national resources and development

HANOI UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF ACCOUNTING AND BUSINESS MANAGEMENT -  - ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN SEA TOPIC: NATIONAL RESOURCE AND DEVELOPMENT INSTRUCTOR: Dr NGUYEN TRONG DAC GROUP CLASS: QTKDT- K57 FULL NAME STUDENT’s CODE Nguyen Thi Kim Dung 576629 Dang Thi Huyen Nhi 576056 Nguyen Thi Hong 571678 Nguyen Dinh Viet 576669 Group Page Hanoi-2014 Abstract Every country in the world takes full advantage of “resources” Resources is overall of country’s position, natural resources, country asset system, labor resources, government policies, capital and market and so on from inside and outside the country that can be exploited to get economic development or economic growth of certain country Resources are not invariable It changes in time and place and people can change them to get benefit for themselves Resources can be divided into two kinds: National resources and foreign resources National Resources (or domestic resources or internal forces) include natural resources, human resources, country asset system and policies National resources play a decided role in each country Foreign Resources (or external forces) include science and technology, capital, experience about organizing and managing business and so on that come from outside (foreign countries) Foreign Resources also play an important role in each country, especially developing country National and foreign resources, in fact, have close relationship It’s assist, cooperative and complement relationship based on equalitarian and respecting exclusive rights each others The common trend of a lot of countries nowadays is trying to combine national resources and foreign resources into general power for sustainable development But, in our presentation today, we are very happy to tell you about national resources and development For detail, we will talk about factors belonging national resources: natural resources, labor resources, financial resources, and science and technology resources Introduction Southeast Asia is a region of Asia, including the countries located south of China, east of India and north of Australia, 4,494,047 km² wide and includes 11 countries: Brunei, Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam, also a place in Papua New Guinea.In 2009, the population of the area up to 578.6 million people, in which Indonesia has the largest population (more than 231 million people), Singapore has the smallest population (more than million people) and Vietnam is the fourth country about population with more than 87 million people, density of 263 people per square Economic activity in this region stretches from the Stone Age with hunting and gathering to slash and burn, from commercial agriculture of the colonial period to the current export of labor, raw materials, textiles, and computer components Throughout history Southeast Asia has been one of the Group Page world’s poorest regions But nowadays, despite the persistent global economic weakness, South-East Asia continues to show signs of strong growth rates, sign of development on domestic demand Development may refer to The systematic use of scientific and technical knowledge to meet specific objectives or requirements An extension of the theoretical or practical aspects of a concept, design, discovery, or invention The process of economic and social transformation that is based on complex cultural and environmental factors and their interactions 4.The process of adding improvements to a parcel of land, such as grading, subdivisions, drainage, access, roads, utilities Development economics is that a branch of economics that focuses on improving the economies of developing countries and development economics considers how to promote economic growth in such countries by improving factors like health, education, working conditions, domestic and international policies and market conditions It examines both macroeconomic and microeconomic factors relating to the structure of a developing economy and how that economy can create effective domestic and international growth Resources is the overall geographical location, natural resources, the national financial system, human resources, policy guidelines, and capital markets in both domestic and overseas that can be exploited to serve the economic development of a given territory Resource is not immutable It changes over space and time and people can alter their resources in their favor But in this report, we will just research the economic development relations under the national resources view of four main fields: human resources, natural resource and environment, financial capital, science and technology Content Part A: Natural resource and environment for development I Concept of Natural resources II Environment for development III Real situation of some countries Part B: Labor resource and economic development I Concept of Human Resources II Characteristics III Analyze the role of Human Resource for Economic Development IV Solution for human resource development Part C: Financial capital for development I Concepts Group Page Sources of financial capital Applying financial capital through some countries Part D: Science and technology resource and development I Introduced II The Importance of S&T to Development III The impact of science and technology for the development of the US economy II III Part A: Natural resources and environment for development The flows of nonfood and nonfuel materials through the economy have significant impact on our lives and the world around us Growing populations and economies demand more