Preparation For TOEFL Sentences with one clause Some sentences in English have just one subject and verb, and it is very important for you to find the subject and verb in these sentences In some sentences, it is easy to find the subject and verb However, certain structures, such as object of prepositions, appositives, and participles, can case confusion in locating the subject and verb because each of these structures can look like a subject or verb The object of the preposition can be mistaken for a subject Câu với mệnh đề Therefore, you should be able to the following in sentences with one subject and verb: (1) be sure the sentence has a subject and a verb, (2)be careful of objects of prepositions and appositive when you are looking for the subject, and (3) be careful of present participles and past participles when you are looking for the verb Do đó, bạn phải có khả làm việc sau câu có chủ ngữ động từ: (1) bảo đảm câu có chủ ngữ động từ, (2) thận trọng túc từ giới từ đồng vị bạn tìm chủ ngữ (3) thận trọng phân từ phân từ khứ bạn tìm động từ Skill 1: Be sure the sentence has a subject and a verb Kỹ 1: bảo đảm câu có chủ ngữ động từ You know that a sentence in English should have a subject and a verb The most common types of problem that you will encounter in the Structure section of the TOEFL test have to with subjects and verbs: perhaps the sentence is missing either the subject or the verb or both, or perhaps the sentence has an extra subject or verb Bạn biết câu tiếng Anh phảI có chủ ngữ động từ Các loại câu hỏi thờng gặp section Cấu trúc thi TOEFL có liên quan đến chủ ngữ động từ: câu bị thiếu chủ ngữ thiếu động từ thiếu hai, câu thừa chủ ngữ động từ This sentence has a subject (boy) and has part of a verb (going ); to be correct, some form of the verb be is needed to make the sentence complete Answer (A) and (B) are incorrect because the sentence already has a subject (boy) and does not need the extra subject he Answer (C) is incorrect because relaxing is an extra verb part that is unnecessary because of going Answer (D) is the best answer; will be together with going is a complete verb Câu có chủ ngữ boy có phần động từ ( going); muốn cho câu đúng, cần có dạng động từ be để hoàn chỉnh câu Các câu trả lời (A) (B) sai câu có chủ ngữ (boy) không cần thêm chủ ngữ he Câu trả lời (C) sai relaxing phần động từ thừa có going Câu trả lời (D) ; will be với going động từ hoàn chỉnh Một số câu tiếng Anh có chủ ngữ động từ, bạn cần tìm chủ ngữ động từ câu số câu dễ tìm chủ ngữ động từ Tuy nhiên, số cấu trúc, nh túc từ giới từ, đồng vị, phân từ gây nhầm lẫn việc xác định vị trí chủ ngữ động từ cấu trúc trông giống nh chủ ngữ động từ Túc từ giới từ bị nhầm lẫn với chủ ngữ â 2007 All rights reserved by Dinh Van www.tienganhtructuyen.com / www.toeflvietnam.sky.vn The following chart outlines what you should remember about subjects and verbs: Preparation For TOEFL Bảng sau phác thảo điểm bạn cần nhớ chủ ngữ động từ subjects and verbs: chủ ngữ động từ A sentence in English must have at least one subject and one verb Mỗi câu tiếng Anh phải có chủ ngữ động từ Skill 2: Be careful of objects of prepositions Kĩ 2: Hãy thận trọng túc từ giới từ An object of a preposition is a noun or Túc từ giới từ danh từ a pronoun that comes after a đại từ xuất sau giới preposition, such as in, at, of, to, by, từ, nh in, at, of, to, by, behind, on, v.v để thành lập cụm giới từ behind, on, and so on, to form a prepositional phrase ( After his exams) Tom will take a trip (by boat) This sentence contains two objects of Câu có hai túc từ giới từ prepositions: Exams is the object of the Exams túc từ giới từ after preposition after and boat is the object boat túc từ giới từ by of the preposition by An object of a preposition can cause Túc từ giới từ gây nhầm confusion in the Structure section of the lẫn section cấu trúc thi TOEFL test because it can be mistaken TOEFL bị nhầm với chủ for the subject of the sentence ngữ câu Example With his friend found the movie theater (A) has (B) he (C) later (D) when In this example you should look first for the subject and the verb You should notice the verb found should also notice that there is no subject Do not think that friend is the subject; friend is the object of the preposition with, and one noun can not be both a subject and an object at the same time Because a subject is needed in this sentence, answer (B) ,he, is the best answer Answer (A), (C) and (D) are incorrect because they can not be subjects Trong ví dụ trên, bạn phải tìm trớc hết chủ ngữ động từ Bạn phải ý động từ found phảI ý chủ ngữ Đừng nghĩ friend chủ ngữ, friend túc từ giới từ with danh từ vừa làm chủ ngữ vừa làm tân ngữ lúc Vì câu cần chủ ngữ, câu trả lời (B), he, â 2007 All rights reserved by Dinh Van www.tienganhtructuyen.com / www.toeflvietnam.sky.vn Các câu trả lời (A), (C), (D) sai chúng chủ ngữ The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about objects of prepositions Preparation For TOEFL Bảng dới phcá thảo thông tin quan trọng túc từ giới từ mà bạn cần nhớ: objects of prepositions túc từ giới từ A preposition is followed by a noun or pronoun that is called an object of the preposion If a word is an object of a preposion, it is not the subject Giới từ đợc theo sau danh từ đại từ đợc gọi túc từ giới từ Nếu từ túc từ giới từ, chủ từ NOTE: A lengthy list of prepositions and practice in recognizing prepositions can be found in Appendix D at the back of the text You may want to complete these exercises before continuing with Exercise Ghi chú:Một bảng kê dài giới từ tập thực hành nhận biết giới từ đợc tìm they Phụ lục D phía sau sách Bạn muốn hoàn chỉnh tập trớc tiếp tục