150 chuyên đề và bài tập ngữ pháp tiếng anh ( Độc quyền )

Name 16.1 Date Adjectives as Modifiers (Adjectives With Nouns and Pronouns) • Practice Adjectives With Nouns and Pronouns An adjective is used to describe a noun or pronoun Adjectives answer the questions What kind? Which one? How many? or How much? about the nouns or pronouns they modify ADJECTIVE QUESTIONS What Kind? Which One? How Many? How Much? Exercise white fence this photo two snacks enough time unhappy child each one many others more pizza Recognizing Adjectives and the Words They Modify In the sentences below underline each adjective, and circle the noun or pronoun it modifies EXAMPLE: A hungry lion stalked the frightened animals animals Laura bought a blue blouse with white lace trimmings Several athletes complained about the old stadium The writer, tall and impressive, entered the auditorium Each one in the class will develop an original project I made three attempts to reach the local representative A gracious hostess greeted us at the flower show The branches, dry and peeling, showed the effects of the drought We packed the fragile glassware in a reinforced container The investigator hopes to get some answers from the lone witness 10 The decorator suggested using three large paintings to cover the bare wall Exercise Using Adjectives in Sentences Complete the sentences below by filling in an appropriate adjective in each blank space EXAMPLE: My foreign car is equipped with A radial tires teacher scolded the student My mother just bought a suit Maxwell Elementary School, A and , will soon be closed visitors waited to see the prime minister The front of the house is painted This and edition of the book is Do you have police cars followed the one is by far the  Prentice-Hall, Inc time to pay for the 10 A , bike? van version crowd greeted the hero Adjectives as Modifiers (Adjectives With Nouns and Pronouns) • 23 Name 16.1 Date Adjectives as Modifiers (Proper Adjectives, Compound Adjectives) • Practice Proper Adjectives A proper adjective is a proper noun used as adjective or an adjective formed from a proper noun Proper Nouns as Proper Adjectives Proper Adjectives from Proper Nouns Kennedy memoirs Brooklyn Bridge celebration Chicago meeting Congressional elections Shakespearean costumes Indian customs Compound Adjectives A compound adjective is an adjective made up of more than one word Hyphenated Compound Adjectives Combined Compound Adjectives three-piece suit full-time job newspaper reporter schoolwide project Exercise Recognizing Proper Adjectives Underline the proper adjective in each sentence below and circle the noun it modifies EXAMPLE: A Kansas tornado tornado destroyed three towns The Senate committee adjourned the hearing My uncle just recorded a Beethoven symphony Our Canadian relatives will arrive next week Did you see the last Super Bowl special? My social studies report is on Victorian traditions This new restaurant features American favorites A Chicago group wants to purchase land in our area I found that Newsflash Magazine article fascinating The Russian ballet will appear in Los Angeles soon 10 The general manager canceled the Monday meeting Exercise Recognizing Compound Adjectives Underline the compound adjective in each sentence below and circle the noun it modifies EXAMPLE: Hyperactive children children sometimes need treatment Have you ever taken a multiple-choice test? We invited a professional football player to visit us Our next guest will be a well-known actress When we change to daylight-saving time? My talented aunt is designing a crisscross pattern We have just formed a cleanup squad Our inept team actually scored a first-quarter touchdown I have two nearsighted brothers We have planned a life-size statue of Winston Churchill 10 People are afraid he will be a rubber-stamp legislator  Prentice-Hall, Inc Adjectives as Modifiers (Proper Adjectives, Compound Adjectives) • 27 Name 16.1 Date Adjectives • Practice Adjectives as Modifiers An adjective describes a noun or a pronoun Adjectives usually answer one of these four questions about the nouns and pronouns they modify: What kind? Which one? How many? How much? ADJECTIVE QUESTIONS What Kind? Which One? How Many? How Much? Exercise blue house this bicycle two balloons no snow small dog each state few boys enough money Recognizing Adjectives and the Words They Modify Underline the two adjectives in each sentence below Circle the words they modify Do not underline a, an, or the EXAMPLE: The vast, flat desert stretched before him The sleek gray horse galloped across the pasture This fine novel was written by a friend of mine The long, narrow column of soldiers marched through the pass Every qualified person can enter the contest Bob loaded the plate with four large sandwiches Make one special wish and blow out the candles The car was a powerful and efficient vehicle During the winter, we had little snow and no temperatures that fell below zero I am proud and happy to receive the award 10 Great flocks of large birds migrate here in the spring Exercise Using Adjectives in Sentences EXAMPLE: We took beautiful The They sailed their photographs of the sunset balloon carried the boat across the We could see herds of She was wearing a We enjoy our Where are the I have Give me your We saw 10 She cooked a  Prentice-Hall, Inc Fill in each blank with an adjective men high above the city lake buffalo on the dress and a plains hat vacation bowls and the plates that you brought? new records for the party sweater so I can stay warm games at the stadium this fall Chinese dinner last night Adjectives • 21 Name 16.1 Date Demonstrative and Interrogative Adjectives • Practice Demonstrative Adjectives The four demonstrative pronouns, this, that, these, and those, are often used as demonstrative adjectives DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES Pronoun: We bought that Adjective: We bought that shirt Pronoun: He planted those Adjective: He planted those seeds Interrogative Adjectives Which, what, and whose can be used as adjectives INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES Pronoun: Which will she want? Adjective: Which toy will she want? Pronoun: Whose is it? Adjective: Whose book is it? Exercise Recognizing Demonstrative Pronouns and Adjectives Circle this, that, these, or those in each sentence On each line at the right, tell whether the word is used as a pronoun or an adjective EXAMPLE: Let’s move this chair into your room adjective These are the best ice skates I have ever owned Betsy chose this topic for her speech These trees must be one hundred years old This is going to be a beautiful day If we score this goal, we will win Winslow Homer painted these These designs were created by Leonardo da Vinci This year my birthday falls on Saturday I never thought of that 10 That chair is too big for the room Exercise Identifying Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives Circle the word which, what, or whose in each sentence If it is used as a pronoun, write pronoun after it If it is used as an adjective, write the noun it modifies after it EXAMPLE: Which pen did you buy? pen Which way is it? What kind of model did you build? Whose hairdryer are you using? Which novel did you enjoy best? What have you planned for your vacation? Which test was the hardest for you? Whose play are you rehearsing? What vegetable would you like for dinner? Which of the children went to the party? 