goods, services, and infrastructure In1900, on a per-weight basis, almost half of the materials consumed were from renewable resources, such as wood, fibers, and agricultural products, the rest being derived from nonrenewable resources By 1995, the consumption of renewable resources had declined dramatically, to only percent of total consumption Since the beginning of the 20th century, the types of materials consumed have significantly changed Natural resources are the basis of natural production process It is the source material for both direct service life, has served for economic development The richness and diversity of natural resources create important advantages for the development Besides, geographical location create facilitate or cause difficulties in the exchange, access, or the development between regions within countries, between different countries In the trend of integration of the world economy, geographic location is a resource that helped shape the most profitable in the international division of labor I Natural resources for development Natural resources play a significant role in economic development Out of all those natural resources; some are exhaustible or nonrenewable type such as minerals and oils which can be used only one time Once exhausted, they are depleted completely But some others, like land, water, fisheries and forests are renewable or inexhaustible in nature If proper care is taken, they can be utilized endlessly Hence for sustainable development, careful use of the exhaustible resources and maintenance of the quality of renewable resources are needed For that, certain objectives should be followed But, first of all, we are going to talk about some characteristics of natural resources Concept of natural resources Natural resources occur naturally within environments that exist relatively undisturbed by humanity, in a natural form A natural resource is often characterized by amounts of biodiversity and diversity of earth material existing in various ecosystems Or another way, natural resource is anything that people can use which comes from nature People not make natural resources, but gather them Group Page from the earth Examples of natural resources are air, water, wood, oil, wind energy, hydro-electric energy, iron, and coal Refined oil is not a natural resource because people make it The demand for resources can change with new technology, new needs, and new economics Some material can go completely out of use, if people not want it any more Demand of natural resources is very high, but availability is very low Some characteristics of natural resources Resources have three main characteristics: utility, limited availability, and potential for depletion or consumption Resources have been variously categorized as biotic versus a biotic, renewable versus non-renewable, and potential versus actual, along with more elaborate classification ∗ ∗ All of them are formed originally It means that natural resources experience the formation and development processes of the history Natural resources are allocated irregularly among different areas/regions on the earth, depending on geological construction, climate of each region Almost all of them are rare, so people must have the sense in protecting and saving natural resources in using process Classification of natural resources ∗ Natural resources are so rich and diversified They include types of energy (solar energy, wind energy, tide energy, ), atmosphere, water, land, living things (plants and animals) Natural resources are indispensable for all the production activities of society Natural resources Renewable resources Nonrenewable resources (Air, wind, sunlight, tidal energy, heat energy in the ground) Can recover: land, water, animals, and plants) Group Page Cannot recover: mines and minerals ∗ ∗ Renewable resources – Renewable resources can be replenished naturally Some of these resources, like sunlight, air, wind, etc., are continuously available and their quantity is not noticeably affected by human consumption Non-renewable resources – Non-renewable resources either form slowly or not naturally form in the environment Minerals are the most common resource included in this category Some resources actually naturally deplete in amount without human interference, the most notable of these being radio-active elements such as uranium, which naturally decay into heavy metals Of these, the metallic minerals can be re-used by recycling them, but coal and petroleum cannot be recycled With the method of classification above, we have appropriate policies of using and exploiting natural resources that are efficient and good for the environment.(Vang, 2005) Natural resources management Natural resource management is a discipline in the management of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of life for both present and future generations Management of natural resources involves identifying who has the right to use the resources and who does not for defining the boundaries of the resource The resources are managed by the users according to the rules governing of when and how the resource is used depending on local condition A successful management of natural resources should engage the community because of the nature of the shared resources the individuals who are affected by the rules can participate in setting or changing them Some countries have plenty natural resources and manage well; some countries don’t develop although they have abundance natural resources, because of managing bad But many countries that they have poor resources, but they know how to manage still develop Roles of natural resources for