HOLT VOCABULARY WORKSHOP INTRODUCTORY COURSE

COMMON ROOTS, PREFIXES, AND SUFFIXES.. Use these tables to help you R O O T S B A S E M E A N I N G E X A M P L E S action, actor, react, transact, enact altitude, altimeter annual,

Trang 2

COMMON ROOTS, PREFIXES, AND SUFFIXES

Use these tables to help you

R O O T S

B A S E M E A N I N G

E X A M P L E S

action, actor, react, transact, enact

altitude, altimeter

annual, perennial, bicentennial

aquarium, aquamarine, aquanaut

aster, astro star

astronomy, astronomical, asterisk

audience, auditorium, audible

biblio, bibli book

bibliographer, bibliomania, biblical

biology, biochemistry, biodegradable

intercede, supercede, concede

percent, bicentennial, centennial

chronology, chronometer, chronoscope

cred to believe, trust

credibility, incredible, credit, credential

democracy, demagogue, epidemic

die, diet to say, to speak; to assert diction, dictionary, dictate

genealogy, general, generation

geology, geocentric, geodynamics

graph, gram to write, draw, record autograph, telegram, paragraph

hab to have, hold; to dwell habit, habitat, inhabit

hydrogen, hydrodynamics, hydroplane

hypodermic, hypotension, hypothermia

jur, jus, judic law, right, judgment jurist, justify, judicial

legal, legislator, legitimate

COMMON ROOTS, PREFIXES, AND SUFFIXES ix

Trang 3

spec, sped, spic to see, look at, behold

syn, sym together

vis, vid to see, look

EXAMPLES dialogue, monologue, epilogue, logical manual, manufacture

mediate, medieval, mediocre diameter, metric, millimeter pseudomorph, mesomorph, metamorphosis microscope, microorganism

monologue, monogamy, monograph mob, mobile, remove, motion

equinox, nocturnal, nocturne pedestal, pedestrian, pedal perimeter, periscope, periphery petrify, petroleum, petroglyph phonetics, phonics, telephone photography, photoflash, photogenic import, export, portable

pyromania, pyrotechnic conscience, science, scientist kaleidoscope, telescope, microscope inscribe, subscription, script

signal, signature, insignia inspect, respect, spectacle, species symphony, synthesize

technical, technology, technique temporary, temper

thermometer, thermonuclear attract, retract, traction revision, video, visible involve, revolve, revolution

Trang 4

P R E F I X MEANING E X A M P L E S

aci— to; motion toward; addition to adapt, addict, adhere, admit

aero- air aerobic, aerobiology, aerospace

amphi- both, around amphibian, amphitheater

ante- before antebellum, antecede, antedate

anti- against; opposite; reverse antiaircraft, antifreeze, antibiotics

auto- self automatic, autograph, autobiography

bene- good benediction, benefactor, benevolent

circum- around circumnavigate, circumference

co-, con- together coauthor, cooperate, confront, confound

contra- against contradict, contradistinguish, contrary

de- opposite of; away from; undo deactivate, deform, degrade, deplete, descend

ex- out; beyond; away from; former excel, exclude, exhale, exile

extra- outside; beyond; besides extraordinary, extracurricular

fore- before forecast, foreword, forestall, forethought

hyper- more than normal; too much hyperactive, hypercritical, hypertension

inter- among; between interaction, intercede, interchange

intra- within intramural, intrastate, intravenous

COMMON ROOTS, PREFIXES, AND SUFFIXES xi

Trang 5

P R E F I X E S (continued)

pro- before; for; i n support of prognosis, program, prologue, prophet

self- of the self self-taught, self-worth, self-respect, selfish

trans- across, over transatlantic, transcend, transcribe, transfer

Trang 6

S U F F I X M E A N I N G E X A M P L E S

'-able, Me able to be; capable of being intelligible, probable, inevitable

-al, -ial of; like; relating to; suitable for potential, musical, national

-ance act; process; quality; state of being tolerance, alliance, acceptance

-ary of; like; relating to customary, honorary, obituary

-ate characteristic of; to become officiate, consecrate, activate

-<y fact or state of being diplomacy, privacy, relevancy

-ent doing; having; showing fraudulent, dependent, negligent

-ery place for; act, practice of surgery, robbery, nursery

-ic relating to; characteristic of comic, historic, poetic, public

-ify to make; to cause to be modify, glorify, beautify, pacify

-ion act, condition, or result of calculation, action, confederation

-ish of or belonging to; characterized by tallish, amateurish, selfish

-ism act, practice, or result of; example barbarism, heroism, cyncism

-ity condition; state of being integrity, sincerity, calamity, purity

-ive of; relating to; belonging to;

tending to

inquisitive, active, creative

-ize make; cause to be; subject to jeopardize, standardize, computerize

-like like; characteristic of childlike, waiflike

COMMON ROOTS, PREFIXES, AND SUFFIXES xiii

Trang 7

S U F F I X E S (continued)

-logy study or theory of biology, ecology, geology

-merit action or process development, government

-ment state or quality of amusement, amazement, predicament

-merit product or thing fragment, instrument, ornament

-ness state or quality of being kindness, abruptness, happiness

-ous having; f u l l of; characterized by riotous, courageous, advantageous

ship state or quality of being censorship, ownership, governorship

-some like; tending to be meddlesome, bothersome, noisome

-tude state or quality of being solitude, multitude, aptitude

Trang 8

KINDS OF CONTEXT CLUES

CONTEXT

The w o r d s , phrases, or sentences a r o u n d an u n f a m i l i a r w o r d o f t e n p r o v i d e clues about the

w o r d ' s meaning I n some cases, signal words can act as clues See p p 173-174 f o r f u r t h e r

discussion of context clues

Restatement Clues

L o o k f o r w o r d s a n d phrases that define an u n f a m i l i a r w o r d or restate its m e a n i n g i n f a m i l i a r terms

E X A M P L E The d r i e d rose was as fragile as a b u t t e r f l y ' s w i n g I n other w o r d s , its delicate petals

can be damaged easily

F r o m the context, readers can t e l l that fragile means "damaged easily." The phrase

in other words signals that the w o r d s easily damaged restate the m e a n i n g of the word fragile

