Rephrasing 4* :, Activities Modal Verbs 17.1 Sentence Cards1 '1,7.2SentenceCards 17.3 Sentence Cards3 17.4Follow-up Modal Verbs2 L8.LSentence Cards1 18.2Sentence Cards2 18.3Sentence Cards3 18.4Follow-up ReportedSpeech 19.1Sentence Cards1 19.2 Sentence Cards2 19.3Follow-up ReportingVerbs 20.1Sentence Cards1 20.2 Sentence Cards2 20.3 Follow-up Transformations1 Sentence 21.1 Sentence CardsL 21.2 Sentence Cards2 2l Follow-up tansformations Sentence 22.1.Sentence Cards1 22.2 SentenceCards 22.3 Follow-up SentenceTransformations3 23.L Sentence Cards1 23.2 Sentence Cards2 23.3 Follow-uo I I I I I l 'i: ': l I I I I I { Section Cornpletion Activities = :a :e :a :a = Lesson24 Sentence Completion1 24.1 Sentence Cards 24.2 Follow-up SentenceCompletion 25.1 Sentence Cards 25.2 Follow-up Gerundor Infinitive 26.1 Sentence Cards1 26.2 Sentence Cards2 26.3 Sentence Card 26.4 Follow-up ClauseCompletion 27.1 Sentence Cards1 27.2 Sentence Cards2 27.3 Follow-up Lesson25 Lesson26 = :t :e I¡sson 27 :¡ :' :l Section Dictation Activities = Fr F¡ F trl F' I Fr F Lesson28 Make and Do 28.1 DictationSentences 28.2 AnswerSheet 28.3 Follow-up Give and Take 29.1 Dicta¡ionSentences 29.2 AnswerSheet 29.3 Follow-up Have and Get 30.1 DictationSentences 30.2 AnswerSheet 30.3 Follow-up PrepositionalPhrases 31.1 DictationSentences 31.2AnswerSheet 31.3 Follow-up PhrasalVerbs 32.1 Dictation Texts 32.2 AnswerSheet 32.3Follow-up Lesson29 Lesson30 :t Lesson31 :¡ :t :t Lesson32 = :¡ :r u :t z , Ansrver I(.y il-l T e a chers'Not es AI Introduction I A BasicInstantLesson pfq Ed This book is called Instant Grammar Lessonsand it can be used in exactly that way Here is a very simple, straightforward way to create immediate lessons: l Copy a page of the book (1 copy per student) T c c: Give out the pages L>: Let the studentscompletethe exercise Il -J GN Lrl Correctthe work in class If you wish, copy and distributefor homeworkor extra practicethe follow-up exercisewhich is availablefor eachunit In'- ! That's it - an instant grammar lesson.But lnstant Grammar Lessonshas been designedto be usedmuch more imaginativelythan the above absolutelyinstant lesson.Each unit has been carefully designedto provide classroompracticewhich is: interactive spontaneous lively learner-centred Used in this wa¡ it will be much more effectivein helping learnersuse,practiseand, most importantl¡ retain the target language.To get these additional benefits, teachersneed to spend a short time preparingthe worksheetsand explaining to the classthe basicinteractive methodologywhich will ensurelearnersget m¿lximumbenefit from their classtirne This is developedin Section4 of thesenotes hd I.csl The Contents IT lnstant Grammar Lessonscontains: " ! j I 32 units of photocopiableclassroommaterialsto activateessentialgrammar Follow-up grammar homework for each lessonto consolidate rarget structures Full teachers'instructionsand answerkey I ,- ,.¡r The lessonsare grouped into five sections: Section1: SequencingActivities Learners work together to reconstruct narratives, compositions and letters, using link words and phrasesto help them In some casesthey also have to make choices of tense and grammaticalisethe sentencesbefore they put them in order Section2: MatchingActivities Learners read out sentenceheads and tails to each other and try to reach agreementon possibleand probable matches Learnerspractisecombining words into word partnerships and clausesinto sentences Section3: RephrasingActivities Learners reformulate sentencesusing important grammar patterns such as modal and reporting verbs Section4: CompletionActivities Learners use both real-world knowledge and structural awarenessto complete sentences logically and grammatically Acceptabilityof the completedsentences is negotiatedwithin the gr o up Section5: DictationActivities Learners listen to the teacher or a partner reading out sentenceswhich contain important word partnerships.They note down important partnerships.Areas coveredinclude common verbs such as do, haue, and take, phrasalverbs and prepositionalphrases A BroaderViewof Grammar Instant Grammar Lessonscovers all the essentialareas of grammar at an intermediate and post-intermediatelevel This makes it the ideal supplement to a Cambridge First Certificate or similar course Target structures include: past & present tenses future forms modal verbs d iti onals reported speech th e p a ssive But not all the grammar an intermediate learner needsis about sentenceformation \Word grammar,the ability to build natural phrasesand expressionsfrom known words, is also extremely important So too is discoursegrammar, an awarenessof how sentencesare linked together into paragraphs and whole texts \ülord and discoursegrammar focused on in Instant Grammar Lessonsinclude: : word partnerships or collocations: balanced diet, fatal accident common verbs used in many word partnerships: have and get, give and take contextualizedphrasal verbs: look forward to (an event),get over (a bad experience) reporting verbs and their grammar: agree that, d,oubt uhether, ask about prepositionalphrases: at first, in particular,on purpose sequencingand linking expressions: after a