Đề thi Subject: Earth Materials Environment

Trial version FINAL EXAM Subject: Earth Materials & Environment What are Earth Materials? The Earth materials are rocks, minerals and soils Definition of a mineral? Inorganic, naturally occurrence, define chemical composition, geological origin, ordered structure (crystal), solid state Definition of a rock? Definition of soil? Which of the following is a required characteristic of minerals? a Inorganic solid b Naturally formed c Distinct chemical formula d Ordered arrangement of atoms e All of the above What determines the element that an atom belongs to? a The number of electrons b The number of neutrons c The number of protons d The number of shells or orbitals e All of the above What determines the bonding properties of an element? a The number of protons in the nucleus b The number of neutrons in the nucleus c The number of electrons in the nucleus d The number of electrons in the outer shell e The total number of electrons What we call atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons? a Anions b Cations c Complex ions d Compounds e Isotopes What is involved in covalent bonding? a The attraction between oppositely charged atoms b c d e The attraction of the positive and negative poles of neutral molecules The loose sharing of among all atoms in the substance The sharing of electrons between specific atoms All of the above 10 What is involved in ionic bonding? a The attraction between oppositely charged atoms b The attraction of the positive and negative poles of neutral molecules c The loose sharing of among all atoms in the substance d The sharing of electrons between specific atoms e All of the above 11 What kind of a silicate mineral is Hornblende (an amphibole)? a Orthosilicate (single tetrahedra) b Single chain silicate c Double chain silicate d Sheet silicate e Framework silicate (three-dimensional networks) 12 What kind of a silicate mineral is Muscovite (a mica)? a Orthosilicate (single tetrahedra) b Single chain silicate c Double chain silicate d Sheet silicate e Framework silicate (three-dimensional networks) 13 What kind of a silicate mineral is Olivine (the main mineral in the earth's mantle)? a Orthosilicate (single tetrahedra) b Single chain silicate c Double chain silicate d Sheet silicate e Framework silicate (three-dimensional networks) 14 What kind of a silicate mineral is Orthoclase (a feldspar)? a Orthosilicate (single tetrahedra) b Single chain silicate c Double chain silicate d Sheet silicate e Framework silicate (three-dimensional networks) 15 What is a character of minerals high on Bowen's Reaction Series (such as olivine)? a Dark color b Few cations included c Lots of linkages between silicon-oxygen tetrahedra d Low density e Low melting temperature 16 Which of the following is an example of a ferromagnesian (mafic) silicate mineral? a Feldspar b Halite c Hornblende d Kaolinite e Muscovite 17 What mineral family does gypsum belong to? a Carbonates b Halides c Oxides d Silicates e Sulfates 18 Which mineral exhibits double refraction and reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid? a Biotite b Calcite c Halite d Magnetite e Talc 19 Name common physical properties of minerals : color, streak, luster, specific gravity, hardness, crystal habits, crystal form, cleavage, fracture 20 Minerals are classified by: a Chemical composition b Crystal structure c Both 21 Name common minerals classes: silicates, oxides, sulfides, sulfates, calcite, halides, natural elements 22 Name minerals belonging to the isolated tetrahedral subclass : olivine and garnet 23 Name examples of framework silicates: feldspar and quartz 24 Name common carbonate minerals : magnesite, calcite, dolomite, siderite 25 Name common minerals in the native element subclass : gold, platinum, copper, diamond 26 Give examples of common sulphide: pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, cinnabar 27 What is an example of an oxide? a Anhydrite b Calcite c Sulfur d Magnetite 28 What are the common minerals called? a Rock-forming minerals b Crystal minerals c Igneous minerals d Abundant minerals 29 Which is a mineral? a Coal b Amber c Sugar d Salt 30 What makes a mineral a gem? a Its pearly luster b Its association with native elements c Its deep color d Its rarity and beauty 31 is the way a mineral reflects