Research objectives: Creat geographical basis by analyzing and assessing the structure of the natural synthesis to guide and organize the the sustainable development of Thai province’s agriculture and forestry. The direction and solutions for the organization of the territorial space for the purpose of rational using the natural resources and sustainable development.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MINISTRY OFTRAINING EDUCATION AND AND TRAINING VIETNAM ACADEMY OF VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SCIENCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY Graduate UniversityofofScience Scienceand and Technology Graduate University Technology - LE THINGUYET NGUYET LE THI ANALYZING THE STRUCTURE THE NATURAL ANALYZING THE STRUCTURE OF THEOF NATURAL SYNTHESIS SYNTHESIS OF THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE WITH PURPOSES OF THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE WITH PURPOSES OF OF REASONABLE USE NATURAL RESOURCES AND REASONABLE USE OFOF NATURAL RESOURCES AND SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABLE Speciality Speciality Natural geography : : Natural geography Code Code : : 6262 4444 02 02 17 17 SUMMARY OF GEOGRAPHY DOCTOR THESIS SUMMARY OF GEOGRAPHY DOCTOR THESIS HA NOI - 2015 HA NOI - 2015 Thesis was completed at the : Thesis was completed at the : Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Technology Science and Technology Advisors: Dr Nguyen Lap Dan Advisors: Ass.Prof.Dr Nguyen Van Cam Dr Nguyen Lap Dan Ass.Prof.Dr Nguyen Cam Van Critic 1: Prof.Dr.Sc Pham Hoang Hai Critic 2: Ass.Prof.Dr Nguyen Thuc Nhu Critic 3: Ass.Prof.Dr Tran Viet Khanh Critic 1: Prof.Dr.Sc Pham Hoang Hai Critic 2: Ass.Prof.Dr Nguyen Thuc Nhu Critic 3: Ass.Prof.Dr Tran Viet Khanh The thesis is protected before thesis assess Council of the Graduate University level, meeting at: at……… hour,……………….……, 2015 The thesis is protected before thesis assess Council of the Graduate University level, meeting at: at……… hour,……………….……, 2015 This thesis can be found from the National Library and Graduate University of Science and Technology,s Library This thesis can be found from the National Library and Graduate University of Science and Technology,s Library OPENING THE URGENCY OF THIS THESIS Thai Nguyen province is considered the cultural and economic central of Northern midlands and mountainous region This province has strategic position, natural conditions and resources that favor the development However, till this day, the province’s economic development is generally not up to its potential, the living of its ethnic minorities is still poor and hard Moreover, under the pressure from population growth and with out-dated technology, the province’s economic, which is heavily depended on natural resources, will easily be lagging behind Thai Nguyen needs to have a change in pace and reform to be worthy of its tradition and to make use of its potential From Thai Nguyên’s navigation of development to 2020, the economic structure will be Industry - Services – Agriculture As a midlands and mountainous province with majority of the people work in agriculture and forestry, these fields can contribute greatly to province’s development Under this navigation, province’s agriculture and forestry will be changed into the way of intensive farming, high productivity There are already researches and projects every year which continuously help boosting the province’s and forestry However, they only stay in their objectives of serving restricted purpose, not have the intention of analyzing and planning the whole territory To solve this realistic problem and help improve the economic and social development of the province, I present the thesis: “Analysis of the structure of the natural synthesis of Thai Nguyen province for the purpose of rational using the natural resources and sustainable development" RESEARCH’S MISSION Creat geographical basis by analyzing and assessing the structure of the natural synthesis to guide and organize the the sustainable development of Thai province’s agriculture and forestry RESEARCH’S COVERAGE - To establish the rationale and methodology - Analyzing the structure of the natural synthesis to find the rule differentiation and specificity - Use ecological suitability assessment methods to assess Thai Nguyen province’s structure of the natural synthesis for the purpose of developing agriculture and forestry - Propose the direction and solutions for the organization of the territorial space for the purpose of rational using the natural resources and sustainable development SCOPE OF THE STUDY OF THE THESIS 4.1 Territorial scope The researched territory includes the whole Thai Nguyen province, from the coordinates 21019'N to 22003'B and 105029'E to 106015'E, with administrative units: Thái Nguyên City, Sơng Cơng commune, Định Hóa district, Võ Nhai district, Đại Từ district, Phú Lương district, Đồng Hỷ district, Phú Bình district, Phổ Yên district 4.2 Scientific scope - Analysis of structural diversity of synthesis natural of Thai Nguyen province