E X A M P L E W h e n o u r neighbors t r a v e l , they always l o o k f o r comfortable accommodations, such

as a beach cottage, h o t e l suite, or m o u n t a i n cabin

F r o m the context, readers can t e l l that the w o r d accommodations means "a place to stay." The w o r d s such as signal that the list of places to stay p r o v i d e s examples of accommodations

Example S i g n a l W o r d s

f o r example such as i n that

l i k e w i s e especially

•SCT'if ' » W '^'^•••'•••••^••^••^•••-••^•v^^"»^V>£> gv,-^,- „ ,^ ,.,.1PLL 1I UL.I.\U.].IJII.PPI* gjv ' V IMMIIIIIIIJIIIIJ • iwiuij — fnnmmij '

KINDS OF CONTEXT CLUES X V

Trang 9

Contrast/Antonym Clues

L o a fer words or phrases that are the opposite of a word's mearung

E X A M P L E Knowledge is a r ^ y for many environmental problems, b u t knowledge cannot

cure the i l l s w i t h o u t action

From the context, readers can tell t h a t : ^ means "cure." The word M signals

that remedy contrasts w i t h the phrase cannot cure

Contrast/Antonym S i g n a l Words

W n o t i n contrast o n the other h a n d , c«li a l t h o u g h s o m e b u t others

h o w e v e r s t i l l ^ ^ „ I , i _ " "

E ^ J S J T a phrases that modify or are related to the unfamiliar word

E X A M P L E The two characters in my story believe it is their to.*, to be enemies T h e n elders

have t a u g h t t h e m that this is m e a n t to be

happens to a person." The w o r d s meant to be signal the meanrng

Definition/Explanation Clues

A sentence m a y actually define or e x p l a i n an u n f a m i l i a r w o r d

E X A M P L E A l a n w i l l h e l p the w o m a n once she escapes a n d becomes a fugitive f r o m her

t r o u b l e d c o u n t r y

F r o m the context, readers can tell t h a t / « g , f e means "runaway." The word escapes

signals the meaning of the w o r d

Trang 10

How We Make New Words Our O w n

Use the Context Structure Sound Dictionary strategy ( C S S D ) to i m p r o v e y o u r vocabulary,

to make n e w w o r d s y o u r o w n Use one or more of the strategies to determine the meanings

of each w o r d y o u do n o t k n o w The exercises that f o l l o w w i l l show y o u h o w to go about

m a k i n g n e w w o r d s y o u r o w n

HOW TO DO EXERCISE 1

I n these exercises, y o u w i l l read the V o c a b u l a r y W o r d i n a sentence Y o u w i l l f i g u r e out the

w o r d ' s m e a n i n g b y l o o k i n g at its context, its structure, and its s o u n d Then y o u w i l l l o o k u p

the w o r d i n a d i c t i o n a r y a n d w r i t e its m e a n i n g as it is used in the sentence

Here is an example of the W o r d b u s t i n g strategy, u s i n g the w o r d manuscript

C manuscript j Robert f o u n d a tattered manuscript i n an o l d t r u n k and began

reading i t

C o n t e x t : Since Robert

began t o read the tattered

manuscript, you can tell t h a t

a manuscript is words on

paper

S t r u c t u r e : manu + script

The root manumeans"hand:

Script is a root t h a t means

"to write."

S o u n d : man' • yoo • skrip

Manuscript sounds like the word manual, which is ; reference book t h a t provid instructions

D i c t i o n a r y : "a handwritten or typewritten document or paper, especially a copy of an author's wo

H i n t #1 Context: L o o k f o r clues to the m e a n i n g of the w o r d i n the sentence For example,

" r e a d i n g " is a k e y w o r d that helps reveal the m e a n i n g of manuscript

H i n t #2 Structure: Examine the w o r d parts f o r roots, prefixes, a n d suffixes that y o u k n o w

Consult the w o r d p a r t tables o n pages i x - x i f o r meanings of parts y o u do n o t k n o w

H i n t #3 S o u n d : Say the w o r d a l o u d and listen f o r any w o r d parts y o u k n o w

H i n t #4 D i c t i o n a r y : I f y o u cannot determine a w o r d ' s m e a n i n g f r o m a p p l y i n g context,

structure, and sound strategies, l o o k u p the u n f a m i l i a r w o r d i n a d i c t i o n a r y Read all the d e f i n i t i o n s a n d choose one that best f i t s the g i v e n sentence

MAKING NEW WORDS YOUR OWN 1

Trang 11

w o r d ' s d e f i n i t i o n , and y o u m u s t m a t c h ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ y be used i n a n e w w a y

m a y be used i n the same w a y as i t was used m W o r d b u s t m g , or m a y

Here's an example of a Context Clues exercise:

meaning of the w o r d Here, the w o r d s o n the o t h e i h a n d t e

taining the w o r d decrease contrasts w i t h the sentencec o n t ™ £ ^ „

Te " Thus, the correct d e f i n i t i o n is probably the opposite of a steady rise

chose the definition that contained the meaning a lessen g,

opposite of "a rise."

Hint #3 Write the word in the blank so that later you can find its definition at a glance

A synonym ts a word that has practically

Here is an example of a L i k e Meanings i t e m :

21. decrease the shedding of f u r

Trang 12

Name Date Class

ORDS YOUR

lesson 1 | CONTEXT: Amazing Nature

77?e Humpback: A Whale of a Singer

Last w i n t e r , m y f a m i l y a n d I w e n t o n a w h a l e w a t c h The s m a l l boat w e were i n m o v e d

s l o w l y across the water Suddenly, a h u g e h u m p b a c k w h a l e sprang f r o m the water, c u r v e d its back, a n d disappeared i n t o the waves W h e n i t was underwater, w e c o u l d hear i t s i n g i n g

