Grammar Points for Uni Exam

Let your dream grow up- Make it high-Nurture it – Never let it down :) Sounds /I/ /i:/ /e/ / æ/ /o/ /o:/ /Λ/ /a:/ /u/ /u:/ / ә/ / з:/ / ei/ / ai/ / oi/ / au/ / әu/ PHẦN I - PRONUNCIATION CHART – BẢNG PHIÊN ÂM QUỐC TẾ Letter Words Notes Sound Letter Words Notes s s s Vowel sounds (nguyên âm) / t∫/ ch choice i sit / k/ k kitchen e pretty c concert a village ch chemist y happy q conquest ea lead / h/ h hike ee meet wh whoop e send Voiced consonants (phụ âm hữu thanh) ea head / b/ b boy a many / v/ v visit a land f of o pot th them /δ/ a wash / d/ d done or fork ed lived aw saw / z/ z zebra a cash s visit u shut s vision / Ʒ/ o some /dƷ/ g germ ou tough / g/ g gift ar card /l/ l little ear heart /m/ m monk u pull /n/ n name ou could / ŋ/ n think oo good ng sing u pollution /r/ r rural oe shoe /w/ w with oo moon wh when ui fruit /j/ j jam er reader y young or actor u music er prefer /ф/ h honest ir shirt k knight ur hurt b comb or word p pneumo ear heard Clusters of consonants (chùm phụ âm) Diphthongs (chùm nguyên âm) /s+/ /sp/ spray a case /st/ start ei eight /sk/ school maid /sf/ sphere ay say /sm/ small i kite /sn/ snow y sky /sw/ sweet oi soil /sj/ super oy employ /p+/ /pl/ plump ou mouse /pr/ proud ow now /pj/ pure o cold /t+/ /tr/ train ow slow /tw/ twice ew sew /tj/ tube Compliled by Teacher Su susuchayote.is.me@gmail.com Let your dream grow up- Make it high-Nurture it – Never let it down :) / iә/ ear ere ere are air our ire yre yer ower ower our ayer eyer oyer hear here / eә/ there fare hair / uә/ tour /aiә/ tire tyre buyer / әuә/ slower / auә/ shower flour / eiә/ prayer greyer / oiә/ employe r oyal loyal Voiceless consonants (phụ âm vô thanh) / p/ p pen / f/ f five ph physics gh laugh th throw /θ/ / t/ t teach ed looked / s/ s site c centre /∫/ sh sheep ch machine s sugar Chú ý: - /k+/ /b+/ /g+/ /d+/ /f+/ /θ+/ Các kết hợp khác /kl/ /kr/ /kw/ /kj/ /bl/ /br/ /bj/ /gl/ /gr/ /dr/ /dw/ /dj/ /fl/ /fr/ /fj/ class cream quite cure blow bring burial glass grow dream dwell duty flow fry furious /θr/ /θw/ /vj/ /mj/ /∫r/ /nj/ /spr/ /spl/ /skr/ /str/ /skj/ /stj/ /spj/ /skw/ throw thwart view mute shrimp nude spread splash scream stream scuba student spume square Các biểu tượng cấu âm từ điển khác có khác biệt nhỏ Âm biến đổi phụ thuộc vào ngữ cảnh chức từ vựng, chức biểu cảm âm Hiện tượng từ khác phát âm giống gọi đồng âm khác nghĩa “homonym” PRACTICE EXERCISE – BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Find the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others of the same group A candy B sandy C many D handy A earning B learning C searching D clearing A pays B stays C says D plays A given B risen C ridden D whiten A cough B tough C rough D enough A accident B jazz C stamp D watch A this B thick C maths D thin A gas B gain C germ D good A bought B naught C plough D thought 10 A spear B gear C fear D pear 11 A forks B tables C beds D windows 12 A handed B booked C translated D visited 13 A car B coach C century D cooperate 14 A within B without C clothing D strengthen 15 A has B bag C dad D made 16 A drunkard B postcard C remark D discard 17 A kites B catches C oranges D buzzes 18 A student B stupid C study D studio 19 A wealth B cloth C with D marathon Compliled by Teacher Su susuchayote.is.me@gmail.com Let your dream grow up- Make it high-Nurture it – Never let it down :) 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 A brilliant A flouride A surgeon A feather A geology A idiom A children A both A helped A name A blood A deaf A comb A thick A flour A dictation A dew A asked A smells A chooses A decided A head A blood A height A through A fought A moon A any A height A book A pan A table A host A there A dear A work A name A page A count A noon A how A harm A brought A call A measure A alone A timid A trousers A whisper A cleaned A churched A church A push A lamb A winding A machine A stay A find A wanted B trip B hidden B agent B leather B psychology B ideal B child B myth B booked B natural B food B of B plumb B though B hour B repetition B knew B helped B cuts B pauses B hatred B break B tool B fine B them B country B pool B apple B like B blood B woman B lady B most B chair B beard B coat B flame B game B sound B tool B town B wash B ought B