Name Date Selection Title Allegory Chart An allegory is a story in which events, objects, or characters have a hidden or symbolic meaning—that is, they mean both what they seem to and something else Allegories are often written to teach a lesson In the top box of the chart below, fill in the literal meaning of the selection you just read In the next box, describe its symbolic meaning In the bottom box, tell the lesson of the story Literal Meaning: Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved Symbolic Meaning: Lesson: Name Date Selection Title Ambiguity Chart Writers often use ambiguity when they want to suggest more than one possible meaning They may leave the meaning of a situation, the motivation of a character, or the outcome of a story unclear In the chart below, list any aspect of the selection you just read that you think is open to more than one interpretation Then, describe two interpretations and why you think they are possible (The number of possible ambiguities will vary with each selection.) Ambiguity Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved Interpretation Interpretation Literary Elements Elements of Literature Sixth Course Collection The Quest for Beauty Transparency 20 APOSTROPHE Title of Selection: Author: Apostrophe is a form of direct address in which a speaker, character, or author addresses an inanimate object, an idea, or a person who is either dead or absent as if that thing or person were present and capable of intelligent understanding Example from the selection: What or whom does the speaker address in the apostrophe? Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved What seems to motivate the speaker? If the apostrophe is directed to a thing or abstract idea, is this object otherwise personified in the selection? What overall effect does the apostrophe have in the selection? Literary Elements 59 Name: Date: Period: _ Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Words to look up: Words to look up: Words to look up: Literary Devices Literary Devices Literary Devices Identify the following: Characterization Climax Conflict Diction Foreshadowing Imagery Mood Motif Setting 10 Situational Irony 11 Symbol 12 Theme 13 Tone 14 Verbal Irony Identify the following: Characterization Climax Conflict Diction Foreshadowing Imagery Mood Motif Setting 10 Situational Irony 11 Symbol 12 Theme 13 Tone 14 Verbal Irony Identify the following: Characterization Climax Conflict Diction Foreshadowing Imagery Mood Motif Setting 10 Situational Irony 11 Symbol 12 Theme 13 Tone 14 Verbal Irony Reading Questions Reading Questions Reading Questions Who is telling the story? Predict what will happen next? Why is this important? This reminds me of… This is confusing because… What just happened? The author wants me to think… Who should I trust or distrust? Why you like or dislike this? Who is telling the story? Predict what will happen next? Why is this important? This reminds me of… This is confusing because… What just happened? The author wants me to think… Who should I trust or distrust? Why you like or dislike this? Who is telling the story? Predict what will happen next? Why is this important? This reminds me of… This is confusing because… What just happened? The author wants me to think… Who should I trust or distrust? Why you like or dislike this? © Freeology.com Name: Date: Period: _ Concrete Detail and Commentary Concrete Details (CD) are facts or quotes from the source Commentary (CM) is your opinion or insight about that fact or quote Source: CD CM CM CD CM CM © Freeology.com NAME CLASS _ DATE _ WRITER’S WORKSHOP Analyzing a Character Pupil’s Edition page 164 Prewriting: Choose a Character You may want to use this diagram to help you choose a character for your essay Character #1 Character #2 How does the writer indirectly reveal, or show, the characters? Character’s Appearance Character’s Speech Character’s Thoughts and Actions How the other characters respond to that person? 106 Portfolio Management System Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved COLLECTION Look through your Writer’s Notebook to find two or three characters that you would like to examine more closely NAME CLASS _ DATE _ WRITER’S WORKSHOP Analyzing a Character Pupil’s Edition page 164 Evaluating and Revising: Peer Editing DIRECTIONS: Use the following questions to evaluate a classmate’s expository analysis of a character Then, share your responses with the author of the paper to help him or her revise COLLECTION Does the analysis begin with a thesis statement? Does this statement reflect the main idea about the character? Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved Does the writer summarize the character’s most important traits? Does the writer explain the character’s position within the story and identify any significant changes that the character undergoes? Does the analysis seem complete? Collection 107 NAME CLASS _ DATE _ Writer’s Workshop Analyzing a Character Pupil’s Edition page 164 Evaluation Scale: = Not at all = To some extent = Successfully DIRECTIONS: Circle 1, 2, or below to indicate the evaluation of each item Thesis Statement ◆ The analysis begins with an introductory paragraph that includes a 3 3 Character Analysis ◆ The writer creates a clear analysis of a character Organization ◆ The writer organizes the analysis in a way that makes sense Support ◆ The writer includes examples and details from the story to support his or her analysis Spelling, Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics ◆ The analysis has few errors in spelling, grammar, usage, and mechanics Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved COLLECTION complete, clear thesis statement 108 Portfolio Management System Lesson Print Literary Elements Elements of Literature Third Course Collection 13 The