economic development In recent years economists have recognized that, along with physical and human capital, environmental resources should be viewed as important economic assets, which can be called natural capital However, the services provided by natural capital are unique Natural environments, especially natural resources are necessary and indispensable elements in production process of human society The natural resources itself cannot produce goods, material for social But if we don’t have natural resources, there are no production processes  Scale and speed of development of production and social depend heavily on natural resources Natural resources are usually base to develop some exploiting industries, processing industries and provide materials for other economic industries, so they contribute to transfer the economic structure in the nation The richness of natural resources, especially energy helps a nation depend less than other Group Page ones and that nation can grow stably, independently when the world market of natural resources is unstable Natural resources contribute to the process of capital accumulation (export) With most of the countries, capital accumulation requires a long process, related to the national consumption and the attraction of foreign investment However, many countries have a large amount of natural resources; they can shorten the process of capital accumulation by exploiting raw materials to sell for creating the original capital of their nations Natural resources set the direction of socio-economic development  Natural resources play significant roles in economic development Group Page Distribution of national resources in Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is rich in forest, mineral, and water resources, especially some of the largest remaining stands of primary forest Indonesia, Malaysia, and Myanmar are all major log exporters The region also has some of the world’s largest deposits of coal, tin, nickel, copper, and gold Indonesia is the major exporter of coal and metal ores Group Page Natural resource-rich Indonesia flourished as raw material demand in China soared Indonesia is world's largest coal, tin and nickel production national; and by far this country is the largest exporter of palm oil in the world Economic development and natural resource protection Economic system and eco-environmental system not harmonize each other, but they show clear conflicts in the development of modern society One of the main reasons is to make the economy and to gain the economic goals, so eco-environmental relations are ignored They not apply the advance of science and technology in protecting and improving natural resources as well as the environment To the developing countries, natural resources have a big role, contributing significantly to the growth rate of economy But, if they overexploit these natural resources, ecological system will be disturbed and environmental pollution will increase rapidly from time to time That is the big consequence due to economic development without caring about environmental protection Environment for development II Economic and social development is the process of improving the living conditions of physical and human spirit through the production of material goods, improving social relationships, improving the quality of culture Development is the general tendency of the individual and mankind in the process of living Between environment and development has the closely relationship: environment is the geographical and the objects of the development, but development is the causes of environmental changes All of Southeast Asia falls within the warm, humid tropics, and its climate generally can be characterized as monsoonal The animals of Southeast Asia are diverse; on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra, the Orangutan (man of the forest), the Asian Elephant, the Malayan tapir, the Sumatran Rhinoceros and the Bornean Clouded Leopard can be also found The trees and other plants of the region are tropical; in some countries where the mountains are tall enough, temperate-climate vegetation can be found These rainforest areas are currently being loggedover, especially in Borneo Environment and two kinds of environment Environmental is including natural factors and man-made material factors closely related to each other, surrounded by humans and affected life, production, survival and development of human and natural In short, the environment is everything around us, for us the basis to survive and thrive ∗ Natural environment include natural factors such as chemistry, biology that exists outside the will of man, but also affected by human activities Natural environment give the air we breathe, Group Page land for housing construction, propagation, breeding , give people the kind of mineral resources needed for production, consumption, and a place to contain, waste assimilation, give us beauty ∗ for recreation, to make human life more abundant The social environment is overall relations between people Those are the rules, institutions, committed, regulations, assess at various levels such as the United Nations, the Association of State, national, provincial and district authorities, village, they minorities, families, groups, religious organizations, unions Social environment is driven by human activity in a certain framework, creating collective strength facilitate the development, making the lives of other people with other organisms Roles of environment in human life and economic development 2.1 In human life ∗ Containing and providing resources for the production process ∗ Being ideal living