light a Luster b Streak c Color d Cleavage 32 What is caused by the presence of trace elements in a mineral? a Luster b Hardness c Streak d Color 33 What describes the way a mineral feels? a Texture b Luster c Streak d Hardness 34 A mineral is if it can be mined for profit a An ore b A crystal c An igneous rock d A rock 35 A mineral's is the color when it is powdered a Luster b Density c Hardness d Streak 36 Metamorphic rocks form deep inside Earth from other types of rocks Which forces produce metamorphic rocks? a Rain and snow b Extreme pressures, temperatures and fluids c Strong winds and earthquakes 37 Earth materials that become cemented and hardened form: a Igneous rock b Metamorphic rock c Sedimentary rock d Crystal 38 Salt and sulfur are common a Minerals b Crystals c Metamorphic rocks d Sedimentary rocks 39 Characteristics that are used to identify rocks and minerals: a Ore b Physical properties c Crystal structures d Chemical composition 40 Hornfel is example of a Sedimentary rock b Metamorphic rock c Mineral d Silicate 41 The process of breaking down of rocks into smaller particles is called: a Weathering b Erosion c Sedimentation 42 Sedimentary rocks are formed by the: a Weathering and erosion of rocks b Deposition, compaction and cementing of sediments c Solidification of molten rock such as lava 43 In a river, deposition of sediments occurs most in water flow which is: a Fast b Slow c Turbulent 44 The name given to layers of sedimentary rock is: a Strata b Deposition c Compaction 45 Cementation of sedimentary rocks is the result of the chemical named: a Hydrochloric acid b Calcium carbonate c Sodium chloride 46 Igneous rocks such as basalt that cools quickly have crystals that are: a Small b Large c Non-existent 47 Which of the following is correctly arranged in order of increasing grain size? a Silt, sand, gravel, clay b Clay, silt, sand, gravel c Silt, sand, clay, gravel d Silt, clay, sand, gravel 48 Minerals are: a Similar to rocks in the fact that they are made of minerals b Similar to rocks because they have types: metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary c Different than rocks because they are made of chemicals 49 A(n) is a solid in which the atoms are arranged in repeating patterns a Atom b Crystal c Rock d Magma 50 How crystals of salt form? a From solution b From magma c In glacial ice d Inside caves 51 When magma cools quickly, crystals form, and when it cools slowly, crystals form a Large, large b Small, large c Shiny, dull d Broken, crystals 52 What is a rock with mineral grains too small to see with the unaided eye called? a Aphanitic b Glass c Phaneritic d Porphyritic e Tuff 53 What is a rock with both large and microscopic mineral grains called? a Aphanitic b Glass c Phaneritic d Porphyritic e Tuff 54 What is a rock with mineral grains that are all big enough to see with the unaided eye called? a Aphanitic b Glass c Phaneritic d Porphyritic e Tuff 55 What is a rock made of unordered atoms called? a Aphanitic b Glass c Phaneritic d Porphyritic e Tuff Glass is rock lacking an ordered atomic arrangement, usually because it formed too fast for crystallization to take place Obsidian, pumice, and 'Pele's hair' are examples 56 Which term describes the composition of the earth's mantle? a Felsic b Intermediate c Mafic d Ultramafic Ultramafic refers to minerals that are made almost entirely of ferromagnesian minerals, such as the peridotite (made of olivine and pyroxene) of the earth's mantle 57 Which term describes the composition of a basalt? a Felsic b Intermediate c Mafic d Ultramafic Mafic refers to rocks high in magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe), such as basalt The term 'basaltic' is a synonym 58 Which term describes the composition of a granite? a Felsic b Intermediate c Mafic d Ultramafic Felsic refers to rocks high in feldspar and silica The term 'granitic' is a synonym 59 Which of the following rock types is most derived (most different) than the earth's mantle due to repeated magmatic differentiation (partial melting, crystal settling, etc.)