với Bài tập Skill 2: Be careful of appositives Kĩ 2: Hãy thận trọng đồng vị Appositives can cause confusion in the Đồng vị gây nhầm lẫn section cấu Structure section of the TOEFL test trúc thi TOEFL bị because it can be mistaken for the nhầm với chủ ngữ câu Đồng vị subject of a sentence An appositive is a danh từ xuất trớc sau noun that comes before or after another danh từ khác có nghĩa noun and has the same meaning Sally, the best student in the class, got an A on the exam In this example Sally is the subject of the sentence and the best student in the class can easily be recognized asan appositive phrase because of the noun student and because of the commas The sentence says that Sally and the best student in the class are the same person Notice that if you leave out the appositive phrase, the sentence still makes sense ( Sally got an A on the exam) Trong ví dụ trên, Sally chủ ngữ câu the best student in the class dễ dàng đợc nhận biết cụm từ đồng vị nhờ danh từ student nhờ hai dấu phẩy Trong câu này, Sally the best student in the class ngời Chú ý bạn bỏ cụm từ đồng vị, câu có nghĩa ( Sally got an A on the exam) The following example shows how an appositive can be confused with the subject of a sentence in the Structure section of the TOEFL test Ví dụ sau cho thấy cách đồng vị bị nhầm với chủ ngữ câu section cáu trúc thi TOEFL â 2007 All rights reserved by Dinh Van www.tienganhtructuyen.com / www.toeflvietnam.sky.vn In this example you should recognize from Example 1: the commas George, that George is not thethe subject _, is attending lecture of the George is an appositive (A)sentence Right now Because this sentence still needs a subject , (B) Happily answer (D), my of friend, is the best answer (C) Because the time Answer (A),(B), (D) My friendand (C) are incorrect because they are not subjects Trong ví dụ trên, bạn phảI nhận biết từ dấu phẩy George kông phảI chủ ngữ The next example shows that an appositive does not always come after the subject; an appositive can also comes at the beginning of the sentence Preparation For TOEFL câu George đồng vị Vì câu cần chủ ngữ, câu trả lời (D), my friend Các câu (A), (B), (C) sai chúng không phảI chủ ngữ Ví dụ cho thấy đồng vị không phảI lúc xuất sau chủ ngữ; đồng vị xuất đầu câu â 2007 All rights reserved by Dinh Van www.tienganhtructuyen.com / www.toeflvietnam.sky.vn Preparation For TOEFL Example 2: _, Sarah rarely misses her basketball shots (A) An excellent basketball player (B) An excellent basketball player is (C) Sarah is an excellent basketball player (D) Her excellent basketball play In this example you can tell that Sarah is Trong ví dụ bạn biết Sarah the subject and misses is the verb because chủ ngữ misses động từ there is no comma separating them In the dấu phẩy ngăn cách chúng ậ chỗ trống space, you should put an appositive for bạn phảI điền vào đồng vịcho Sarah,và Sarah, and Sarah is an excellent basketball Sarah excellent basketball player, player, so Answer (A) is the best answer (A0 câu trả lời (B) Answer (B) and (C) are incorrect because (C) sai câu trả lời đềucó động từ is, they each contains a verb is, and an đồng vị không cần động từ, appositive does not need a verb Answer (D) có danh từ, play, đồng vị, (D) contains a noun, play, that could nhng play không giống vối Sarah, possibly be an appositive , but play is not trả lời sai the same as Sarah, so this answer is not correct The following chart outlines the key Bảng dới phác thảo thông tin quan information that you should remember trọng mà bạn cần nhớ đồng vị about appositive Appositive đồng vị An appositive is a noun that comes before of after another noun and is generally set off from the noun with commas If a word is an appositive, it is not the subject The following appositive structures are both possible in English S APP Tom, a really good mechanic, APP S A really good mechanic, Tom SKILL 4: BE CAREFUL OF PRESENT PARTICIPLES A present participle is the ing form of the verb (talking, playing ) In the structure section of the TOEFL test a present participle can cause confusion because it can be either a part of the verb or an adjective It is parts of the Đồng vị danh từ đứng trớc sau mot danh từ khác thờng nđợc phân cách với danh từ hai dấu phẩy Nếu từ đồng vị, không phảI chủ ngữ Hai cấu trúc đồng vị sau tiếng Anh V is fixing the car V is fixing the car verb when it is preceded by some form of the verb be K nng 4: HY THN TRNG V PHN T HIN TI Phõn t hin ti l dng ing ca ng t( talking, playing ) Trong section cu trỳc ca bi thi TOEFL, phõn t hin ti cú th gõy nhm ln vỡ nú cú th lm mt thnh phn ca ng t â 2007 All rights reserved by Dinh Van www.tienganhtructuyen.com / www.toeflvietnam.sky.vn Preparation For TOEFL hoc lmmt tớnh t Nú l mt phn ca ng t trc nú cú mt dng no ú ca ng t be The man is talking to his friend verb In this sentence, talking is part of the verb Trong cõu ny talking l mt thnh phn ca because it is accompanied by is ng t vỡ nú cú is i kốm A present participle is an adjective Phõn t hin ti lm tớnh t nú when it is not accompanied by some form khụng cú mt dng no ú ca ng t be i of the verb be kốm The man talking to his friend has a beard Adjective In this sentence talking is an adjective and not part of the verb because it is not accompanied by some form of be The verb in this sentence is has Trong cõu ny talking l mt tớnh t, ch khụng phi l mt thnh phn ca ng t vỡ nú khụng cú mt dng no ú ca ng t be i kốm ng t cõu ny l has The following sentences shows how a present participle can be confused with the verb in the structure section of the TOEFL test Vớ d di õy cho thy cỏch mt phõn t hin ti cú th b nhm ln vi ng t section cu trỳc ca bi thi