The studied synthesis are similar with the inner landscape, theoretically there are many landscape concept, in practice, Thai Nguyen province territorial has been exploited for a long time, virtually there is no longer pristine landscape of the so-called synthesis natural position Landscape structure including spatial structure, function structure and landscape dynamic - Use ecological suitability assessment methods to assess Thai Nguyen province’s structure of the natural synthesis for the purpose of developing agriculture and forestry - Assessed Subjects: The author assess the suitability for forestry development (3 forest types by functions: protective forests, special-use forests, productive forest); agricultural development (tea, soybean, rice and evaluate the development of pastures) ARGRUMENTS - 1st Agrument: Natural synthesis structure of Thai Nguyen province shows the diversity of distribution and complexity, is both deeply influenced by azonal rule, and also follows the rules of zonal and is strongly influenced by the human’s activities; formed a system of landscape units include: system of landscape, sub-system of landscape, landscape classes, landscape sub-classes, two types of landscape and 85 landscapes - 2nd Argument: Use ecological suitability assessment methods to assess 85 landscapes of Thai Nguyen province for economic and environmental protection purposes This is an important basis for the proposed organizing the using of territory for sustainable development of Thai province’s agriculture and forestry NEW POINTS OF THE THESIS - Analysis the diversity of natural synthesis structure of Thai Nguyen province Establish classification system for the natural synthesis structure and build the Landscape map of Thai Nguyen in /100,000 scale - Assessing the degree of adaptation of the natural synthesis structure of Thai Nguyen province for forestry development (development of protective forests, special-use forests, productive forest), for agricultural development (tea, soybean, rice and evaluate the development of pastures) Build the Assessment of the adaptation degree Map of Thai Nguyen in /100,000 scale - Propose the direction and solutions for the organization of the territorial space for forestry and agricultural sustainable development Build the Forestry and agricultural development orientation map /100,000 scale THE SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANT OF THESIS 7.1 Scientific significant The thesis contributes to improve ecological suitability assessment methods natural synthesis structure for the rational use of natural resources and sustainable development The results of the thesis will be useful resources to serve the research mapping the landscape, landscape assessment maps, orientation map for development of agriculture and forestry for the territorials with similar conditions 7.2 Practical significant The research results of the thesis will be the scientific basis for spatial territorial planning of agriculture and forestry of Thai Nguyen to 2020, with vision to 2030 THESIS STRUCTURE The thesis has chapters: Chapter 1: Rationale of analyzing the natural synthesis structure for the purpose of rational using the natural resources and sustainable development Chapter 2: Analysis the diversity of natural synthesis structure of Thai Nguyen Chapter 3: Assessing the natural synthesis structure of Thai Nguyen province for forestry and agricultural sustainable development Chapter 4: Orientate the agriculture and forestry territorial of Thai Nguyen province Chapter RATIONALE OF ANALYZING THE NATURAL SYNTHESIS STRUCTURE FOR THE PURPOSE OF RATIONAL USING THE NATURAL RESOURCES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 1.1 THE SIMILARITY OF MEANING BETWEEN THE CONCEPTS OF NATURAL SYNTHESIS STRUCTURE AND LANDSCAPE IN THIS THESIS Modern natural geographical modern views on relationships and interdependencies among the components that make up the natural synthesis natural position at different levels, be it at the level of small to supply the planet's largest Landscape study is part of the natural geography, the study of synthesis natural scale and the local area as part of the shell structure of geography (Ixatrenko, 1991) According to the research there are three concepts about landscape scenery (depending on the contents of the study wants to express): Landscape as a general concept, synonymous with the overall site and place system ( F.N Minkov, D.L.Armand ); Landscape is the classification of units (B.B.Polunov, N.A Gvozdetxki, ); Landscape as individual units (N.A.Xolsev, A.G.Ixatxenko, Vũ Tự Lập ) According to authors Nguyen Cao Huan, Pham Hoang Hai, Nguyen Thanh Long no matter what the perspective from which the landscape is viewed the landscape is still seen as a natural synthesis, while the difference of the on the notion that the landscape is considered units of any level units, the landscape is defined and shown on any map in a way, manner or inductive interpretation For Thai Nguyen, the body naturally synthesized by the author of the thesis research has similarities