H o w ? The boat h a d an u n d e r w a t e r m i c r o p h o n e called a hydrophone, w h i c h p i c k e d u p sounds

f r o m deep i n the water

I n the f o l l o w i n g exercises, y o u w i l l have the o p p o r t u n i t y to expand y o u r vocabulary b y

r e a d i n g about h u m p b a c k whales Below are ten Vocabulary W o r d s that w i l l be used

definite descendant m a j o r i t y reliable t w i l i g h t

deny d o u b t f u l navigator symbol v i v i d

EXERCISE 1

Directions F o l l o w these instructions f o r this w o r d and the nine w o r d s o n the next page

• Figure o u t the w o r d ' s m e a n i n g b y l o o k i n g at its context, its structure, a n d its s o u n d F i l l i n

at least one of the three C S S boxes A l t e r n a t e w h i c h boxes y o u complete

• Then, l o o k u p the w o r d i n a d i c t i o n a r y , read a l l of its meanings, a n d w r i t e the meaning of the w o r d as i t is used i n the sentence

• F o l l o w this same process f o r each of the V o c a b u l a r y W o r d s o n the next page Y o u w i l l need to d r a w y o u r o w n m a p f o r each w o r d Use a separate sheet of paper

A l t h o u g h whale songs are still being studied, some facts are n o w clear: I t is d e f i n i t e that only male humpbacks sing, and that all those i n the same group sing the same tune

Dictionary:

Trang 13

The navigator of our boat talked to us » " keep us within sight of the humpback He told us that baleen

whales are some of the largest animals m the wor d

Baleen whales, including the ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ more than h a l t - t h a t is, the m a j o r , t y - ^ f whale species have teeth

_ — ™ - — / • * * *•

lust after sunset, we headed back to shore In the twilight,llooked

S t W a S T o r one last sight of the magnificent whale we had been

watching

-O n r e whales represented only economic gain N o w many people see

envkonment Whales stand for the beauty and wonder of all ocean life

Trang 14

EXERCISE 2

Directions. Scan the d e f i n i t i o n s i n C o l u m n A Then, t h i n k about h o w the boldface w o r d s are used i n the sentences i n C o l u m n B To complete the exercise, m a t c h each d e f i n i t i o n i n

C o l u m n A w i t h the correct V o c a b u l a r y W o r d f r o m C o l u m n B W r i t e the letter of y o u r choice

o n the line p r o v i d e d F i n a l l y , w r i t e the V o c a b u l a r y W o r d o n the line before the d e f i n i t i o n

n something that stands f o r or

represents something else

n the period f r o m sunset to dark;

adj pertaining to the period f r o m

sunset to dark

(A) Whales are w a r m b l o o d e d marine mammals They are the descendants of l a n d mammals that adapted to the sea millions of years ago (B) I n polar waters each humpback eats over

f o u r thousand pounds of f o o d a day The

m a j o r i t y of this f o o d is t i n y sea creatures (C) I h a d hoped that w h i l e the sun was still u p , before t w i l i g h t , I w o u l d see a mother h u m p -back w i t h a calf, b u t none were visible

(D) Laws protect whales b y setting a d e f i n i t e distance the watchers must stay f r o m the whales The boats must not cross over the set boundary

(E) W h e n people observe the humpbacks, they carry away v i v i d impressions clearly locked

i n their memories

(F) Reliable, or trustworthy, researchers say that

w h a l i n g has reduced the numbers of whales,

i n c l u d i n g the humpback, to dangerously l o w levels

(G) I t is still d o u b t f u l , even w i t h bans on most

w h a l i n g , whether some species w i l l survive

N o one k n o w s f o r sure

(H) W h e n our class f o r m e d an environmental club, I d i d n ' t deny them the use of m y articles and books about humpbacks N o w everyone i n the club uses them

The club members voted to use the h u m p back as a s y m b o l to represent the club's support of endangered w i l d l i f e

-One of our members has decided to become

a navigator and to w o r k o n a ship that tracks whales f o r a wildlife-protection organization

n something that comes f r o m an earlier

f o r m ; offspring

adj dependable; trustworthy

Trang 15

Name Date Class

Directions For each i t e m b e l o w , circle the letter of the choice that means the same, or about

the same, as the boldface w o r d

(A) person w h o steers the ship

(B) anyone w h o goes o n a ship

(B) interest (C) representative (D) character

25. a d e f i n i t e s i g n (A) i m p o r t a n t (B) certain (C) i n v i s i b l e (D) s i m i l a r

Directions For each i t e m b e l o w , circle the

about the opposite, of the boldface w o r d

letter of the choice that means the opposite, or

29. the descendants of the humpbacks ( A ) ancestors

(B) c h i l d r e n (C) cousins (D) r e g i o n

30. to be d o u b t f u l that whales c o u l d sing (A) amazed

(B) suspicious (C) u n d e c i d e d (D) certain

Trang 16

Name Date Class

lesson 2 \ CONTEXT: Amazing Nature

Fire-breathing Myths: Chinese Dragons

W h a t do y o u t h i n k of w h e n y o u p i c t u r e a dragon? A scary, cruel monster? A n enormous

f i r e - b r e a t h i n g l i z a r d w i t h a l o n g , scaly tail? This is h o w m a n y people t h i n k of dragons I n China a n d m u c h of A s i a , the d r a g o n is considered to be a f r i e n d l y , even a l u c k y , creature Chinese m y t h s d e p i c t dragons b e i n g r i d d e n b y the gods T w o p o p u l a r d r a g o n festivals are

s t i l l h e l d i n China One is the d r a g o n dance, h e l d d u r i n g the Chinese N e w Year celebrations The other is the d r a g o n boat f e s t i v a l , w h i c h m a y o r i g i n a l l y have been a r a i n m a k i n g f e s t i v a l

I n the f o l l o w i n g exercises, y o u w i l l have the o p p o r t u n i t y to expand y o u r v o c a b u l a r y

b y r e a d i n g about Chinese dragons These ten V o c a b u l a r y W o r d s w i l l be used

astonish innumerable journalism quote summarize

conference interview legend session unexpectedly

EXERCISE 1

Directions F o l l o w these instructions f o r this w o r d a n d the nine w o r d s o n the next page

• Then, l o o k u p the w o r d i n a d i c t i o n a r y , read a l l of its meanings, and w r i t e the m e a n i n g of the w o r d as i t is used i n the sentence