curtain B decision B home B tidy B route B waste B played B chimney B choir B pull B comb B windy B washing B pay B style B provided C tripe C arid C engine C feature C classify C item C mild C with C hoped C native C moon C leaf C climb C thank C pour C station C sew C kissed C opens C rises C sacred C bread C moon C tidy C threaten C bought C door C hat C buy C look C sad C labor C cost C clear C beer C go C man C go C found C blood C power C call C thought C cell C pleasure C go C timer C shout C husband C snowed C check C choice C rush C lumber C finish C brush C cake C tonight C painted D tip D lid D regard D measure D photography D identical D wild D sixth D waited D nation D pool D wife D disturb D think D sour D question D few D played D plays D horses D warned D breath D spool D cliff D thunder D ought D cool D cat D hair D foot D man D captain D post D hair D heard D know D fame D gift D shouted D spoon D slow D talk D though D contain D permission D foul D kite D amount D inspiration D brushed D cholera D chess D butcher D debt D spin D chin D quay D mid-term D opened Compliled by Teacher Su susuchayote.is.me@gmail.com Let your dream grow up- Make it high-Nurture it – Never let it down :) 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 A booked A wants A rakes A briefcases A theme A hot A that A fat A name A bear A last A page A find A bush A clothes A wrong A food A why A cure A corn A brother A here B canned B says B boats B oranges B there B got B make B hate B fame B clear B fast B game B bite B push B gone B watch B look B myth B tube B cup B breathing B mere C begged C looks C pens C judges C thin C mode C take C had C man C fear C taste C go C since C pull C drove C shop C took C type C amuse C can C either C there D bottomed D laughs D traps D rules D thank D shot D cake D mad D frame D hear D task D gift D drive D brush D ghost D love D good D psychology D pull D cede D death D atmosphere PHẦN II – STRESS – TRỌNG ÂM RULES TO MARK STRESS – QUI TẮC ĐÁNH TRỌNG ÂM Definitions: I Phoneme: The smallest part of sound (vowel and consonant sounds) Âm tố - thành phần nhỏ âm (gồm nguyên âm phụ âm) Syllable: The sound made when one or clusters of phoneme are articulated Âm tiết – tiếng phát nhiều âm tố phát âm Stress: The degree of the loudness or prominence with which a sound ort a word is pronounced Độ lớn hay thống trị âm âm tiết chùm âm từ (có từ hai âm tiết trở lên) đọc, nói hay phát âm II Rules to mark stress: Di-syllable words: a Usually on the second syllable if it is a verb whose second syllable doesn’t contain the vowel sounds of /ә/, /I/, and /әu/, on the first syllable of the other words (trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ động từ - trừ âm tiết thứ chứa nguyên âm /ә/, /I/, /әu/, rơi vào âm tiết thứ từ loại lại) As: mother, ready, color, palace, student, teacher, tonight, afraid, people, money, enjoy, paper, begin, provide, summer, abroad, noisy, success, enter,… b Usually on the root syllables with words having suffixes or prefixes(đối với từ có mang tiền tố, hậu tố, trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết gốc) As: become, react, foretell, unpleasant, begin, failure, threaten, daily, treatment, ruler, unknown, builder, lately, quickly,… c Be careful with words with different word-class (đối với từ mà thân có nhiều chức từ vựng ta áp dụng qui tắc a) As Verb Other words Verb Other words Verb Other words rebel rebel record Record conflict conflict progress progress export Export permit permit suspect suspect conduct conduct PRACTICE EXERCISE - BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Find the one whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group A paper B tonight C lecture D story A money B army C afraid D people A enjoy B daughter C provide D decide A begin B pastime C finish D summer A abroad B noisy C hundred D quiet A passion B aspect C medium D success Compliled by Teacher Su susuchayote.is.me@gmail.com Let your dream grow up- Make it high-Nurture it – Never let it down :) a b c A exist B evolve C enjoy D enter A doctor B modern C corner D Chinese A complain B machine C music D instead 10 A writer B baker C builder D career 11 A provide B adopt C happen D inspire 12 A result B region C river D robot 13 A