while, a few weeks before, on the whole An lnteractiveLesson l:C The materials in Instant Grammar Lessonsare designedto be used in class so that the grammar practiceis basedon livel¡ spontaneous,oral activities.In every case,this is then consolidated by extra written practice with new examples of the same grammar point This extra practice providesinstant homework It also ensuresthat learnershave a permanent record and clear idea of what they have learnedin each lesson :l :t Make copiesof the photocopiablepageswith the target language.Most of these pagesare designedto be cut up into strips, cards etc Preparea suitablenumber of strips or cards for your class Put learnersinto small groups of 2-5 learners;sometimesthe number of groups (for exarnplean even number of groups) is important The LessonNotes give detailed suggestions Explain that, in most cases,the learnersare given strips or cards which contain part of something-part of a letter,a sentence,and so on Their task is to reconstruct, match or completea whole, using the languageon their strip or card and their knowledgeof grarnmar In most cases,individual learnersread out what is on their card and others respond Thesesuggestionsare basedon spont¿lneously orally by contributing suggestions either their own card, or suggestionsfor appropriatelanguagebasedon their knowledge of grammar.The most important part of the practiceis the processof suggesting,guessing,and revisingthe suggestionsto take account of other suggestions guesses(right and wrong), and revisionsof the suggestionsare Thesesuggestions, more valuableto the learnersthan the more obvious target of "getting the right answer" The teachermonitors the activit¡ without helping or correctingat this stage Learnersagreeon a "best suggestion" the most likely order, the best completionsor whatever These are reviewed as a whole class activity The teachergivesfeedbackand any extra information The follow-up worksheetcan be copied and distributed,one per student,,as written consolidation,a permanentrecord, or homework PracticalTips Workingin Groups Instant Grammar Lessonsworks best with learnerswho are used to working independently in groups If yclur classis not used to working in this way, start by doing one of the activities '$lhen with a small group yourself in front of the rest of the class they have got the idea, let them all try the sameactivity themselves The more people there are in each group the more discussionthere will be Three to five people per group is ideal More than five in a group may make reaching a consensusdifficult Timing IT tt t t tl tr tI This dependson the ability and levelof the students.Settingup the activity,the activity itself and any follow-up shouldtake about 30-45 mins.The activity will be most effectiveif it is interactiveand lively- so try to maintaina briskpace spontaneous, Correction The Instant Lessonsactivities are designedto be learner-corrected Some teachersmay want to intervenein group work if learnersare going badly astra¡ but, as a rule, correction and reformulation of errors is best done as feedback after the activity Put some of the incorrect languageyou heard when you were monitoring on the board Can anyoneremembersaying it? Can they seewhat is wrong with it now? Can anyone else? Revision Someof the activitiescan be used more than once so learnersgain confidenceand a real degreeof fluency with the grammar being practised You may like to repeat an activity later in a course to give learners a chance to recycle the languagethey have had difficulty with An activity repeated like this may only take a few minutes Variations TherearedetailedLessonby Lessonnoteswhichincludesuggestions for alternative proceduresand follow-up work Copies If you can photocopy the materialsonto card and laminate the cards or strips,this will significantly prolong the life of the materials Re-using strips When you collect the jumbled texts, give each group a paper clip to put round their set of strips so that you can use the strips again I a = 29.3 Give and Take Follow-up =1 r- - ¡.4 - attl J complete the following sentencesusing a word partnership with GIVE or TAKE If you need them, the words ar rhe bottom of the page wil help you ¡ L I've had a rJ - Jim's bossgavehirn a ,J a at your testsand they look very encouraging : ,Gerhereon rime or you,ll be fired., Traceysaidthat mountainclimbingwasn't dangerous as long as you didn,t take lt ¿ I think we'd better take a ¡J -l a Anne's new colleaguesgave her such a that she soon felt at home aa- -¡ \7hich camera are you using now? you've taken some = Joe admimedchat he was in the wrong: ,I take for what happened.' ¿ ¡ r t T I t ¡ t I I ¡ I I I I I I Mr Yamamoto gave us a on cultural differencesbetween the USA and Japan Don't worry, Katie \7e'll give you 10.Everybod¡'was very rflenoly f rr we can Y so I got a vety of the school 1.Thanks for phoning It's beengreat to hear from you Take of yourself 12 I wish we didn't have to go out Norma always gives such 13 If only we could openthesewindows.Air conditioninggives me Af t e r t a k in g a ar oundthe block,Jennyfeltmuch ber r er 15 Jack, when you meet mother, always