Conditional sentences type 1 real condition – Câu điều kiện có thực: Kết quả có thể được thực hiện ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai khi điều kiện ứng nghiệm xảy ra.. Conditional sentences type
Trang 1BÀI 2 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES - CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN
I Common conditional sentences: Ba loại câu điều kiện phổ biến
1 Conditional sentences type 1 (real condition) – Câu điều kiện có thực: Kết
quả có thể được thực hiện ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai khi điều kiện ứng nghiệm (xảy ra).
will
If - S – V(simple present), S - shall –
V (bare infinitives)
can may
e.g If I have the money, I will buy a new car If you try more, you will improve your English
We will have plenty of time to finish the project before dinner if the weather stays fine
Unless he tries harder, he will fail the exam (if he doesn’t try harder, he will fail)
2 Conditional sentences type 2 (unreal present condition) – Câu điều kiện
không có thực ở hiện tại: Kết quả không thể được thực hiện ở hiện tại hoặc
tương lai bởi điều kiện chỉ là giả định (không thể xảy ra).
would
If - S – V(simple past) , S - might - V
were should
e.g If I had enough money now, I would buy this house
(but now I don’t have enough money)
If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend
(but I don’t have the time, and I’m not going to the beach with you)
He would tell you about it if he were here
(he won’t tell you about it, because he is not here)
If he didn’t speak so quickly, you could understand him
(in fact, he speaks very quickly, so you can’t understand him)
Note Động từ to be được chia là were với mọi chủ ngữ.
e.g If I were you, I wouldn’t do such a thing (but I’m not you)
If it were not so bad, we could go swimming
(in fact, the weather is bad and we can’t go swimming) She would marry him if she were you
(she doesn’t marry him because she and you are different people)
3 Conditional sentences type 3 (unreal past condition) – Câu điều kiện
không có thực ở quá khứ: Kết quả không thể được thực hiện trong quá khứ bởi điều kiện chỉ là giả định (không thể xảy ra).
would
If - S – had - past participles, S - should - have - past participles
could might
e.g If we hadn’t lost the way we could have been here in time
Trang 2If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter (We didn’t know that you were there, so we didn’t write you a letter) She would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer
(She didn’t sell the house because she didn’t find the right buyer)
If we hadn’t lost the way, we would have arrived sooner
(We lost our way, and we didn’t arrive early)
II More conditional sentence forms: Một số loại câu điều kiện đặc biệt
1 For a habit: Mẫu câu dùng để chỉ một thói quen của một chủ thể nào đó ta
thực hiện theo mẫu câu sau:
If - S – V(simple present) - S –
V(simple present)
e.g If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients in the hospital
in the afternoon John usually walks to school if he has enough time
2 For a command: Mẫu câu dùng để chỉ một mệnh lệnh, sai khiến hay sự nhờ
vả ta thực hiện theo mẫu câu sau:
If – S – V(simple present), command form*
e.g If you go to the Post Office, please mail this letter for me
Please call me if you hear from Jane
If she comes, call me (Maybe she is coming or she has promised to come)
If the weather stays fine, we can arrive on time
(The weather is now fine and there’s no sign of the bad changes)