Destruction of Innocence THE SHAKESPEAREAN THEATER STAGE TEACHING NOTES This material is designed to be used with The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet (Pupil’s Edition, page 735) and Shakespeare and His Theater: A Perfect Match (Pupil’s Edition, page 728) In this lesson, students will identify the parts of the Shakespearean theater stage, write stage directions, and stage scenes from the play Presentation After you have introduced Romeo and Juliet, place The Shakespearean Theater Stage transparency on the overhead projector Give students copies of the transparency, and have them describe the different parts of the Shakespearean theater The inner yard (1) was the courtyard where the poorer members of the audience stood to watch the performance The raised stage (4) platform extended into this yard The tiring house (2) was directly behind and attached to the stage Most of the tiring house, unseen from the stage area, consisted of rooms used for dressing, storing set pieces and props, and performing administrative functions There was a structure above the third floor called “heaven,” which probably contained winches with which to lower gods from heaven A fifth level of the tiring house was called “hell,” an area beneath the raised stage that could be reached through a trapdoor The inner stage (3) was the back part of the stage, and it was sometimes separated by a curtain After students have read Act I, have pairs of students decide how to stage the fight scene beginning in Act I, Scene When students have finished, lead a class discussion of the various ways to stage the scene, letting students decide which way (or ways) is most effective Many modern plays have three acts, three or fewer sets (settings), and very long scenes Identify the various settings in Act III of Romeo and Juliet Ask students if they think Romeo and Juliet is more similar to a modern play or to a movie, and have them explain their answers Then, ask students how the fact that Shakespeare needed very little scenery to perform his plays might have helped him in writing them The various settings (sets) in Act III are 51 Literary Elements Teaching Notes 17 THE TRAGEDY OF ROMEO AND JULIET a public place in Verona, Capulet’s house, Friar Laurence’s cell, and Capulet’s orchard Romeo and Juliet is similar to a modern play because it depends primarily on words to describe scenes; it is similar to a movie because it frequently shifts from place to place and often has short scenes Using very little scenery probably allowed frequent scene changes with little or no change to the set Explain to students that a prompt book is a copy of a play marked with the director’s final instructions about lighting, cues, curtain calls, character movements, and other aspects of stage direction It consists of brief, typed sections of the play placed in the middle of larger pages of blank paper Have students divide into small groups and create prompt books for Scene of Act III or a shorter scene of your choosing Students may create their books by printing or typing sections of the play and then cutting and pasting these sections onto blank construction paper When students have finished making their books, ask for volunteers to perform part of the scene for the rest of the class Alternative Uses of the Transparency You can use the transparency when studying any other Shakespearean play Further Practice For further practice on the Shakespearean theater stage in The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, give students the worksheet on page 52 TRANSPARENCY ANSWER KEY The inner yard was the cheap area, which cost a penny to enter The audience, referred to as “groundlings,” stood here to watch the performance This was used for all of the activity necessary for putting on a performance: dressing, storing props, and carrying on administrative duties This was used as part of the stage, but it could be separated by a curtain This was the main performance area where most of the action took place Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved Menu Menu Lesson Print NAME CLASS DATE Elements of Literature Third Course Collection 13 The Destruction of Innocence Literary Elements Worksheet 17 THE TRAGEDY OF ROMEO AND JULIET, Pupil’s Edition page 734 William Shakespeare Discovering the Shakespearean Theater Stage Shakespeare wrote for an outdoor theater It was circular, with the audience on three sides of the main stage area Unlike a movie set, a Shakespearean theater stage could not have many props, special effects, changes in lighting, or fancy scenery Instead, the setting depended on the actors’ movements and words to create a mood Understanding the Shakespearean Theater Stage Answer the following items about the Shakespearean theater stage If additional space is needed, continue your response on a separate sheet of paper What part of modern theaters is comparable to the Shakespearean “inner yard”? During a play, the activities in the “tiring house” may have been very different from activities on stage Explain In what ways would it be easier to stage Romeo and Juliet on the Shakespearean theater stage than on a movie set? Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved What part of the stage might have been used to give the performance area added depth when needed? Applying Skills How might an audience in England in Shakespeare’s day have imagined, during a performance of Romeo and Juliet, that they were in Italy? What aspects of the performance helped the audience suspend disbelief? Write your response on a separate sheet of paper Literary Elements 52 Lesson Print Fifteen, page 43 The Miracle Worker, page 49 Understanding Conflict Understanding the Elements of Drama The narrator is thinking about his desire for the motorcycle The narrator is actually contemplating stealing the motorcycle The narrator is torn between his temptation and his sense of what is right The narrator sees the owner in trouble and knows he should help him Applying Skills (Responses will vary A sample response follows.) The poem would have been smug and superior sounding It would not have been nearly as interesting, and we would not have had the glimmer of insight that we get from watching the narrator contemplate his internal conflict Everyone is subject to temptation The narrator’s moment of temptation creates the tension, and thus the effects and impact of the poem The Puppy, page 46 Understanding Tone disapproving; there’s no need to put something as tough as “shackles” on something as soft and gentle as “a ball of fluff” appetizing; the chicken bones are comforting, as is the speaker toward the dog sympathetic, pitying; the speaker feels compassion toward the dog appreciative of dog’s joy; the speaker compares the dog to a wild creature to show its delight Applying Skills (Responses will vary A sample response follows.) The light, fablelike tone of the poem helps to express not only the joy of being free but also the simplicity of this basic passion A dog freed from a chain is not unlike a person freed from oppression, for freedom is fundamental to happiness character: antagonist conflict: antagonist conflict climax Applying Skills (Responses will vary A sample response follows.) Helen is transformed, most obviously, into a functioning human being who understands how to behave and how to communicate Annie is transformed from a lonely, haunted, povertystricken girl to a self-possessed, successful woman who has personal bonds with Helen and Helen’s family Both of them achieve these transformations by battling the Keller family’s overprotectiveness, which holds both of them back The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, page 52 Understanding the Shakespearean Theater Stage (Responses will vary Sample responses follow.) Standing room, places where viewers can watch the play without paying the full price of a seat The tiring house was probably busy, even chaotic at times, as actors changed costumes and stagehands moved props around It did not have the polished performances of the stage It would not require the elaborate props and scenery since the Shakespearean stage depends largely on words and actions to create the atmosphere The inner stage Applying Skills (Responses will vary A sample response follows.) The actors could dress in Italian style and put on accents if they wished Mainly, however, they depended on the power of the unfolding drama to transport the audience imaginatively From “The Puppy” from Stories and Prose Poems by Alexander Solzhenitsyn, translated by Michael Glenny Translation copyright © 1971 by Michael Glenny Reprinted by permission of Farrar, Straus & Giroux, Inc Appears in electronic format by permission of Editions YMCA 56 Literary Elements Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved Menu Name Date Story Plot Graph Directions: List the events of the story in the correct boxes Climax Falling Action Rising Action Introduction Denouement Freeology.com - Free Teaching Resources Period Name: Date: Period: _ Story Plot Terms This is the highest point of interest or drama in the story The suspense is at its peak, but the outcome is still unclear The tension has been relieved The conflict is As the story progresses, complications and problems arise for the main character These difficulties create suspense resolved and characters’ lives return to normal Note that the terms Falling Action and Denouement are often combined In this case, all events after the Climax fall under Denouement Also called the exposition, the Also called the resolution, the reader is introduced to the denouement is the final resolution characters, setting, and background of the main complication The term information denouement applies only to stories with happy endings Tragic endings are termed catastrophe © Freeology.com Elements of Literature Sixth Course Collection An Appetite for Experience Literary Elements Transparency 15 STYLE: A PERSONAL MARK Title of Selection: Author: Style is an author’s individual way of writing Element of Style Description and Example(s) from the Selection Effect Punctuation Grammar (Verb forms, pronouns) Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved Word choice and diction (Long or short words, Latin-based or colloquial words) Conciseness (Relative number of words used to express ideas) Structure (Paragraphs, sentences, parallelism) Figurative language Imagery Literary Elements 44 Name Date Selection Title Symbol Chart Symbol Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved A symbol is an object, person, or event that stands for something more than itself Think about a symbol in the story you just read Write the symbol at the center of the chart below In the surrounding lines, describe the different possible meanings of the symbol (The number of meanings will vary with the selection.) Elements of Literature Fourth Course Collection Exiles, Castaways, and Strangers Literary Elements Transparency THEME: THE STORY’S MEANING AND ROOTS Title of Selection: Author: The theme of a story is its main idea or insight into life Analysis Questions Responses What is the significance of the title? Does the main character change over the course of the selection? Does the main character come to a new realization about something? Explain Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved What general statements about life or people any of the characters or the narrator make? Is the primary theme directly stated? If so, where? What is the selection’s primary theme? Literary Elements 17 Elements of Literature TRANSPARENCY GRAPHIC ORGANIZER VENN DIAGRAM TEACHING NOTES