TOEFL Example: The child - playing in the yard is my son (A) now (B) is (C) he (D) was In this example if you look at only the first words of the sentence, it appears that child is the subject and playing is part of the verb If you think that playing is part of the verb, you might choose answer (B), is, or answer(D), was, to complete the verb However, these two answers are incorrect because playing is not part of the verb You should recognise that playing is a participal adjective rather than a verb because there is another verb in the sentence (is) In this sentence there is a complete subject (child) and a complete verb (is), so this setence does not need another subject or verb The best answer here is (A) Trong vớ d ny, nu bn ch nhỡn cỏc t u tiờn ca cõu, child dng nh l ch ng v playing l thnh phn ca ng t Nu bn ngh playing l thnh phn ca ng t, bn cú th chn cõu tr li (B) is, hoc (D), was, hon chnh ng t Tuy nhiờn, hai cõu tr li ny u sai vỡ playing khụng phi l thnh phn ca ng t.Bn phi nhn bit rng playing l mt tớnh t phõn t hn l mt ng t vỡ cú mt ng t khỏc cõu (is) Trong cõu ny cú mt ch ng hon chnh â 2007 All rights reserved by Dinh Van www.tienganhtructuyen.com / www.toeflvietnam.sky.vn (child ) v mt ng t hon chnh (is), vỡ vy The following chart outlines what you should remember about present participles: Preparation For TOEFL cõu ny khụng cn mt ch ng hoc mt ng t khỏc Cõu tr li ỳng nht õy l (A) Bng di õy phỏc tho nhng im bn cn nh v phõn t hin ti: Present participle Phõn t hin ti A present participle is the ing form of the verb The present participle can be (1) part of the verb or (2) an adjective.It is part of the verb when it is accompanied by some forms of the verb be It is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of the verb be Phõn t hin ti l dng ing ca ng t Phõn t hin ti cú th (1) l thnh phn ca ng t hoc (2) l mt tớnh t Nú l thnh phn ca ng t cú mt dng no ú ca ng t be i kốm Nú l tớnh t khụng cú mt dng no ú ca ng t be i kốm The boy is standing in the corner The boy standing in the corner was naughty SKILL 5: BE CAREFUL OF PAST PARTICIPLES Past participles can cause confusion in the structure section of the TOEFL test because a past participles can be either an adjective or a part of a verb The past participle is the form of the verb that appears with have or be It often ends in ed, but there are also many irregular past participles in English (See Appendix F for a list of irregular past participles.) K NNG 5: HY THN TRNG V PHN T QU KH Phõn t quỏ kh cú th gõy nhm ln section cu trỳc ca bi thi TOEFL vỡ phõn t quỏ kh cú th lm tớnh t hoc lm thnh phn ca mt ng t Phõn t quỏ kh l dng ca mt ng t xut hin vi have hoc be Nú thng tn cựng bng ed, nhng cng cú nhiu phõn t quỏ kh bt quy tc ting anh.(Xem ph lc F cú mt bng kờ phõn t quỏ kh bt quy tc.) The family has purchased a television VERB The poem was written by Paul VERB In the first sentence the past participles purchased is part of the verb â 2007 All rights reserved by Dinh Van www.tienganhtructuyen.com / www.toeflvietnam.sky.vn Preparation For TOEFL because it is accompanied by has In the Trong cõu u tiờn, phõn t quỏ kh second sentence the past participle purchased l thnh phn ca ng t vỡ nú written is part of the verb because it is cú has i kốm Trong cõu th 2, phõn t accompanied by was quỏ kh written l thnh phn ca ng t A past participle ia an adjective vỡ nú cú was i kốm when it is not accompanied by some Phõn t quỏ kh l mt tớnh t nú form of be or have khụng cú mt dng no ú ca be hoc have i kốm The television purchased yesterday was expensive The poem written by Paul appeared in the magazine In the first sentence purchased is an adjective rather than a verb because it is not accompanied by a form of be or have (and there is a verb, was, later in the sentence) In the second sentence written is an adjective rather than a verb because it is not accompanied by a form of be and have (and there is a verb,appeared, later in the sentence) The following example shows how a past participle can be confused with the verb in the Struction section of the TOEFL test Trong cõu u tiờn purchased l mt tớnh t hn l mt ng t vỡ nú khụng cú mt dng ca be hoc have i kốm(v cú mt ng t, was, phn sau ca cõu) Trong cõu th Written l mt tớnh t hn l mt ng t vỡ nú khụng cú mt dng ca be hoc have i kốm(v cú mt ng t, appeared, phn sau ca cõu) Vớ d di õy cho thy cỏch mt phõn t quỏ kh cú th b nhm ln vi ng t section cu trỳc ca bi thi TOEFL Example: The packages _ mailed at the post office will arrive Monday (A) have (B) were (C) them (D) just In this example, if you look only at the first few words of the sentencs, it appears that packages is the subject and mailed is either a complete verb or a past participle that needs a helping verb But if you look further in the sentense, you will see that the verb is will arrive You will then recognize that mailed is a participial adjective and is therefore not part of the verb Answer (A) and (B) are incorrect because mailed is an adjective and does not need a helping verb such as have or were Answer (C) is incorrect because there is no need for the object them Answer (D) is the best answer to this question The following chart outlines what you should remember about past participles: â 2007 All rights reserved by Dinh Van www.tienganhtructuyen.com / www.toeflvietnam.sky.vn Preparation For TOEFL v(B) u sai vỡ mailed l mt tớnh t v khụng cn mt tr ng t nh have hoc were Cõu tr li (C) sai vỡ khụng cn tỳc t them (D) l cõu tr li ỳng nht cho cõu hi ny Trong vớ d ny, nu bn ch nhỡn mt vi t u tiờn ca cõu, thỡ packages dng nh l ch ng v mailed l mt ng t hon chnh hoc mt phõn t quỏ kh cn mt tr ng t Nhng nu bn nhỡn thờm my t khỏc