compliment her on her cooking, otherwise shetakes warm welcome boring parties quick glance brisk walk unnecessaryrisks final warning fascinatingtalk full responsibility great offence quick break beautifulphoros good care awful headaches all the help good impression 30.1 Have and Get Dictation Sentences Greatnews! Holly hashad a babygirl - HelenMaria, weight3 kilos Forget the expense.This time we'll get a taxi to the airport J I like your new outfit Tell me, where did you ger rhoserrousers? It's been a long day I must have a rest before I anything else So the computer won't print the document? Let me have a try The streetlayout is confusingin York but you'll soon get to know it Maureen and Scott'smarriagedidn't last long They got divorcedafter threemonths Not again! That couple in the next apartment are always having arguments Did you enjoy yourselves? > Yes,we all had great fun L0 Here's the bar If you can find somewhereto sir, I'll get the drinks l t Thanks for phoning I'm glad to hear you're OK I was beginningto get worried 12 So you've been having problems with your washing machineagain Don't you think it's time you bought a new one? 13 Let's try this restaurant It got three stars in last year's Michelin Guide 14 I always feel nervous whenever the boss says: 'Could I have a word with you?' 15 If yor-rwant to get fit, why don't you try swimming or cycling? 16.lf I have time after work, I'll some shopping 1'7 John and Helen were on their way to Florida It was six yearssincethey had last had a holiday 18 It was a venylong evening.Nancy didn't get hometill midnight 19 Patrick and Pamela'schildren were delightedwith the presentsrhey got for Christmas 20 I've beenhavingsecondthoughts.I think white would be a much bettercolour for the bedroom 3(J-.2 I Have and G et AnswerSheet = a = Make a note of the expressions you hear containingHAVE and GET -l a I i a € ¡ a ¡ a a ¡ ! a I - t t a a t a t ¡ a I I I I I t t: HAVE HAVE GET GET 30.3 Have and Get Follow-up In eachof the following sentences replacethe expressions lz italics with similar onesusingHAVE or GET Thankyou for a wonderfulevening.We'ueall reallyenjoyedit The president'swife hasgiuen birth to a baby girl \lhat elegantnew furniture! 'Where did you bwy it? Now the children are old enough to talk, they're always arguing There won't be any busesat this time of night 'We'dbetter call a taxi Kirsty didn't experienceany difficulry changing the car battery My son Phll achieueda distinction in his end-of-year test I'm so glad you'vearrivedsafely.I tuasbeginningto feel worried I didn't hearyou comein last night What time did 1,ouarriuehome? 10 Chriswas surprisedto receiuea letterfrom an old schoolfriend 11 At first I liked the idea of going camping for the weekendbut nou I'm not so sure 12 Robert, just the person I want to see Could I talk to you for a minute? '1,3.As I becamemore friendly uith him, I realised he was a sweet, gentle person 14 I must have my best suit cleaned It's John and Mary's wedding on Saturday 15 What'sthe problem?The key won't turn in the lock? ShallI seeif I can it? l- i *i -*l I a 31 Prepositional Phrases Dictation Sentences ¡- a At first I thoughtshewas unsociable, but thenI realisedshewas just shy *' There were ar least20.,000specratorsat last night,s big game A Did you anything interestinglast weekend? ¡¡ a a a > No, nothing in particular Mrs Jonesis busy just now but she'll be able ro seeyou in a moment rüle'reon the phonenow and our number's369701 A 6' Ralph doesn't want to come out with us this evening He'd rarher be on his own A Carelessdriving puts people'slives in danger a a I don't believeshebrokethoseglasses accidentally.I think shedid it on purpose A R o w e n a a d vi se d me to g e ta ca ralar m becausecar theftisontheincr easer ou ndher e 10 Mary allowedher son to go out to the discoon conditionhe camehome by midnight a tl ! 3.-, a ?i f J 11 Joeand Benwereoncebitter enemiesbut thar'sall in the pastnow 12 You'rewearingpink! > Ihat's right It's backin fashion 13 Thank you so much for all your help and supporr > Not at all It was a pleasure E 14 Justslow down! NThyare you alwaysin a hurry? E 15 If the taxi driverhadn't drivenat top speed,we would havemissedour flight E 16 I could seefrom the way they were smilingthat they were deeplyin love t 17 There'sa good busserviceto the city centre,and the busesusuallyrun on time I 18 Rosielost the rennismatch Shewasn'rplayingat her best I 19 For a relationshipto succeedit's essentialfor the couple to'have a lot in common ¡ ¡ 20 We'vesentthe packageexpressair and it should arrive in three days Pre p o s ¡ti onal phras es 31 AnswerSheet Comp.letethe following expressions with the correctprepositionwhen you hear it read: first ll" least 1,2 back nothing particular , the past 13 Not fashion all : , a moment 14 the phone 15 drive topspeed his own 16 deeply love danger 77 time purpose 18 her best rhe increase 19 a lot 10 c ondi ti on 20 a hurry comm on three days Now group the phrasesaccordingto the preposition: AT IN ON 'i , I 31 Prepositional Phrases Follow-up ¡ 7 ? 