with the inner landscape, because so many concepts as landscape analysis, in fact, the provincial territory Taiyuan to be exploited for a long time, virtually no primary features of the landscape socalled synthesis natural position as Vu Tu Lap was later called the geographical system without known as the landscape or individual scenes as previous studies The author also inherited the research to go ahead, as is the integrated landscape natural nature type, is associated with the ecological criteria and the extent of human impact 1.2 RESEARCHED PROJECTS OVERVIEW 1.2.1 The study of landscape structure and landscape assessment for the purpose of rational use of the territory 1.2.1.1 Researchs around the world a The study of the structure, function, dynamics of landscape The concept of landscape structure is currently ununified, there are many definitions of landscape structure In general, the author refers to the spatial structure (including vertical structure and the horizontal structure) and the dynamics of the landscape (the change of landscape structure over time ) The study of landscape structure catch attention of authors such as V.X Preobrajenxki, N.A Xoltsev (1947.1971), X.V Kalexnik (1978), Bastian and Steinhardt (2002), As researching on the role of components of the landscape structure, there are also some different concepts Some authors suggested that these components have equal roles in the forming the landscape as reflected in their levels of conservative or advance Some authors suggested that the functional role of each component in the formation of landscapes is different, an example of this second group is N.I Xoltxev According to him, each component of the landscape has different impact levels, in which the temperature - humidity and organisms are components of the transformation of geographic system, these components have the highest fluctuation According Ixatrenko (1969), the distinction of key components as dominant or dependent are only relatively, only makes sense in a time rather than the historical development of the landscape Research of the function is also mentioned in many works: AG Ixatrenko (1961), Forman (1981), De Groot (1992) Just as structural studies, research landscape features many different concepts According A.G Ixatrenko (1961), functional landscape is "general exchange, physical transformation of material and energy in the landscape", and Forman (1981) re-define "the energy flow, nutrient and biological material between landscape elements " Besides, the function of the landscape is also understood as the benefits that people obtain from the properties and processes of landscape acccording to Niemann (1977), De Groot (1992) In landscape planning there is also a common term multifunctional landscapes (especially in Europe) b The study of the landscape classification system Along with the system partition of the author: Xoltxev (1958.1960); M.I Mikhainov (1962); V.I Prokaev (1967), is the classification system landscape of the author A.G Ixatrenko (1961), N.A Gvozdexki (1961), V.A Nhicolaev (1966), P.W Mitchell and I.A Howard (FAO- 1978) Between the landscape classification system where the number of criteria, hierarchical classification levels are not the same because different authors based on the characteristics of their studied territory and the scale of the maps they established c Research on the landscape assessment Landscape assessment was reviewed from the 70s of XX century in many different aspects, such as the study of LI Mukhina (1973), Kunhixki (1973) Following the previous landscape assessment methods, many technic landscape assessment technics are given such as: evaluating the economic efficiency by means of analyzing the cost - benefit (Alfred Mashall and Zvoruvkin KB 1968) Research and evaluate in a more integrated comprehensive way from nature to economic – social and environmental is mentioned in the work of FAO in land evaluating since the 1980s (particularly since the 1990s) so far (FAO, 1993) 1.2.1.2 Vietnamese’s Researchs a Researchs of the landscape structure, function, dynamics First mention the study of landscape structure in Vietnam was in Vu Tu Lap’s researches In the "Geographical landscape of northern Vietnam", he has researched the vertical structure of the landscape in northern Vietnam, specified the involvement of the natural elements in the creation, development of the landscape The horizontal structure of the landscape across North Vietnam was the studied by the author from the bottom up, from levels and types of geographic The research of Pham Quang Anh has introduced the concept of ecological landscape structure, which is an "ecological economic model" with three modules: natural module, module of human society and production module which take the territory landscape as the basis The researches of authors Pham Hoang Hai, Nguyen Thuong Hung, Nguyen Ngoc Khanh in the "The landscape basis of the rational using of natural resources, environmental protecting Vietnam", have studied characteristics of natural elements of Vietnam - one of the