cau, Bng di õy phỏc tho nhng bn s thy ng t l will arrive Nh im bn cn nh v phõn t quỏ kh: vy bn s nhn c mailed l mt tớnh t phõn t v ú khụng phi l thnh phn ca ng t Cõu tr li (A) Past participles PHN T QU KH A past participle often ends in ed, but there are also many irregular past participles For many verbs, including ed verb, the simple past and the past participle are the same and can be easily confused The ed form of the verb can be (1) the simple past, (2) the past participle of a verb, or (3) an adjective Phõn t quỏ kh thng cú tn cựng bng ed, quỏ kh ụn gin v phõn t quỏ kh cú dng ging v cú th b nhm ln d dng.Dng ed ca ng t cú th l (1) quỏ kh n gin, (2) phõn t quỏ kh ca mt ng t, hoc (3) mt tớnh t She painted this picture She has painted this picture EXERCISE 5: The picture painted by Karen is now in a museum Each of the following sentences contains one or more past participles Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice Sentences with multiple clauses Many sentences in English have more than one clauses ( A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb) Whenever you find a sentence on the TOEFL test with more than one clause, you need to make sure that every subject has a verb and every verb has a subject Next you need to check that the various clauses in the sentence are correctly joined There are various ways to join clauses in English Certain patterns appear frequently in Englich and on the TOEFL test You should be very familiar with these patterns Cõu vi nhiu mnh Nhiu cõu ting Anh cú hn mnh (Mnh l 1nhúm t cú mt ch ng v mt ng t) Bt c no bn thy mt cõu bi thi TOEFL cú hn mnh , bn cn bo m ch ng u cú ng t v mi ng t u cú mt ch ng K n bn cn kim tra bo m cỏc mnh khỏc cõu u c kt ni ỳng Cú nhiu cỏch khỏc ni mnh ting Anh Mt s dng thc xut hin thng xuyờn ting Anh v bi thi TOEFL Bn pha tht thụng thuc cỏc dng thc ny â 2007 All rights reserved by Dinh Van www.tienganhtructuyen.com / www.toeflvietnam.sky.vn Preparation For TOEFL Skill 6: use the coordinate K NNG 6: DNG NG CC connectors correctly LIấN T KT HP When you have two clauses in an Khi bn cú hai mnh mt English sentence you must connect cõu ting Anh, bn phi ni hai mnh the two sentences correctly One way cho ỳng Mt cỏch ni hai to connect two sentences is to use mnh l dựng and, but, or, so, and, but , or, so, or yet between the hoc yet gia hai mnh clauses Tom is singing, and Paul is dancing Tom is tall but Paul is short Tom must write the letter, or Paul will it Tom told a joke, so Paul laughed Tom is tired, yet he is not going to sleep In each of these examples, there are Trong mi vớ d trờn, cú hai mnh two clauses that are correctly joined c ni ỳng bng mt liờn t kt with a coordinate conjuntion and,but, hp and,but, or, so, hoc yet v mt or, so, or yet, and a comma (,) du phy (,) The following example shows how Vớ d di õy cho thy cỏch dng this sentence pattern could be tested thc cõu ny cú th c kim tra in the Structure section of the section cu trỳc ca bi thi TOEFL test TOEFL EXAMLE A power failure occorred, _ the lamps went out (A) then (B) so (C) later (D) next In this example you should notice Trong vớ d ny bn phi nhn quickly that there are two clauses, a l cú hai mnh , A power power failure occorred and the lamps failure occorred v the lamps went went out This sentence needs a out Cau ny cn mt t kt ni connector to join the two sentences ni mnh Then, later, v next Then, later, and next are not khụng phi l t kt ni, vỡ vy (A), connectors, so anwsers (A), (C), and (C), v (D) u sai Cõu tr li dựng (D) are not correct The best answer nht l (B) vỡ so cú th ni hai mnh is answer (B) because so can connect two clauses The following chart lists the coordinate connectors and the sentence pattern used with them: Bng di õy lit kờ cỏc liờn t kt hp v dng thc cõu c dựng vi cỏc liờn t ny: â 2007 All rights reserved by Dinh Van www.tienganhtructuyen.com / www.toeflvietnam.sky.vn 10 In each of these examples you can see that when if is included, the subject and verb are in the regular order (if he had taken, if I were, if you should arrive) It is also possible to omit if in this case, the subject and verb are inverted ( had he taken, were I, should you arrive) Trong mi vớ d trờn bn cú th thy if c a vo, ch ng v ng t cú trt t bỡnh thng (if he had taken, if I were, if you should arrive) Cng cú th b if; trng hp ny, ch ng v ng t hoỏn i v trớ (had he taken, were I, should you arrive) The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in the Structure section of the TOEFL test Vớ d sau õy cho thy cỏch dng thc cõu ny cú th c kim tra section cu trỳc ca bi thi TOEFL Example The report would have been accepted _ in checking its accuracy (A) if more care (B) more care had been taken (C) had taken more care (D) had more care been taken In this example a connector (if) and a subject and verb are needed, but if could be omitted and the subject and verb inverted Answer (A) is incorrect because it contains the connector if and the subject care but no verb Answer (B) is incorrect because it contains the subject care and the verb had been taken but does not have a connector In answer (C) and (D), if has been omitted Because it is correct to invert the subject more care and helping verb had, answer (D) is correct Trong vớ d trờn, mt t kt ni (if) v mt ch ng v ng t c cn n, nhng if cú th c b i v ch ng v ng t hoỏn i v trớ Cõu tr li (A) l sai vỡ nú cú th ni if v ch ng care nhng khụng cú ng t.Cõu tr li (B) l sai vỡ nú cú ch ng care v ng t had been taken nhng khụng cú t kt ni Trong cõu tr li (C) v (D), if ó c b i Vỡ vic hoỏn i v trớ ch ng more care v tr ng t had l ỳng, cõu tr li (D) l ỳng The following chart lists the conditional verbs that