3 For a suggestion: Với lời đề nghị, khuyên răn.
e.g If she comes, you should call me (I suggest calling me when she comes)
You’d better cancel the project if it is possible (It’s best for you to cancel the project)
4 For a present subjunctive cases but past unfulfilled result Với giả định
hiện tại mà kết quả không thể xảy ra ở quá khứ Điều giả định này luôn đúng ở hiện tại
e.g If I were you, I would have agreed with him yesterday (The action hadn’t been done in the past but the subjunctive case is at present Mãi mãi tôi vẫn không thể là cậu được, đây là thực tế nên không cần chuyển điều kiện về quá khứ hoàn thành)
She would have been at the school if she didn’t appear in the park now She might have had chance to be successful if she were now in a higher position
If he had a car now, he could have worked overtime much before
5 For a past subjunctive cases but present unfulfilled result Với giả định
quá khứ mà kết quả không thể xảy ra ở hiện tai Điều giả định này được coi là quá khứ của quá khứ, nhưng kết quả là phi lý
Đỗ Bình – THPT Liễn Sơn, Lập Thạch, Vĩnh Phúc – www.violet.vn/quocbinh72 Trang 2.CONDITIONS
would
If - S – V(simple past), S - should - have - past participles
were could might
would
If - S – had - past participles, S - should - V
Trang 3e.g If I had been there last time, I would agree to lend him the money (The
action hasn’t been done up to now, this is only my regret Sự tiếc nuối của tôi khi nghe bạn thuật lại vụ việc giả định của tôi rơi vào hoàn cảnh quá khứ, nhưng kết quả này đã không xảy ra trước đó)
We would be successful if we had taken your advice in the first place
If he had done all the work, he could now go with us
They would now be in the classroom if they had hurried up as we told them to
6 For other purposes: Với các mục đích nói khác nhau ta có các loại câu điều
kiện khác như trình bày sau đây;
a Inversion of “had”: Đảo ngữ với câu điều kiện loại 2
Were S – (to infinitive), S would
-V
e.g Were I ill, I would not be here now
Were he to go, he would not be able to finish hí project
b Inversion of “had”: Đảo ngữ với câu điều kiện loại 3
Had - S - past participles, S would have - past
participles
e.g Had we known you were there, we would have written you a letter
Had she found the right buyer, she would have sold the house
Hadn’t we lost the way, we would have arrived sooner
c Special uses of “if” clauses in requests– Cách sử dụng của mệnh đề “If”
như đề nghị được điễn giải như dưới đây:
If you will/would, S will
-V
e.g If you would wait a moment, I will see if Mr John is here
(Nếu ngài vui lòng đợi, tôi sẽ kiểm tra giúp ngài xem ông John có ở nhà không)
I would be very grateful if you will/ would make an arrangement for me
If you could - V.
hãy vui lòng … → chấp nhận như tất yếu e.g If you could fill in this form Hãy vui lòng điền vào mẫu này
If you could open your books Vui lòng mở sách
If - S - will/ would, S - V
nếu chịu (tuân lệnh, nghe lời)
eg If he will (would) listen to me, I can help him Nếu cậu ta chịu nghe lời tôi
có thể giúp cậu ấy
If - S - will, S - V
diễn tả sự ngoan cố e.g If you will learn English this way, a failure for TOEFL test is sure awaiting you
Nếu cậu cứ học tiếng Anh theo kiểu này, thì chắc chắn cậu sẽ trượt TOEFL
If - S - should, command
Trang 4khả năng xảy ra rất ít, không tin tưởng vào kết
quả e.g If you shouldn’t know how to use this TV set, please call me up this number
Nếu bạn không biết sử dụng chiếc TV này, hãy gọi đến số máy này (Tuy nhiên người nói tin chắc người nghe biết sử dụng TV)
If you should have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me Nếu không làm được bài tập này hãy hỏi tôi nhé (Tuy nhiên người nói tin chắc người nghe làm được bài tập vì chúng rất dễ)
Note: Đảo ngữ như sau:
e.g Should you have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel
free to ask me
Should it be cloudy and gray, the groundhog will supposedly wander around for food - a sign that spring is near
d Special conditions:
even if - nagative verb (cho
dù)
e.g You must go tomorrow even if you aren’t ready.
You have to hand in your paper even if you cannot do the exercises.
Whether or not - positive verb (dù có … hay
không)
e.g He likes watching TV whether or not the show is good.
They want to enroll whether or not the course suits them well.
unless + positive verb = if not (trừ khi = nếu
không) e.g If you don’t start at once, you will be late
→ You will be late unless you start at once.
You will be late if you are not ready by now
→ You will be late unless you are ready by now
But for that - unreal condition (nếu
không thì) e.g Her father pays her fees, but for that she wouldn’t be here ( but she is here)
present unreal present
My car broke down, but for that I could have come in time
past unreal past
otherwise - conditional sentence = nếu không
thì
e.g We must be back before midnight, otherwise I will be locked out.