space for animals and humans ∗ Containing waste of human (it’s the vital function of environment) ∗ Storing and providing information to human 2.2 In economic development The main reason is that in our society the environment has become a scarce resource Since economics is about how to deal with scarce resources, it can often be useful when tackling environmental problems One way of using economics is to ensure that the costs and the benefits of environmental measures are well balanced Although it is difficult to estimate costs and benefits, there is an increasing demand that this is done before environmental policy is decided on a European level With the use of market-based instruments, environmental goals can sometimes be reached more efficiently than with traditional command and control regulations Economic and environmental objectives are often perceived as being contradictory It is believed that a choice must be made between one and the other and that both cannot be achieved concurrently The facts shows that they this perception is wrong, and that economy and environment can go together For example, a true and success story of European Unions Wind power generation capacity increased by nearly 19% in 2006 and photovoltaic solar power capacity shot up by 57% The technology for wind energy is now competitive Its costs have decreased by around 3% per year over the last 15 years For solar photovoltaic cells, unit costs have fallen tenfold over the past 15 years This is a direct result of economies of scale and technological and process breakthroughs Employment in the renewable energies sector is predicted to increase quickly as the shift towards clean energy production It is expected that the sector will have up to million additional jobs by 2010 taking into account jobs lost in the conventional energy sector Group Page 10 b) System of compulsory saving Authority of Singapore housing development has made housing program called Housing for People, in parallel with the implementation of austerity dawn universal policies that put money in savings required in central fund style CFF was launched in 1955 with the purpose of securing funds for retired workers and voluntary savings From 1965 onwards government policy implementation details combat force; people need income to your salary must pay 20-25% of their income On the actual rate of savings deposits has increased from 10% in 1955 to 50% in 1984 to be the state deposits So deposit will be one part of the field when drawn c) Model of state financial company Temasek - an investment group owned by the state, under the Ministry of Finance of Singapore, was established in 1974, has the function of representing the owners and managers of state-owned capital investment by the Government in the DN - also very focused on their appointments in the Board of Directors of the Company has equity of the Government to strengthen the ability of management or supervisory activities of the member companies, directions of the company in line with the strategic development of the Group Depending on the rate of capital investment holding, Temasek to exercise the rights of owners in administration and supervision of company operations, key personnel decisions, approving investment or different business as Fan or a capital contribution to the company Vietnam Regarding to using financial capital in developing economic, Vietnam on the other hands show the limitations and weaknesses The following report in the respect of investing from state budget in facts will support an overview of the problem in Vietnam 2.1 Scale and Structure of capital 2.1.1 Scale of capital In the period from 2005 to 2012, the proportion of development investment capital of social always occupied very high in GDP (up to 46.52% in 2007) However, this ratio tends to decline, until 2012 only 33.5% of GDP Group Page 34 In the period from 2009-2012, the share of investment in GDP by region ownership decreased (State economic zone - 11% and the economy -3.96% and non-state sector FDI 18.54%) The decline in the proportion of investment / GDP of the region is due to the policy of the State Audit cut public investment in recent years (table1: table of source of development investment period from 2005-2012) According to table the total development investment capital of social has continued to increase from 343,135 in 2005 to 989,300 billion in 2012 (increase of 2.88 times) In particular, the region's fastest rising FDI (4.5 times); followed by economic region outside the state (2.95 times) and finally the state economic zone area 2.32 times In general, for development investment capital increased during the period from 2005 - 2012, however, tend to slow down in all regions (in 2012 just more than 64 805 billion in 2011), especially in the past years, a total investment of state was no longer dominates the area behind the non-state economy 2.1.2 Structure of capital Development Investment capital from State economic area tends to reduce the proportion of the whole period 2005-2012 from 47% to about 37% The ratio of development Investment capital from non-state area unchanged during this period Regional FDI has contributed to the increase in development investment capital be considered a good sign The proportion of capital contribution of the area increased from 14.89% in 2005 to 23.2% in 2012 In total, the value of the state capital from 2005 - 2012, investment from the state budget has been increasing over the years This reflects the increase in public spending of state for economic development - social in recent years Group Page 35 During 2005 - 2012, the ratio of investment from the state budget / total capital of the State is always the highest proportion rising and falling but not all (in 2005-2010 to 55.6% on average accounted for, even 2008 and 2009 was 60%, 44.8% in 2010, 52.1 in 2011 and 2012 is 54.8%) Figure: structure capital from state budget within total investment capital of government 2.2 effectiveness of capital Through the above data can be seen, the total investment of the public sector in 2005 2012, investment from the state budget has always accounted for the largest volume compared with other sources This reflects the increase in public spending of state for economic development - social However, when compared with the efforts to cut public spending through the budget targets are not achieved effective in 2012, the proportion of investment from the state budget is up to 54.8% Group Page 36 Through these calculations, we found the efficiency of investment from the state sector can be divided into two periods: From 2005-2009, ICOR increases although the rate of investment from the state sector to GDP does not increase the state sector but also decreased during this period, but the creation of added value has decreased, leading to a value of ICOR area increasing rapidly, despite efforts to cut, investment restrictions of the state sector In particular, investment from the state budget has the largest proportion is also one of the causes of the inefficiency of public sector investment in general From 2010-2012, ICOR tends to decrease, demonstrating the effectiveness of regional investment SAV has gradually improved in a positive direction However, overall for the period 2005-2012, the effect of state economic regional investment is still very low when ICOR value is 8.58 Group Page 37 On average, the period 2000-2012, development investment from state budget, considering from aspects of employment for employees ineffective However, this can be explained as follows: the trend, the state sector should decrease the proportion of GDP, capital and labor due to the openness of the market mechanism and the rules binding upon enter the World Trade Organization (WTO) State economic zone is characterized by inefficiency, inflexible Therefore, employees are drawn from the area is not necessarily a negative sign Part D: Science and technology resources in national development I, Introduced Science and Technology (S&T) are critical inputs for economic development and Poverty alleviation Advances in scientific and technological knowledge made possible the significant reductions of poverty and improvements in the quality of life in both developed and developing countries throughout the 20th century Science is the systematic way of acquiring knowledge through observation and experimentation, whereas technology is the practical application of science Technology is used to design products that improve the quality of human life Science is a systematic way of acquiring knowledge about a particular field of study According to Science Made Simple, a leading website in scientific education, science helps us to gain knowledge, through an organized system of observation and experimentation This system is used to describe different natural phenomena The aforementioned description is that of pure science, and biology, chemistry, physics and Earth science are the basic fields of pure science Technology can be defined as the products, tools and processes used to accomplish tasks in daily life According to Use of Technology, technology is the application of science to solve Group Page 38 a problem Technology involves the application of engineering and applied sciences to solve the practical problems of human lives Technology are basically human knowledge that is used to create products and artifacts with the help of innovative tools, systems and materials Technology is used for communication, manufacturing, learning, securing data and transportation; it is often a consequence of science and engineering, but technology as a human activity precedes the other two fields II The Importance of S&T to Development Science and technology are intimately connected with development because they have a historical record of bringing advances that have led to healthier, longer, wealthier and more productive lives and they are key ingredients to solutions to the most serious poverty alleviation and economic development challenges that we currently face and are likely to face in the future In Agriculture: In the domain of food security, advances in S&T provided the foundation for the Green Revolution, and have allowed food prices to remain at historical lows for the past several decades Improved knowledge of plant biology and breeding techniques led to better seeds and cultivation practices that drastically increased yields Not surprisingly, Africa, the region of the world with the lowest indicators for S&T capacity, has had the greatest difficulty in capitalizing on and benefiting from the Green Revolution Throughout the rest of the developing world, yields rose much faster than the population increased, mitigating pressures to extend cultivation to scarce additional land It is estimated that, without the scientific advances of the past 50 years, an additional land area the size of Europe would be required to produce the world’s current agricultural output Nonetheless, over 800 million people remain food insecure, and global food production will have to double in the next 30 to 50 years to keep pace with growing demand Rapid advances in the understanding of plant biology and related areas (especially via genomics) hold hope for solutions to problems as varied as increased productivity, nutritional content