The economics of open access fisheries subsidies and performance of vietnamese fisheries by nguyen ngoc duy

Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics Norwegian College of Fishery Science The Economics of Open-Access Fisheries Subsidies and Performance of Vietnamese Fisheries Nguyen Ngoc Duy A dissertation for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor – January 2016 i ii Acknowledgement First of all, I would like to thank my dear family, my wife, Diem Hang, and our very cute daughter and son, Linh Chi and Duy Khang, and my parents and parents-in-law for their support and encouragement during my PhD study This dissertation would never have been written without their love and sacrifice and is dedicated to them I would like to express my deepest and most sincere thanks to my main supervisor, Professor Ola Flaaten, who shaped my scientific mind and love for academic research I have been lucky to have you as the main supervisor for both my Master’s thesis and my PhD dissertation Your consistent guidance, invaluable suggestions and deep insights into research have helped immensely in moulding this dissertation I greatly appreciate your close supervision, your kindness, your contribution and support and your belief in me It has been an honour and a pleasure for me to work with you This dissertation would never have been completed without you I would like to thank my co-supervisor and co-author, Dr Le Kim Long, who has supported me throughout my PhD study period and contributed discussions to my studies, and to thank Dr Nguyen Thi Kim Anh and Dr Quach Thi Khanh Ngoc for the pleasure of working with them as co-authors on one of the papers I would also like to thank my colleagues and friends at the University of Tromsø (UiT) – the Arctic University of Norway My special thanks are given to Kristoffer Kokvold, Erlend Dancke Sandorf, Professor Claire Armstrong (and her family), Professor Knut Heen, Professor Arne Eide, Professor Peter Arbo and Professor Svein Ottar Olsen, Dr Margrethe Aanesen, Dr Jan-Eirik Angell Killie and Dr Kathrine Tveiterås, Tone Osnes, Kari Nordeng Mellem, Ingjerd Gauslaa Nilsen and Rune Larsen for their concern, enthusiasm, support and help during my PhD study Thanks to all my pleasant colleagues from various countries in our research group of Environmental and Resource Economics (MRE) for the togetherness iii and all the fun that we have had Many thanks are due to all my pleasant Vietnamese friends in Tromsø for their affection, hospitality and help during my stay in Tromsø They all have enriched my work and my social life I am also grateful to my colleagues at the Faculty of Economics, Nha Trang University, especially Dr Do Thi Thanh Vinh, who have strongly defended and encouraged my attendance at this PhD programme, and to my colleagues in the Department of Business Administration for assuming my work responsibility during my absence I also wish to thank the lecturers and participants in the PhD courses and the conferences that I have attended for their comments and encouragement and my relatives, data collectors, fishers and all my good colleagues and friends who have supported and helped me in so many ways Above all, my PhD project would not have been possible without financial support I wish to express my great appreciation to the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) and the Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT – the Arctic University of Norway for funding my studies through the project NOMA-FAME (NOMAPRO-2006/10029) I also wish to acknowledge the Norwegian State Educational Loan Fund (“Lånekassen”) for granting fellowships of six months for my study of advanced courses at UiT – the Arctic University of Norway before participating in the PhD programme Finally, I would like to say to you all “c m n, tusen takk, thank you”; hopefully, this work will bring benefits in the future Tromsø, January 2016 Nguyen Ngoc Duy iv Contents Acknowledgement iii Contents v List of figures vi List of papers vii Abbreviations and acronyms viii Summary ix PART INTRODUCTION 1 Background, research problems and objectives The fisheries in the South China Sea Marine capture fisheries and subsidies in Vietnam 10 3.1 Overview of marine capture fisheries in Vietnam 10 3.2 Offshore fisheries in Vietnam 12 3.3 Government subsidies for offshore fisheries 15 3.4 Offshore fisheries in Khanh