7 replacethe words and phrasesin italics with In eachof the following sentences beginningwith AT: expressions easy' I In the begi¡ning I thought prepositionswere impossiblebut now I think they're Tickets for the musical 'Cats' cost a minimum of f'20' you can' If we're going to be in time for the shoq you'|l have to drive as fast as Ralph asked Emma for a date but she wasn't in tbe least interested' Although John wasn'r playing as well as he could, he won the match -l -¡ 3 ON: Replace the words and phrases in italics with expressions beginning with -2 -¡ -r2 -¡ E E at) id SometimesI just like to sit quietly by myselfand read' Violent crime is rising in this areaof the city' I,m not sureit was an accident.I think that window was brokendeliberately You'd betterget to the stationsoon The trains are alwayspunctual 10 John'sparentsallowedhim to havea party as long as he did all the washing-up' a ¡ J -2 ,O d -? - lE t ¡ rF - il I Replace the words and phrases in italics with expressionswith IN: replied: 11.'WhenI askedRobertwhat he'd doneon his weekendin New York, he iust 'NothingsPecial' 12 The letter is in the post and should arrive the day after tomorrout' 13 If you insiston breakingthe speedlimit, you put other people'slivesat risk' 14 'Víhata strangerelationship!John and Jackiehavenoneof tbe sameinterests' 15 Fastenyour seatbelts The planewill be taking off uerysoonnoLu' 32.1 Phrasal Verbs DictationTexts Here are the meaningsof 20 phrasal verbs Can you guessthe verbs? List One List Two find somethingin a referencebook read quickly revise begin a journey say goodbye stop working relaxl register rise into the air 10 take care of 11 12 1.3 14 15 16 recover from be happy! think about the future with pleasure disappeargradually seewith difficulty improve (weather) iI liI""" 1.9 find by chance 20 remember Now listen to your teacher or a partner reading a story Write down the phrasal verbs you hear next to their meaning on your answer sheet.You will hear them in the right order Joe and Ann's Long Weekendin Neu York Part One Ann ¿lndher bovfriend Joe were planning to spend a long weekend in the USA '!íhy don't we go ro Manhartan?'suggested Ann 'l've never beenthere.' 'Where'sManhattirn?'askedJoe Ann looked up Nerv York in the atlas and shorvedhim After going through some holiday brochures,Joe was convinced 'I'll have to brush up my English before we go,' said Ann On the day of their holida¡ they set off early to Amsterdam Schiphol airport Joe's mum saw them off at the station and they were on their way 'I hope the train doesn't break down,' said Joe 'Calm down! (Jf course it rvon't,' replied Ann Anywa¡ they reachedthe airport with no problems and checked in early for their flight It was Joe's first time in an aircraft and he felt very anxious as they took off 'There's¡ro need to feel nervous I'm here to look after vou.' said Ann Part Ttao 'You'll soon get over your fear of fl,ving Now cheer upl You're on holiday,' said Ann After a while, his nervousnesswore off and he began to enjol' the experience 'I'm looking forward to our weekend now,' said Joe Five hours later they could make out New York far below them through the clouds as the plane started to descend 'Oh no! It's raining,' saiciJoe as they left the airport But the weather soon began ¡o clear up In their hotel, they were wondering what they could that evenrng 'Let's check the guide book and find out.'suggested Ann The book informed them that the lower east side of the city was full of little Italian restaurantsand nightclubs 'Let's go I want to try out the local cooking,' said Joe Soon they came acrossa delightful Italian restaurant where lots of young people were eating It was the beginning of a magical weekend they always look back on with pleasure 32.2 Phrasal Verbs AnswerSheet Find the phrasal verbs with the following meanings: Phrasal Verbs 32.3 Follow-up Completethe following story using appropriate phrasal verbs Try not to use the list at the bottom of the page! Barbara will always remember the day when she flew from Amsterdam to spendthe weekendin London with her friend Ralph She for the airport early one cold, wet Friday afternoon and arrived in plenty of time to for her flight Soon after the plane , she started to get a headache and feel sick The flight attendantswere very kind and helpful 'Don't worry abouta thing 'We'rehereto After a while her headache you,' they said , and when she heard the captain's announcement,she immediately6 ''$7ewill be arriving at London Heathrow in approximately 15 minutes The temperatureis 20 degrees,and you'll be glad to hear that the weather has Barbara was to staying in an English-speaking country Shehad sDentthe last month her English but still felt nervousabout using it However, she soon 10 her nerves after she had asked for street directions in the city centre She could understand 90 per cent of what was said! At Ralph's hotel in Victoria they made a plan for that evening Ralph 11 Time Out magazineto find out what shows were on and Barbara 1.2 'ChineseRestaurants'in Eating Out in London Her book informed her that the Soho area was full of little Chineserestaurants 'Let's eat before going to a show,' suggestedRalph 'I'd love to 13 some real Chinesecooking.' In Soho they 