constant B basic C irate D obvious 14 A become B carry C appoint D invent 15 A engine B battle C career D rabies 16 A attract B destroy C level D occur 17 A spaceship B planet C solar D surround 18 A brilliant B daily C extreme D protein 19 A appoint B gather C threaten D vanish 20 A button B canal C failure D monster Words with more than two syllable: Usually on the 3rd syllables from the end (trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thư ba kể từ âm tiết cuối): As family, cinema, regular, singular, international, satisfactory, recognize, demonstrate, qualify, psychology, biologist, biology, democracy, responsibility… Usually on the 2nd syllables from the end with words ending in “ian”, “ic”, “ience”, “ient”, “al”, “ial”, “ual”, “eous”, “ious”, “iar”, “ion”(đối với từ có tận liệt kê, trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết liền trước tận – thứ kể từ âm tiết cuối) As: physician, experience, expedient, parental, essential, habitual, courageous, delicious, familiar,… (Except for: Television) Usually on the suffixes “ese”, “ee’, “eer”, “ier”, “ette”, “oo”, “esque” (đối với từ có tận liệt kê, trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết chứa tận này) As: Portuguese, refugee, employee, engineer, volunteer, adequate, picturesque, cigarette,… 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Notes: PRACTICE EXERCISE - BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Find the one whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group A interesting B surprising C amusing D successful A understand B engineer C benefit D Vietnamese A aP.Plicant B uniform C yesterday D employment A dangerous B parachute C popular D magazine A beautifully B intelligent C redundancy D discovery A comfortable B employment C important D surprising A variety B irrational C industrial D characterize A colorful B equality C dictionary D vegetable A elegant B regional C musical D important A difference B suburban C internet D character A beautiful B effective C favorite D popular A attraction B government C borrowing D visit A difficulty B individual C population D unemployment A biology B redundancy C interviewer D comparative A conversation B isolation C traditional D situation A capital B tradition C different D opera A inventor B physicist C president D gardener A biology B interviewer C redundancy D America A encourage B consider C constitute D inhabit A industry B holiday C adventure D certainty - Trên thực tế qui tắc bất biến cho việc xác định vị trí trọng âm từ - Việc xác định trọng âm cần thực cách phát âm, dựa nhiều vào kinh nghiệm - Những tập cung cấp tập có tần suất sử dụng lớn để soạn đề thi PRACTICE EXERCISE - BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Find the word whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group: A continue B disaP.Pear C imagine D inhabit A altogether B capacity C eventually D particular A professor B digestion C mechanic D engine A mathematics B biology C experiment D philosophy A evolution B development C discovery D philosopher Compliled by Teacher Su susuchayote.is.me@gmail.com Let your dream grow up- Make it high-Nurture it – Never let it down :) 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 A another A evaporate A gravity A abandon A activity A disease A remedy A pneumonia A persuade A expression A farmer A cattle A money A borrow A government A paper A interesting A element A damage A biology A ancient A person A eternal A ruler A revolution A sentence A bacteria A attack A pyramid A accompany A provide A cinema A design A exercise A excellent A beautiful A theatre A amuse A especially A policeman A advice A prepare A famous A vacation A theatre A picture A museum A performance A yesterday A memory A sorry A interest A policeman A vegetable A homework A uncle A every A produce A vegetable B energy B temperature B professor B discover B epidemic B humor B exercise B activity B reduce B successful B farewell B country B machine B agree B condition B police B important B enormous B destroy B intelligent B attack B purpose B enormous B river B responsible B suggest B dangerous B defeat B pharaoh B responsibility B improve B telephone B garage B example B exactly B elephant B unknown B imagine B beautifully B