10 What happened in the world today?  Prentice-Hall, Inc Demonstrative and Interrogative Adjectives • 29 Name 16.1 Date Possessive Adjectives • Practice Possessive Adjectives The following personal pronouns are often called possessive adjectives: my, your, his, her, its, our, and their These pronouns are considered adjectives because they are used before nouns and answer the question Which one? They are also pronouns because they have antecedents POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES ANTECEDENT Bill took POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE his ANTECEDENT The men put POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE their NOUN MODIFIED uniform to school NOUN MODIFIED boat on shore Exercise Identifying Possessive Adjectives In each sentence below, underline the possessive adjective once and the noun it modifies twice Circle the antecedent EXAMPLE: I am having my tooth filled tomorrow We are leaving our dog at the kennel The explorers pitched their tent in the woods On Monday, I am starting my training The crow protected its young from danger I took my parents to the play on opening night Sarah left her wallet in the car Yesterday, Bill became president of his class The general directed his men in battle They put on their costumes for Halloween 10 You should give your suggestions to the principal Exercise Using Possessive Adjectives in Sentences Fill in each blank with a possessive adjective Circle its antecedent EXAMPLE: She lost her way in the forest Bill brought parrot to class today The duck sat on eggs to keep them warm We must finish papers before tomorrow That old house is showing age Carol took After sister shopping at the mall boat capsized, the boys were rescued by the Coast Guard When trip to England had ended, George was sorry to leave You are responsible for keeping room clean The wind was so strong that I lost 10 That dog is waiting for  Prentice-Hall, Inc hat dinner Possessive Adjectives • 27 Name 16.1 Date Pronouns Used as Adjectives (Interrogative and Indefinite Adjectives) • Practice Interrogative Adjectives Three interrogative pronouns—which, what, and whose —can be used as interrogative adjectives INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS Which member of the team scored the most points? What kind of hiking boots did you buy? Whose composition was read aloud in class? Indefinite Adjectives Some indefinite pronouns can also be used as indefinite adjectives Some indefinite adjectives can be used only with singular nouns, some only with plural nouns, and some with both INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES Used with Singular Nouns: another, each, either, neither Used with Plural Nouns: both, few, several, many Used with Singular or Plural Nouns: all, any, more, most, other, some Exercise Recognizing Interrogative and Indefinite Adjectives Underline the interrogative or indefinite adjective in each sentence below, and circle the noun it modifies Then write whether the pronoun is indefinite or interrogative EXAMPLE: Each visitor was given a souvenir Indefinite Both singers gave outstanding performances tonight Whose report did you like the best? I still expect to read another book this week There are many explanations for her absence Chris suggested many ideas which could work Several doctors attended the patient Most visitors to the country fair were pleased with the exhibits Have you developed some new styles recently? All indications point to a glorious victory 10 What excuse will the principal offer the students? Exercise Using Interrogative and Indefinite Adjectives in Sentences Fill in the blank in each sentence below with an appropriate interrogative or indefinite adjective EXAMPLE: I just can’t give them other topics countries would you like to visit this summer? My guess is that there are only a I know Bill asked possibilities contestant will sing two numbers students who will participate friends to go to the junior high dance movie is fine with me dictionary did she borrow? explanation is better than none We waited 10  Prentice-Hall, Inc hours for them to arrive sport will rival basketball at our school? Pronouns Used as Adjectives (Interrogative and Indefinite Adjectives) • 31 Name 16.1 Date Pronouns Used as Adjectives (Possessive and Demonstrative Adjectives) • Practice Possessive Adjectives A pronoun is used as an adjective if it modifies a noun A personal pronoun used as a possessive adjective answers the question Which one? about a noun that follows it POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES my your his her its our their Demonstrative Adjectives The four demonstrative pronouns—this, that, these, and those —can also be used as demonstrative adjectives DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES I want this one She chose that car These apples are sour Did you read those notes? Exercise Recognizing Possessive and Demonstrative Adjectives Underline the possessive or demonstrative adjective in each sentence below, and circle the noun it modifies EXAMPLE: The committee chose those colors Have you explained their responsibilities to them? Everyone found his report terribly upsetting Unfortunately, those cartons are blocking the main entrance This short story by Pearl Buck has a surprise ending Did you speak to your grandmother last night? Maureen has wanted that jacket for a long time If you are interested, I will show you my camera All of these recipes are sugar-free I really wanted to give them our opinion first 10 I think her graphic will certainly win a prize Exercise Using Possessive and Demonstrative Adjectives in Sentences Fill in the blank in each sentence below with an appropriate possessive or demonstrative adjectives EXAMPLE: We explained our idea to them manual explains what you have to Later, I told them plans for the new theater Have you found glasses yet? I suggest that you study charts carefully Paula described frightening experience to us You can redeem coupons in the