1.4 a lovely little restaurant where lots of Chinesepeople were eating It was the start of a magical weekend that they always on with pleasure clearup checkin wear off take off look back try out get over set off look after cheerup brush up comeacross go through look up look forward Answer Key 1.1 1.3 1.2 1, 5, 8, 10,2,6,4,7,3,9 1, 3, 5, 0, 8,2 , 6, 9, 7, 10 i , - p ,1 n , i , ,1 k , o Exercise1: 1e ,2h, 3a, 4f , 5b, 69, 7c , 8d, 9m , Exercise 2': L a few weeks before / previously in spite of / despite In fact / Actually Soon / It was not long before Fortunately/ Luckily even better / better still Soon / It was not long before Even though / Although 11.then l2.Finally/Eventually/Afterawhile/Some asare su lt/co ns equent ly l0 Af t er awhile/ Ev e n t u a l l y time later 13 At first / To begin u'ith 14 immediately 15 After looking / After he had looked 16 naturally 2.1 1, 3, 9, 7, 5, 2, ,1 ,6 ,4 2.3 Exercisel: 1.d,2h, 3a, 4f, 2,2 1, 4,8, 6,2,9,7,3, 10,5 5b, 6c, 7e, 8g, 9n, 10p, 71,i,lzk, 13i, 14o, 15m, 161 Exercise 2: On the whole / Generally speaking for example / for instance Of course / Obviously another point in its favour / a furtl.reradvantage also although / even though Unfortunately / Sadly except for / a pa rtfrom Inf ac t / Ac t ually 10 I naddit ion l l A n o t h e r d r a w b a c k / A f u r t h e r d i s a d v a n t a g e l2.inspiteof / despite 13 Taking evervthinginto consideration/ All things considered 14 as I seeit / personallyspeaking 15 I think / I believe 16 In conclusion/ To conclude 3.1 1,,8, 6, 4, 7, 1,0,2, 9, J ) 4.2 3.2 1,6,4,2,9, 10,7,9,3, Exercisell 1d, 2h, 3a, 49, 5[, 6b, 7e, 8c, 9o, 101,11p, 12i, 13n, 14j, 15m, 16k Exercise l.I'd lik et ot hank y ou/ Thank y ous om u c h Itwasreallvgreat/ltwasjustwondelful I 'm v e r yso r r y about / I should apologisefor rather hectic I'd like to tell you / Let me tell you Last weekend/ The other weekend I was quite fascinated by / I was really interested in In lact / Actually hopefully / all being well 10 even though 11 Great nervs/ I've got some fantasticnews 12 Believeit or not / Yotr're not going to believethis but 13 surprise,surprise 14 Incidentally/ By the way 1-5.I'm considering/ I'm thinking of 16 It's been such a long time / It's been rrges Dear Julia, I am writing to postponeour appointment on Monday 8th As you can seefrom the stamp, I am still in Ireland I arrived on Monday 1st and I was expecting to return to Liverpool on / by Friday 5th 10 But, unfortunatel¡ things have not gone / did not go according to plan, and now I won't be returning until Tuesday 9th at the earliest You see,on TuesdayI went for a drive to seethe countrysidesouth o{ Dublin And while I was admiring the scener¡ the car suddenly ran off the road It was obviously an awful shock, but luckily I was not injured, apart from a few scratches.However, the car was badly damaged.8 This meansI'll be staying/ I'm staying until the repairs have beencompleted Despite the accident,I have had / I've been having a great time looking round Dublin and visiting the museumsand art galleries I'll phone you when I'm back in Liverpool Best wishes,Jack Dear Cath¡ I hope this letter reachesyou safely As ,vou can see from this address,I am still in Paris I am sorry but I'll have to / I have to cancel our dinner date for a week on Saturday We were expecting / had expected to get back to Manchester on the morning of Friday 9th Unfortunatel¡ nothing has gone / went according to plan and now we won't be able to leave until next Friday On Wednesdaywe were going to spend the day at the Louvre, but as / while I was crossingthe road in front of the hotel, a car ran over my foot \7hat a dreadful shock! Except for my foot, I feel fine, but I can only walk with a stick The doctor has ordered me to rest, so I can't leave here until I arn fit In spite of the / this accident,we are enjoying our stav here and all the hotel staff have been very kind to us I'll give you a call as soon as we get back to M¿rnchesternext Friday : Dear Sall¡ I met Joan Wood in Sheffield last weekend and we had a drink at the Midland Hotel She says / said you have left / had left school and at the moment are / were unemployed 10 After all that / your hard r,r'ork for your final exams, I expect you want to take a break from r,r'orkand study But have you made any plans for the future yet? 2.If you are thinking of working for a year before going to college, perhaps I can help you If you don't mind, I could ask my boss if she knorvs of any vacanciesin the Birrningham area I know hou, difficult it is for sclroolleaversto find work nowadays And I wouldn't want to be in your position So I hope you will understandthat I am just trying to be helpful lírite soon ¿rndtell me what you have decided to Love, Auntie May Dear Brian, I happenedto meet Mike Jamesin Newcastlethe other week and we had lunch together.He said you had left your job and accepted a new post in the North London area I imagine you need / you'll need a complete break after working / having worked so hard at I for / rvith Braithwaite Engineering But have you found somewhere to live in London yet? If you are thinking of renting temporary