Hoa province 19 Subsidy and sustainable development perspective 22 4.1 Definition of subsidy 22 4.2 Subsidies from a sustainable development perspective 23 Theory of fisheries economics 27 5.1 Bioeconomic model and the impacts of subsidies 27 5.2 Economic behaviour of fishing firms and the impacts of subsidies 30 Methodology 33 Data 38 Research results: a summary of the papers 40 Conclusions 44 Appendix 49 References 50 PART PAPERS 61 v List of figures Figure Total landings by fishing country in the South China Sea LME Figure Catches by functional groups in the South China Sea LME Figure Stock–catch status plots for the South China Sea LME Figure Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam 20 Figure The distribution of offshore vessels in Khanh Hoa province 21 Figure Interaction between the economic, environmental and social dimensions of sustainable development 25 Figure Intra-marginal rent and impacts of revenue-enhancing lump sum subsidies under open access in the case of heterogeneous vessels 28 Figure Heterogeneous fishing fleet in an open-access fishery with revenue-enhancing lump sum subsidies 32 vi List of papers Paper I: Nguyen Ngoc Duy, Ola Flaaten, Nguyen Thi Kim Anh and Quach Thi Khanh Ngoc (2012) Open-access Fishing Rent and Efficiency - The Case of Gillnet Vessels in Nha Trang, Vietnam Fisheries Research, 127-128:98-108 Paper II: Nguyen Ngoc Duy, Ola Flaaten and Le Kim Long (2015) Government Support and Profitability Effects – Vietnamese Offshore Fisheries Marine Policy, 61:77-86 Paper III: Nguyen Ngoc Duy and Ola Flaaten Profitability Effects and Fishery Subsidies: Average Treatment Effects based on Propensity Scores Resubmitted to the Journal of Marine Resource Economics Paper IV: Nguyen Ngoc Duy and Ola Flaaten Efficiency Analysis of Fisheries using Stock Proxies Resubmitted to the Journal of Fisheries Research vii Abbreviations and acronyms CPUE Catch per unit of effort DARD Department of Agriculture and Rural Development DEA Data Envelopment Analysis DECAFIREP Department of Capture Fisheries and Resources Protection EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GPS Global Positioning System GSO General Statistics Office IUU Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported HP Horsepower LME Large Marine Ecosystem MSY Maximum Sustainable Yield OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development SCS South China Sea SEAFDEC Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center SPF Stochastic Production Frontier TE Technical efficiency TPP Trans-Pacific Partnership UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNEP United Nations Environment Programme VND Vietnamese dong WTO World Trade Organization viii Summary This dissertation focuses on analysing the economics of an open-access fishery and on evaluating the effects of government subsidy programmes on the fishing industry The dissertation adopts a sustainable development perspective for assessing the effects of subsidies Although the key focus of the research is on the economic effects of subsidies, the ecological and social dimensions are taken into account The dissertation integrates the theoretical frameworks of bioeconomics and vessel economics of fisheries and empirical investigations to examine the research problems The empirical analyses are applied to Vietnam’s open-access offshore fisheries operating in the South China Sea (SCS) The first result is that open-access fisheries can create net benefits for society, which are termed intra-marginal rent Regarding the economic dimension, the Vietnamese Government’s subsidy programmes had positive effects on the profitability of the investigated vessels in the years of the analysis However, the profits were eroded over the years The results indicate that the Government’s intervention by use of subsidies led to a reduction in the actual surpluses of the investigated offshore fisheries compared with the situation with no intervention Therefore, the offshore fisheries could be profitable for the vessel owners in the short term without being socially optimal in the long term Regarding the ecological dimension, the estimate of fish stock proxy indices shows that the fish resources in Vietnam’s offshore waters are most likely to be biologically overfished In relation to the social dimension, the dissertation addresses the area of human well-being, particularly concerning