supermarket Before they left, they paid for tickets My father asked me to send you All of 10  Prentice-Hall, Inc best wishes cars have diesel engines explanation seems to be incorrect Pronouns Used as Adjectives (Possessive and Demonstrative Adjectives) • 29 Name 16.2 Date Adverbs • Practice Adverbs That Modify Verbs An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb An adverb that modifies a verb will answer one of these four questions: Where? When? In what manner? To what extent? ADVERBS THAT MODIFY VERBS Where? When? In What Manner? To What Extent? Exercise walked away went today works carelessly thoroughly finished went inside travels seldom runs swiftly hardly begun Recognizing Adverbs That Modify Verbs In each sentence, underline the adverb that modifies a verb On each line at the right, write the question the adverb answers EXAMPLE: We never walk to school When? She ran rapidly around the track I began my piano lessons reluctantly I had barely started eating when we had to leave The new building was completely destroyed by fire I have seldom heard such noise This summer we went to the shore frequently Slowly, he climbed the ladder They met outside The large dog climbed into its bed clumsily 10 I was really surprised by the party you had arranged for me Exercise Adding Adverbs to Modify Verbs Fill in the blank in each sentence below with an appropriate adverb EXAMPLE: She never finishes her work on time The train rolled down the track My uncle travels to Europe Give me that pen The magazine arrives at our house We had finished painting the room by five o’clock Let’s go and talk about your ideas That quarterback The sun shone The newspaper is printed 10 They paddled their canoe  Prentice-Hall, Inc fumbles the ball on the painted desert throughout the year along the swollen stream Adverbs • 31 Name 16.2 Date Adverbs as Modifiers (Modifying Adjectives and Other Adverbs) • Practice Adverbs Modifying Adjectives An adverb modifying an adjective answers the question To what extent? ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVES often ready too late extremely helpful scarcely prepared Adverbs Modifying Other Adverbs An adverb modifying another adverb also answers the question To what extent? ADVERBS MODIFYING ADVERBS moves quite rapidly drives more carefully Exercise visits less regularly speaks very slowly Recognizing the Words Adverbs Modify On the blank at the right, write whether each underlined adverb modifies an adjective or another adverb EXAMPLE: Her coat appears rather short adjective Bob should learn to speak more clearly The senator was nearly late for his meeting The patient’s reactions seem rather slow Her explanation is perfectly correct The doctor arrived very quickly at the scene of the accident Yes, I am somewhat embarrassed at his actions My best friend is often absent from school For my taste she plays too rapidly We receive a new shipment almost weekly 10 At her audition Carrie seemed slightly upset Exercise Adding Adverbs to Sentences Fill in the blank in each sentence with an adverb that answers the question To what extent? Circle the word it modifies EXAMPLE: This road is often deserted deserted Richard seemed at night disturbed at the news early in her speech, she began to stumble My older sister swims rapidly The federal agents approached the building John played his clarinet cautiously well After the trip my grandmother looked Response time to fires is now tired more rapid Finally, the family is ready to go Tom plays shortstop awkwardly 10 This salesman is  Prentice-Hall, Inc late for appointments Adverbs as Modifiers (Modifying Adjectives and Other Adverbs) • 35 Name 16.2 Date Adverbs as Modifiers (Modifying Verbs) • Practice Adverbs Modifying Verbs Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs An adverb modifying a verb will answer one of four questions about the verb: Where? When? In what manner? or To what extent? ADVERBS MODIFYING VERBS Exercise Where? jogged here signaled left When? arrive tonight will speak soon In What Manner? smiled happily willingly gave To What Extent? hardly know explained completely Recognizing Adverbs That Modify Verbs Underline the adverb in each sentence In the space provided, indicate which question the adverb answers: where? when? in what manner? or to what extent? EXAMPLE: They nearly had an accident to what extent? I arrive early at school on Fridays To reach the mall, turn left at the light Everyone reacted sadly to the news My brother will be going away to college Do you thoroughly understand your task? Bring all the reference books here I opened the door to the barn cautiously Nina is barely acquainted with them I will drive tomorrow at the festival 10 The train suddenly jolted to a halt Exercise Writing Original Sentences with Adverbs Use each adverb below in an original sentence Make certain that the adverb modifies the verb EXAMPLE: nearly My grandmother nearly slipped on the ice quickly here completely soon away easily tomorrow almost quietly 10 hardly  Prentice-Hall, Inc Adverbs as Modifiers (Modifying Verbs) • 33 Name 28 Date Capitalization (Proper Nouns, Proper Adjectives) • Practice Capitals for Proper Nouns Capitalize all proper nouns PROPER NOUNS Names of people: Jane Eyre Specific events: World Series Religious references: God Geographic names: Pikes Peak Organizations: Rotary Club Special items: Pulitzer Prize Capitals for Proper Adjectives Capitalize most proper adjectives With Capitals Without Capitals a Broadway play a Mexican treaty a Franklin stove Common terms: french fries Most prefixes: pro-American event Parts of compounds: French-speaking tourists Exercise Recognizing Proper Nouns and Proper Adjectives Underline the proper nouns and proper adjectives that should be capitalized EXAMPLE: I visit canada each summer In europe she visited france and belgium I know that william faulkner received a nobel prize Will ted develop into an all-american? Ask judy whether she wants some french fries My family always buys the same brand of televisions and radios, electrosonic The chamber of commerce sponsored the contest The cuban exiles chanted pro-american slogans Many people pray to god and read the bible The fortress of louisbourg is in nova scotia 10 Have you met any french-speaking canadians? Exercise Using Proper Nouns and Proper Adjectives Fill in each blank with a proper noun or proper adjective EXAMPLE: My favorite two cities are Boston Frank wants a and Chicago camera for his birthday Last summer she traveled to and Nancy is an all4 field hockey player is the writer I like the best The professional football season ends with the I live in After the meeting, I spoke to The and  Prentice-Hall, Inc River passes through several