• F o l l o w this same process f o r each of the V o c a b u l a r y W o r d s o n the n e x t page Y o u w i l l need to d r a w y o u r o w n m a p f o r each w o r d Use a separate sheet of paper

1

( ^ a ^ o n i s h ^ ) Does i t astonish y o u to learn that i n Chinese tradition the dragon is

a sign of good luck? I t surprised me

Dictionary:

Trang 17

I n some of the dragon myths, rulers w o u l d h o l d conferences A t these meetings, they w o u l d discuss h o w they could honor the dragons ._

I n the story " L i u Y i and the D r a g o n K i n g , " L i u meets w i t h the

dragon k i n g I n this session, they discuss the king's daughter

I w i l l b r i e f l y summarize the story of "The Dragon's Pearl." First, a

y o u n g boy f i n d s a pearl that belongs to a dragon The pearl makes ything—grass, money, and rice—multiply By accident, the b o y

ever

swallows the pearl and turns into a dragon

Have y o u ever heard the legend of the dragon of the Gaoliang

Bridge? I t is one of China's oldest and most popular stories

The storyteller quoted a statement made b y an ancient Chinese emperor and then translated the w o r d s for us

Every year i n n u m e r a b l e people—too many to count—attend the dragon dance i n San Francisco

Some reporters i n the f i e l d of j o u r n a l i s m collect and p u b l i s h news about Chinese cultural events

They i n t e r v i e w older people w h o remember the traditions times they need a translator f o r these face-to-face conversations

Trang 18

Some-Name Date Class

|[^||^||^^| Gamiest GlueA

on the l i n e p r o v i d e d F i n a l l y , w r i t e the V o c a b u l a r y W o r d o n the l i n e before the d e f i n i t i o n

C O L U M N A C O L U M N B

v to amaze; to surprise

n a popular story or m y t h handed

d o w n f o r generations; a person whose

deeds are remembered as stories; a

note o n an illustration or map

n a face-to-face meeting for evaluating or

questioning; v to meet w i t h for the

pur-pose of evaluating or asking questions

3 n a meeting of a group; a series of such

meetings; a period of activity; a school

semester or t e r m

v to give a brief account of; to say b r i e f l y

(A) St George, w h o is said to have f o u g h t a dragon i n fourteenth-century England,

has become a legend H i s deeds are still

remembered

(B) Like the European dragon, the Chinese dragon is believed to guard innumerable priceless treasures Countless items are

h i d d e n i n the dragon's lair

(C) I t is d i f f i c u l t to summarize Chinese beliefs

about dragons There are just too many to describe i n a f e w w o r d s

(D) I n an interview, the Chinese storyteller L i Cho discussed Chinese dragons This face-to-face discussion was videotaped

(E) To quote a famous Chinese emperor, "The

dragon is the symbol of the throne."

(F) Journalism cannot capture the excitement of the dragon boat race Reading the news is just not the same as being there!

(G) The c o l o r f u l costumes w o r n d u r i n g the dragon-boat festival w i l l astonish y o u and take your breath away

(H) Storytelling sessions i n China have always

been popular group activities

(I) Dragon stories were the m a i n topic at a recent conference of folklore experts

(J) Just w h e n w e thought he was finished, our teacher unexpectedly added a dragon m y t h

to the list of readings f o r tomorrow

Trang 19

Name Date Class

Directions For each i t e m b e l o w , circle the letter of the choice that means the same, or

about the same, as the boldface w o r d

(D) hear

25. an a f t e r n o o n session (A) nap

(B) m e a l (C) m e e t i n g (D) f i g h t

30. dragons appearing u n e x p e c t e d l y (A) as p r e d i c t e d

(B) i n f o r m a t i o n (C) a n g r i l y (D) at a l o w a l t i t u d e

Trang 20

Name

| MAKING NEW WORDS Y O U

Wesson 3 j CONTEXT: Amazing Nature

Earthquakes: Rocking and Rolling

I m a g i n e that y o u are s i t t i n g o n the couch r e a d i n g a b o o k w h e n the g r o u n d begins to tremble

Y o u h o l d y o u r breath u n t i l the s h a k i n g stops Y o u have j u s t experienced an earthquake' A n earthquake occurs w h e n pressure b u i l d s u n d e r g r o u n d , o f t e n along a f a u l t w h e r e t w o large pieces of rock meet The r o c k s h i f t s or breaks to relieve the pressure N o t a l l earthquakes can

be f e l t above g r o u n d Sometimes the o n l y w a y scientists k n o w there has been an earthquake

is i t they record i t o n a special machine called a seismograph

I n the f o l l o w i n g exercises, y o u w i l l have the o p p o r t u n i t y to expand y o u r v o c a b u l a r y b y

r e a d i n g about earthquakes These ten Vocabulary W o r d s w i l l be used

coUapse complex fatal incident predict collide disastrous f o u n d a t i o n nuisance rash

EXERCISE 1

Directions F o l l o w these i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r this w o r d a n d the n i n e w o r d s o n the n e x t page

• Figure o u t the w o r d ' s m e a n i n g b y l o o k i n g at its context, its structure, and its s o u n d F i l l i n

' I ^ n , l o o k u p the w o r d i n a d i c t i o n a r y , read a l l of its meanings, and w r i t e the m e a n i n g of the w o r d as i t is used i n the sentence

* F o l ° w t h i s s m e Process f o r each of the V o c a b u l a r y W o r d s o n the next page Y o u w i l l need to d r a w y o u r o w n m a p f o r each w o r d Use a separate sheet of paper

a

8

^ ^ c o l l a p s e ~ ^ ^ Recent efforts to make earthquake insurance available to a l l Califoi

nians have collapsed Discussions have broken d o w n and f u r t h e r talks have been canceled

Dictionary:

MAKING NEW WORDS YOUR OWN 1 1

Trang 21

Name Date Class

Before an earthquake, a complex series of events happens under the earth The o n l y sign of all this complicated activity, however, may

be a slight tremor

San Francisco has been the site of t w o disastrous earthquakes—in

1906 and 1989 Both earthquakes caused great damage

Earthquakes can be f a t a l More than 230,000 people died i n 1976 i n

a quake i n n o r t h e r n China; i n 1988, an earthquake killed 25,000 people i n Armenia