performer B beauty B practice B curious B colleague B career B business B cinema B unknown B tonight B article B tractor B remember B semester B interesting B lesson B machine B evening B money B university C centigrade C impossible C pyramid C imagine C philosopher C cancer C pollution C psychiatrist C offer C physical C factory C canal C many C await C parliament C people C increasing C animal C demand C environment C alive C possess C enemy C retire C renovation C species C government C believe C animal C environment C contain C department C market C holiday C dangerous C already C absence C interest C quickly C engineer C picture C prevent C anxious C pupil C cinema C stranger C hospital C visit C today C newspaper C police C assemble C exercise C volleyball C detect C rubber C potato C improve C Wednesday D gravity D experiment D remedy D satisfy D significance D treatment D surgery D ordinary D apply D prevention D fairy D cover D mother D prepare D fortunate D purpose D implying D elephant D deny D infrastructure D across D pirate D Egyptian D rapid D regulation D system D interesting D happen D possession D parliament D borrow D restaurant D village D stadium D wonderful D usually D dinner D surprise D lately D assistant D postcard D provide D delicious D teacher D gallery D return D concert D confirm D tomorrow D edition D fireman D resemble D attendance D detective D tennis D butter D factory D because D television Compliled by Teacher Su susuchayote.is.me@gmail.com Let your dream grow up- Make it high-Nurture it – Never let it down :) 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 A coffee A eleven A preparation A leather A mirror A discovery A descendant A resounding A difference A devilish A arithmetic A honorable A militarism A suP.Port A apology A oblivious A librarian A architect A utterance A ferocious A occurrence PHẦN III B farmer B elephant B decoration B paper B invent B calculator B environment B recompense B deficit B transparent B aristocrat B intimacy B infected B colleague B apparent B ferocious B respectable B pioneer B attendance B adventure B particular C paper C energy C television C iron C wallet C aero-plane C ornamental C reconcile C reference C glorify C artificial C participate C eventual C bilingual C adverbial C scandalous C terrific C military C performance C Orient C spectator D deliver D envelope D exhibition D ceramics D engine D difficulty D delivery D recognize D deficiency D luxury D argument D interviewer D community D evaluate D advocate D victorious D terrorist D principal D reluctance D achievement D preference - PARTS OF SPEECH – BỘ PHẬN NGÔN NGỮ (TỪ VỰNG) I NOUNS (N): DANH TỪ Definition: To call out the names of things, objects, actions, or movements… (dùng để gọi tên vật, tượng) Functions: (chức năng) Subject (S)(chủ ngữ): Gender of a verb (A teacher usually works at school) Object (O)(tân ngữ): Follow verbs or prepositions (He buys some cakes for his birthday party) Complement (C)(bổ ngữ): Make the complementation (She was a famous singer) Compounds (Co)(danh từ ghép): summer holiday, birthday cakes,… Possessive cases (Pc)(dạng sở hữu cách): the boss’s car, his teacher’s remarks,… Noun phrases (Np)(cụm danh từ kết hợp tự do): Free words combination or compounds Plural forms: dạng thức biến đổi số nhiều 3.1 Adding “s” to almost count-nouns: thêm ‘s’ vào sau hầu hết danh từ, đọc /s/ /z/ a table tables a dog dogs an apple apples a student student an orange orange an umbrella umbrella s s s a house houses a cat cats an egg eggs 3.2 Adding “es” to the count-nouns that end in “ s, ss, sh, ch, o, x ” with /iz/ or /z/ sound: thêm ‘es’ a bus buses a potato potatoes a class classes a dish dishes a box boxes a wish wishes a watch watches a tomato tomatoe a torch torches s 3.3 Adding “ies” to the count-nouns that end in “y” with its preceding consonants: them ‘ies’ singular plural Singular plural a lorry lorries a lady ladies a story stories a baby babies 3.4 Adding “ves” to the count-nouns that end in “f, fe”: đổi ‘f’, ‘fe’ thành ‘ves’ singular plural Singular plural a wife wives a leaf leaves a knife knives a loaf loaves 3.5 Irregular changes: dạng biến đổi bất qui tắc singular plural singular plural Singular plural a man men a louse lice a woman