accornmodationwhile you are looking for r house,nra,vbeI can help you If it's all right with you , I'll see if my boss knows of any flats to rent locally It's almost impossible for newconers to get decentaccommodationnowadays.I wouldn't like to be in your shoes.Pleasedon't think I am interfering in your business I'm just trying to help an old friend \lhy not fax me as soon as possibleor you can send me a note by e-mail All the best, lan : Dear Robin and Sarah,We are on holiday in Brighton yet again and / but / though the weather here is much hotter 6.2: than it usually is for August '!7e have been taking care to protect our skin from the sun 'We got here three days ago while you were in Holland lfhen we last saw you, we told you we were thinking of going away 10 At that time rve didn't feel like another holiday on the south coast But finaily we decidedon renting a / this lovely apartment, only five minutes on foot from the town centre It's on the top floor and we have a large balcony with a sea view I wish we lived somewhere like this all the time, but we haven't got the money $7eare coming / we come home on August 31st, but we would love to seeyou before then, if it is possible Give us a cail on Brighton 736344, and we'll arraÍge somewhere to meet Love, Carol and Mark Dear Steveand Linda, 'We are on holiday in Madrid yet again, but the weather is much colder than usual for July In facr, we have been thinking / are thinking of buying some thick pullovers to keep rvarm! Jure \4'asvery hor, but iust as - 7,7 7.2 8 / when / before we arrived, it started to change When we last met, we said we were thinking of trying somewhere different this summer.As a matter of fact, we were thinking that Spain had got a bit more expensivethesedays But then a rich friend of David's offered us his apartment right in the centre of Madrid at a very low rent It's on the fourth floor and we've got a wonderful view of the Prado If only we had the money to live somewhere like this permanently! But you would have to be a millionaire to afford the rent! I'll give you a ring the moment we get home and tell you you all about our holiday Dear Mrs Harlock, I am writing to thank you for the enjoyable two weeks I spent in your conversation class last year 9.1had already been in England for six weeks when I joined your class,but this was my first opportunity to speak English properly In my countrf students are not really taught how to speak and / or listen Instead, teachersconcentrate on grammar and translation, which makes it difficult for students to communicate I really appreciatedthe adviceyou gave me about / on finding temporary work in Britain Now, I'm looking for a job where I in which I can use my English, perhaps as a waiter or shop assistant I hope to find something suitable in / over the next week or two 10 Then, if I can afford it, I would like to stay for / until Christmas Thank you once again for giving me the confidence to speak English without worrying about my mistakes I look forward to seeingyou when I am next in Cambridge Yours sincerel¡ Gunther Scl.raudi Dear Nanc¡ I am writing to thank you for taking care of the children while I was ill As you know, I was in bed for three weeks, but now I feel strong enough to have the children back I am afraid they have not been brought up to be as quiet and well-behavedas your children Instead,they seemto concentrateon making as much noise as possible, which makes them difficult to look after I'm very grateful for the advice you gave me about applying for a wordprocessingcourse.Slith any luck, I'll be able to find a suitablecoursein I over I during the next few weeks.Then, if I have the money, I'd like to an information technology course lfhat I'll probably is work from home until I complete both courses.Thanks again for giving me the confidence to continue my education without worrying about my family I'll phone in a few days to arrange a time to come and pick up the children Lots of love, Lucy 1c ,2e,3 ,4 h , a , d , i , b , j , l } f 8.2 7b,29, 3i , 4e, 5a.,6i ,7h.,8d,9f, 10c different from afraid of disappointedwith good at worried about annoyed with keen on g s at is f iedwit hl0 int er es t ed i n 1 k i n d o f p o l i t e t o t y p i c a l o f w r o n g w i t h su r p r i se d a t tired of 9.2 1c,2h, 3i , 4i , 5Í,6b,7e,8a,99, 10d Lc , 2i, f, i , d ,6 g ,7 a , b ,9 e ,1 h on belicvesin approveoí wait for belongs reminds/ of prevented / from dependson concentrate for in 13 laughat 14 smiledat 15 apologise of 12 succeeded to sufferfrom 10 recoverfrom 11 consists 1.0.2l d,2c, 3i , 4a, 59,6i ,7b,8e, th, 10f 10 le 2h, c ,5 a i -d b e i l f 10 application for alternative to invitation to no point in Congratulations on skill at effect on 9,3 interestin need for 10 difficultv with 11 experienceof 12 the trouble with 13 differencebetween 14 the matterwith 15 connection with l l 1,e,2c,3f,4i ,5b,69,7i ,8d,9a,10h 11 1c , 2i, ,4 a ,5 i ,6 e ,7 f,8 d ,9 b ,1 h 19 illness ll i, 2d,3 h ,4 ,5 m , o ,7 a ,8 ,9 n ,1 c ,1 tf,72i , 13b,14k, 15e, 16 control17 fresh18 mi sunderstanding 20 short 21 opposites22balanced23 beginner24 unfair 2-5relationship26 confusion 