Her father pays her fees, otherwise she couldn’t be here
present unreal present
I used a computer, otherwise it would have taken longer
past unreal past
Note or else được dùng thay cho otherwise.
Provided/ providing (that) (Miễn là/ với điều kiện
là ) e.g You can camp here provided (that) you leave no mess
Suppose/ supposing? = what if ? (giả sử như/ nếu
Trang 5như) e.g Suppose the plane is late? = what will happen if the plane is late?
Suppose you ask him = why don’t you ask him? – gợi ý
What if I’m- thách thức cự
tuyệt e.g What if I am the first to leave
What if I do not follow you
If only – S – V(simple present), S will V = hope
that S will V
hi vọng là e.g If only he comes in time (hi vọng là cậu ấy đúng giờ)
If only he will head your advice
If only – S – V(simple past/ past perfect) = wish
that
giả định: giá mà e.g If only he didn’t smoke (but he doesn’t)
If only she had come in time (but she didn’t)
if only - S would V = ước sao, mong
sao e.g If only he would drive more slowly (but he drive so fast)
If only it would stop raining
BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
Exercise 1 Complete each of the following sentences with the right forms of the
verbs shown in brackets
1 If he had arrived late, we _ without him? (to begin)
2 If they had felt thirsty, they _ the lemonade? (to drink)
3 If we had been here, we _ the fireworks (to miss)
4 If his office had called, he _ to work? (to return)
5 She _ early if she had not had a good reason (to leave)
6 If they had searched more carefully, they _ the watch sooner (to find)
7 If you had visited Rome, you _ to the opera? (to go)
8 If he were here now he _ to help us (to hesitate)
9 I _ the book last week if I had known you wanted it (to finish)
10 You _ to him last night if you had seen him? (to speak)
11 If they were old enough, they _ the contest next week (to enter)
12 She _ a vacation now if she had more time? (to take)
13 If he had sent a message, we _ it two days ago (to receive)
14 I _ it if you came with me now (to appreciate)
15 She _ grateful if we offered to help her tomorrow? (to be)
16 He _ yesterday if he had entered the race? (to win)
17 They more books last month if they had noticed the stock was low? (to order)
18 She not _ us now if she knew where we lived? (to visit)
19 You _ cucumbers yesterday if they had been on sale? (to buy)
20 If we _ more attention yesterday, we would know what time to be there (to pay)
Trang 6Exercise 2 Complete each of the following sentences with the right forms of the
verbs shown in brackets
1 If he _ rich, he would travel (to be)
2 I _ anxious to meet him, I would stay at home (to be)
3 He would have more free time if he _ so hard (to work)
4 If I _ a car, I would visit Cape Breton (to have)
5 We would take the bus if it _ to snow (to begin)
6 If you _ him, you would surely recognize him (to see)
7 I would not confide in him if I _ him (to trust)
8 If we _ time, we would let you know (to have)
9 If he _ an expedition, I would certainly join it (to organize)
10 I would not worry about it if I _ you (to be)
11 I would not have got lost if I _ the map (to study)
12 He _ at home, we would have visited him (to be)
13 We would have invited him if we _ he would come (to think)
14 He would have applied for the job if he _ the advertisement (to see)
15 We would not have ordered tea, we _ how late it was (to know)
16 It _, they would have held the party in the park (to rain)
17 We would have agreed with you if we _ what you meant (to understand)
18 If you _ salt on the steps, they would not have been so slippery (to put)
19 He _ to us, we would have known when to expect him (to write)
20 If he _ to take the course, he would have had to work hard (to choose)
Exercise 3 Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the
preceding sentence.