women a child children a medium medi an ox oxen a a tooth teeth a mouse mice a goose geese Compliled by Teacher Su susuchayote.is.me@gmail.com Let your dream grow up- Make it high-Nurture it – Never let it down :) 3.6 Collective noun: crew, family, group, team,…(singular or plural form, either singular or plural verb) danh từ tổ hợp, coi số số nhiều, dùng động từ dạng số nhiều 3.7 Always plural form-nouns: ln tồn hình thức số nhiều clothes police breeches Pants pyjamas trousers scissors pliers (kìm) binoculars glasses scales shears (kéo cắt cỏ) arms damages earnings goods greens (vegetable) outskirts savings pains (trouble, effort) spirits surroundings stairs valuables athletics ethics mathematics physics politics 3.8 Unchanged the names of creatures: deer, sheep, calf, cod, pike, plaice, salmon, squid, trout, turbot (these nouns can take either singular or plural verbs) hình thức số ít, nhiều khơng đổi 3.9 Plural form but singular verb-noun: news, mumps (bệnh sưng quai hàm), billiards, bowls – hình thức số nhiều sử dụng số Uncountable nouns: Danh từ khơng đếm 4.1 Substances: vật chất bread beer cloth coffee cream Ice sand wood wine paper dust gin glass gold soap Stone water jam oil tea 4.2 Abstract nouns: danh từ không đếm advice beauty courage death experience information suspicion fear help hope horror knowledge mercy pity relief 4.3 Others: số danh từ khác baggage camping damage Furniture luggage parking shopping work Weather 4.4 Notes: Particular sense of uncountable nouns: số danh từ khơng đếm lại có mạo từ 4.4.1 a help: A great help to + O (He gave a great help to our family) 4.4.2 a relief: A relief to + V (That gave me a relief to continue my study) 4.4.3 a knowledge: A good/ bad knowledge of + N (Pete has got a good knowledge of history) 4.4.4 a dislike / dread / hatred / horror / love of + …(He had a great love for funny stories) 4.4.5 a mercy / pity / shame / wonder + that…(It’s a pity that I couldn’t come) 4.4.6 a fear/ fears; a hope/ hopes; a suspicion/ suspicions: We have a suspicion / suspicions that no one will agree to help Compound nouns: danh từ ghép 5.1 Noun-noun: Hanoi-capital; hall-door; hitch-hiker; kitchen-table; traffic light; winter clothes; 5.2 Noun-gerund: fruit-picking; weight-lifting; lorry-driving; bird-watching; coal-mining; surf5.3 Gerund-noun: waiting-list; landing card; driving board; dining room; driving license;… 5.4 Free combination: kết hợp tự - shop window; church bell; picture frame; garden gate; college library; gear level;… - city street; corner shop; country lane; … - summer holiday; spring flowers; Sunday paper; dawn chorus; November fog; … - steel door; stone wall; silk shirt;…/ - coffee cup; golf club; chess board; football ground;… - fish-farm; gold-mine; oil-rig; …/ - football match; beauty contest; pop music;… Suffixes: hậu tố dùng để tạo danh từ 6.1 er/ or/ ist/ ant/ ee/…: teacher, visitor, terrorist, vegetarian, aP.Plicant, employee,… 6.2 ent/ ce/ ion/ ism/ ance/ age/…: government, difference, action, capitalism, assistance, marriage,… 6.3 hood/ dom/ ship/ ness/ iety/…: neighborhood, freedom, friendship, sadness, variety, 6.4 ility/ ing/ al/ our/ y/…: possibility, fishing, refusal, arrival, behavior, difficulty,… II VERBS (V) Definition: To denote action, state, and be the most important part of sentences Classification: phân loại động từ 2.1 Auxiliary verbs: động từ trợ 2.1.1 Primary auxiliary verbs: be/ have/ (These verbs can either be auxiliaries or lexical verbs) 2.1.2 Modal verbs: can/ could/ may/ might/ must/ have to + base form/ will/ would/ shall/ should/ be going to + base form/ used to + base form/ ought to + base form/(These are sometimes functional verbs) 2.2 Lexical verbs: động từ mang nghĩa 2.2.1 Intensive verbs: verbs that show the state (She feels tired/ He is selfish) 2.2.2 Extensive verbs: verbs that show the affection (He gets angry/ They are helpful) 2.2.3 Intransitive verbs: verbs that can function as verb phrases and make sentences meaningful without any complementation e.g She cried (noisily) It rains/ is raining (hard/ heavily/ cats and dogs) Compliled by Teacher Su susuchayote.is.me@gmail.com Let your dream grow up- Make it high-Nurture it – Never let it down :) 2.2.4 Transitive verbs: verbs that need complementation a