states Sudan and Nigeria are on the 10 In my religion we study the continent Capitalization (Proper Nouns, Proper Adjectives) • 165 Name 28.2 Date Commas (with Compound Sentences, with Series and Adjectives) • Practice Commas with Compound Sentences Use a comma before the conjunction to separate two independent clauses in a compound sentence COMPOUND SENTENCES We worked most of the day, but we didn’t finish painting the room Not only were we late for the party, but most of the food was gone also Commas with Series and Adjectives Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses in a series Use commas to separate adjectives of equal rank but not adjectives that must stay in a specific order With Commas Without Commas Mom bought chocolate, milk, and cookies for the party Eager, devoted fans waited outside the star’s dressing room Mom bought milk and cookies for the party Exercise Using Commas Correctly Many eager fans waited outside the star’s dressing room Add commas where they are needed One sentence needs no commas EXAMPLE: My chores include cleaning my room dusting the living room and taking out the trash My chores include cleaning my room, dusting the living room, and taking out the trash The actor delivered the soliloquy in a clear strong voice My sister goes to college in Ohio and my brother goes to college in Maine Parsley sprigs lemon slices and tomato wedges formed an attractive border on the platter The hot tired campers headed straight for the lake Janice may bake a cake or we can order one at Farella’s Have you seen the Jacksons’ three new puppies? Our trip was far from perfect but at least we got home safely Elmer saw a large lumpy figure moving through the shadows Jeremy had planned a special meal but it was ruined 10 Will you fly take the train or drive to California? Exercise Understanding Rules for Commas Describe the comma rule for each sentence in Exercise above by writing compound sentence, series, equal adjectives, or adjectives in order EXAMPLE: series 10  Prentice-Hall, Inc Commas (with Compound Sentences, with Series and Adjectives) • 165 Name Date 28.3 Semicolons and Colons (Uses of the Colon) • Practice Uses of the Colon Use a colon to introduce a list of items after an independent clause; a quotation that is formal, lengthy, or lacking a “he said/she said” expression; a sentence that summarizes or explains the sentence before it; or a formal appositive that follows an independent clause INTRODUCTORY COLONS List Quotation Summary Sentence Formal Appositive The arrangement consisted entirely of spring flowers: irises, daffodils, tulips, and hyacinths Ellen waved goodbye: “Have a good trip.” The paper reported the election results: All three present school board members were unseated The class play will be an American classic: Our Town In addition, use a colon in the following special situations OTHER USES OF THE COLON Numerals Giving Time Periodical References Biblical References Subtitles Salutations in Business Letters Labels Signaling Important Ideas Exercise 8:17 A.M 11:57 P.M National Geographic XI: 421 (volume: page) I Corinthians 13: 4–13 (chapter: verse[s]) Pierre: A Cautionary Tale Dear Ms Adamson: Gentlemen: Caution: Keep this and all medications out of the reach of children Using Colons Correctly Add colons where they are needed in the following sentences EXAMPLE: The recipe calls for three basic spices garlic, parsley, and thyme The recipe calls for three basic spices: garlic, parsley, and thyme Jeremy unfolded the note “Meet me in the gym after school.” The express, which was due at 14, did not arrive until 00 P.M Two actors have refused Academy Awards George C Scott and Marlon Brando The three magazines with the largest paid subscriptions last year were these TV Scene, Reader’s Review, and National Reflections Magazine Warning This cabinet contains dangerous electrical equipment Exercise More Work with Colons Follow the directions in Exercise 1 The text of the sermon was Matthew 10 I am reporting on a biography titled Gandhi Fighter Without a Sword Caution Read this manual completely before using your power sled Flight 401 leaves LaGuardia Airport at 40 A.M each weekday The president banged the gavel “Let the meeting come to order.”  Prentice-Hall, Inc Semicolons and Colons (Uses of the Colon) • 173 Name Date 28.3 Semicolons and Colons (Uses of the Semicolon) • Practice Uses of the Semicolon Use a semicolon to join independent clauses not already joined by a coordinating conjunction or those separated by a conjunctive adverb or transitional expression Use semicolons to avoid confusion when independent clauses already contain commas or between items in a series that contains commas With Independent Clauses The chief sounded the alarm; the firefighters raced to their stations With a Conjunctive Adverb Helene has a 4.0 average; consequently, she has a good chance for a scholarship With a Transitional Expression In the first place, Stan loves all sports; in addition, he has excellent coordination With Items That Already Have Commas The judges will include Ms Haley, the drama coach; Mr Dakin, the choral director; and Mr Odem, the local drama critic Exercise Using Semicolons Correctly In each sentence, a comma is used where a semicolon is needed Circle the comma that should be replaced with a semicolon EXAMPLE: Jenny has neglected her studies lately , consequently, her grades are falling Since childhood, Amy has loved animals, therefore, her career as a veterinarian is hardly surprising Cucumbers, carrots, tomatoes, and onions are common in salads, but have you ever tried adding broccoli, eggplant, or corn? When Anna is home from college, all the bedrooms are full, but we can always put up a guest in the playroom, a room that is seldom used Just put the packages on the porch, we’ll have to wait here until someone gets home with the key Penny had just come off a twelve-hour shift, she was exhausted We are to supply paper goods, beverages, and snacks, but Tom will provide the main dish, the vegetables, and the salad The house needs to be painted, in addition, it needs a new roof This is an ideal time to start out, the roads are not yet crowded Jason, whom I have known all my life, was a very serious youngster, but he has, surprisingly enough, become the life of every party 10 Grandma has lived in that old house all her life, no wonder she doesn’t want to move Exercise Understanding Uses of the Semicolon Give the reason why each of the semicolons in Exercise is needed by writing the appropriate label from the chart EXAMPLE: conjunctive adverb 10  Prentice-Hall, Inc Semicolons and Colons (Uses of the Semicolon) • 171 Name Date 28.5 Dashes and Parentheses (Dashes) • Practice Dashes Use dashes to indicate an abrupt change of thought, a dramatic interrupting idea, or a summary statement Use dashes to set off a nonessential appositive or parenthetical expression when it is long, when it is already punctuated, or when you want to be dramatic USES OF THE DASH Change of Thought I’ll be with you in a minute—oh, oh, there’s the phone again Dramatic Interruption That musical—the production numbers are spectacular—has been running on Broadway for years Summary Statement Nuts, fruits, and grains—all are nutritious foods Nonessential Element The woman who proposed the plan—a wealthy widow who owns two villas, a Manhattan townhouse, and a yacht—has always had liberal ideas When Stacy saw the new car—can you believe this?