basic factors to create vertical structure of the landscape; research of classification units, the classification criteria applied to the landscape map of Vietnam ratio of / 1,000,000; at the same time, study characteristics functional structure, dynamics features of the tropical monsoon landscape of Vietnam Also, we need to mention the research of the author Nguyen Cao Huan "Analysis of the functional structure of the tropical geography for the purpose of rational using and protection of the nature"; authors Truong Quang Hai, Thinh Nguyen, Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang “landscape assessment for the purpose of development of agriculture, forestry and tourism in karst areas in Ninh Binh Province ", b Researchs of Landscape Classification System Foremost to mention is the works of Vu Tu Lap (1976) which gave a classification system for geographic landscape of northern Vietnam with levels The landscape classification system of Pham Quang Anh developed in map scale of 1: 2,000,000 (1983) based on the classification system of Nhicolaiev, including levels The landscape classification system by Nguyen Thanh Long et al 10 levels The classification system of the authors Pham Hoang Hai, Nguyen Thuong Hung, Nguyen Ngoc Khanh includes levels c Researchs on the landscape assessment Since 1980 , studies about assessment of the landscape have developed The research of Vu Tu Lap (1982) "Methodology and research, evaluation methods of synthesis natural conditions and territorial planning" and especially the research of Nguyen Cao Huan (2005 ) "Assessing the landscape according to ecological economics approach," research of Pham Hoang Hai " Adaptive evaluation method for geographic subjects" (2004) 1.2.2 Research on rational use of natural resource sand sustainable development of agriculture The notables includes the "Strategic Orientation for sustainable development in Vietnam” (21st Agenda of Vietnam) which was approved by the Prime Minister in 2004, a number of research projects for sustainable development of agriculture includes:Franck Jesus’ research "Sustainability of agricultural development in northern Vietnam," the study of Dang Van Phan Vu Nhu Van, Le Trong Cuc, Ha Van Hanh, Hoang Duc Triem 1.2.3 Researches on the territory of Thai Nguyen 1.2.3.1 Researches on the components of the landscape - In geology, topography - geomorphology and minerals: The works of authors Vu Tu Lap, Le Duc An, Vuong Dinh Khanh, studies of authors Tran Viet Khanh, Nguyen Thi May - In climate: the works of Pham Ngoc Toan Phan Nguyen Tat Dac and Nguyen Duc Ngu on climate in Vietnam in general and the work of the authors Nguyen Thi Hien, Mai Trong Thong also mentioned the area Thai Nguyen Province - In Soils: in 2000, the Department of Natural Resources and Environment has planned projects for Thai Nguyen province’s land using in the period from 1999 to 2010, the People's Committee of Thai Nguyen; Government (2006), "Resolutions on the adjustment of planning the using of land in 2010 and plans to use the land for years (2006-2010) in Thai Nguyen" - In hydrological: There is work by Nguyen Lap Dan, Nguyen Thi Thanh Bang in project EU, STD3 - CT94 - 0310 Recently, work by the Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Thai Nguyen province - In biological: Since 1993, the Institute of Forest Inventory and Planning Institute has built a List of Bac Thai plants, notably, in 2006 with the study of Le Xuan Canh, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources 1.2.3.2 General geographic studies Research in this direction includes the works of authors Mai Trong Thong, Nguyen Khanh Van and their colleagues They have established climate map of Thai Nguyen province The studies by Nguyen Cam Van, Nguyen Thi Hong, 1.3 RATIONALE AND SYNTHESIS STUDIES METHODS IN NATURAL STRUCTURAL 1.3.1 Landscape structure 1.3.1.1 The spatial structure of the landscape - Vertical structure of the landscape is made up of related traits and relationship interactions between the constituent parts of the landscape Regarding the role of the components constituting the landscape there are many different concepts According V.X Preobrajenxki, the components have equal roles in forming the landscape reflected in the level of conservatism and advance Because the components of the landscape have the same role in the process of forming the landscape so vertical structure of landscape is in singular form Author Nguyen Ngoc Khanh (2010) has grouped the landscape components into three groups, including Inorganic material foundation (geology, topography), heat foundation (climate and hydrological), organic matter foundation (soil, biological) In addition, he also found an important role the human in the structure of landscape so he added one more component, which is the culture Some authors suggest that the functional role of each component in the formation of landscapes is different, typical of this second group is N.I Xolntxev According to him lava foundation is the dominant factor of the landscape, while biological factor depends on all other components