may invert and the sentence patterns used with them: Bng di õy lit kờ cỏc ng t iu kin cú th hoỏn i v trớ v cỏc dng thc cõu c dựng vi chỳng: INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS WITH CONDITIONALS CH NG V NG T HON I V TR VI CU IU KIN Had should were When the verb in the conditional clause is Khi ng t mnh iu kin l had, had, should, or were, it is possible to omit if should, hoc were cú th b i v hoỏn i v and invert the subject and verb (omitted if) V trớ ch ng v ng t S Were he here, he would help It is also possible to keep if Then subject and Cng cú th gi if Trong trng hp ny ch verb are not inverted ng v ng t khụng hoỏn i v trớ If S If he V were here, He would help EXERCISE 18: BI TP 18: Each of the following sentences contains a conditional (with a started or implied if) Circle the conditionals, or put an asterisk (*) where if has been omitted Look at the clauses that follow and underline the subject once and the verbs twice Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I) Mi cõu sau cú mt mnh iu kin (cú if c nờu hoc hiu ngm) Khoanh trũn cỏc mnh iu kin , hoc ỏnh du (*) ni if c b i Xem cỏc mnh theo sau v gch di ch ng mt ln v ng t hai ln Sau ú cho bit cỏc cõu ny ỳng (C) hay sai (I) Were our neighbors a bit more friendly, it would be somewhat easier to get to know them There are plenty of blankets in the closet if should you get cold during the night Has he enough vacation days left this year, he will take two full weeks off in December Had we been informed of the decision, we might have had something to say about it I would like to know could you help me pack these boxes He would have been in big trouble had not he remembered the assignment at the last minute If your friends come to visit, will they stay in a hotel or at your house? He might be a little more successful today was he a little more willing to some hard work Should you ever visit this town again, I would be delighted to show you around 10 Do you think that she would give the speech were she asked to so? SKILL 19: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH COMPARISONS K NNG 19: HON I CH NG V NG T VI CC DNG SO SNH An inverted subject and verb may occur also after a comparison The inversion of a subject and verb after a comparison is optional, rather than required, and it is s rather formal structure There have been a number of inverted comparisons on recent TOEFL tests, so you should be familiar with this structure Ch ng v ng t hoỏn i v trớ cũn cú th xut hin sau mt dng so sỏnh Vic hoỏn i ch ng v ng t sau mt dng so sỏnh l tu chn, hn l bt buc, v õy l mt cu trỳc khỏ trnh trng ó cú mt s dng so sỏnh hoỏn i v trớ cỏc bi thi TOEFL gn õy, ú bn phi thụng thuc cu trỳc ny My sister spends more hours in the office than John My sister spends more hours in the office than John does My sister spends more hours in the office than does John All there of these examples contains the comparison more than, and all three are correct in English It is possible to have the noun John alone, as in the first example; it is possible that the comparison is followed by the subject and verb John does, as in the second example; it is also possible that the comparison is followed by the invert subject and verb does John, as in the third example Tt c ba vớ d trờn u cú dng so sỏnh more than, v c ba u ỳng ting Anh Cú th danh t John ng mt mỡnh, nh vớ d th nht; dng so sỏnh cú th theo sau bi ch ng hoc ng t John does, nh vớ d th hai; dng so sỏnh cng cú th theo sau bi ch ng hoc ng t hoỏn i v trớ does John, nh vớ d th ba The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in the Structure section of the TOEFL test Vớ d sau õy cho thy cỏch dng thc cõu ny cú th c kim tra section cu trỳc ca bi thi TOEFL Example The results of the current experiment appear to be more consistent than _ the results of any previous test (A) them (B) were (C) they were (D) were they In this example you should notice the comparison more consistent than, and you should also understand that the results of the current experiment is being compared with the results of any previous tests Because the results of any previous tests is the subject, only a verb is needed; the best answer to this question is therefor answer (B) We know that it is possible for a subject and a verb to be inverted after a comparison, and in this case the subject the results od any previous tests comes after the verb were Trong vớ d ny bn phi nhn c dng so sỏnh more consistent than, v bn cng phi hiu rng the results of the current experiment ang c so sỏnh vi the results of any previous tests.Vỡ the results of any previous tests l ch ng, ch cn mt ng t; ú cõu tr li ỳng nht cho cõu hi ny l (B) Chỳng ta bit rng mt ch ng v mt ng t cú th hoỏn i v trớ sau mt dng so sỏnh, v trng hp ny ch ng the results of any previous tests xut hin sau ng t were The following chart lists the sentence pattern used with comparisons: Bng sau õy lit kờ cỏc mu cõu c s dng vi cỏc dng so sỏnh: INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS WITH COMPARISONS CH NG V NG T HON I V TR VI CC DNG SO SNH The subject and the verb may invert after a Ch ng v mt ng t cú th hoỏn i v trớ comparison The following structures are sau mt dng so sỏnh C hai cu trỳc sau both possible S V We S were V comparison more prepared than comparison õy u chp nhn c S the other performers V V were S We were more prepared than were the other performers NOTE: A subject-verb inversion after a GHI CH: S hoỏn v ch ng-ng t sau comparison sounds rather formal EXERCISE 19: mt dng so sỏnh nghe khỏ trnh trng BI TP 19: Each of the following sentences contains a comparison Circle the comparison Look at the clauses that follow and