? a Andesite b Basalt c Diorite d Granite e Peridotite Granite is the most derived rock on the list, containing the greatest quantity of low temperature, low density, light colored minerals (quartz, K-feldspar, etc.) 60 When a basalt undergoes partial melting, what kind of rock generally forms from the resulting magma? a Andesite b Basalt c Granite d Peridotite e Rhyolite 61 Which rock is the fine-grained equivalent of granite (same composition but aphanitic)? a Andesite b Basalt c Komatiite d Obsidian e Rhyolite f Rhyolite is the fine-grained equivalent of granite (both of felsic composition) 62 Which rock is the coarse-grained equivalent of basalt (same composition but phaneritic)? a Diorite b Gabbro c Granite d Peridotite e Pumice Gabbro is the coarse-grained equivalent of basalt (both of mafic composition) 63 Which rock is the coarse-grained equivalent of andesite (same composition but phaneritic)? a Diorite b Gabbro c Granite d Peridotite e Pumice Diorite is the coarse-grained equivalent of andesite (both of intermediate composition) 64 Which of the following rocks contains the most quartz (the lowest temperature mineral on Bowen's Reaction Series)? a Andesite b c d e Basalt Komatiite Obsidian Rhyolite Rhyolite and granite, being felsic, contain abundant quartz 65 Which of the following rocks contains the most olivine (the highest temperature mineral on Bowen's Reaction Series)? a Diorite b Gabbro c Granite d Peridotite e Pumice Peridotite and komatiite, being ultramafic, are composed mostly of olivine (the most abundant mineral in the earth's mantle) 66 Which of the following rocks is pyroclastic? a Diorite b Gabbro c Granite d Peridotite e Tuff Tuff, welded tuff, and volcanic breccia are examples of pyroclastic (ejected) rocks 67 Which type of pluton is planar (sheet-like) and discordant (cuts across existing geologic structures such as rock layers)? a Batholith b Dike c Laccolith d Sill e Volcanic neck Dikes are planar and discordant, and when weathered they often stick out of the ground as fins 68 Which type of pluton generally contains granite? a Batholith b Dike c Laccolith d Sill e Volcanic neck Batholiths are generally filled with granite Viscous granitic (felsic) magma has a hard time ever reaching the earth's surface 69 Which igneous rock is composed of unusually large crystals? a Granite b Pegmatite c Volcanic breccia d Welded tuff e Xenolith Pegmatite is the name given to igneous rocks with unusually large (sometimes gigantic) crystals 70 What factor primarily controls the viscosity, and therefore the explosiveness, of a magma? a Dissolved gasses b Pressure c Silica content d Temperature The extent of bonding between silicon-oxygen tetrahedra is the primary factor controlling magma viscosity The extensive linkages in a granitic magma are what make it so viscous 71 Which rock shown in the figure cooled the fastest? a b c d glassy coarse-grained fine-grained porphorytic Glassy obsidion cools the fastest, making a rock with no visible grains 72 According to the figure, what types of minerals are ultramafic a b c d feldspar and quartz feldspar and biotite amphibole and pyronene pyroxene and olivine 73 An igneous rock with two distinct grain sizes has a texture a felsic b coarse-grained c porphyritic d fine-grained 73 What process results in the exfoliation (concentric fracturing) of granite domes? a Dissolution b Frost wedging c Hydrolysis d Oxidation e Unloading Exfoliation is one type of unloading that applies primarily to granite batholiths 74 Which type of weathering creates clay minerals? a Dissolution b Frost wedging c Hydrolysis d Oxidation e Unloading Hydrolysis is the conversion water-poor minerals (in igneous and metamorphic rocks) to water-rich minerals (especially clays) 75 Which type of weathering works most effectively on limestone? a Dissolution b Frost wedging c Hydrolysis d Oxidation e Unloading Dissolution is the taking into solution of simple or complex ions, such as when calcite is dissolved by water and carbonic acid 76 Which type of weathering produces cones of talus? a Dissolution b Frost wedging c Hydrolysis d Oxidation e Unloading Frost wedging splits rocks into angular fragments that fall to form talus cones 77 Which types of weathering are significantly promoted by acid rain (two correct answers)? a Dissolution b Frost wedging c Hydrolysis d Oxidation e Unloading Dissolution of many minerals, such as carbonates, is controlled by the acidity (pH) of the water Hydrolysis is promoted by the presence of hydrogen ions which are present in acidic rainwater 78 Chemical weathering always