According to Ixatrenko (1969) the division of constituents as nominant or dependant is only relatively, only makes sense in a time rather than the historical development of the landscape - Horizontal structure of the landscape: The components of the landscape also demonstrate the systematical system called horizontal structure or hierarchy Horizontal structure shows the heterogeneity of the geographic, higher the level, more complex the structure Researching horizontal structure of the landscape is very complex because it represents the intrinsic differentiation in relation to the overall composition of the landscape 1.3.1.2 Functional structure of the landscape According to authors Vu Tu Lap (1976), Truong Quang Hai (2008), the landscape has two basic functions : natural function and socio-economic functions The natural function is to receive the material flow, energy for the existence and development of the landscape Socio-economic functions is the ability to use the landscape for the purposes of socio-economic development 1.3.1.3 Dynamics of landscape The landscape is always affected during the formation, development following natural laws Motivation of development of the landscape depends on natural elements and the territory exploitation of human Rhythm and trends of the transformation depends on effect of alternative seasons on the territory However, territorial systems are also composed of society subsystems, so it is also affected by the laws of social development These elements form the mechanism motivation is critical to transform the modern landscape, which is the exploitation of human territory, balancing effect on the material, the energy of the system between two modules natural - social 1.3.2 The relationship between natural conditions, natural resources and the natural structural synthesis The relationship between natural conditions, natural resources with the components that make up the structure of natural synthesis (landscape architecture) shown in the similarities between them through the economicsocial development activities Each lanscape unit contains the characteristics natural potential and correspondes with them is the exploitation of human beings This is also the basis for organizational management and exploitation of territorial system 1.3.3 The relationship between the structure of synthesis natural and agricultural production and forestry Between landscape and agricultural production, forestry intimate relationship with each other Activities agriculture, forestry is formed and developed based on the structural components of the landscape Through this activity, the human impact on the landscape has changed the structure and its components in the direction of positive and negative 1.3.4 Sustainable development of agriculture and forestry Development of agriculture and forestry is sustainable when it is ensured on all three areas of economic, social and environmental 1.3.5 Landscape assessment and evaluation for the rational use of natural resources and sustainable development There are many methods of assessment such as: Assessing ecological adaptation (assessment of advantages), environmental assessment, landscape 11 The process of geology, tectonics is the basis of the formation and development of terrain territory Each type of terrain morphology is characterized by a certain set of bedrock In particular, geological fault system has defined the direction of the terrain to Thai Nguyen province The lava background combined with topographical features, climate, biological have stipulated the formation and characteristics of different types of soil in the area - The role of the topography for the formation and distribution of synthesis natural territory Topography is the solid foundation of the landscape, the aggregate results of the impact of internal resources and external resources through a process of historical development of long, complex Topography is one of the factors that make up the climate division of Thai Nguyen With its geographical location situated in the Midlands and Northern Mountains, Thai Nguyen influenced by the northeast monsoon, there is a cold winter in years However, due to the characteristics and differentiation terrain areas in Thai Nguyen province is characterized by different climate Topography has an impact on the hydrological characteristics of Thai Nguyen influence the flows directly to the northwest - southeast of the rivers and the transporting material Topography also affects soil characteristics, biological of Thai Nguyen through forest vegetation type and soil cover incurred Corresponding to altitudes greater than 700 m vegetation appeared some tropical species and below them is red loam soils characteristic yellow Below 700 m, soil and vegetation Thai Nguyen demonstrates the clear zonal soil is typical yellowred soil and vegetation type monsoon rainforest So, in association with geological features, tectonic terrain Thai Nguyen province is divided into the base layer, sub-class landscape b The climate is part of the dynamics of the formation and