1 If it _ last night, it _ so hot today
A rained/ is not B was raining/ were not
C had rained/ would not have been D had rained/ would not be
2 Without your recommendation, we _ any success last year
A had not got B did not get C will not have got D would not have got
3 _ he gets here soon , we will have to start the meeting without him
A Suppose B Provided C Unless D If
4 _ as much money as Bill Gates of Microsoft, I would retire
A Did I have B If did I have C Unless I had D If I had had
5 If I _ it was a formal party, I wouldn’t have gone wearing jeans and a jumper
A knew B had known C had been knowing D could know
6 Tom’s company will almost certainly like him _ he improves his attitude
A unless B or C otherwise D if
7 If my client _ me her fax number, I _ to post a letter to her
A gave/ will not have B will give/ do not have
C had given/ wouldn’t have had D had given/ will not have had
8 _ I had brought my laptop to the meeting yesterday
A If B If only C Even if D As if
9 If I _ the lottery last week, I _ rich now
A had won/ would be B had won/ would have been
C won/ would be D won/ would have been
Trang 710 Carrie said she will join the company if the starting salary _ her expectations.
A meets B met C has met D had met
11 If you _ to my advice, you _ in trouble now
A listened/ were not B listen/ are not
C had listened/ would not have been D had listened/ would not be
12 If you take the 8 a.m flight to New York, you _ change planes
A could not have to B will not have to
C had not had to D would not to have to
13 If it _ warm yesterday, we would have gone to the beach
A was B were C had been D could be
14 If it _ an hour ago, the streets _ wet now
A were raining/ will be B had rained/ would be
C rained/ would be D had rained/ would have be
15 _ here, he would help us with the troubles
A Were Peter B If were Peter C Unless were Peter D Unless Peter were
16 _ that problem with the car, we wouldn’t have missed the speech
A If we had had B If had we had
C Unless we had had D Provided that we had had
17 If I were a little taller, I be able to water the plant on the top shelf
A did B would C had D would have
18 If you hear from Susan today, her to ring me
A tell B to tell C telling D will tell
19 She had to have the operation _
A unless she would dies B if she would die
C otherwise she will die D or she would die
20 If the traffic _ bad, I may get home late
A is B were C was D had been
Exercise 4 Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the
preceding sentence.
1 I am flying to the United States tonight I _ you a ring if I can find a phone
A will give B would give C could give D have given
2 We’ll need more staff _ we start the new project
A unless B whether C in case D or
3 If I _ 10 years younger, I _ the job
A am/ will take B was/ have taken
C had been/ will have taken D were/ would take
4 _ I had learnt English when I was at high school
A Unless B Even if C If D If only
5 You are not allowed to use the club’s facilities _ you are a member
A unless B if C provided D supposed
6 If she _ the train last night, she _ here now
Trang 8A took/ were B were taking/ is
C had taken/ would have been D had taken/ would be
7 _ if a war happened?
A What you would do B What would you do
C What will you do D What you will do
8 I would send her a fax if I her number
A know B knew C had known D could know
9 it were well paid, I would accept this proposal
A Providing B Unless C But for D If only
10 more carefully, he would not have had the accident yesterday
A If Peter driven B If had Peter driven
C Had Peter driven D Unless Peter had driven
11 If I were you, I that
A would apply for B will ask for C will have change D can take
12 If I _ a wish, I’d wish for happiness for my family
A have B been having C had D was
having
13 If we had had time, we _ to the party
A can go B will go C would have gone D will have gone
14 We couldn’t understand the teacher if he _ too fast
A spoke B has spoken C doesn’t speak D didn’t speak
15 If everything is all right, we _ our work on time
A complete B are completing C have completed D will complete
16 What _ if the earth suddenly stopped going around the sun
A happens B will happen C would happen D happened
17 Unless you _ quiet, I’ll scream
A don’t keep B keep C didn’t keep D kept
18 You’ll be able to speak English well if you _ hard
A study B studied C would study D had studied
19 If I _ you, I _ invitation
A am/ will refuse B was/ would refuse
C were/ would refuse D had been/ will refuse
20 _, I’d have told you the answer
A If you asked me B Had you asked me
C You had asked me D Unless you asked me
Exercise 5 Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the
preceding sentence.