underline the subject once and the verbs twice Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I) Mi cõu sau cú mt dng so sỏnh Khoanh trũn cỏc dng so sỏnh.Xem cỏc mnh theo sau v gch di cỏc ch ng mt ln v ng t hai ln Sau ú, cho bit cỏc cõu ỳng (C) hay sai(I) 1.This candidate has received more votes than has any other candicate in previous years Obviously we were much more impressed with the performance than did the other members of the audience The films that we saw last night at the festival was far better than anyof the other films The vegetables at the market this morning were far fresher than were those at the market yesterday I am afraid that is the condition if these tires as bad as the condition of the others We firmly believed that our team could achieve a much faster time than any of the others This apple pie is not as good as the last one that you made On the fishing trip, Bobby caught twice as many fish as anyone else did The final speaker gave us more details than had any of the previous speakers 10 Do you know why does he need to sleep so many more hours than the other? EXERCISE( Skill 15-19): Bi (Cỏc k nng 15-19): Each of the following sentences contains a structure that could require an inverted subject and verb Circle the structures that may require inverted subjects and verbs Underline the subject once and the verbs twice Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I) Mi cõu sau õy cú mt cu trỳc cú th cn ch ng v ng t hoỏn i v trớ Khoanh trũn cỏc cu trỳc cú th cn mt ch ng v ng t hoỏn i v trớ Xem cỏc mnh theo sau v gch di cỏc ch ng mt ln v ng t hai ln Sau ú, cho bit cỏc cõu ỳng (C) hay sai(I) The town council is not sure why have the land developers changed their plans Never in the world I believed that this would happen The day might have been a little more enjooyable had the sun been out a little more Only once did the judge take the defense lawyers suggestion Down the hall to the left the offices are that need to be painted Did the scientist explain what he put in the beaker? Hardly ever it snows in this section of the country Elijah scored more points in yesterdays basketball final than had any other player in history In the state of California, earthquakes occur regularly 10 He should ever call again, please tell him that I am not at home TOEFL EXERSISE (Skill 15 -19) Bi TOEFL (Cỏc k nng 15-19) Choose the letter of the word or group of Chn mu t ca t hoc nhúm t hon words that best completes the sentence chnh cõu ỳng nht Rarely _ located near city lights or at lower elevations (A) observatories are (B) are (C) in the observatories (D) are observatories There are goegraphic, economic, and cultural reasons why _ around the world (A) diets differ (B) diets differ (C) are diets different (D) to differ a diet Were millions of dollars each year replenishing erodingbeaches, the coastline would be changing even more rapidly (A) the US Army Corps of Engineers not spending (B) the US Army Corps of Engineers not spend (C) the US Army Corps of Engineers does not spend (D) not spending the US Army Corps of Engineers Nowhere more skewed than in the auto industry (A) that retail trade figures (B) retail trade figures (C) are retail trade figures (D) retail trade figures New York Citys Central Park is nearly twice as large _ second smallest country, Monaco (A) as (B) is the (C) as is (D) as is the Potassium has a valence of positive one because it usually loses one electron when _ with other elements (A) does it combine (B) it combines (C) in combining (D) combination The economic background of labor legislation will not be mentioned in this course, _ be treated (A) trade unionism will not (B) nor trade unionism will (C) nor will trade unionism (D) neither trade unionism will _ test positive for antibiotics when tanker trucks arrive at a milk processing plant, according to federal law, the entire truckload must be discarded (A) Should milk (B) If milk (C) If milk is (D) Milk should Located behind _ the two lacrimal glands (A) each eyelid (B) is each eyelid (C) each eyelid are (D) each eyelid which is 10 Only for a short period of time _ run at top speed (A) cheetahs (B) cheetahs (C) that a cheetah can (D) can TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-19) Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence Bi ụn TOEFL (Cỏc k nng 1-19) Chn mu t ca t hoc nhúm t hon chnh cõu ỳng nht _ variety of flowers in the show, from simple carnations to the most exquisite roses (A) A wide (B) There was a wide (C) Was there (D) Many The wedges _ dart board are worth from one to twenty point each (A) they are on a (B) are on a (C) are they on a (D) on a producing many new movies for release after the new season begins (A) His company is (B) His companies (C) The company (D) Why the company is that Emily Dickinson wrote, 24 were given titles and were published during her lifetime (A) Of the 1,800 poems (B) There were 1,800 poems (C) Because the 1,800 poems (D) The 1,800 poems Since an immediate change was needed on an emergency basis, by the governor to curtail railway expenditure (A) so it was proposed (B) was proposed (C) because of the proposal (D) it was proposed In the Morgan Library in New York City _ of medieval and Renaissance manuscripts (A) a collection is (B) in a collection (C) is a collection (D) which is a collection Some fishing fleets might not have been so inefficient in limiting their catch to target species _ more strict in enforcing penalties (A) the government had been (B) if the government had (C) had the government been (D) if the government The Dewey Decimal System, currently used in libraries throughout the world, _ all