Mono-transitive verbs: verbs that followed by one object (S+V+O) e.g She bought flowers Ann met her fiance’ yesterday b Di-transitive verbs: verbs that followed by both direct and indirect objects (S+V+O+O) e.g She bought me some sweets (= She bought some sweets for me) They gave me a big cake (=They gave a big cake to me) c Complex transitive verbs: follow the form “S + V + O + Co” e.g He made me angry d Affixations: phụ tố để tạo động từ 3.1 en: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or lead to ) e.g danger…….to endanger wide…… to widen rich……… to enrich courage……to encourage length……to lengthen broad …… to broaden 3.2 ize/ ise: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or develop, or specify) e.g modern……to modernize industrial….to industrialize minimum….to minimize maximum….to maximize capital…… to capitalize natural…… to naturalize Sentence models: 4.1 S + V-intrans They laugh/ The wind is blowing 4.2 S + V-monotrans + O He did his homework/ Harley carried an umbrella 4.3 S + V-in/ extensive + Cs He became famous/ They are nearly exhausted 4.4 S + V-intrans + A He went abroad/ She arrives late 4.5 S + V-ditrans + O + O She buys me presents/ That brings my father success 4.6 S + V-complex trans + O + C The story made me bored/ You drive me mad 4.7 S + V-intrans + A + A She went to school early/ He came to the park in the early morning III ADJECTIVES (ADJ) Kinds (Classification): phân loại 1.1 Main kinds: phân loại a Demonstrative: this, that, those, these b Distributive: each, every, either, neither c Quantitative: some, any, no, little, few, many, much, numbers d Interrogative: which, what, whose e Possessive: my, your, his, her, our, its, their f Quality: clever, dry, fat, golden, heavy,… 1.2 Participles: phân từ a present: ING-form boring, interesting, exciting,…(for objects) b past: ED-form broken, tired, bored,…(for human-beings) c Notes: Present participles are different from gerund e.g He was fishing./ His hobby is fishing Functions (Position): chức hay vị trí 2.1 Noun-subordinator: (bổ nghĩa cho danh từ) a new book, a kind lady, a large room,… 2.2 Verb-complementation: (bổ nghĩa cho động từ) Follow the certain verbs as be, become, seem aP.Pear, feel, get, grow (become), keep, look (aP.Pear), make, smell, sound, taste, turn,… But some verbs can take either an adjective or an adverb: Eg: - He looks calm (=He himself is calm) - He looks calmly at the angry crowd (= He shows no attitude to the angry crowd) Comparison forms: cấp so sánh 3.1 Positive degree: so sánh as + adjs + as Eg: - She is as tall as my wife - Peter was as hard-working as I was (me) 3.2 Comparative degree: so sánh 3.2.1 Monosyllable-adjectives: với tính từ đơn âm tiết adjs-ER + than Eg: - Lan is shorter than Na - She was better at English than we were (us) 3.2.2 Multisyllable-adjectives: với tính từ đa âm tiết more + adjs + than Eg: - She was more hard-working than us - We are more intelligent than him 3.3 Superlative degree: so sánh 3.3.1 Monosyllable-adjectives: với tính từ đơn âm tiết the adjs-EST Eg: - Nam is the best in our class - She was the kindest lady I’ve ever met 3.3.2 Multisyllable- adjectives: với tính từ đa âm tiết the most + adjs Eg: - Sharol was the most intelligent in my group - She is the most hard-working girl I’ve ever known Notes: For adjectives ending in “er”, “y”, “ly”, or the irregular cases: Adjective Comparative Superlative Adjective Comparative Superlative clever cleverer the cleverest Bad Worse the worst pretty prettier the prettiest Far Farther/ further the farthest/ furthest Compliled by Teacher Su susuchayote.is.me@gmail.com Let your dream grow up- Make it high-Nurture it – Never let it down :) happy silly haP.Pier sillier the haP.Piest the silliest Little man much Old / Less More the least the most good better the best older/ elder the oldest/ eldest 3.4 Parallel: so sánh song song so sánh thăng tiến - “The… the”: The older she gets, the wiser she become - And: It’s getting darker and darker She has now more and more free time - Gerunds/ infinitives: Riding a horse is not as easy as riding a bike It’s nicer/ better/ more fun to go with someone than to go alone 3.5 Like/ alike: Tom is very like Bill Tom and Bill are alike 3.6 Like/ as: He swims like a fish You look