1 If I _ a lot of money now, I _ a new car
A have/ will buy B have/ would buy C had/will buy D
had/would buy
2 If I _ you, I _ do that
A am/ will B were/ would C were/ will D had been/ would
3 If I were offered the job, I think I _ it
taken
Trang 94 I would be very surprised if he _.
A refuses B refused C had refused D would refuse
5 Many people would be out of work if that factory _ down
A closes B had closed C closed D would close
6 If she sold the car, she _ much money
7 They would be disappointed if we _
A hadn’t come B wouldn’t come C don’t come D didn’t come
8 Would John be angry if I _ his bicycle without asking?
9 She _ terribly upset if I lost this ring
10 If someone _ in here with a gun, I would be very frightened
11 What would happen if you _ to work tomorrow?
A don’t go B didn’t go C won’t go D wouldn’t go
12 If we had lost the map, we would never have found our way
A We will have found our way unless we lost the map
B We found our way because we didn’t lose the map
C We would have lost our way if we had lost the map
D If we lost the map, we didn’t find our way
13 He didn’t hurry so he missed the plane
A If he hurried, he wouldn’t miss the train
B If he had hurried, he might catch the plane
C If he had hurried, he could have caught the plane
D He didn’t miss the plane because he hurried
14 If I were taller, I could reach the shelf
A I am not tall enough to reach the top shelf
B I am too tall to reach the top shelf
C I cannot reach the top shelf because I am very tall
D In spite of being tall, I cannot reach the top shelf
15 I will agree to these conditions provided that they increase my salary
A They did not increase my salary so I quit the job
B I will only agree these conditions if they give me more money
C They give me more money or I will only agree these conditions
D Unless they give me more money, I will only agree these conditions
16 If only I had studied hard enough to pass the final exam
A I regret not studying hard enough to pass the exam
B I had studied hard enough and I passed the final exam
C I studied too hard to pass the final exam
D I studied hard otherwise I would fail the final exam
17 John speaks Chinese fluently because he used to live in China for ten years
A Suppose John has lived in China for ten years, he can speak Chinese fluently
B Provided that John lived in China for ten years, he could speak Chinese fluently
C Unless John had lived in China for ten years, he could not have spoken Chinese fluently
D John could not speak Chinese fluently if he had not lived in China for ten years
18 You didn’t tell me your story, so I couldn’t help you
Trang 10A If you told me the story, I could help you C Had you told me the story, I could have helped you
B If only you told me your story D Did you tell me your story, I could help you
19 There will be a shortage of water unless it rains
A If it doesn’t rain, there will be a shortage of water
B There will be a shortage of water if it rains
C There will be a shortage of water if it will rain
D If it doesn’t rain, there would be a shortage of water
20 He described the accident as if he _
A saw it with his own eyes B had seen it with his own eyes
C sees it with his own eyes D has seen it with his own eyes
Exercise 6: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the
same as the sentence printed before it.
1 You washed it in boiling water; that's why it shrank
→ Had you not _
2 We missed the train because we were using an out-of-date timetable
→ If we
3 His own men deserted him; that's the only reason why he failed
→ He wouldn’t
4 They were driving very quickly That's why the accident was so terrible
→ The accident
5 It was raining That's the only reason I didn't take the children to the beach
→ But for
6 My number isn't in the directory so people don't ring me up
→ People
7 The police are not armed so we don't have gun battles in the streets
→ Were the _
8 The shops don't deliver now, which makes life difficult
→ Life would
9 He's very thin; perhaps that's why he feels the cold so much
→ He wouldn’t _
10 We haven't any matches so we can't light a fire
→ We could _
11 It rained all the time Perhaps that's why he didn't enjoy his visit
→ He would _
12 I didn't work hard at school so I didn't get a good job when I left
→ Had I
13 They used closed-circuit television That's how they spotted the shop-lifter
→ Had it _
14 They asked him to leave the dining-room because he wasn't wearing a shirt
→ If he
15 It took us a long time to find his house because the streets were not clearly
marked
→ Had the
16 My friend advised me to sell it
→ My friend said if I
17 I haven't much time so I read very little