of food, food as a carrier of vaccines, soil/land degradation, post-harvest loss, and drought and pest resistance Unfortunately, the majority of cutting edge research in these fields is performed in private laboratories and focuses on profit opportunities in OECD countries rather than on issues that are of greatest concern to the being well of poor people Group Page 39 In healthy Health is both a cause and a consequence of poverty Over the past century, science and technology provided the basis for the largest ever aggregate improvements in human health Life expectancy is up sharply worldwide [See Figure on the following page] Certain scourge disease has been eliminated, (e.g., smallpox)while the morbidity and mortality associated with everyday health-related events like childbirth and routine infectious disease have declined sharply In health, the cumulative effects of scientific advances are very evident: while health indicators have always varied with income, during the 20th Century, the same real increase in income led to progressively greater health improvements As knowledge accumulates, the same money buys increasingly better health Still, progress is good but uneven The developing world still accounts for a disproportionate amount of the global burden of disease, and research spending on health is severely skewed away from the concerns of developing countries Far too many countries are trapped in cycles of “high-fertility, high mortality” that the world’s betteroff countries have broken Indoor air pollution, dysentery, water-borne disease (e.g., cholera), vector-borne disease (e.g., malaria, dengue, etc.) and AIDS account for millions of deaths annually and are hitting hardest the countries that are least prepared and can least afford to deal with them Some of these issues can be addressed using current knowledge, (e.g., dysentery) while still others require scientific breakthroughs in S&T (e.g., AIDS and malaria) Figure illustrates changes in life expectancy at birth in the developing world, presented by region, as compared to the developed world As the figure shows, from 1960 to 1998 many regions have begun to catch up to the high income countries’ average life expectancy However, the grim improvements in some regions, such as Sub-Saharan Africa, illustrate the need for continued attention to the inequities in health attainment Figure 1: Life Expectancy at Birth in the Developing World Source: World Bank Group Page 40 Energy: Despite its importance to economic growth and poverty alleviation, energy continues to be exploited in a short-sighted and unsustainable way Unfortunately many countries are promoting fossil fuel energy policies and practices that are causing environmental degradation at the local (particulates and smog), regional (acid deposition) and global (climate change) scales, leading to significant loss of human life and ecological damage Currently, two billion people in the world are without electricity A central question to be answered in addressing the energy needs of this one third of earth’s population is—how we adequately address the growing energy needs of the world’s population without exploiting the natural resource base and compromising the environment? Modern clean, renewable energy technologies (e.g., solar, wind, modern biomass) need to be developed further and there needs to be an increase in the efficiency and sustainability of energy use in transportation, industry, and housing Depending upon projections of population and economic growth, technology change and the growth rate of different information markets and governance structures, global primary energy use by 2100 is predicted to range from a low of 514 EJ to a high of 2,683 EJ, while CO2 emissions are predicted to increase to between 2.7 Gt and 36.7 Gt Group Page 41 Source: World Bank For Economic Growth Science and technology are strategically important to economic opportunity and growth For many years policymakers have suspected a close link between economic growth and productive investments in S&T, and now mounting evidence supports this, in three principal ways First, since the industrial revolution, rich (developed) countries have had the most S&T capacity and have grown fastest From 1870 to the present, scientifically- and technologicallyadvanced countries have become increasingly wealthy, and their rates of growth have not diminished as this occurred [Pritchett, Divergence Big Time 1995] Second, returns to R&D have been shown to be consistently positive and high across virtually all industries examined, in the developed and (more recently) the 10 developing world These findings have helped establish a correlation between innovation and growth In a host of categories, different measures of knowledge inputs to production continue to increase, and measures of the returns to these inputs outstrip those to less knowledge-intensive production The evidence confirming the positive returns to investments in knowledge is vast Recent meta-analyses summarized 57 Group Page 42 published studies of rates of return to industrial R&D at both the firm and the industry level [OECD 2001] and 292 published studies of agricultural R&D demonstrated consistent high double digit returns Moreover, as the recent flagship report on closing the gap in education and technology confirmed, within the context of the knowledge economy framework, the “interaction between technology and skill is critical in determining growth, productivity and the distribution of earnings.” Third, and perhaps most important from the perspective of the World Bank, technological capacity appears to be contributing to accelerated growth