results in the creation of what kind of minerals? a Felsic minerals b Mafic minerals c High-temperature minerals d Low-temperature minerals e Non-silicate minerals Since weathering is a low-temperature process, it creates minerals that are most stable at low temperatures 79 Which of these silicate minerals is likely to be chemically weathered most easily? a Augite (pyroxene) b Hornblende (amphibole) c K-feldspar d Kaolinite (clay) e Olivine f Quartz Since olivine is the highest temperature mineral on Bowen's Reaction Series, it is the most easily weathered (chemically) at low temperatures 80 Which of these silicate minerals is unlikely to be chemically weathered? a b c d e f Augite (pyroxene) Hornblende (amphibole) K-feldspar Kaolinite (clay) Olivine Quartz Clay minerals like kaolinite are weathering products and are therefore the most stable minerals at atmospheric temperatures and pressures 81 Chemical weathering in a soil tends to create what shape of rock fragments? a Angular b Columnar c Cubic d Spheroidal e Tetrahedral As corners weather off of angular fragments, they become spheroidal 82 What is the definition of erosion? a The accumulation of sediment following transportation b The disintegration and decomposition of rocks at or near the earth's surface c The dissolution of soil components d The incorporation of and transportation of material by mobile agents such as water, wind, and ice e The transfer of rock material downslope under the influence of gravity f The washing out of fine soil components Erosion is the removal and transport of weathered material 83 What weathering products are most easily transported by water? a Clays in suspension b Dissolved ions c Pebbles d Sand grains Dissolved ions are so much a part of the water they are dissolved in that only a severe process like evaporation can remove them 84 What is the primary agent of sediment transportation from sites of weathering to sites of deposition? a Glaciers b Gravity c Plants and animals d Rivers e Wind Rivers carry sediment in solution, in suspension, and as bed load and are by far the most significant and universal transportation agent 85 Which weathering products, if present, are deposited first when a river reaches the ocean? a Clays in suspension b Dissolved ions c Pebbles d Sand grains The heaviest rock fragments are the first to be deposited 86 Which weathering products, if present, are not necessarily deposited when a river reaches the ocean? a Clays in suspension b Dissolved ions c Pebbles d Sand grains Dissolved ions are held in the water and may never be deposited 87 Soil that has been moved to a location away from its parent rock is called a residual soil b soil profile c organic-rich soil d transported soil 88 How are soil textures classified? a acidity b grain size c horizon b climate 89 Which type of soil develops in mid-latitude forests? a Laterite b Pedalfer c Pedocal Pedalfers have moderate leaching and are found in mid-latitude forests 90 Which type of soil is heavily leached, with most of the calcite and silica removed? a Laterite b Pedalfer c Pedocal Laterites have extensive leaching and are found in tropical rain forests 91 Which type of soil contains caliche due to minor leaching? a Laterite b Pedalfer c Pedocal Pedocals have carbonate (caliche) accumulation and are characteristic of deserts 92 What rock is defined as having angular-shaped clasts? a Breccia b Conglomerate c Sandstone d Shale e Siltstone Breccia is defined as a coarse detrital rock with angular clasts 93 What is the most abundant type of sedimentary rock? a Conglomerate b Evaporites c Limestone d Sandstone e Shale Shale is by far the most abundant sedimentary rock type 94 Which sedimentary rock tends to be fissile? a Conglomerate b Evaporites c Limestone d Sandstone e Shale Shale is soft and fissile, meaning that it splits into very thin layers 95 Which sedimentary rock is made of clay minerals? a Conglomerate b Evaporites c Limestone d Sandstone e Shale Shale is composed almost entirely of clay minerals 96 What is a sandstone with a high feldspar content? a Arkose b Chert c Graywacke d Quartz sandstone e Siltstone Arkose is a sandstone with appreciable quantities of feldspar 97 Which rock is not a form of limestone (i.e made of calcite)? a Chalk b Chert c Coquina d Micrite e Travertine Chert is made of