the aspect of income and rent distribution The larger vessels (i.e., those with a larger engine) received relatively more support from the 2010 subsidy programme than the smaller ones and earned most of the super-profit as well as the intra-marginal rent generated The 2010 subsidy schemes provided relatively more benefits for large vessels than for small ones, and this is the opposite case to the 2008 arrangements However, the bigger subsidies ix for larger vessels did not help all of them to achieve a higher level of economic performance The average treatment effect of the subsidies on the rent of the largest vessels was negative In addition, the Government subsidy programmes generated benefits for the vessel owners rather than for the crewmembers The large-scale vessels generally provided a greater annual income for crewmembers, although insignificant effects of the subsidy arrangements on the income for crewmembers were found Overall, the dissertation indicates that the Government’s subsidy interventions have had a negative impact on the sustainable development of the offshore fisheries The design of such subsidy programmes provides incentives for fishers to invest in their fishing effort and capacity The policy goal of improving the income and profitability of the fisheries by the use of subsidies can be achieved only in the short term under the open-access fishing scheme In the long term, the environmental deterioration will counter the effect of the subsidies on economic and social sustainability The dissertation recommends that it would be wise for Vietnam to seek to operate a fisheries management system that is designed to prevent overfishing and overcapacity and to promote the recovery of overfished stocks for offshore fisheries, hence approaching the goals of sustainable development It also important for Vietnam to enhance its offshore fishing programmes to reduce the pressure on the already-overfished coastal resources through support that does not contribute to overfishing and overcapacity However, international negotiations and the existing dispute settlements based on international law should firstly be used to identify an internationally recognized delineation of the SCS to avoid encouraging the presence of countries’ own vessels in this region with the use of subsidies The establishment of an effectively cooperative fishing regime in the SCS region should be promoted The calls for sharing the total allowable catch among the involved countries should be considered x The results indicate a decrease in stock abundance from 2011 to 2012 This also indicates that the fish resources in Vietnam’s offshore waters most likely are overfished Therefore, Vietnamese policymakers should note that both the efficient utilization of input resources associated with fishery production and the effective management of marine resources are fundamental issues to be addressed for the open-access fisheries in the SCS Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) for funding this research through the project NOMA-FAME (NOMAPRO- 10 2006/10029) Useful comments and suggestions on previous versions from two anonymous 11 reviewers and the associate editor of this journal, Professor Andre Punt, from Professor Arne 12 Eide, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, from our colleagues at the University of Tromsø 13 and Nha Trang University, from participants at the 37th Meeting of the Norwegian Association 14 of Economists in Bergen, Norway, 5–6 January 2015, and the XXII Conference of the 15 European Association of Fisheries Economists (EAFE) in University of Salerno, Italy, 28–30 16 April 2015, are highly appreciated 17 27 Appendix To estimate the the analysis of the balanced panel data In the first step, an output-oriented DEA model incorporating the assumption of non-increasing returns to scale (NIRS) is used to estimate the TE of each decision-making unit (DMU) in each time period, given by: index, following Pascoe and Herrero (2004), three steps are proposed for Maximize Subject to A where is the level of input i used by DMUj in time t, is output r of the DMUj in time t and data, the n units are also operating in time period t) The value of is the number of observed vessels in the reference set (due to the use of balanced panel ( ) shows the extent 10 to which the proportionality of the outputs could be increased to make DMUj