distribution of synthesis natural territory Climate is the first factors affecting the process of weathering soil formation, the distribution and hydrology, to the growth and development of the biological and create differentiation varied scenes in the territory With its geographic location in northern climates, Thai Nguyen in the system landscape monsoon Differentiation of Paternity landscape due to monsoon circulation and distribution of topography creates differentiation heat, moisture Area is influenced strongly by the northeast monsoon, so Thai Nguyen systems in sub-tropical monsoon landscape with a cold winter and a part type landscape evergreen rainforest rainy season The role of climate on the generation and distribution of landscape reflected in the impact directly or indirectly to all other natural components in the system c Hydrology is a key component in the exchange and transporting naturalsynthesis material inside the territory 12 The regular flow with activities are mainly erosion and deposition has formed the plain terrain along the river valley, forming layer plain landscape in Thai Nguyen Thanks to ingress water into the soil creating moisture in the soil, is one of the conditions of formation of soil fertility The impact of soil hydrology to Thai Nguyen also shown in shaping the kind of alluvial soils sour, beck alluvial soils, alluvial soils Glay create diversity soil, is a basis of the formation of different landscape types d Pedology is the active components in the creation and distribution of natural synthesis territory With the diversity of the lavabase, differentiation of topography, climate, has created a rich diversity of soil types in Thai Nguyen, such as alluvial soil, the land of gray, black soil, red soil gold on the rocks, humus In the division of the unit of thenatural synthesis Thai Nguyen besides these landscapes based on differentiation of vegetation, also based on the differentiation of specific types of land of the province e Organisms has an important role in the adjustment, recovery and energy metabolism of natural synthesis territory The vegetation is the most important criteria in split level style landscape Under conditions incurred, landscapes Thai Nguyen province is evergreen rainforest rainy season in many different soil types In the division of the unit natural synthesis structure type Thai Nguyen the landscape level but to rely on the differentiation of soils is also based on the division of the province of vegetation Therefore, Thai Nguyen province vegetation plays an important role in the distribution of the great landscape type of Thai Nguyen province g The role of human activities Humans both are factors forming the landscape both is impact factors alter the landscape Today, most of the natural landscape on Thai Nguyen territory has the intervention of the hand of man in these extents, in both positive and negative 2.2.1.2 The vertical divergence of the landscape in Thai Nguyen If considered as a homogeneous horizontal, the vertical structure of the Thai landscape as follows: the bottom is the kind of sedimentary, metamorphic, sedimentary limestone alternating, basic magma, volcanic and intrusive acid under complex anticlinal Thai tropical north and west tip deflection husband Chau; followed feralit soils on the different types of stone; followed by hydrological most rivers in the Pacific river systems, including two major river basins and river River Bridge Company, Taiyuan groundwater aquifers have deep mining prospects small to medium; topography typical of Thai Nguyen is a hilly and mountainous terrain running north - south; vegetation above prior to the impact of human characteristics is evergreen rainforest, tropical jungles, and now has more vegetation work as plantation workers, agricultural vegetation ; surrounded 13 on the entire territory of Taiyuan is the type of humid tropical climate monsoon, there is a cold winter 2.2.2 Horizontal natural synthesis structure of Thai Nguyen province Horizontal natural synthesis structure of Thai Nguyen shows the distribution of diverse, complex, deeply influenced by azonal rule, both follow the rules of zonal and influenced by these works human effects The structure shows the distribution of horizontal space of these landscape unit, said the relationship between these landscape unit level (system landscape, landscape patriarchy, class landscape, landscape extra class, type landscape) to low (the landscape) 2.2.2.1 The classification system the of landscape of Thai Nguyen province - The principle of mapping the landscape of Thai Nguyen province: Need to show the creation of ecological in vertical structure , Show the structural units in horizontal and reflect nutritional state succession - The method of mapping the landscape of Thai Nguyen province in the scale of / 100,000 The author uses GIS software such as MapInfo, ArcGIS handle information in the target class, the task was determined to create these map composition (scale of / 100,000), intermediate map (model some terrain elevation (DEM)), then overlay these