You can use the Venn Diagram transparency for prewriting activities related to comparison/contrast writing assignments You can also use the transparency for comparing literary selections or characters in the selections the overhead projector Have students suggest two objects, groups of people, literary selections, or other items Then have students indentify appropriate items for each area of the diagram as you write their suggestions on the transparency Presentation To show students how to use the Venn Diagram for comparison and contrast, place the transparency on Model Venn Diagram Group U.S Presidents Group Famous Generals Westmoreland MacArthur Lee Bradley Ridgway Powell Sherman Schwarzkopf Grant Jackson Washington Eisenhower Clinton Jefferson Lincoln Carter Kennedy Garfield Bush Truman Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved Overlap Elements of Literature TRANSPARENCY GRAPHIC ORGANIZER VENN DIAGRAM Group Group Overlap Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved Literary Elements Elements of Literature Sixth Course Collection The Sting of Satire Transparency 14 WIT: NE’ER SO WELL EXPRESSED Title of Selection: Author: Wit refers to a quality of writing that combines cleverness and symbolic imagery with polished language and a cool, controlled tone Writers with wit present familiar human experiences and perceptions in exciting and memorable ways Characteristics of Wit Examples from the Selection Expression of intellectual brilliance Elegant expression of a truth about human nature Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved Clever, polished, exact language Use of imagery and figures of speech to make connections Cool, controlled tone or manner Literary Elements 41 [...]... fear for their lives Conclusion Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved Slaves were deprived of basic human rights Elements of Literature TRANSPARENCY 2 GRAPHIC ORGANIZER DRAWING CONCLUSIONS FROM INFORMATION CHART Fact Fact Fact Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved Conclusion Fact Elements of Literature TRANSPARENCY 3 GRAPHIC ORGANIZER CLUSTER DIAGRAM TEACHING. .. T-Chart © North Carolina State University Graphic Organizers and Generic Patterns Name Date GRAP HIC ORGAN I ZERS A ND G ENERIC PATTERNS Attribute Analysis: T-Chart © North Carolina State University Graphic Organizers and Generic Patterns Name Date GRAP HIC ORGAN I ZERS A ND G ENERIC PATTERNS Venn Diagram © North Carolina State University Graphic Organizers and Generic Patterns Name Date GRAP HIC ORGAN... statements: Compact discs and tapes both produce quality sound, can be played on portable players, and are readily available Compact discs are more expensive, but they are more durable than tapes Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved Relatively inexpensive Elements of Literature TRANSPARENCY 6 GRAPHIC ORGANIZER COMPARISON AND CONTRAST CHART Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All... Crisis: Conflict(s): Resolution: Climax: Complication(s): Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved Elements of Literature TRANSPARENCY 2 GRAPHIC ORGANIZER DRAWING CONCLUSIONS FROM INFORMATION CHART TEACHING NOTES You can use the Drawing Conclusions from Information Chart when you assign an informative essay or a research report You can also use the transparency to help students... the character and react to him/her Character’s actions © Freeology.com Name Date Selection Title Character Analysis Character Passages Words Actions Appearance Effects on Other People Direct Characterization Analysis of Character Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved Thoughts Elements of Literature TRANSPARENCY 6 GRAPHIC ORGANIZER COMPARISON AND CONTRAST CHART TEACHING NOTES... Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved shot Elements of Literature TRANSPARENCY 3 GRAPHIC ORGANIZER Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved CLUSTER DIAGRAM Collection Four We Rookies Have to Stick Together Transparency THE ELEMENTS OF DRAMA Exposition: Conflict(s): Characters: Climax: Complication(s): Protagonist(s): Antagonist(s): Resolution: Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston... of Speech (originality, power) Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved Believability of Plot Believability of Characters Clarity of Writing Support from Text Elements of Literature TRANSPARENCY 10 GRAPHIC ORGANIZER EVALUATION CHART TEACHING NOTES You can use the Evaluation Chart transparency to provide an opportunity for students to learn the critical-thinking steps necessary to... about a familiar topic, and to draw a conclusion from those facts You may want to extend the activity by having students write paragraphs based on the information on the transparency Presentation To give students practice in drawing conclusions from information, place the transparency on the Model Drawing Conclusions from Information Chart Fact Fact Fact Fact Slaves were not paid for their work Slaves... similarities and differences as you write them on the transparency Presentation To show students how to use the Comparison and Contrast Chart with a prewriting activity, place the Model Comparison and Contrast Chart Topic / Item 1: Compact discs Topic / Item 2: Audio tapes Produce quality sound of music X X Readily available X X Issues / Characteristics Can be played on portable players X X Can be reused for. .. about literary selections and when writing essays of evaluation Presentation Write the name of an amusement park on the subject line Have students suggest several evaluative criteria for judging the quality of an amusement park, and rank them in order of importance Write their suggestions on the transparency Have the class rate the amusement park based on each of the criteria, and make a mark under the