The f o u n d a t i o n of the Transamerica P y r a m i d i n San Francisco is designed to be earthquake-proof W h e n the earth shakes, the base

of the b u i l d i n g rolls back and f o r t h

Planning ahead f o r earthquakes can seem like a bother Still, i n spite of the nuisance, i t is wise to think ahead

A n y region that has h a d earthquakes i n the past may expect t h e m

i n the f u t u r e , and people w h o live i n these places should not be rash To disregard the danger of earthquakes w o u l d be careless

Trang 22

Name Date Class

EXERCISE 2 Gawte^d Glued

Directions. Scan the d e f i n i t i o n s i n C o l u m n A Then, t h i n k about h o w the boldface w o r d s are used i n the sentences i n C o l u m n B To complete the exercise, m a t c h the d e f i n i t i o n i n

on the line p r o v i d e d F i n a l l y , w r i t e the V o c a b u l a r y W o r d on the line before the d e f i n i t i o n

11. w o r d :

adj acting i n a hasty or reckless manner;

n spots that erupt o n the skin;

a large number of instances that occur

v to crash; to come together w i t h a

violent impact; to come into conflict

adj destructive; resulting i n death;

decisive; having to do w i t h fate

20. w o r d :

adj complicated; d i f f i c u l t ; n a group of

related buildings; a group of feelings

that influence a person's behavior

(A) A f t e r the Mexico C i t y earthquake of 1985, a special f o u n d a t i o n , or organization, was set

u p to help the survivors

(B) The earth experiences about f i f t y thousand earthquakes each year L u c k i l y , however, a disastrous earthquake only occurs about once every t w o years The others do little damage (C) Most quakes are light shocks They m i g h t be a nuisance, but they do not cause serious harm (D) Computers help scientists predict earth-quakes However, i t is still h a r d to k n o w f o r certain where and w h e n an earthquake w i l l strike

(E) A n earthquake may be occurring nearby at this very moment, b u t i t m a y be so slight that

y o u are unaware of the incident

(F) Earthquakes usually do n o t h a r m people directly The injuries are caused w h e n objects collide or smash into each other or w h e n buildings f a l l d o w n or catch fire

(G) One of the earliest recorded fatal earthquakes took place i n Corinth, Greece, i n A.D 856

A b o u t forty-five thousand people were killed (H) A f t e r a severe earthquake, damage can be extensive A n entire apartment complex, f o r example, can be destroyed I t is shocking to see a set of buildings become a pile of rubble (I) M a n y one- and two-story b u i l d i n g s survive serious earthquakes They usually do n o t collapse unless their roofs are too heavy

(J) After an earthquake, goods are left exposed, and, sometimes, a rash of burglaries occurs This sud-den increase i n crime is usually temporary

Trang 23

Name Date Class

EXERCISE 3

(D) serious p r o b l e m

25. to p r e d i c t an earthquake (A) analyze

(B) l i v e t h r o u g h (C) describe (D) f o r e t e l l

Directions. For each i t e m b e l o w , circle the letter of the choice that means the opposite, or about the opposite, of the boldface w o r d

26. the collapse of homes

30. a rash decision (A) t h o u g h t f u l (B) thoughtless (C) similar (D) i g n o r a n t

Trang 24

Name Date Class

MAKING NEW WORDS YOUR O W

lesson 4 | CONTEXT: Amazing Nature

There They Go Again: Animal Migrations

Twice a year, i n the s p r i n g a n d f a l l , certain animals t r a v e l h u n d r e d s a n d sometimes t h o u sands of miles These animals i n c l u d e b i r d s , whales, bats, c a r i b o u , b u t t e r f l i e s , a n d f i s h Scientists are s t i l l t r y i n g to u n d e r s t a n d h o w animals f i n d their w a y a r o u n d the globe Some

-b i r d s , f o r instance, f l y thousands of m i l e s a n d r e t u r n i n the s p r i n g to the same nests they l e f t

i n the f a l l H o w do they f i n d their w a y back?

I n the f o l l o w i n g exercises, y o u w i l l have the o p p o r t u n i t y to expand y o u r v o c a b u l a r y b y

r e a d i n g about a n i m a l m i g r a t i o n s B e l o w are ten Vocabulary W o r d s that w i l l be used

aviation departure disturb instinct miraculous demonstration detect exception locally unfavorable

EXERCISE 1

Directions F o l l o w these i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r this w o r d and the n i n e w o r d s o n the next page

• Figure o u t the w o r d ' s m e a n i n g b y l o o k i n g at its context, its s t r u c t u r e , a n d its s o u n d F i l l i n

• F o l l o w this same process f o r each of the Vocabulary W o r d s o n the next page Y o u w i l l need to d r a w y o u r o w n m a p f o r each w o r d Use a separate sheet of paper

1

( ^ j a v t a t h m ^ The Arctic Tern is a miracle of aviation I t flies about twenty-two

thousand miles each year—as m u c h as some airplanes!

Dictionary:

Trang 25

Name Date Class

The departure of the Pacific salmon f r o m the rivers marks the beginning

of a long journey Four years after leaving the rivers, the salmon w i l l return and s w i m upstream against a fierce current

Birds that travel at n i g h t detect the positions of the stars Seeing th<

stars helps them travel i n the right direction

The destruction of the r a i n forest and other nesting places means that fewer songbirds breed each year This p r o b l e m upsets and disturbs m a n y scientists

Most mammals cannot f l y The bat is an exception I t can f l y quite

H u m m i n g b i r d s , w h i c h w e i g h only one eighth of an ounce, do a miraculous t h i n g every year They f l y about f i v e h u n d r e d miles across the Gulf of Mexico Amazingly, they make the t r i p rn about ten hours!