12.2 1b,29, 3j , 4a, 5i ,6e,7h,8c,9f, 10d l2 l le, 2d, g ,4 h , a , i ,7 b , j , f, L c I2h, I3e, 14o,15k;16.tastes17.fri end18.fashi on19.mi ld20 dr ink 12 f , 2m ,3 ,4 b ,5 n ,6 i ,7 j ,8 ,9 c1, a ,1 ' 1.d, 21 warm 22 complete23 lethal24 advice 13 lg, 2h, f, i , a ,6 e ,7 d ,8 i , b , c 13 E x er c ise l :1 e ,2 ,3 i ,4 h ,5 a ,6 o ,7 k ,8 d ,9m,10b,l l g, 12n,13c,14j , 15f E xerci se2:1.Y ouw on' tgetinunlessyou havea ticket.2 The matchwill be off unlessthe weatherclearsup I won't get the job unlessI passmy driving test You'll fail the exam unlessyour Englishimproves 14 l I c , 2j, Í, í,5 d , , b , a ,9 e ,1 h 12c,13k,14g,15m Exercise 2: If we hadmoremone¡if welivedin a bigger 14.2 Exercise1: 1e,2d, 31,4b, 5i,6h,7a,8j, 9n, 10f,1,'1,o, house,if you hada betterjob,if wecouldaffordto go to Floridaon holida¡if onlywe hada carlikethepeoplenextdoor,if if, if, if! If peopledidn'tdream,wervouldn'tneedthewordif! schools werebetter, if therewereno waitinglistsfor hospitals, 15 1e,29, b ,4 a ,5 h , c ,7 i , f,9 j , d 2': lf,2a,3b,4h, 5c, 69, 7e, 8d 15 E x er c i s 1e : c , m, e ,4 i , i , h ,7 ,8 k ,9a,10b,11f, l 2o,13n,14d, 159 Exercise 16 lf , 2d, a , j , , c ,7 i , b , e ,1 h 1,2h, , 13o,l 4f, l 5a E xerci se 2: L.had had w ould4 had 16 E x er c i s1e: c ,2 d ,3 k ,4 n ,5 m , b ,7 e ,8 j ,99, 101,1,' 1,i w oul d 11 w oul d 12.had had w o u l d w o u l d h a d h a d 17.7 l Shall we go This must be This can't be This could be May I leave \7ould you You Shecan play 10 \7e will have mustn't smoke I don't have to get up 17.2 Would you like to have It might be 3.'{/e don't need to That must be wrong Shall we see You can leave 7, You shouldn't work Could you lend me I had to work 10 This bill can't be right 77.3 l She could play 2.I had to work Can I help You should relax You shouldn't eat You must say I d o n 't h a v e t o s t u d y 7.lcan 't m eet I willgiv eups m ok ing T h e w e a t h e r m i g h t b e 17,4 Shall we have This can't be the street Your glassescould might be May I use You mustn't buy You don't have to She can play the guitar very well but she can't sing V/ould you like to stay Yes, you can use 10 You should eet 11 Can I helo vou 12 I won't arrive 13 This must be 14 You shouldn't be 15 You'll have 18.1 Do you have to 2.That can't be You ought to get You could cycle Everybody should eat You won't have heard I couldn't understand Irish people don't have to take Our family used to go 10 Tim must have gone home 18.2 L I should have followed Roeer could swim You can't have seen me so she must be very rich Shall we go Could I leave I won't eat I should have sent Can you make 10 Shall I help l Would you like to corne There didn't use / never used to be You must see The car can't have run out '$7e I won't forget I didn't have to work ought to go I might have dropped Dave can play the piano, but he can't read music 10 She might be lving 18.4 I won't go you must be Shecan't have forgotten My doctor saysI have to avoid I'm sorry I couldn't meet women should be paid Joe used to sr.noke We could stop John must have received 10 It might be the children playing upstairs 11 Relax! lle'll arrive 12 \fe may have taken 13 \flhat shall rve do? 14 I shouldn't have eaten 15 You don't have to write 19.1 she always ate lots of he wouldn't have enough if I whether I could help her with he¡ luggage if / whether we were going an1,where not to worry they had to leave soon it had been a long time since she had had such a good meal what time the party started f if / rvhetherI knew who the principal of the college was 10 the weather might get much worse tomorrow / the follorving d:ry / the next day 19.2 she could Bet they hadn't been when I had left the house this / that morning he would think about it she should have phoned her he should cut down / to cur down if I understoodthe rules when she would seehim again they were going on holiday tomorrow / the following day 10 to wait there until she got back 19.3 they had been in Edinburgh last week / the week before / the previousweek she couldn't h¡ve left without saying goodlrye not to phone her at the office again to move / if I would move my car he wrs going to finish the decoratingtomorrow / the follou'ing day rvhereshe could find information about museumsin Madrid she hadn't eaten anything all day why I couldn't come / go to hel party she didn't knorv her rvay round San Francisco 10 if I was leaving as soon as the coursefinished 11 thev hadn't watched any TV for ages 12 how long I would stay in Baltimore 13 he could run 100 metres in 1l seconds 14 to be careful 15 how fluent my English was 20.7 He encouraged me to take the exam again She admitted that the accident was all her fault He complimented Sonia on her elegantsuit She congratulatedhim on his great exam results He demandedto speak to the manager She suggestedhaving a quiet evening at home He refused to go on holiday with his mum and dad She beggedher mother to let her go to Sharon'sparty He denied eating the iast chocolatebiscuit 10 She offered to help him with his bags 20.2 She wanted to know the way to the city centre He reminded her to lock all the doors and windows She invited