like a ghost Do as I told you 3.7 Like + N/ as + N: He worked like a slave (He worked very hard/ He wasn’t a slave) He worked as a slave (He was a slave in fact) 3.8 The adjectives: The rich, the poor,… Clauses: mệnh đề danh tính ngữ 4.1 That – clause: It is disappointed that he failed the exam./ It’s better that someone should tell him 4.2 find/ think/ believe + that it + adjs + to + V: I found that it is impossible to start now./ She thought that it was silly to ask him to stay 4.3 It be + adjs + (of O) + infinitives: a Character: brave, careless, cowardly (nhút nhát), cruel, generous, good, nice (=kind), mean, rude, selfish b Sense: clever, foolish, idiotic (ngu), intelligent, sensible (nhạy bén), silly, stupid,… 4.4 Pronoun + be + adjs + noun + infinitives: Using the above adjectives and: astonishing, curious, ridiculous (lố bịch), unreasonable, funny(=strange), odd (lập dị), pointless, useful, useless,… - That’s the amazing idea to show - It was an unreasonable result to accept 4.5 It’s + adjs + infinitives: advisable, inadvisable, better, best, desirable, essential, good, important, necessary, unnecessary, vital (tất yếu),… 4.6 It be + adjs + (for O) + infinitives: convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, possible, important, safe,… 4.7 S + be + adjs + infinitives : - Angry, delighted, dismayed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sorry, sad,… ( S + be + glad/ happy/ sorry/ sad/… + to say/ tell/ inform; Others adjs + to find/ learn/ hear/ see/…) - Able, unable, apt, inclined, liable, prone, prepared, quick, reluctant, slow, ready, willing, 4.8 Special cases: cấu trúc đặc biệt - Due: (time) >The race is due to start in minutes (sắp xảy ra) - Due to: a result of >The accident was due to his carelessness.(vì, bởi) - Owing to: because of >owing to his carelessness, we had an accident (bởi vì, bởi) - Certain/ sure + to V= opinion >He is sure to take legal action (chắc – suy đoán) - Certain/ sure that + (clause) = opinion >I am certain that the price will be higher (chắc – suy đoán) - Certain/ sure/ confident of + N/G: He was sure of entering the haunted house.(quyêt tâm) - Bound + to V= obligation > We were bound to leave - Afraid/ ashamed of + N/G: She was afraid of being left alone - Sorry for/ about + N/G: Tom felt sorry for making so many mistakes - Afraid/ ashamed/ sorry + to V: I’m sorry to tell you that bad news - Anxious about = worried He was anxious about going in the dark alone - Anxious for O to V = wish He was anxious for you to go in the dark alone - Anxious that + (clause) We are anxious that we couldn’t come - Fortunate/ lucky that +(clause) = It’s a good thing…It was lucky that we weren’t late - S + be fortunate/ lucky to V She was lucky to have such an interesting book - Possible/ probable/ likely + future = perhaps It’s possible that man will live longer - Aware/ conscious of N/G We should be aware of protecting our nature - Aware/ conscious + that +(clause) She was conscious that she would be late Suffixes: 5.1 able/ ible/ ish/ ed/ ing/ ful/ less/…: talkable, visible, whitish, bored, amusing, careful, hopeless,… 5.2 y/ ly/ en/ ese/ ous/ al/ ive/…: wealthy, manly, golden, Chinese, poisonous, logical, effective,… 5.3 ade/ ate/ ent/ wide/ ic/ ist/…: adequate, humanate, dependent, worldwide, domestic, communist,… 5.4 like/ style/ type/…: childlike, Roman-type, German-style,… 5.5 Nationality: a an: American, Venezuelan, German, Mexican, African,… b ese: Chinese, Vietnamese, Portuguese, Sudanese, Lebanese,… c i: Pakistani, Iraqi, Israeli, Yemeni, Saudi,… d ian: Argentinean, Australian, Brazilian, Italian,… Compliled by Teacher Su susuchayote.is.me@gmail.com 10 ... the door) 1.4 forget: a forget + to infinitives (= to miss a task) e.g Sam forgot to buy food (Sam didn’t buy food) b forget + gerunds (= the fulfilled task is forgotten) e.g Sam forgot buying... golden, heavy,… 1.2 Participles: phân từ a present: ING-form boring, interesting, exciting,… (for objects) b past: ED-form broken, tired, bored,… (for human-beings) c Notes: Present participles are... verbs: can/ could/ may/ might/ must/ have to + base form/ will/ would/ shall/ should/ be going to + base form/ used to + base form/ ought to + base form/ (These are sometimes functional verbs) 2.2