There are many reasons that animals migrate I n some cases,

unfavorable conditions, such as a lack of f o o d or water, cause the

©

o

Trang 26

Name Date Class

EXERCISE 2

Directions. Scan the d e f i n i t i o n s i n C o l u m n A Then, t h i n k about h o w the boldface w o r d s are used i n the sentences i n C o l u m n B To complete the exercise, match each d e f i n i t i o n i n

o n the line p r o v i d e d F i n a l l y , w r i t e the V o c a b u l a r y W o r d o n the line before the d e f i n i t i o n

11 w o r d :

n the art or science of f l y i n g airplanes

12. w o r d :

v to break u p order or quiet; to upset

someone emotionally; to bother

n to behave i n a w a y that is natural, or

second nature; an aptitude or talent

something through example; an

o u t w a r d display of, or a gathering

to express, an opinion or protest

19. w o r d :

v to discover; to notice something not

obvious

20. w o r d :

n the act of going away or leaving

(A) M i g r a t i o n can be studied locally Find out

w h i c h creatures i n your area migrate and where they go

(B) A f t e r the departure of some animals i n y o u r area, observe whether others take their place for the season

(C) A t the nature center, the ranger h e l d a demonstration to show h o w w i l d l i f e i n our area changes w i t h the seasons

(D) If y o u look carefully, y o u may detect bands attached to the legs of some migrating birds These bands are placed there b y scientists and are used to track the birds' movements (E) Researchers are still studying h o w birds use instinct w h e n migrating Some birds that f l y

b y day automatically use the sun as a tional tool

naviga-(F) As researchers come to understand some aspects of migration, others still seem miraculous H o w can these animals and insects navigate so precisely?

(G) W h e n monarch butterflies migrate to and

f r o m Mexico, w i n d and other obstacles do n o t

d i s t u r b them

(H) Birds that migrate at night can become fused b y u n f a v o r a b l e weather conditions, such as heavy f o g that lasts f o r a long p e r i o d

con-of time

(I) People i n aviation tell interesting stories

Pilots sometimes see thousands of m i g r a t i n g birds f l y i n g too h i g h to be seen f r o m the ground

(J) The humpback, a baleen whale, is an

excep-t i o n excep-to many migraexcep-ting animals Unlike excep-them,

i t travels to colder regions to f i n d food

Trang 27

Name Date

Class

JUJte M&mMad ami 6j2j3Mdh Me^mm^S, 03)

the letter of the choice that means the same, or

24. to detect m i g r a t i n g whales (A) h u n t

(B) f o l l o w (C) assist (D) discover

25. an exception, the f l y i n g b a t (A) m i g r a t i n g m a m m a l (B) special case

(C) w a r m b l o o d e d m a m m a l (D) specific example

Directions For each i t e m b e l o w , circle

(B) along the coast (C) w i t h i n an area (D) f a r a w a y

30. a m i r a c u l o u s event (A) u n h e a l t h y (B) a m a z i n g (C) o r d i n a r y (D) w o n d e r f u l

Trang 28

Name Date Class

WORDS YOUR OWN

lesson 5 j CONTEXT: Amazing Nature

Lava Alert at Hawaii's Kilauea Volcano

Kilauea is one of the m o s t active volcanoes i n the w o r l d I t lies o n the eastern slopes of the

M a u n a Loa volcano i n H a w a i i Volcanoes N a t i o n a l Park The p a r k is located o n the b i g island

of H a w a i i Kilauea's crater is t w o and a h a l f miles l o n g , t w o miles w i d e , and f o u r h u n d r e d feet deep A t one p o i n t , a smaller crater w i t h i n this large one h e l d a lake of m o l t e n lava Kilauea erupts r e g u l a r l y , and visitors to the p a r k o f t e n see these eruptions

I n the f o l l o w i n g exercises, y o u w i l l have the o p p o r t u n i t y to expand y o u r v o c a b u l a r y b y reading about H a w a i i ' s Kilauea volcano These ten Vocabulary W o r d s w i l l be used

caution dread generation heroic previous congratulate error gratitude involve separation

EXERCISE 1

Directions F o l l o w these instructions f o r this w o r d a n d the nine w o r d s o n the next page

at least one of the three CSS boxes A l t e r n a t e w h i c h boxes y o u complete

Trang 29

Name Date Class

Separation on the trails is something that all hikers on Kilauea should avoid I t is important f o r hikers to stay together

We thanked the park ranger f o r showing us the Thurston Lava Tube We w a l k e d t h r o u g h the tube, w h i c h is more than 450 feet long, and w e felt gratitude f o r the special experience

Some Hawaiians believe that the goddess Pele lives i n the steaming crater They t h i n k that anyone brave enough to w a l k near the crater must be t r u l y heroic!

Some visitors to Kilauea feel dread They are afraid the volcano

m i g h t erupt and h a r m them

F r o m 1823 to 1924, this crater was f u l l of b u b b l i n g m o l t e n lava Previous visitors h a d a t h r i l l that today's tourists can only imagine

It w o u l d be an error to say that no one has been i n j u r e d b y Kilauea

I n 1924, a photographer was k i l l e d b y a falling rock f r o m the crater,

A visit to the Volcano House, a famous hotel on the r r m of the crater, can i n v o l v e m a n y activities A typical visit, for example, may include watching a f i l m of an eruption

Trang 30

o n the Ime p r o v i d e d F i n a l l y , w r i t e the V o c a b u l a r y W o r d o n the l i n e before the def n i t f o n

C O L U M N A

11. w o r d :

a feeling of grateful appreciation f o r

something received or something done

n all the people b o r n and l i v i n g at

about the same time and having similar

experiences; the average period of time

between the births of parent and child;

adj occurring before something or

someone else i n time or order

(C) A heroic H a w a i i a n queen once w a l k e d r i g h t

u p to the edge of the crater w h i l e Kilauea was erupting

(D) To believe that Kilauea w i l l stop erupting is

an error Scientists can tell y o u correctly that Kilauea is still active

(E) I caution all visitors to Kilauea to avoid w a n dering o f f the trails I w a r n them that i t is easy and very dangerous to get lost!