—she fainted Exercise Using the Dash Add dashes where they are needed in the following sentences EXAMPLE: Tanya’s report Ms Wilson raved about it was heavily documented Tanya’s report—Ms Wilson raved about it—was heavily documented In the first presentation it was just an illusion, of course a small ball was passed through a solid mirror One of the exhibits you would have loved it depicted colonial baking in a hearth oven The justices of the Supreme Court, the complete Senate, and the members of the House of Representatives all assembled to hear the State of the Union message The librarian you know Mrs Norman was very helpful in finding the information I needed I know I have that paper somewhere oh, never mind Whitney Jones an interesting man who has spent most of his life in Saudi Arabia is teaching a course at Rutgers this fall Reggie Jackson, Ted Williams, Mickey Mantle, Willie Mays all were famous baseball players They are serving strawberry ice cream your favorite for dessert The storm seems to be over no, the sky is darkening again 10 Joe Smith a golfer with a handicap of two is fifty years old Exercise More Work with Dashes Follow the instructions for Exercise 1 Actors take particular pride in receiving major awards the Oscar for motion pictures, the Tony for Broadway plays, and the Emmy for television because they are chosen by their peers I wonder what could be keeping Elena hey, there’s her car now Yesterday’s football victory the crowd was ecstatic guarantees us a chance at the state title The woman I met at the museum I think her name was Barker or Barkus used to work with Mom at the bank Turkey, stuffing, cranberry sauce, pies all are traditional dishes for an American Thanksgiving dinner  Prentice-Hall, Inc Dashes and Parentheses (Dashes) • 181 Name 29.1 Date End Marks • Practice Uses of the Period Use a period to end a declarative or imperative sentence, an indirect question, and most abbreviations PERIODS Declarative Sentence: The stone is large and smooth Interrogative Sentence: Open the window about six inches Indirect Question: I asked him what he wanted Abbreviations: Conn (Connecticut) Rd (Road) Uses of the Question Mark Use a question mark to end an interrogative sentence QUESTION MARKS Interrogative Sentence: What is your telephone number? Uses of the Exclamation Mark Use an exclamation mark to end an exclamatory sentence, an urgent imperative sentence, and most interjections EXCLAMATION MARKS Exclamatory Sentence: What a remarkable pass! Imperative Sentence: Don’t let go of the wheel! Interjection: Good grief ! She won Exercise Using End Marks Correctly Write the proper end mark at the end of each item EXAMPLE: What a wonderful achievement ! How many pairs of shoes you have Beethoven wrote nine symphonies I have an interview with Rinaldo and Son, Inc June won the first prize Hurray We asked them when they wanted to leave Some batteries contain sulfuric acid Where is Ethiopia What an astounding performance Have you read A Day No Pigs Would Die 10 Choose another uniform Exercise EXAMPLE: Period Supplying End Marks Write a sentence using each of the following end marks She wrote a report on proper manners Question Mark Exclamation Mark Period Question Mark Exclamation Mark  Prentice-Hall, Inc End Marks • 169 Name 29.2 Date Commas That Separate Basic Elements (Compound Sentences, Items in a Series, Adjectives) • Practice Commas With Compound Sentences Use a comma before the coordinating conjunction in a compound sentence COMPOUND SENTENCES Jose wanted to attend the game, but he decided to his report instead Either we will win tonight, or we will have to face a sad crowd afterward Commas Between Items in a Series Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses in a series SERIES Ellen bought new jeans, a plaid skirt, and a pair of gloves They drove to the post office, parked the car, and unloaded the boxes Commas Between Adjectives Use commas to separate adjectives of equal rank (Do not use commas to separate adjectives that must stay in a specific order.) With Commas Without Commas A narrow, rough road led to the country market Many new books on sports are on display in the library Exercise Using Commas Correctly Add commas where they are required One sentence needs no commas EXAMPLE: During the night it rained but the day was brilliant During the night it rained, but the day was brilliant Mary Grace lives in a dark wooded area The crash awoke Father and he jumped out of bed Buy tomatoes cucumbers scallions and lettuce An exhausted discouraged team limped into the locker room Betty must have reached home safely or she would have phoned I found many old stamps in Grandfather’s collection The rain has stopped but it is still very humid An angry determined speaker addressed the mayor Frank planned to read his speech but he lost his notes 10 I prepared a salad cooked a roast and baked some cookies Exercise Understanding the Use of Commas The sentences below are correctly punctuated Identify the use of commas by writing the words compound, series, or adjectives EXAMPLE: She stared at the horizon lined with old, withered trees adjectives I will take the train, or I will drive to work Steve bought an umbrella, boots, and a rain hat A happy, smiling crowd greeted the contestants You must go, but I will stay She wanted to go swimming, get some sun, and just relax  Prentice-Hall, Inc Commas That Separate Basic Elements (Compound Sentences, Items in a Series, Adjectives) • 171 Name 29.2 Date Commas That Set Off Added Elements (Places, Dates, Titles, Other Uses) • Practice Commas With Places, Dates, and Titles When a geographical name or a date is made up of two or more parts, use a comma after each item except in the case of a month followed by a day Use commas to set off a title following a name Geographical Name Houston, Texas, is a rapidly growing city Date On September 19, 1939, German panzers invaded Poland Name With Title Jim Thon, M.D., discussed safe ways to lose weight Other Uses of the Comma