efficient The TE 11 score for DMUj is 12 , implying for vessel j In the second step, the efficient levels of output y of the DMUj in time t are projected by 13 the expression 14 Inefficient vessels have expansion factor values greater than one ( 15 A.1) while efficient vessels have values 16 , where denotes a radial expansion factor to the frontier , e.g vessel E in Fig (e.g vessels A, B, C and D in Fig A.1) In the third step, the efficient output levels in time period are used in a second 17 DEA model and are compared to the efficient frontier (reference technology set) in the base 18 time period s to estimate the shift in the frontier The second DEA model is given as: 19 Maximize Subject to A 28 represents a change in (efficient) output due to the technological change (i.e the biotechnical change ) between time period t and the base time period s, which reflects 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Economic Planning (VIFEP), and World Wildlife 32 Fund for Nature (WWF) Hanoi, September 2009, 76pp 33 33 Table 1: Technical and Operational Characteristics of the Surveyed Vessels Gillnet (N = 57) 2011 Mean Engine power (HP)a Hand-line (N = 39) 2012 S.D Mean 2011 S.D Mean 2012 S.D Mean S.D 311.9 117.7 311.9 117.7 264.2 96.6 264.2 96.6 Hull length (m) 16.5 1.5 16.5 1.5 15.5 1.0 15.5 1.0 Age of vessel (years) 10.6 6.4 11.6 6.4 9.8 3.7 10.8 3.7 278.1 52.9 278.1 52.9 181.4 68.3 181.4 68.3 Total operating months (months) 10.2 1.2 10.2 1.1 10.0 1.1 9.9 1.1 Number of trips fished (trips) 12.6 5.6 12.5 5.1 10.0 1.1 9.9 1.1 Number of days fished (days) 237.9 35.5 240.8 34.5 209.5 27.0 208.9 26.6 Fuel consumption (1,000 L) 37.2 12.0 37.3 11.9 37.7 8.3 37.7 8.2 Crew (persons)c 10.4 1.3 10.4 1.3 7.6 1.0 7.6 1.0 Gearb Source: Own data and calculations S.D means standard deviation; N shows number of the surveyed vessels a Engine power of vessel is measured in horsepower (HP) b “Gear” indicates the average number of nets and hooks of gillnetters and hand-liners, respectively c Crew size includes captain 34 Table 2: Descriptive Statistics for Average Catch per Vessel and Price of Fish Price (thousand VND/kg)a Catch (tonnes) 2011 2012 Difference 2011 2012 68.3 64.7 -3.5 23.2 19.4 (22.2) (22.1) (4.1) 12.3 12.4 0.1 65.0 56.0 (8.2) (6.1) (1.3) 17.6 11.2 -6.4*** 6.3 4.7 (12.6) (9.4) (2.1) 98.2 88.3 -9.8* (28.0) (26.5) (5.1) 21.1 19.1 -2.0* 93.0 81.0 (4.7) (4.7) (1.1) 1.1 0.9 -0.2*** 32.0 23.0 (0.3) (0.2) (0.0) 22.2 20.0 -2.2* (4.9) (4.9) (1.1) Gillnet (N = 57) Output 1: Striped and Skipjack tuna Output 2: Mackerel species Output 3: Others Average total catch Hand-line (N = 39) Output 1: Yellowfin and Bigeye tuna Output 2: Others Average total catch Source: Own data and calculations N shows number of the surveyed vessels; “Difference” shows the difference in average catches between 2012 and 2011; Standard deviation in parentheses – except for the “Difference” column showing standard errors; There is no standard deviation for price of fish because of using common prices a VND is Vietnamese Dong ***, * Significant at 1% and 10% levels, respectively 35 Table 3: Estimates of the CPUE and DEA Indices Gillnet (N = 57) Geometric mean of catch per unit of 2011 2012 207.7440 Hand-line (N = 39) 2011 2012 189.5200 97.5290 88.2210 1.0000 0.9123 1.0000 0.9046 1.0000 0.9265 1.0000 0.9268 fishing day (kg/day) CPUE M Source: Own data and calculations N shows number of the surveyed vessels 36 Table 4: Specification Test for Gillnet Null hypotheses (H0) Log-likelihood Base log- under H0 likelihood Likelihood dfb Critical Critical value 5% value 1% ( 2) ( 2) Conclusion ratioa Model ln ln + H 0: 80.742 68.690 -24.104 12.592 16.812 Accept H0 + H 0: 11.538 80.742 138.406 5.138 8.273 Reject H0 + H 0:  80.742 80.939 0.394 3.841 6.635 Accept H0 + H 0: 75.736 80.742 10.011 3.841 6.635 Reject H0 + H 0: 80.631 68.681 -23.899 12.592 16.812 Accept H0 + H 0: 11.529 80.631 138.203 5.138 8.273 Reject H0 + H 0:  80.631 80.613 -0.034 3.841 6.635 Accept H0 + H 0: 75.361 80.631 10.539 3.841 6.635 Reject H0 + H 0: 80.183 68.150 -24.066 12.592 16.812 Accept H0 + H 0: 11.510 80.183 137.348 5.138 8.273 Reject H0 + H 0:  80.183 80.898 1.428 3.841 6.635 Accept H0 + H 0: 75.389 80.183 9.589 3.841 6.635 Reject H0 Model Model Test for follows mixed chi-square distribution with critical values found in Table of Kodde and Palm (1986) a The likelihood ratio test statistic is the log-likelihood