-(F) I congratulate and applaud y o u f o r packing to the top of the volcano Good f o r you!

back-(G) Y o u w i l l feel gratitude after y o u have w a l k e d through Sulfur Banks I always feel t h a n k f u l after I have passed b y that foul-smelling area (H) The government is eager to i n v o l v e , or i n -clude, people w h o w a n t to preserve H a w a i i Volcanoes National Park

(I) The national park creates a separation tween H i l o , a region of H a w a i i , and southern

be-H a w a i i The t w o parts of the island are

Trang 31

Name Date Class

EXERCISE 3 Jlike Meaning*, ami Op^paUte MeaninqA, 03

(B) invade (C) i n s u l t (D) include

25. the separation f r o m p o p u l a t e d areas (A) tourists

(B) p o l l u t i o n (C) setting apart (D) lack of h e l p

29. the heroic m o u n t a i n climber (A) t i m i d

(B) t i r e d

(C) brave (D) experienced

30. the p r e v i o u s volcanic e r u p t i o n s (A) ancient

(B) dangerous (C) f o l l o w i n g (D) m i n o r

Trang 32

Name Date Class

w WORDS YOUR OWN

lesson 6 j CONTEXT: Amazing Nature

Going Batty: A Look at the Only True Flying Mammal

Have y o u ever been a f r a i d of b e i n g b i t t e n b y a v a m p i r e bat w h e n y o u w e r e outside at night?

W e l l , y o u w i l l be g l a d to k n o w that the bats have a b a d r e p u t a t i o n , n o t a b a d bite M o s t bats

eat insects, t h o u g h some eat f i s h and f r u i t The v a m p i r e bat does eat b l o o d , b u t i t does n o t

cause serious h a r m unless i t has rabies I n fact, most bats are h e l p f u l to h u m a n beings They

eat tons of insects every n i g h t I n a d d i t i o n , bat guano, or manure, is a valuable fertilizer

r e a d i n g about bats Below are ten V o c a b u l a r y W o r d s that w i l l be used i n these exercises

abdomen competition flexible hoist mobile

commotion escort foe m a x i m u m paralysis

EXERCISE 1

Directions F o l l o w these instructions f o r this w o r d and the nine w o r d s o n the next page

• Then, l o o k u p the w o r d i n a d i c t i o n a r y , read a l l of its meanings, and w r i t e the m e a n i n g of

the w o r d as i t is used i n the sentence

• F o l l o w this same process f o r each of the V o c a b u l a r y W o r d s o n the next page Y o u w i l l

need to d r a w y o u r o w n m a p f o r each w o r d Use a separate sheet of paper

1

Moths aire a favorite f o o d of bats, b u t they can be h a r d to catch

Some moths have a pair of primitive ears located near the abdomen, the central part of the body These ears help them hear pursuing bats

Trang 33

Name Date Class

Bat colonies are extremely noisy places Yet, i n spite of the

commo-t i o n , mocommo-thers are able commo-to locacommo-te commo-their y o u n g b y sound

Roosting areas are often very crowded There is a l o t of competition

f o r space as each bat struggles to claim its o w n territory

W h e n y o u n g bats begin to f l y , they are often escorted b y their mothers, w h o f l y along next to them

Vampire bats are generally harmless People used to believe that a bite w o u l d cause paralysis, m a k i n g i t impossible f o r the v i c t i m to move

Unlike the vampire bat, w h i c h eats only blood, most insect-eating bats have a f l e x i b l e diet They can eat a w i d e variety of insects, f r o m moths to mosquitoes

Bats do not have m a n y enemies because they hang f r o m h i g h , to-get-at places Snakes, owls, and hawks are foes of bats, however

hard-Some bats eat fish They swoop d o w n o n the water, snatch the fish, and hoist the f i s h into the air w i t h their p o w e r f u l h i n d claws

H o w many different kinds of bats are there? The maximum,

greatest, number is about nine hundred

or

Most bats have extremely m o b i l e ears and noses By m o v i n g them back and f o r t h , bats are able to hear and smeU sources of f o o d

Trang 34

Name Date

Class

©

EXERCISE 2 Gontetd Ohm*, 0 j )

on the line p r o v i d e d F i n a l l y , w r i t e the V o c a b u l a r y W o r d o n the l i n e before the d e f i n i t i o n

C O L U M N A

.11. w o r d :

n the m i d d l e part of the body,

containing the stomach and other

organs; the belly

12. w o r d :

v to l i f t or p u l l u p ; n a tool or piece of

equipment used to p u l l things u p

13. w o r d :

n one or more persons w h o

accom-pany another; v to go w i t h someone

adj able to bend w i t h o u t breaking;

easily influenced; easily changed

18. w o r d :

n partial or complete loss of a f u n c t i o n ;

a condition i n w h i c h one cannot act

n the greatest amount or number

possible or reached; adj greatest

(B) The ranger used a hoist to l i f t us into the cave Then he m o v e d the equipment aside so that w e w o u l d n o t t r i p over it

(C) The first time I saw a bat, I couldn't move The paralysis caused b y m y irrational fear affected m y entire body

(D) Bats are extremely m o b i l e They move easily around obstacles, even w h e n f l y i n g v e r y fast (E) A bat's fingers support the f l e x i b l e s k i n of its wings W h e n the fingers move, the w i n g s can bend also

(F) As w i t h most mammals, a bat's legs and tail are located below its abdomen, or stomach area

(G) Bats eat insects that are the foes of farmers Farmers hate these insects because the insects damage the crops

(H) W h e n tracking d o w n fish, fish-eating bats look f o r c o m m o t i o n i n the water Where violent splashing can be seen, a bat's dinner may be nearby

(I) Bat experts estimate that about 750,000 bats live under the Congress Avenue bridge i n

A u s t i n , Texas This is the m a x i m u m number

of bats ever f o u n d l i v i n g i n an urban area (J) M y science class h a d a c o m p e t i t i o n to see how many kinds of bats w e could name I won!

