Environmental management E363 lecture 3 water

E363 – ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LECTURE - WATER Dr Nguyen Thi Hoang Lien nguyenthihoanglien@hus.edu.vn WATER RESOURCES • Water is an essential resource for all life on the planet • Of the water resources on earth: ~3% is not salty; twothirds of the freshwater is locked up in ice caps and glaciers Of the remaining one per cent, a fifth is in remote, inaccessible areas and much seasonal rainfall in monsoonal deluges and floods cannot easily be used • At present only about 0.08 per cent of all the world is fresh water (Fry, C., 2008) is exploited by mankind in ever increasing demand for sanitation, drinking, manufacturing, leisure and agri culture Fry, Carolyn: The Impact of Climate Change: The World’s Greatest Challenge in the twenty-first century 2008, Holland Publishers Ltd WATER CONSUMPTION • Agriculture is the largest user of the world's freshwater resources, consuming 70 per cent • Industry uses a further 20 per cent • Municipalities account for the remaining ten per cent • As the world's population rises and consumes more food (currently exceeding 6%, it is expected to reach 9% by 2050), industries and urban developments expand, and the emerging bio-fuel crops trade also demands a share of freshwater resources, water scarcity is becoming an important issue WATER POLLUTION • Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater) • Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds • Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities DISCHARGES • Point sources water pollutions refers to contaminants that enter a waterway from a single, identifiable source, such as a pipe or ditch: - Industrial - Publicly owned water treatment works (POTWS) • Non-point source pollution refers to diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source NPS pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area: - Agricultural: CAFOs (concentrated agricultural feeding operation), agricultural chemicals, etc - Urban: run-off - Industrial: mining WATER CONTAMINANTS Organic water pollutants include: • Detergents • Disinfection by-products found in chemically disinfected drinking water, such as chloroform • Food processing waste, which can include oxygen-demanding substances, fats and grease • Insecticides and herbicides, a huge range of organohalides and other chemical compounds • Petroleum hydrocarbons, including fuels (gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuels, and fuel oil) and lubricants (motor oil), and fuel combustion byproducts, from stormwater runoff • Tree and bush debris from logging operations • Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as industrial solvents, from improper storage • Chlorinated solvents, which are dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), may fall to the bottom of reservoirs, since they don't mix well with water and are denser – Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) – Trichloroethylene • Perchlorate • Various chemical compounds found in personal hygiene and cosmetic products 2 Inorganic water pollutants include: • Acidity caused by industrial discharges (especially sulfure dioxide from power plants) • Ammonia from food processing waste • Chemical waste as industrial by-products • Fertilizers containing nutrients-nitrates and phosphate which are found in stormwater runoff from agriculture, as well as commercial and residential use • Heavy metals from motor vehicles (via urban storm runoff) and acid mine drainage • Silt (sediment) in runoff from construction sites, logging, slash and burn practices or land clearing sites LAW ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 2005 Chapter – Section 2: Protection of river water environment Article 59.- Principles for river water environmental protection Article 60.- Control and treatment of the pollution of the water environment in river basins Article 61.- Responsibilities of provincial-level People’s Committees for water environmental protection in river basins Article 62.- Organization of water environmental protection in river basins Chapter – Section 3: Protection of the environmental of other water sources Article 63.- Protection of the environment of water source in lakes, ponds, canals and ditches Article 64.- Protection of the environment of reservoirs used for irrigation and hydropower purposes Article 65.- Groundwater environment protection Chapter – Section 4: Management of waste water Article 81.- Collection and treatment of waste water Article 82.- Waste water treatment systems NATIONAL TECHNICAL REGULATIONS • QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT: National technical regulation on surface water quality • QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT: National technical regulation on underground water quality • QCVN 10:2008/BTNMT: National technical regulation on coastal water quality • QCVN 11:2008/BTNMT: National technical regulation on the effluent of aquatic products processing industry • QCVN 12:2008/BTNMT: National technical regulation on the effluent of pulp and paper mills • QCVN 13:2008/BTNMT: National technical regulation the effluent of textile industry • QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT: National technical regulation domestic wastewater • QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT: National technical regulation industrial wastewater • QCVN 25:2009/BTNMT: National technical regulation wastewater of the solid waste landfill sites • QCVN 01:2009/BYT: National technical regulation drinking water quality • QCVN 02:2009/BYT: National technical regulation domestic water quality on on on on on on • QCVN 28:2010/BTNMT: National technical regulation on health care wastewater • QCVN 29:2010/BTNMT: National technical regulation on the effluent of petroleum terminal and stations • QCVN 35:2010/BTNMT: National technical regulation on discharged produced water for offshore oil and gas facilities