written works into ten classes according to subject (A) dividing (B) divides (C) it would divide (D) was divided Individual differences in brainwave activity may shed light on why some people are more prone to emotionalstress disorders (A) that others are (B) and others are (C) others are (D) than are others 10 squeezed, the orange juice in a one-cup serving provides twice the minimum daily requirement for vitamin C (A) It is freshly (B) If freshly (C) You freshly (D) If it freshly THE WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTION CC CU HI PHN VN VIT Questions 16 through 40 in the Structure and Written Expression section of the TOEFL test examine your knowledge of the correct way to express yourself in English writing Each question in this section consists of one sentence in which for words or groups of words have been underlined You must choose the letter of the word or group of words that is not correct Cõu hi 16-40 section cu trỳc v vit ca bi thi TOEFL kim tra ca bn v cỏc din t ỳng bng vit Ting Anh Mi cõu hi section ny gm mt cõu ú cú bn t hoc nhúm t c gch di Bn phi chn mu t ca t hoc nhúm t khụng ỳng Example I The final delivery of the day is the importantest A B C If you look at the underline words in this example, you should notice immediately that importantest is not correct The correct superlative form of important is the most important Therefore, you should the answer (D) because (D) is not correct Nu bn xem cỏc t c gch di vớ d ny, bn phi nhn importantest l sai Dng so sỏnh ỳng tuyt i ca important l the most important Do ú, bn phi chn (D) vỡ (D) sai Example II The books that I read was interesting A B C D If you look at the underline words in this example, each word by itself appears to be correct However, the singular verb was is incorrect because it does not agree with the plural subject books; the verb should be were instead Therefore, you should the answer (C) because (C) is not correct Nu bn xem cỏc t c gch di vớ d ny, mi t dng nh l ỳng nu ng mt mỡnh Tuy nhiờn, ng t s ớt was l sai vỡ nú khụng phự hp vi ch ng s nhiờu books; ng t ỳng phi l were Do ú, bn phi chn (C) vỡ (C) sai STRATEGIES FOR THE WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTION CC CHIN THUT CHO CC CU HI PHN VN VIT First look at the underlined word or groups Trc ht, xem cỏc t hoc nhúm t gch of words You want to see if you can spot di Bn cn bit bn cú th nhn c which of the four answer choices is not la chn no bn la chn tr li l sai correct hay khụng 2.If you have been unable to find the error by Nu bn khụng th tỡm c li bng cỏch looking only at the four underlined nhỡn vo bn cỏch din t c gch di expressions, then this the complete sentence thỡ hóy c c cõu Thụng thng mt cỏch Often an underlined expression is incorrect din t c gch di sai l li because of something in another part of the mt phn khỏc ca cõu sentence Never leave any answers blank Be sure to Khụng bao gi trng mt cõu tr li no answer each question even if you are unsure Nh tr li mi cõu hi cho dự bn khụng of the correct response bit chc cõu tr li ỳng The following skills will help you to implement these strategies in the Written Expression questions Cỏc k nng sau s giỳp bn thc hnh cỏc chin thut ny cỏc cõu hi phn Vit PROBLEMS WITH SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT NHNG VN V S PH HP CH NG/NG T Subject/verb agreement is simple: if the subject of the sentence is singular, then the verb must be singular; if the subject of the sentence is plural, then the verb must be plural An s on a verb usually indicates that s verb is singular, while an s on a noun usually indicates that the noun is plural ( Do not forget irregular plurals of nouns, such as women, children, and people) S phự hp ch ng/ng t rt n gin: nu ch ng ca cõu l s ớt, thỡ ng t phi s ớt; nu ch ng ca cõu l s nhiu thỡ ng t ca cõu phi s nhiu uụi s ng t thng cho thy ng t ú s ớt, cũn uụi s danh t thng cho thy danh t s nhiu ( ng quờn dng bt quy tc ca danh t, nh women children v people.) The boy walks to school The boys walk to school In the first example the singular subject boy requires a singular verb, walks In the second example the plural subject boys requires a plural verb, walk Trong vớ d th nht, ch ng s ớt boy cn ng t s ớt walks Trong vớ d th hai ch ng s nhiu boys cn ng t s nhiu walk Although this might seem quite simple, there are a few situations on the TOEFL test when subject/verb agreement can be a little tricky You should be careful of subject/verb agreement in the following situations: (1) after prepositional phrases, (2) after expressions of quantity, (3) after inverted verbs, and (4) after certain words, such as anybody, everything, no one, something, each, and every Mc dự iu ny cú v khỏ n gin, cú mt vi tỡnh bi thi TOEFL cho thy s phự hp ca ch ng/ng t cú th khỏ húc him Bn phi thn trng v s phự hp ca ch ng/ng t nhng tỡnh sau: (1) sau cỏc cm gii t, (2) sau cỏch din t s lng, (3) sau cỏc ng t hoỏn i v trớ, (4) sau mt s t, nh anybody, everything, no one, something, each, v every SKILL 20: MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES K NNG 20: LM CHO NG T PH HP SAU CC CN GII T Sometimes prepositional phrases can come between the subject and the verb If the object of the preposition is singular and the subject is plural, or if the object of the preposition is plural and the subject is singular, there can be confusion in making the subject and verb agree ụi cm gii t cú th ng xen k gia ch ng v ng t Nu tỳc t ca gii t l s ớt v ch ng l s nhiu, hoc nu tỳc t ca gii t l s nhiu v ch ng l s ớt, cú th cú nhm ln vic lm cho ch ng v ng t phự hp The key( to the doors) are in the drawer SINGULAR PLURAL The keys ( to the doors) is in the drawer