n rivalry; contest

Trang 35

Name Date Class

Directions For each item below circle the lpttpr „f fuQ u • m

about the same, as the boldface w o r d C h°1 C e t h t m e n s t h e s a m e ' o r

paralysis caused by fear (A) total panic

(B) loss of movement (C) extreme worry (D) confusion

Directions For each item below, circle the

about the opposite, of the boldface word

ter of the choice that means the opposite,

29 the maximum wingspan (A) least possible

(B) measurable (C) greatest possible (D) wide

30 its mobile ears and head (A) brown

(B) still (C) f u r r y (D) movable

Trang 36

Name Date Class

WAKING NEW WORDS YOUR OWN

lesson y j CONTEXT: Amazing Nature

Horses: Galloping Through History

Fossil records s h o w that the f i r s t horses appeared about f i f t y m i l l i o n years ago A b o u t six thousand years ago, people began t a m i n g horses That was the start of a l o n g , p r o d u c t i v e ,

a n d f r i e n d l y relationship Over the years, horses have carried people i n battle, w o r k e d their

f i e l d s , p r o v i d e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , r u n races, i n s p i r e d art, and g i v e n f r i e n d s h i p

r e a d i n g about horses and their r e l a t i o n s h i p to people t h r o u g h o u t h i s t o r y Below are ten

V o c a b u l a r y W o r d s that w i l l be used i n these exercises

dainty discourage inhale regulate vacuum discomfort earnest linger requirement v a u l t

EXERCISE 1

Directions. F o l l o w these instructions f o r this w o r d and the n i n e w o r d s o n the next page

• Figure o u t the w o r d ' s m e a n i n g b y l o o k i n g at its context, its structure, a n d its sound F i l l i n

1

^ ^ " d a i n t y ^ ) The first horses, n o w k n o w n as eohippus ("dawn horse"), were abon I

the size of foxes They were not dainty, though; they d i d not have delicate features

Dictionary:

Trang 37

Date Class

Greek warriors around 1500 B.C may have experienced some comfort w h i l e r i d i n g i n horse-drawn chariots B u m p i n g along on

dis-r o u g h dis-roads must have been p a i n f u l at times

Even the bravest fighters w o u l d not l i n g e r w h e n they saw a w a r horse charging at them Ancient stone carvings show soldiers flee-

i n g f r o m archers shooting arrows w h i l e r i d i n g fierce-looking horses

Christopher Columbus's advisors d i d not discourage h i m f r o m

b r i n g i n g horses to the N e w W o r l d i n 1493, so they were evidently m favor of it

W h e n American Indians first saw European horses i n the 1400s, their surprise was no doubt earnest Their response was sincere because horses h a d not been seen i n the Americas since 9000 B.C

I n K i n g Louis XIV's enormous stables at Versailles, a visitor could i n hale without breathing i n unpleasant fumes The horses were so w e l l cared for that a German prince once said they lived better than he did

-Before motorized transportation, o w n i n g a horse was a ment for many professionals For example, most doctors had to ride horses w h i l e m a k i n g their rounds to patients

require-Removing horses f r o m a pioneer's f a r m certainly w o u l d have left a vacuum W h a t other animal could have taken its place?

Horses were once used f o r m a i l services, such as the famous Pony Express, because they could r u n fast and even v a u l t obstacles i n the roads For example, the horse's ability to j u m p over a fallen tree

w o u l d save the rider time

The golden age of horse travel was f r o m 1700 to 1900 i n b o t h Europe

Trang 38

o n the l i n e p r o v i d e d F i n a l l y , w r i t e the V o c a b u l a r y W o r d o n the line before the d e f i n i t i o n

n an arched ceiling; a secure r o o m f o r

storing valuables; a b u r i a l chamber; a

v to take away courage or confidence;

to advise (a person) against something

I" n a completely empty space; a space

% l e f t empty b y the removal of something

| usually i n it; v to clean w i t h a machine

° that w o r k s b y suction

v to control, govern, or direct

according to rule or system; to adjust to

a certain standard

(A) Knowledge of horses i n art is a requirement

i n this class Also needed is a knowledge of horses i n sports

(B) Throughout history, horses have been jects of artists Some paintings portray d a i n t y show horses, and others show l a r g e , heavy workhorses

sub-(C) O n the arched ceiling is a beautiful p a i n t i n g

of horses The artist used a v e r y tall ladder to reach the v a u l t to paint i t

(D) A t the museum, I lingered to look at the bronze horses created b y Frederic Remington

w h i l e the rest of the group moved on

(E) The earnest guide pointed out h o w realistic Remington's sculptures are I could tell that the guide l o v e d his job and took i t seriously (F) President A n d r e w Jackson loved racing horses N o t being able to race horses w o u l d have l e f t a v a c u u m i n his life—a space that politics alone could not have f i l l e d

(G) The best jockeys are confident of their ties They are not discouraged w h e n they ride horses that have never w o n

abili-(H) I w o u l d not w a n t to be a jockey because of the

d i s c o m f o r t of bouncing on a racing horse—it seems very uncomfortable

(I) Most horses used i n polo matches tire after fifteen minutes of play Y o u can see them inhale deeply i n frantic attempts to p u l l air into their lungs

(J) The temperature must be regulated i n some stables f o r the comfort of the horses A d j u s t -

i n g the temperature is also important f o r their health

Trang 39

Name Date Class

EXERCISE 3 Jlihe Memumfi and Oppjotite MeGMdMaA 03

about the same, as the b o l d f a c e w o r d

25. a r e q u i r e m e n t f o r horse o w n e r s h i p (A) suggestion

(B) necessity (C) p l a n (D) request

about the opposite, of the b o l d f a c e w o r d

26. the circus pony's d a i n t y costume

(A) n e w and costly

29. i n h a l e d the dust f r o m the racetrack (A) breathed i n

(B) b l i n d e d b y (C) go a r o u n d (D) breathed o u t

30. an earnest k n i g h t (A) serious (B) concerned (C) j o k i n g (D) h a p p y

Trang 40

Name Date Class

"Lesson 8 | CONTEXT: Amazing Nature

Directions. F o l l o w these i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r this w o r d and the nine w o r d s o n the next page

• F o l l o w this same process f o r each of the V o c a b u l a r y W o r d s o n the n e x t page Y o u w i l l need to d r a w y o u r o w n m a p f o r each w o r d Use a separate sheet of paper

1

A f t e r a museum is able to acquire the i n d i v i d u a l bones of a saur, the h a r d w o r k begins Getting the bones is the easy part; i t may take many months or even years before the skeleton can be

Định dạng
Số trang	249
Dung lượng	13,45 MB