thematic maps at / 100,000 for mapping the landscape In addition, the authors have carried out surveys in several locations in two routes in the direction east - west and north - south to examine and document the results was carried out in the office - The classification system the landscape of Thai Nguyen province for the map in scale of / 100,000 Author inherited the landscape classification VA Nhicolaev and research of the author Pham Hoang Hai and his colleagues, built landscape classification system applies to the territory of the study include these ordered level as follows: Landscape system Landscape sub-system Landscape Class Landscape Sub-class Landscape types Landscape Figure 2.1 Level classification system applied to the landscape territorial research Thai Nguyen are a midland and mountainous provinces, although majority of the terrain are low hilly but naturally different under the rule of elevations This rule has dominated the formation of two types of landscape,these are dense evergreen tropical forest landscape and dense tropical evergreen in rain season landscape in landscape classification system classification landscape including classes ò landscape - sub-class of landscape - types of landscape - 85 kinds of landscape 14 2.3 DIVERSITY IN FUNCTIONAL OF STRUCTURE OF THE NATURAL SYNTHESIS IN THAI NGUYEN 2.3.1 Functional diversity of the natural synthesis of Thai Nguyen province 2.3.1.1 The natural function a Land protection The landscape is distributed on average terrain, low mountain, hill has a deep separation and split large cross section The landscape is receiving material from the atmosphere and transport to of the sub-layers of material below Due to the steep slope, so the exogenous and related complications gravity are fast (landslide, collapse) and landslides, erosion and groundwater (limestone area), erosion, soil runoff The intensity of erosion, runoff, soil erosion will be stronger for those areas with slope, heavy rainfall and vegetation cover is destroyed Therefore, it should be planned in of the landscape planting in areas with high slopes, high rainfall and especially loss of forest vegetation cover b Watershed protection functions and environmental protection The landscape is distributed on average terrain, low mountain headwater tributary of the Cau River, Cong River, around Nui Coc Lake have an important role in regulating flow rivers should have the role of importance of watershed protection The mountain scenery on average, lower montane can both ensure the protection function protects land resources, both functional watershed protection, environmental protection 2.3.1.2 Economic - social functions a Function in forestry production and agriculture - forestry Group of functional landscapes in forestry production (production forest) and agroforestry are distributed over high hilly, in addition to distribution in lowland areas, low hill slope 15-250, on different types of land, with the current state of the vegetation are planted forests, secondary forest or scrub, grass secondary (landscape number 18, 19, 30, 32, 40, 41,44, 45, 48 ) The development of forest production and increase the production of agriculture - forestry help improve the livelihoods of mountain people, causing them to actively grow and protect special-use forests, forest protection, and ensuring the protection function of the the landscape b Functions in agricultural production and settlement An important function of the the majority of of these landscapes in the foothills and plains (slope 0-80) Fertile alluvial soil, relatively flat terrain, abundant water resources, advantageous both for human residence, both easily arable crops production, the production of food crops, industrial production - services services, infrastructure construction, the permanent buildings (landscape number 58,59,60,61,63,70,71,72,73 ) c Function manufacturing, industrial development and service e landscape keeps this function contains many elements quite special, or mines, minerals, or have the potential to develop tourism (landscape number 60,68,69,76,80,81 ) 15 2.3.2 Driving force of synthesis natural of Thai Nguyen province As of seasonal rhythm Thai Nguyen landscapes clearly shown in the nature of tropical humid monsoon, have a cold winter For a midland and mountainous province subject to the the law of elevation, the influence monsoon regime to heat, moisture is obvious Rainy season: Coincides with the hot season, starting from April to October, accounting for 85-90% of the annual rainfall Highest rainfall in July or January Thermal Gradient - abundant moisture advantageous for the development of the plant, but of the phenomenon of floods, disasters also cause difficulties for local people In this period r> 2t Dry season: Coincides with the period of the cold season, from November to March, with little rainfall, only accounted for 10-15% of the annual rainfall The dry season can be divided into two periods: the early winter, because cold air mass, dry so little rain; Last winter, cold air and moisture due to the drizzle This period r