silica (quartz) though it is often found as nodules in limestone 98 Which of these rocks is not detrital (clastic)? a Arkose b Breccia c Dolostone d Graywacke e Quartz sandstone Dolostone is a calcium/magnesium carbonate precipitate 99 What is coal made of? a Altered peat b Augite c Biotite d Hornblende e Olivine Coal is made of peat (plant debris) that has been heated and compacted for a long period of time 100 Which type of limestone is inorganic in origin? a Chalk b Coquina c Coral reef d Micrite e Oolitic limestone Oolitic limestone is made of tiny pearl-like ooids which are of inorganic origin 101 Which sedimentary rock type is likely to be formed in the most offshore environment? a Conglomerate b Limestone c Sandstone d Shale e Siltstone Limestone often forms offshore where clastic particles are not available to contribute to the sediment 102 What term refers to the degree of uniformity of clast size in sedimentary rocks? a Compaction b Eluviation c Facies d Grading e Sorting Sorting concerns the uniformity of particle size within a sedimentary rock 103 The the total surface area, the chemical weathering that can occur a b c d greater, same greater, more greater, less smaller, more 104 What type of weathering involves changes in the size or shape of the rock? a physical weathering b pressure weathering c chemical weathering d hydrolysis 105 How does temperature affect chemical weathering? a It affects the rate of weathering b It affects the amount of oxygen involved in weathering c It affects the type of weathering d It is an agent of weathering 106 What processes aid in the formation of sediments? a weathering and metamorphism b deposition and solidification c weathering and erosion d erosion only 107 Dissolution is an example of a limestone b physical weathering c erosion d chemical weathering 108 What is the most likely way for rock at the bottom of the land in the figure to be exposed to sunlight a b c d weathering and erosion metamorphism intrusive cooling fossil digging 109 Which of the following is an example of a fossil? a a dinosaur bone b a leaf imprint c all of the above d a marine worm burrow 110 Which of these metamorphic rocks breaks along foliation lines? a Gneiss b Marble c Quartzite d Schist Schist is foliated and breaks easily along foliation planes 111 Which metamorphic rock is foliated but does not generally break along the foliation planes? a Gneiss b Marble c Quartzite d Schist Gneiss is foliated but has a granular texture and doesn't break easily along foliation planes 112 What is the usual orientation of foliation? a Horizontal, the same as sedimentary beds b Vertical and parallel to stress c Vertical and perpendicular to stress d Random orientation Foliation forms at right angles to the stress applied 113 What sequence of rock types will shale pass through with successively higher grades of metamorphism? a Shale, phyllite, gneiss, schist, slate, partial melting b c d e Shale, phyllite, gneiss, slate, schist, partial melting Shale, phyllite, slate, schist, gneiss, partial melting Shale, slate, phyllite, gneiss, schist, partial melting Shale, slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, partial melting 114 What is the order of index mineral appearance from low grade to high grade metamorphism? a Chlorite, biotite, muscovite, garnet, staurolite, sillimanite b Chlorite, muscovite, biotite, garnet, staurolite, sillimanite c Chlorite, muscovite, biotite, garnet, sillimanite, staurolite d Muscovite, biotite, garnet, staurolite, sillimanite, chlorite e Muscovite, chlorite, biotite, garnet, staurolite, sillimanite 115 What silicate mineral is found in metamorphic rock of all grades? a Biotite b Chlorite c Feldspar d Garnet e Muscovite Feldspar occurs in all grades of metamorphic rock 116 What is a rock called when it has both a metamorphic and an igneous component? a Hornfels b Migmatite c Mylonite d Phyllite e Quartzite Migmatite results from partial melting of a rock 117 What process often results in the production of valuable metal ore deposits a Deep burial b High grade metamorphism c Hydrothermal activity d Low grade metamorphism e Subduction zone metamorphism Hydrothermal activity transports metal ions into sites of concentrated deposition 118 What type of metamorphism exhibits high temperature but low pressure? a Contact