in some large developing countries (e.g., China, India, Brazil, Mexico, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia) High tech manufacturing exports have grown faster than all other categories and developing countries are gaining a larger share of this expanding trade These developing countries, which are now benefiting from a combination of technological capacity, openness to trade and other comparative advantages (such as lower wages), are also experiencing accelerated rates of economic growth What is more, the countries benefiting are home to over half the world’s population, and more than half of the world’s poor Additional evidenceshows that incomes of poor people are rising proportionally with growth rates Table 4a and Figures 4b and 4c on the following page present the quantitative evidence for the correlation between increased technology content of exports and GDP growth Table 4a: High Tech Manufactured Exports by Are Growing Faster than all Other Technological Categories (Lall, 1998) Product Category Resource-based Low Tech Medium Tech High Tech Total 1980 share (%) of 1996 share (%) of Annual average total trade total trade growth rate, 1980-96 19,5 13,7 5,7 25,3 21,3 6,9 38,6 37,2 7,8 16,5 27,7 11,6 100 100 100 Source: World Bank Figure 4b: Increases in High Tech Manufactured Exports… Source: World Bank Group Page 43 Figure 4c: …Correlate with GDP Growth Source: World Bank III The impact of science and technology for the development of the US economy Since the mid-twentieth century, the US became the world's leading nation in scientific and technological progress US leadership position in the world is because it has a long-term policy on science and technology and the cost of research and development R & D major Group Page 44 The cost of R & D of America and the OECD Targets Costs for R&D of America(billions USD) The cost of the 27 OECD countries for R&D(billions USD) The proportion of the cost of the US on 27 OECD countries (%) 1989 143,8 1991 160,7 1993 165,0 1995 179,1 1996 184,7 1998 198,3 317,4 363,8 382,2 409,7 412,9 445,2 45,3 44,2 43,5 43,6 44,7 44,5 Proportion of the cost of R & D to GDP of some industrialized countries Countries American England Netherlands Germany France Italia Japan 1990 2,8 2,18 2,15 2,75 2,41 1,3 3,04 1997 2,54 2,05 2,02 2,25 2,34 1,13 3,02 Source: Wikipedia Group of high-tech products in the US nawm90 including: missile systems and aircraft universe, genetic engineering, electronic systems, information technology and communications, medical products, agricultural products industrial laser technology, The total value of exports of all kinds of high technology products of the US from 1990 to 1996mdat 615.9 billion, of which the electronic engineering, aircraft, space equipment and information technology and communications accounted for 91-93% In human history, S & T plays a very important role Today the achievements of science and technology, particularly in the first half of the 20th century changed the basic picture of the world, particularly in the context of each country S & T is increasingly becoming a driving force for development of socio-economic and sustainable development both in the political system, economic system, social security, food safety, mining and rational use of resources and Group Page 45 environmental protection Therefore, strategies and policies in science and technology to legal process of a scientific, towards the innovation and sustainable development of the country are all developed countries and developing countries concerned Strategy, policy science and technology improvement, right, in accordance with the laws of nature, society, with high legality will facilitate opening the possibility to mobilize national resources, resources resource reserves, mineral, human and financial resources of the country Conclusion Economic development is the process of growing up in all aspects of the economy It includes economic growth and at the same time completes the structural, institutional, economy and quality of life Want to economic development; it’s primarily to economic growth, but not any economic growth that can lead to economic development In the 1960s and 1970s, the new Marxist economists (American Marxist) theorized “dependent development” The world is divided into two groups: rich countries and poor countries The development of poor countries group is "dependent development", according to growth that depends on capital, trade and technology brought from the rich countries However, the outcomes of these countries are different, depending on many other factors; one of these factors is national factors That means the country themselves use and manage well their resources to get economic development Our report, I hope, did bring to you a brief overview and some useful information about factors of national development: natural resources, human resources, capital resources and science and technology That’s all about our report Thank you so much for listening and wish you have a nice day Group Page 46 REFERENCES https://voer.edu.vn/m/nhung-van-de-co-ban-ve-von-trong-san-xuat-kinh-doanh-cua-doanhnghiep/edd4d0be https://voer.edu.vn/c/phan-loai-nguon-von-dau-tu/f42f3c90/4a5a9fc8 https://crawford.anu.edu.au/acde/asarc/pdf/papers/2004/WP2004_07.pdf http://dangkykinhdoanh.gov.vn/NewsandUpdates/tabid/91/ArticleID/569/Ti%E1%BA%BFp-c %E1%BA%ADn-ngu%E1%BB%93n-v%E1%BB%91n-c%E1%BB%A7a-doanh-nghi %E1%BB%87p-nh%E1%BB%8F-v%C3%A0-v%E1%BB%ABa-nh%C3%ACn-t%E1%BB 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http://www.uccee.org/Environmental_Pollution.html Group Page 47 http://www.varans.vn/ShowItems.asp? 10 11 