Use commas in the situations shown in the chart below Address Send the package to J Brown, 10 Elk Lane, Glen Cove, New York 11542 Salutation and Closing Dear Peter, Numbers 31,654 envelopes Elliptical Sentence Lorraine plays the guitar; her brother Sam, the flute Direct Quotation “In a few minutes,” laughed Julio, “you’ll know the surprise.” To Prevent Confusion For Carla, Jonas had designed a unique costume Exercise Very truly yours, Adding Commas to Sentences Insert commas where they are needed EXAMPLE: Sean Miles D.D.S lectured on dental hygiene Sean Miles, D.D.S., lectured on dental hygiene Write to Real-Trucks 72 Wall Avenue Norwalk Connecticut 06850 The math assignment took forty-five minutes; the science an hour The population of the next county is 42375 The band director remarked “We’ll have our next rehearsal on January 10.” John Briggs Jr inherited his father’s business After the storm clouds were white and fleecy On June 20 1793 Eli Whitney applied for a patent for his cotton gin In 1957 the United States had 1558691 hospital beds in 6818 hospitals “For the last time” exclaimed Sue “will you be quiet!” 10 In spring planting begins Exercise Punctuating a Letter Add commas wherever necessary in the following letter 154 Morris Drive Los Angeles California 90039 October 12 1985 Dear Pam I am researching the Lindbergh kidnapping case On March 1932 Lindbergh’s eighteen-month-old son was taken from the Lindbergh home in Hopewell New Jersey A ransom note demanding $50000 was found Bruno Hautpmann was arrested for the crime on September 15 1934 Police found $14000 of the ransom money in his home Found guilty, Hautpmann was executed on April 1936 Your friend Gina  Prentice-Hall, Inc Commas That Set Off Added Elements (Places, Dates, Titles, Other Uses) • 177 Name 29.2 Date Commas That Set Off Added Elements (Introductory Material, Parenthetical Expressions) • Practice Commas After Introductory Material Use a comma after an introductory word, phrase, or clause INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL Introductory Word: No, I don’t think I can go Introductory Phrase: Reaching the lake, she searched for her canoe Introductory Clause: When she entered the building, she was confused and frightened Commas With Parenthetical Expressions Use commas to set off parenthetical expressions PARENTHETICAL EXPRESSIONS Names of People Being Addressed: I know, Susan, that you will well Certain Adverbs: I decided, therefore, to wait Common Expressions: Mr Wong agreed, I believe, to go Contrasting Expressions: The room is narrow, not wide Exercise Recognizing Introductory Material Write the introductory word, phrase, or clause in each sentence, and add the needed comma EXAMPLE: Yes I will attend Yes, No I’m afraid his excuse was not acceptable To grow corn you need fertile soil Determined she stalked into the office If she sings I’m sure she will win Waiting patiently she saw the bear emerge When I try I can write very well Since you wrote the situation has changed entirely Cary why don’t you use my typewriter? To improve our game we practiced every night 10 Really I’m not sure about this new plan of yours Exercise Using Commas Correctly Add commas where they are needed in each sentence EXAMPLE: His ability not his personality is the issue His ability, not his personality, is the issue Her room unfortunately is right over the garage Mrs Eriksen will you explain that answer again Our vacation is near the end of July not in August Although she is excellent at ballet she prefers modern dance His refusal I am certain can easily be explained Smiling happily she raced to the front door You know of course that the President will speak Yes I certainly would like to visit Walden Pond To stop the retreat the army landed paratroopers 10 The decision consequently was reversed by the court  Prentice-Hall, Inc Commas That Set Off Added Elements (Introductory Material, Parenthetical Expressions) • 173 Name 29.2 Date Commas That Set Off Added Elements (Nonessential Expressions) • Practice Commas With Nonessential Expressions A nonessential expression, short or long, gives additional information about someone or something in a sentence Because it can be left out without changing the basic meaning of the sentence, it is set off with commas ESSENTIAL AND NONESSENTIAL EXPRESSIONS Essential: My cousin the computer expert is growing rich Nonessential: Cathy, a computer expert, knows BASIC and COBOL Essential: The man standing in the corridor is the principal Nonessential: Dr Rogers, now standing in the corridor, is the principal Essential: The boy who lives in the next house plays the French horn Nonessential: My cousin Phil, who lives in the next house, plays the French horn Exercise Using Commas With Nonessential Expressions Add commas to set off nonessential expressions Not every sentence contains a nonessential expression EXAMPLE: Our new car a used Ford has radial tires Our new car, a used Ford, has radial tires Jackie Robinson a fine hitter was a daring base runner The girl who leads the chorus speaks three languages Mendelssohn who was born in 1809 gave his first performance at the age of nine Alex who works after school makes the Honor Roll each year The flowers growing in the window box were purchased in a nursery Ottawa the capital of Canada is a beautiful, clean city The tape recorder that he wants is very expensive The story “The Scarlet Ibis” is about the relationship of two brothers This is Sagamore Hill the home of Theodore Roosevelt 10 Nashville which is near the center of Tennessee is the home of country music Exercise Writing Essential and Nonessential Expressions Complete each sentence Set off the nonessential expressions with commas EXAMPLE: Her shoes , a pair of sandals, The woman were surprisingly uncomfortable will tell you where his office is We visited San Francisco and Los Angeles March was rapidly approaching Stop by and see Mrs Harding The program The car was very boring is my brother’s His grandfather Snacks tutors students in math will be served at intermission We saw slides of my two favorite cities 10 The dog  Prentice-Hall, Inc was barking loudly Commas That Set Off Added Elements (Nonessential Expressions) • 175 Name 29.3 Date The Semicolon • Practice Semicolons and Independent Clauses Use a semicolon to join independent clauses not already joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction A semicolon can also be used to join two independent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb or a transitional expression Two Independent Clauses Alan reached the mouth of the cave first; he peered inside and decided to wait for his friends Independent Clauses With a Conjunctive Adverb Karen wants a new