metamorphism b Fault zone metamorphism c Regional metamorphism Contact with hot magma bakes surrounding rocks but often exhibits little pressure on them 119 What type of metamorphism exhibits both high temperature and high pressure? a Contact metamorphism b Fault zone metamorphism c Regional metamorphism Regional metamorphism involves high temperature and high pressure 120 In what plate tectonic setting does regional metamorphism usually take place? a Convergent plate boundaries b Divergent plate boundaries c Transform plate boundaries d Plate interiors Convergent boundaries create lateral pressure and thicken continental crust which leads to regional metamorphism 121 What are flat continental areas with exposed igneous and metamorphic rocks called? a Plains b Platforms c Mylonites d Salt flats e Shields Shields are flat continental areas with exposed 'basement' rocks 122 Where does most energy on Earth come from? a The Sun b The Moon c Coal d The decay of radioactive elements 123 Why scientists interpret crude oil to have originated from once-living organisms? a Low levels of oxygen in ocean sediments preserved organic matter b Crude oil is a mixture of organic compounds c Sedimentary rocks associated with crude oil contain living organisms d All of the above 124 What type of coal burns the most efficiently? a Bituminous b Peat c Lignite d Anthracite 125 How can coal be classified? a geologic period during which it formed b amount of pressure and time for formation c type of biomass d temperature of formation 126 Many different types of fossil fuels exist, but they all originated from a b c d Metamorphism and partial decomposition of plants Ocean sediments Organic matter trapped in sedimentary rocks Anthracite coal 127 Which of the following energy resources is renewable? a Coal b Hydroelectric power c Natural gas d Nuclear energy e Petroleum Hydroelectric power is always available because the hydrologic cycle, driven by the sun, is always providing rivers with new water 128 Which energy resource derives its energy from the earth's interior? a Fossil fuels b Geothermal energy c Hydroelectric power d Nuclear energy e Solar energy Geothermal energy comes from heat stored within the earth 129 What is the most abundant pollutant from fossil fuel combustion? a Carbon monoxide b Nitrogen oxides c Particulates d Sulfur oxides e Volatile organics 130 What geologic structures usually form the largest petroleum traps? a Anticlines b Dikes c Faults d Synclines e Unconformities Anticlines make natural petroleum traps because they are shaped like up-side-down bowls for rising hydrocarbons to collect in 131 Which rock type makes a good cap rock for oil and gas reservoirs? a Conglomerate b Granite c Limestone d Sandstone e Shale Shale, being abundant and impermeable, is the most common cap rock 132 Which type of mineral deposits are segregated by density? a Evaporite deposits b Hydrothermal deposits c Metamorphic minerals d Placer deposits e Weathering products Placer deposits are worked by river or wave action such that denser constituents are concentrated in stream beds or beach deposits 133 What is the concept that adding or removing a weight from the earth's crust causes it to depress or rebound? a Continental drift b Isostasy c Plate tectonics d Rifting e Seafloor spreading Isostasy refers to a flotation type of equilibrium in vertical crustal movements 134 What name did Alfred Wegener give to his theory of horizontal crustal movements? a Continental drift b Isostasy c Plate tectonics d Rifting e Seafloor spreading 135 What finally convinced geologists that the continents did move? a Dinosaur distributions b Lystrosaurus in Antarctica c Mantle convection d Paleomagnetism e The mid-Atlantic ridge 136 What is the character of magnetic anomalies on the seafloor? a They occur in stripes that parallel mid-ocean ridges and are offset along transform faults b They occur in stripes that run perpendicular to mid-ocean ridges and parallel transform faults c They occur in stripes that parallel continental margins and transform faults d They occur in stripes that run perpendicular to continental margins and parallel to transform faults e They occur in stripes that parallel transform faults and end at mid-oceanic ridges Magnetic anomalies occur in stripes that parallel mid-ocean ridges and are