actType=23&ItemID=1450&TypeGrp=1&menuid=103120&menulink=100000&menuup=1 03000 Hanoi University of culture http://huc.edu.vn/chi-tiet/1031/Nhat-Ban-khac-ta-nhung-gi-.html http://www.nature.org.vn/vn/tai-lieu/PB_QuanTriTaiNguyen_EITI_PanNature_092010.pdf wikipedia.org/ danh sach cac quoc gia Dong Nam A) http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danh_s %C3%A1ch_c%C3%A1c_qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Nam_%C3%81 Business Dictionary.com http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/development.html Investopedia http://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/development-economics.asp http://bvcmk15.vnweblogs.com/post/10575/222233 http://www.preservearticles.com/201107048726/essay-on-natural-resources.html Vang, N T (2005) tài nguyên thiên nhiên: Nhà xuất nông nghiệp http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enveco/ http://www.uccee.org/Environmental_Pollution.html http://www.varans.vn/ShowItems.asp? actType=23&ItemID=1450&TypeGrp=1&menuid=103120&menulink=100000&menuup=1 03000 10 Hanoi University of culture http://huc.edu.vn/chi-tiet/1031/Nhat-Ban-khac-ta-nhung-gi-.html 12 http://www.nature.org.vn/vn/tai-lieu/PB_QuanTriTaiNguyen_EITI_PanNature_092010.pdf http://www.cistc.gov.cn/englishversion/China_ST/China_STAdd4.asp? column=157&id=2353 14 http://www.oecd.org/science/sci-tech/1918259.pdf 15 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States 16 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/2782001089743700155/content.pdf 13 Group Page 48 [...]... regarding national resources and environment for development 1 Japan and natural resources III I will start with a question of Prof Nguyen Lan Dung: “what is different between Vietnam and Japan?” Group 6 Page 13 Japan has almost 378 thousand km2 in wide, not much more than our country(almost 330 thousand km2) but Japan consists about 6800 islands, of which only five major islands Moreover, 67% of the... be students, homemakers + The number of human resources is expressed through the criteria of scale and growth of human resources The number of human resources plays a crucial role in the development of Socio-Economics If the number does not match the social and economic development will affect that development Human resource quality The quality of Human resources evaluated by many factors such as intelligence... participation of the State, spent for formulation and implementation of the master plan for economic development - the social, territorial, urban construction and rural planning • Investment and development credit capital of state: With the innovation process and open, investment and development credit capital of state plays an increasingly significant role in the development strategy of economic - social... and includes expenditures for food subsidies, civil servant and police salaries, fuel, stationery, arms, maintenance of roads and bridges, and interest on the national debt Foreign saving is referred to as foreign aid or official development assistance, consists of grants and loans from other government or international government organizations such as World Bank 2 2.2 Relationship between Saving and. .. outside; ensuring that the development is harmonious, balanced and long durable 4.3 The role of cultural and economic development • Firstly: Cultural and Economic dialectical relationship with each other Culture is not only just a goal, but it also is the driving force in the process of economic development Each step of the economic growth creates new development of culture; cultural development also promotes... order to mobilize social resources for the training of human resources, the government encourages and creates favorable conditions for the formation of the educational system of vocational training in companies and enterprises Not only is a national education development that Japan also attaches great importance to acquire the experience, achievements and training of human resources of other developing... fully exploited, not all the training, which affect the quality of human resources and affect the economic development - social Vietnam 2.3Healthcare for people To develop human resources in Vietnam current and long term needs to care the health of everybody and especially health of children Cannot speak to the development of human resources when born children stunted, sickly There are many policies which... factors inside and outside of each individual in working age and has capacity to work to ensure creativity and other contents for success, achieve the objectives of organization - Human resources are assessed by the quantity and quality of Human resources In terms of quantity, Human resources include: + People in working age that have a job to create income + Another people in working age and able to... resources in Singapore can be categorized into nonrenewable resources, renewable resources and water resources The conservation and management of water resource has been a huge challenge for countries across the globe In a country like Singapore, where land is at a premium, the use of land to conserve water has to be integrated with the use of land for socio economic growth Water itself being a scarce... sustainability of water resources over a period of time The Government in Singapore has taken initiatives by investing in infrastructure, upgrading technology, devising water management strategies to manage water resource Part B: HUMAN RESOURCE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT I Concept of Human Resources For each country, the human resources are the most important factors for the development of rapid and sustainable