car; however, she will wait until she has saved $2,000 for a down payment Independent Clauses With a Transitional Expression My sister is an outstanding student; as a result, she won a four-year college scholarship Semicolons Used to Avoid Confusion Use a semicolon to avoid confusion when independent clauses or items in a series already contain commas EXAMPLE: My aunt traveled to Lisbon, Madrid, and Seville; and, next year, she hopes to visit England and France Exercise Using Semicolons Correctly In each sentence a comma is used instead of a semicolon Circle the comma to show that a semicolon is needed EXAMPLE: Ben arrived later , consequently, he missed the meeting My sister likes to save money, in fact, she already has saved a thousand dollars We bought peaches, plums, and nectarines, but the peaches were not ripe The dog, whose tail wagged continuously, barked, but its owner, a nice man, reassured us Billy, wait for little Joey, he can’t walk that fast Selling ice cream, Beth earned almost $100, that was the most for any one day We sang, danced, and went for a moonlit swim, and a good time was had by all It’s time to mow the lawn, also, the garden needs to be weeded You can’t start writing now, first, you must some research Paris, Florence, and Venice are all beautiful cities, but my favorite is Florence 10 I had been there before, as a result, I didn’t pay attention to the directions Exercise EXAMPLE: Writing Compound Sentences With Semicolons Complete the sentences below I love exotic food ; however, that meal was too much for me ; however, ; for instance, ; otherwise, ; ; on the other hand,  Prentice-Hall, Inc The Semicolon • 179 Name 29.4 Date Quotation Marks With Direct Quotations (Introductory, Concluding, Interrupting Expressions) • Practice Direct Quotations Use quotation marks before and after an uninterrupted direct quotation One Sentence “The sea lies all around us.”—Rachel Carson Two Sentences “Nonviolence is the first article of my faith It is also the last article of my creed.”—Mohandas Gandhi Phrase In the words of Theodore Roosevelt, we must have our “eyes on the stars” and our “feet on the ground.” Introductory, Concluding, and Interrupting Expressions Expressions such as she said or they replied are often used to identify the speaker in a direct quotation These expressions can occur at the beginning, at the end, or in the middle of the quote Rules for Punctuation Examples Use a comma after an introductory expression My father confided, “I expect to get a promotion today.” Use a comma, question mark, or exclamation mark after a quote followed by a concluding expression “I am very pleased,” said Mother “When will you leave?” I asked “That’s absurd!” she exclaimed Use a comma before and after an interrupting expression “I know,” she smiled, “what you really want for your birthday.” Exercise Punctuating Direct Quotations Place quotation marks, commas, and other punctuation marks where they are required EXAMPLE: I agree said the teacher that the grade is low “I agree,” said the teacher, “that the grade is low.” This is the first time I’ve heard of that process he said In spite of everything I still believe that people are really good at heart—Anne Frank This report Mr Gray said does not contain footnotes Mother asked me Don’t you hear the telephone What wonderful news Ted exclaimed Which bus asked the visitor should I take What can that letter mean asked Alice Coach Willis said We need this game to make the finals I like basketball she said much more than baseball 10 Anne Morrow Lindbergh called mothers and housewives the great vacationless class Exercise EXAMPLE: “ Writing Direct Quotations Complete the sentences below It was in the year 1960 “ ,” she answered ?” he asked Father explained, “ ” “ ,” I said “ “ !” Pam exclaimed “ ,” she agreed, “  Prentice-Hall, Inc .” ” Quotation Marks With Direct Quotations (Introductory, Concluding, Interrupting Expressions) • 183 Name Date 29.5 Hyphens • Practice When to Use the Hyphen A hyphen is used to form numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine and with fractions that are used as modifiers Hyphens are also used with certain prefixes and suffixes, with compound words, and for clarity USES OF THE HYPHEN With Numbers thirty-two colors, four-fifths majority With Prefixes and Suffixes ex-president, anti-American, self-contained, commissioner-elect With Compound Nouns carry-all, secretary-treasurer, sister-in-law With Compound Modifiers never-to-be-forgotten concert, well-attended lecture For Clarity doll-like, three quart-bottles Rules for Dividing Words at the End of a Line Divide words only between syllables Do not leave a single letter or -ed alone on a line Do not divide proper nouns and adjectives Divide a hyphenated word only after the hyphen Exercise Correct Incorrect cen-ter hea-then dis-tance self-sufficiency a-part walk-ed Mar-y self-suf-ficiency Using Hyphens Place hyphens where they are needed EXAMPLE: My brother is an ex lieutenant My brother is an ex-lieutenant My father owns a three fourths share of this business I was able to reach my sister in law and my father in law The sergeant said, “Round up all able bodied men.” There were anti French demonstrations in the capital I wrote immediately to the governor elect The old man of war sat in the harbor What a beautiful bright eyed young lady! My grandmother was a well educated woman even then My father loves old fashioned dresses 10 She bought twenty two greeting cards and thirty five small gifts for children Exercise Hyphenating Words Draw vertical lines between syllables that can be divided at the end of a line Circle words that should not be divided at the end of a line EXAMPLE: below be | low jumped jumped jumped athlete mountain drudge compound custom tennis study incite partridge  Prentice-Hall, Inc 10 remark Hyphens • 193 Name 29.6 Date The Apostrophe (With Possessive Nouns, Joint and Individual Ownership) • Practice Apostrophes With Possessive Nouns Use the following rules to form the possessives of nouns FORMING POSSESSIVE NOUNS Add an apostrophe and -s to show the possessive of most singular nouns a girl’s notebook the inventor’s sketch Add an apostrophe to show the possessive case of plural nouns ending in -s or -es three girls’ notebooks the nurses’ passes Add an apostrophe and -s to show the possessive case of plural nouns that not end in -s or -es the children’s toys three men’s watches Make the last word in a compound noun possessive Red Cross’s volunteers station wagons’ drivers Treat time and amount like other possessives a month’s vacation two months’ vacation Joint and Individual Ownership To show joint ownership, add an apostrophe and -s to the last noun of a series To show