function values under null ln ln and alternative , where ln and ln present hypotheses respectively The LR value has a chi-squared ( 2) distribution with the number of degrees of freedom given by the number of the imposed restrictions b df shows the number of degrees of freedom 37 Table 5: Specification Test for Hand-line Null hypotheses (H0) Log-likelihood Base log- under H0 likelihood Likelihood dfb Critical Critical value 5% value 1% ( 2) ( 2) Conclusion ratioa ln Model ln + H 0: 70.494 81.369 21.750 12.592 16.812 Reject H0 + H 0: 59.707 81.369 43.325 5.138 8.273 Reject H0 + H 0:  81.369 81.367 -0.004 3.841 6.635 Accept H0 + H 0: 78.015 81.369 6.708 3.841 6.635 Reject H0 + H 0: 70.477 81.221 21.487 12.592 16.812 Reject H0 + H 0: 59.707 81.221 43.028 5.138 8.273 Reject H0 + H 0:  81.221 81.248 0.054 3.841 6.635 Accept H0 + H 0: 78.015 81.221 6.412 3.841 6.635 Reject H0 + H 0: 72.869 81.365 16.991 12.592 16.812 Reject H0 + H 0: 59.242 81.365 44.245 7.045 10.501 Reject H0 + H 0:  78.818 81.365 5.094 3.841 6.635 Reject H0 + H 0: 77.057 81.365 8.615 3.841 6.635 Reject H0 75.588 81.365 11.554 5.991 9.210 Reject H0 Model Model + H 0:  Test for , follows mixed chi-square distribution with critical values found in Table of Kodde and Palm (1986) a The likelihood ratio test statistic is the log-likelihood function values under null ln ln and alternative , where ln and ln present hypotheses respectively The LR value has a chi-squared ( 2) distribution with the number of degrees of freedom given by the number of the imposed restrictions b df shows the number of degrees of freedom 38 Table 6: Estimated Stochastic Production Frontier Models Gillnet Model Hand line Model Model Model Model Model Coefficient t-ratio Coefficient t-ratio Coefficient t-ratio Coefficient t-ratio Coefficient t-ratio Coefficient t-ratio Intercept -4.432 -4.523*** -4.361 -4.729*** -4.250 -4.091*** -7.406 -7.609*** -7.404 -7.601*** -7.180 -7.360*** lnCPUE 0.944 10.340*** - - - - 1.002 9.702*** - - - - lnHP 0.269 2.996*** 0.273 3.312*** 0.280 3.085*** -2.227 -2.649*** -2.259 -2.691*** -2.605 -3.214*** lnGEAR 0.719 3.596*** 0.692 3.242*** 0.706 3.243*** -2.108 -2.487** -2.082 -2.462** -1.653 -2.020** lnDAY 0.595 3.753*** 0.607 4.338*** 0.563 3.624*** 7.085 8.581*** 7.092 8.594*** 7.006 8.474*** (lnHP)2 - - - - - - -0.410 -2.997*** -0.408 -2.853*** -0.302 -2.056** (lnGEAR)2 - - - - - - 0.252 1.141 0.258 1.177 0.223 0.931 (lnDAY)2 - - - - - - -0.527 -2.488** -0.537 -2.513** -0.524 -2.541** lnHP*lnGEAR - - - - - - 0.702 3.038*** 0.689 3.014*** 0.613 2.497** lnHP*lnDAY - - - - - - 0.603 1.785* 0.621 1.791* 0.543 1.544 lnGEAR*lnDAY - - - - - - -0.760 -2.549** -0.762 -2.553** -0.701 -2.224** Sigma-squared (2) 0.054 3.596*** 0.055 3.966*** 0.055 3.800*** 0.015 3.353*** 0.015 2.978*** 0.017 2.574** Gamma () 0.963 104.339*** 0.962 110.443*** 0.962 94.493*** 0.867 27.787*** 0.870 26.588*** 0.881 33.968*** Mu () 0.456 8.405*** 0.461 7.792*** 0.460 8.474*** 0.229 5.523*** 0.228 4.758*** 0.242 5.873*** Eta () - - - - - - - - - - -0.109 -2.245** Log-likelihood 80.742 80.631 80.183 81.369 81.221 81.365 LR test of frontier 138.406 138.203 137.348 43.325 43.028 44.245 *** ** , and * are significant at 1%, 5% and 10% levels, respectively 39 Table 7: Estimated Input Elasticities at Mean Input Value Gillnet Model Hand line Model Model Model Elasticity t-statistic Elasticity t-statistic Elasticity t-statistic CPUE 0.944 10.340*** - HP 0.269 2.996*** 0.273 3.312*** 0.280 GEAR 0.719 3.596*** 0.692 3.242*** DAY 0.595 3.753*** 0.607 4.338*** Total 2.526 *** Elasticity t-statistic Model Elasticity t-statistic 1.002 9.702*** - 3.085*** 0.076 0.986 0.085 1.131 0.114 1.552* 0.706 3.243*** 0.373 3.938*** 0.367 3.883*** 0.340 3.227*** 0.563 3.624*** 0.859 5.801*** 0.856 5.665*** 0.789 4.956*** - 1.571 Elasticity t-statistic Model 1.549 2.310 and * are significant at 1% and 15% levels, respectively 40 1.308 - 1.243 Table 8: Descriptive Statistics of the Efficiency Scores and Comparison Tests Chi-squared ( 2) valuea Model Model Model Kruskal-Wallis Friedman test rank test Gillnet Mean TE score 0.6354 0.6332 0.6339 Median 0.6131 0.6112 0.6094 Minimum 0.3941 0.3936 0.3945 Maximum 0.9638 0.9630 0.9599 Standard deviation 0.1396 0.1393 0.1388 0.0580 2.3889 0.0690 0.3889 Spearman's rank correlation: Model 1.0000 Model 0.9989*** 1.0000 Model 0.9983*** 0.9980*** 1.0000 Mean TE score 0.7904 0.7916 0.7890 Median 0.7809 0.7815 0.7709 Minimum 0.6491 0.6496 0.6539 Maximum 0.9680 0.9682 0.9722 Standard deviation 0.0806 0.0812 0.0812 Hand-line Spearman's rank correlation: a Model 1.0000 Model 0.9986*** 1.0000 Model 0.9716*** 0.9690*** with degrees of freedom *** is significant at the 1% level 41 1.0000 [...]