me for lunch on Sunday He insisted on paying for the drinks She warned them not to cross the road there He thanked her for the lovely present She advisedthem to be very careful what thev s:ridto her He apologisedfor being so late Shepromised to be there at 8.00pm 10 He suggestedgoing for a meal to that new Chinese restaurant 20.3 She complimented Robert on a lovely dinner He wanted to know who the car belonged to She reminded him to set his / the alarm clock for 6.00am He warned them not to touch those plates She suggestedstopping for a coffee break He offered me a lift home She invited us to her party on Sunday evening He promisecl to get his hair cut this / that week She admitted (to) eating the last chocolatebiscuit 10 He apologisedfor forgetting about our appointment 11 She refusedto eat any rnore 12 He denied using the office phone for personalcalls 13 He advisedher to spend a year abroad before going to university 14 I insistedon seeingevery picture in rhe gallery before leaving 15 She suggestedwashing the dishesin the morning 21.1 Refer to the sentenceson 21.2 21.2 Refer to the sentenceson 21.1, six years ago Despite not feeling well, Robert went to work 2t,3 Julia started working / to work for this companv I If he spoke more so quickl¡ would be able to understandhim The meal was so awful slowly / didn't speak (that) we complained to the waiter I must hrve m1' dressdrv-cleanedbefore the party \fhat about having a coffe eb rea k? T I f wehadn' t ar r iv edlat e/ hadar r i v e d e a r l i e r , w e w o u l d n 't h a v e m i s s e d t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e c o n c e r t '$le put on plenty of sun-block becausethe sun was very I'd never taken such a difficult / a more difficult exam strong 10 I'd prefer you not to smoke in the kitchen 11 Bedroomsmust be vacatedby 11.00am 12 I wish I'd stayedon at collegeto take my finals 13 Tony doesn't plav as skilfully as Margaret 14 Unlesshe arrives soon, we'll have to leavewithout him 15 This restaurantis said to be the best in town 22.7 Refer to the sentenceson 2).2 22.2 ReÍer to the sentenceson 22.L 22.3 Is it all right if I use the car tonight? If Robert hadn't got here so late, he wouldn't have misseddinner I wish I had a little more money The ro¿rdoutside the house is being repaired Barbara thought the party was very boring Do you know the distance from Seatdeto Vancouver? I should have phoned you yesterday Unless you train harder, yolr won't get into the first team squad She refused to give an explanation for her absence 10 If you eat less,you get slimmer I1 \ü/e'velived / been living in this streetfor six years 12 The sofa was too big to get into the living room 13 \7e didn't stop for a break until we had walked 10km 14 I've no objection to people smoking in lestauranrs 15 Antony cor¡ld eat more than anyone in the family 23.2 Refer to the sentenceson 23.1 23.1 Refer to the sentenceson23.2 23.3 You'd better listen carefully to my instructions It looks as if / thougl-rthe weather is improving There weren't as manv spectatorsat the match as we'd expected 4.Ileft work early so as to avoid getting held up in the rush-hour traffic I've never tastedsuch disgustingcoifee Apart from NIary, all the guestsat the party were wearing casual clothes However much they argued, Paul and George remained good friends I want to know how deep the river is at this point Triplets! \ühat a surprise! 10 If we had a phone, we wouldn't have to use the public call box 11 Ellen has got so much money, she doesn't know how to spend it 12 The repairs ought to have been done by now 13 Francissuggestedspeakingto the shop manager 14 In comparison with Itirl¡ trains in Britain are verv expensive 15 The traffic prevented Leslie from getting here 24.1 to go (in) going to go to go may / might /could go would I 'cI go go go going 10 to go 16.went lT.togo 18.went/havegone/had ll.ha ve /'ve go ne 12 c an go 13 go 1, 4.t ogo t o g o / g o i n g _ rgone 19 going 20 are / 're going w e n t g o i n g a r e / 'r e g o i n g t o g o g o e s ( i n ) g o i n g 4,2 l.wo uld/ ' dgo go m ay / nt ight / c o u l d g o 10 to go ll went / hav e gone 12 t o g o / g o i n g t o g o g o i n g w e n t / h a s g o n e / h a d g o n e 25 I.go t ogo go went hav e g o n e g o i n g T t o g o i n g h a v e g o n e d i d n 't g o g o i n g 1 d i d n 'tg o ,2.hadgone 13 going 14 ' dgone w e n t g o l T h a s g o n e g o g o i n g g o i n g 25.2 l went l going can / could go had /'d gone went went going have /'ve gone going 10 have / 've gone/ been 11 t ogo 12 t ogo/ g o i n g 13.havegone lgo 14 togoing 15.going 26.1 SuggestedAnswers: readingit to lend her any to break it going home to be / arrive on time (in future) holding your breath? to meet us at 8.00 drinking / alcohol to get married / split up t alk ing ahout r r ¿r ins 26.2 SuggestedAnswers: repairing to have one to go over to my mother's to send (her) a c rd going out beingso late to come outwith us helping (me) with them? to read us a story 10 (in) understandingher 6.3 Su gg es t edAns wer s :l goingt ot hec o n c e r t t o g e t t h e r e i n / o n t i m e s m o k i n g t o h a v e l u n c h ? s rr