offset along transform faults 137 What theory did magnetic anomalies on the seafloor give rise to? a Continental drift b c d e Isostasy Plate tectonics Rifting Seafloor spreading 138 What is the current comprehensive theory of horizontal crustal movements? a Continental drift b Isostasy c Plate tectonics d Rifting e Seafloor spreading 139 What is the age order of sea floor types (the crust underlying them) from oldest to youngest? a Abyssal hills, abyssal plains, mid-ocean ridge, continental shelf b Abyssal plains, abyssal hills, mid-ocean ridge, continental shelf c Continental shelf, abyssal plains, abyssal hills, mid-ocean ridge d Mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hills, abyssal plains, continental shelf e Mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains, abyssal hills, continental shelf 140 What does plate tectonic theory predict about the distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes? a They should be evenly distributed throughout the earth b They should occur primarily along plate boundaries c They should occur primarily in deep ocean basins d They should occur primarily on continents e They should only occur along continental margins 141 What has become accepted as the primary mechanism for seafloor spreading? a Density differences in the crust b Gravitational and tidal forces c Mantle convection cells d The pole-fleeing force e Weight of seafloor sediments [...]... cycle, driven by the sun, is always providing rivers with new water 128 Which energy resource derives its energy from the earth' s interior? a Fossil fuels b Geothermal energy c Hydroelectric power d Nuclear energy e Solar energy Geothermal energy comes from heat stored within the earth 129 What is the most abundant pollutant from fossil fuel combustion? a Carbon monoxide b Nitrogen oxides c Particulates... Convergent boundaries create lateral pressure and thicken continental crust which leads to regional metamorphism 121 What are flat continental areas with exposed igneous and metamorphic rocks called? a Plains b Platforms c Mylonites d Salt flats e Shields Shields are flat continental areas with exposed 'basement' rocks 122 Where does most energy on Earth come from? a The Sun b The Moon c Coal d The... the most offshore environment? a Conglomerate b Limestone c Sandstone d Shale e Siltstone Limestone often forms offshore where clastic particles are not available to contribute to the sediment 102 What term refers to the degree of uniformity of clast size in sedimentary rocks? a Compaction b Eluviation c Facies d Grading e Sorting Sorting concerns the uniformity of particle size within a sedimentary... continental shelf e Mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains, abyssal hills, continental shelf 140 What does plate tectonic theory predict about the distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes? a They should be evenly distributed throughout the earth b They should occur primarily along plate boundaries c They should occur primarily in deep ocean basins d They should occur primarily on continents e They should only... of angular fragments, they become spheroidal 82 What is the definition of erosion? a The accumulation of sediment following transportation b The disintegration and decomposition of rocks at or near the earth' s surface c The dissolution of soil components d The incorporation of and transportation of material by mobile agents such as water, wind, and ice e The transfer of rock material downslope under... products Placer deposits are worked by river or wave action such that denser constituents are concentrated in stream beds or beach deposits 133 What is the concept that adding or removing a weight from the earth' s crust causes it to depress or rebound? a Continental drift b Isostasy c Plate tectonics d Rifting e Seafloor spreading Isostasy refers to a flotation type of equilibrium in vertical crustal movements... most abundant sedimentary rock type 94 Which sedimentary rock tends to be fissile? a Conglomerate b Evaporites c Limestone d Sandstone e Shale Shale is soft and fissile, meaning that it splits into very thin layers 95 Which sedimentary rock is made of clay minerals? a Conglomerate b Evaporites c Limestone d Sandstone e Shale Shale is composed almost entirely of clay minerals 96 What is a sandstone with