... Floats line the top of the net, while weights line the bottom of the net When fish swim into the net, they are gilled, entangled or enmeshed by their gills The actual fishing grounds depend on the direction of movement and the aggregation of these species The fishing grounds are the offshore waters of the central sea region (11º30'N–14º00'N, 109º30'E–114º00'E) and the waters of the southeastern and southwestern... dimension of the subsidies) is thus addressed within the aspect of income distribution (Papers 1, 2 and 3) The effects of subsidies on resources will depend on the state of the fish stocks, as well as on the type of the fisheries management regimes (OECD, 2006; von Moltke, 2011) In open- access fisheries, in which entry to the fisheries is not restricted, the abnormal profit generated by subsidies will... affect the economic profitability of vessels? (Papers 1, 2 and 3) The subsidies of offshore fishing vessels are investigated and quantified, mainly through representative costs and earnings surveys; then, the study examines the effect of these subsidies on the economic profitability of the vessels Economic performance indicators are used to evaluate the vessel profitability and to investigate whether... 2005b) There have been significant territorial disputes between China and Vietnam over the sovereignty of the Paracel Islands (which have been occupied by China instead of Vietnam since 1974; Thao, 2001) and among China and Taiwan and their Southeast Asia neighbours over the sovereignty of the Spratly Islands and other offshore resources (UNEP, 2005b) A review of the disputes in the SCS was documented by. ..Finally, the dissertation contributes to the further development of the methods for comparing the economic performance and efficiency of vessels by the standardization of fishing effort and the estimation of a Salter diagram It extends the traditional economic model of Gordon to illustrate the existence of intra-marginal rent for an open- access fishery with heterogeneous vessels and to model the static... ask whether, and to what extent, the revenues are enhanced or the costs lowered by the subsidies Therefore, this dissertation mainly focuses on evaluating the economic effects of the Government’s subsidy programmes for Vietnam’s offshore fisheries This implies that it analyses the impacts of subsidies on key aspects of the economic dimension, that is, the economic performance and efficiency of offshore... between 50% and 10% of the peak and the year is post-peak); collapsed (catches < 10% of the peak and the year is post-peak); and rebuilding (catches between 10% and 50% of the peak and the year is after the post-peak minimum) The number of stocks (n) is defined as a time series of a given species, genus or family (higher and pooled groups have been excluded) for which the first and last reported landings... namely the Tonkin Gulf (northern), central, southeast and southwest More than 60% of the offshore vessels operate in the central and southeastern regions The offshore capture fisheries production was estimated to be about 0.456 million tonnes (up to 30.8% of the total capture fisheries production) in 2001 and increased to 1.1 million tonnes (49.4%) in 2010 (Directorate of Fisheries, 2012a) There is... Consequently, the establishment of EEZs has contributed to overexploitation and overcapacity of the fisheries in this region (Ablan and Garces, 2005; UNEP, 2005b) The governments have encouraged the development of the national fishing capacity and the use of advanced fishing technology to promote the development They have provided subsidies to fisheries for social, economic and cultural reasons An estimation of. .. 105º00'E–114º00'N) In the northeast monsoon, tuna species are often found in the offshore sea areas of the central provinces from Phu Yen to Vung Tau and the central SCS (10º30'N–14º00'N, 110º00'E–114º00'E) The offshore vessels move to the southeastern waters and southwest of the Spratly Archipelago (6º00'N–10º30'N, 105º00'E–114º00'E) in the southwest monsoon Tuna is also fished in the territorial waters of the provinces