individual ownership, add an apostrophe and -s at the end of each noun in a series Exercise Joint Ownership Keller and Schmidt’s two-family house Individual Ownership Karen’s, Sue’s, and Pam’s reports Writing Possessive Forms Write the possessive form in the space provided EXAMPLE: the radio of my cousin my cousin’s radio the books of the women a vacation for a week the campus of City College the career of an actress the children of Ken and Pam the worth of two dollars the coats of Jim and Susan the absences of pupils the textbook of my sister 10 the pizza of my father-in-law Exercise EXAMPLE: Using Possessives Add an appropriate possessive noun to each sentence Mrs Johnson’s car wouldn’t start Monday morning The next meeting of the photography club will be at His Three She put the saddle on the  Prentice-Hall, Inc house speech was by far the best we heard today response was not what he had hoped for names were mentioned in the article back The Apostrophe (With Possessive Nouns, Joint and Individual Ownership) • 195 Name 29.6 Date The Apostrophe (With Pronouns) • Practice Apostrophes With Pronouns Use an apostrophe and an -s with indefinite pronouns to show possession Do not use an apostrophe with possessive forms of personal pronouns Personal pronouns are already possessive POSSESSIVE FORMS OF PRONOUNS Indefinite Personal someone’s everybody’s anyone’s Exercise one another’s one’s each other’s my, mine, our, ours your, yours his, her, hers, its, their, theirs Using Apostrophes Correctly With Pronouns Write the correct pronoun from parentheses to complete each sentence EXAMPLE: The tree has lost two of its lower branches (it’s, its) I lost my camera, but I borrowed (theirs, their’s) Our teacher was pleased with success (everyones’, everyone’s) Did you try to get opinion? (somebody elses’, somebody else’s) I don’t know too much about new schedule (their, they’re) It is important to respect country (one’s, ones’) record collection was taken, not mine (Someone else’s, Someone elses’) This set of notes probably belongs to (her, her’s) The grizzly bear carefully protected lair (its, it’s) You received Steve’s birthday card, but did you get 10 We looked at Exercise ? (ours, our’s) photograph albums (one another’s, one anothers’) Writing Sentences With Pronouns Use each set of words to write an original sentence showing possession with pronouns EXAMPLE: Someone-game Someone’s game was found yesterday everybody-favorite its-kittens anyone-CD player his-answer someone else-house theirs-jackets one-success our-request another-jewelry 10 hers-skates  Prentice-Hall, Inc The Apostrophe (With Pronouns) • 197 [...]... Prentice-Hall, Inc (amusing) to please the teacher (eager) step (quick) at their sleeping infant (fond) approached the microphone (nervous) of artichokes (fond) about his unkind remark (bad) drank the lemonade (eager) just before curtain time (nervous) (prompt) during the play (bad) Adverbs (Adverb or Adjective ?) • 31 Name 18.2 Date Adverbs (Modifying Adjectives and Other Adverbs) • Practice 1 Adverbs... Halloween costume (indefinite) 1 exotic flower (indefinite) 2 plaid coat (definite) 3 one-horse town (indefinite) 4 unanimous vote (indefinite) 5 honorary degree (indefinite) 6 final episode (definite) 7 unique opportunity (indefinite) 8 new book (definite) 9 travel agent (definite) 10  Prentice-Hall, Inc unusual bird (indefinite) Adjectives (Modification, Articles) • 21 Name 18.1 Date Adjectives (Nouns Used... This tastes terrible! (disgust) 1 I just bit my tongue (pain) 2 The stain will not come out (regret) 3 What a terrific car that is! (delight) 4 It’s just what I always wanted (surprise) 5 What a close game this is! (excitement) 6 I’m trapped in here! (fear) 7 I knew I got that one wrong (annoyance) 8 The game has been rained out (disappointment) 9 Our team is winning (enthusiasm) 10  Prentice-Hall,... EXAMPLE: (direct object) I often enjoy hockey games 1 (adverb) When Uncle Ted arrived, we smiled 2 (direct object) You can buy in any drugstore 3 (obj of prep .) The photo you want is in the 4 (direct object) If you go to the post office, I need some 5 (adverb) Speak during your interview 6 (direct object) Who wrote 7 (obj of prep .) Wait for us under the 8 (adverb) Bess reacted 9 (direct object) I put... from Germany Germany (2 ) 1 Among the five of us, we had just enough money for a pizza (3 ) 2 The sirens could be heard throughout the town (1 ) 3 The woman with the tan briefcase is the mayor (1 ) 4 A statue of a figure on horseback is an equestrian statue (2 ) 5 Despite the sudden shower, we enjoyed our day in the park (2 ) 6 Please put this vase of flowers in front of the fireplace (2 ) 7 Several guests... Whose notebook is this? (interrogative) 1 tomatoes are bigger than last year’s (demonstrative) 2 prominent citizens oppose the bill (indefinite) 3 student completed a questionnaire (indefinite) 4 career are you thinking of? (interrogative) 5 class are you in for math? (interrogative)  Prentice-Hall, Inc Pronouns Used as Adjectives • 25 Name 18.2 Date Adverbs (Adverb or Adjective ?) • Practice 1 Adverb... Prentice-Hall, Inc but the offer came too late (coordinating) you finish your chores, I will be waiting for you (subordinating) a right a duty (correlative) willing to try the snails (coordinating) we will surely be late (coordinating) the players were disappointed, they were good sports (subordinating) Conjunctions and Interjections (Different Kinds of Conjunctions) • 35 Name 19.1 Date Preposition or Adverb?... (coordinating) rich the cake looked delicious, it was not on my diet (subordinating) many students were late (coordinating) she has the time, Mom volunteers at the hospital (subordinate) print clearly (coordinating) hitting fielding you pass the high school, turn left (subordinating) Conjunctions and Interjections (Different Kinds of Conjunctions) • 37 Name 19.2 Date Conjunctions and Interjections • Practice... following chart summarizes the rules for choosing between a and an Exercise 1 Consonant Sounds Vowel Sounds a a a a an an an an book horn (h sound) one-day sale (w sound) unicycle (y sound) i ncident honorable decision (no h sound) open door (o sound) umbrella (u sound) Identifying Adjectives Underline the two adjectives in each sentence Do not count a, an, and the EXAMPLE: The final play in the game... came with us, 1 2 The food was (correlative) 3 The fans were clapping 4 Al’s last book has made him famous (correlative) 5 6 The bus broke down, 7 8 Please type 9 The shortstop is good at (correlative) 10  Prentice-Hall, Inc but Uncle Jack stayed home (coordinating) you need any help, please call me (subordinating) delicious appealing to the eye cheering wildly (coordinating) rich the cake looked delicious,