PLURAL SINGULAR ( indicates an error) In this example you might think that doors is the subject because it comes directly in front of the verb are However, doors is not the subject because it is the object of the preposition to The subject of the sentence is key, so the verb should be is In the second example you might think that door is the subject because it comes directly in front of the verb is You should recognize in this example that door is not the subject because it is the object of the preposition to Because the subject of the sentence is keys, the verb should b are Trong vớ d th nht, bn cú th cho rng doors l ch ng vỡ nú xut hin sau ng t are Tuy nhiờn, doors khụng phi l ch ng vỡ nú l tỳc t ca gii t to Ch ng ca cõu l key, ú ng t phi l is Trong vớ d th hai, bn cú th cho rng doos l ch ng vỡ nú xut hin trc ng t is Bn phi nhn vớ d ny door khụng phi l ch ng vỡ nú l tỳc t ca gii t to Vỡ ch ng ca cõu l keys, ng t phi l are The following chart outlines the key information that you should understand about subject/verb agreement with prepositional phrases: Bng di õy phỏc tho thụng tin quan trng bn cn hiu v s phự hp ch ng/ng t vi cm gii t: SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT WITH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES S PH HP CH NG/NG T VI CM GII T S (prepositional phrase) V When a prepositional phrase comes between Khi mt cm gii t xut hin gia ch ng the subject and the verb, be sure that the verb v ng t, nh rng ng t phi phự hp agrees with the subject EXERCISE 20: vi ch ng BI TP 20: Each of the following sentences has one or nore prepositional phrases betwenn the subject and verb Circle the prepositional phrases Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice Then, indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I) Mi cõu sau õy cú mt hoc nhiu cm gii t gia ch ng v ng t Khoanh trũn cỏc cm gii t Gch di ch ng mt ln v ng t hai ln Sau ú, cho bit cỏc cõu ỳng (C) hay sai (I) The climbers on the sheer face of the mountain need to be rescued The interrogation, conducted by three police officers, have lasted for several hours The tenants in the apartment next to mine is giving a party this evening The president, surrounded by secret service agents, is trying to make his way to the podium The buildings destroyed during the fire are being rebuilt at the taxpayers expense Because of the seriousness of the companys financial problems, the board of directors have called an emergency meeting Manufacture of the items that you requested have been discontinued because of lack of profit on those items Further development of any new ideas for future products has to be approved in advance The scheduled departure time of the trams, posted on panels throughout the terminal buildings, are going to be updated 10 Any houses built in that development before 1970 have to be upgradedto meet current standards SKILL 21: MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTILY K NNG 21: LM CHO NG T PH HP SAU CCH DIN T S LNG A particular agreement problem occurs when the subject is an expression of quantily, such as all, most, or some, followed by the preposition of In this situation, the subject ( all, most, or some) can be singular or plural, depending on what follows the preposition of Vn c th v s phự hp xy ch ng l mt cỏch din t s lng nh all, most, hoc some, cú gii t of theo sau Trong tỡnh ny, ch ng ( all, most, hoc some) cú th l s ớt hoc s nhiu, tu thuc thnh phỳtn theo sau gii t of All (of the book) was interesting SINGULAR All (of the books) were interesting PLURAL All (of the information) was interesting UNCOUNTABLE In the first example the subject all refers to the singular noun book, so the correct verb is therefore the singular verb was In the second example the subject all refers to the pluralnoun books, so the correct verb is the plural verb were In the third example the subjeect all refers to the uncountable noun information, so the correct verb is therefore the singular verb was Trong vớ d th nht, ch ng all cp n danh t s ớt book, ú ng t ỳng l ng t was Trong vớ d th hai ch ng all cp n danh t s nhiu books, ú ng t ỳng l ng t s nhiu were Trong vớ d th ba, ch ng all cp n danh t khụng m c information, vỡ vy ng t ỳng l ng t s ớt was [...]... thấy ở Kỹ năng 6-8, nhiều câu trong tiếng Anh có hơn một mệnh đề Trong kĩ năng 9-12 chúng ta sẽ thấy các dạng thức khác để nối các mệnh đề trong những câu có nhiêu f mếnh đề Vì các dạng thứ này xuất hiện thường xuyên trong tiếng Anh và trong bài thi TOEFL, bạn phải rất thông thuộc các dạng thức này SKILL 9: USE NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR CORRECTLY A noun clause is a clause that function as a noun; because... Trong dạng thức này, khi từ kết nối xuất hiện ở dầu câu, có một dấu phẩy(,) ở giữa câu Ví dụ dưới đây cho thấy cách dạng thức câu này có thể được kiểm tra trong section cấu trúc của bài thi TOEFL Example was late, I missed the appointment (A)I (B)Because (C)The train (D)Since he © 2007 All rights reserved by Dinh Van www.tienganhtructuyen.com / www.toeflvietnam.sky.vn 11 Preparation For TOEFL In this... recommended V was interesting GHI CHÚ: Từ kết nối mệnh đề tính từ có thể đựơc bỏ đi Điều này rất thường gặp trong nói tiếng Anh hoặc trong văn viết tiếng Anh thông thường Viẹc bỏ từ kết nối mệnh đề tính từ không phổ biến trong tiếng Anh trịnh trọng hoặc trong section Cấu trúc trong bài thi TOEFL EXERCISE 11: Bài tập 11: Each of the following sentences Mỗi câu dưới đây có hơn một contains more than one... when thay đổi nó thành một mệnh đề danh từ làm chức năng chủ ngữ của câu Mệnh đề kia có mệnh đề danh từ when he will arrive làm chủ ngữ của nó và is làm động từ của nó Ví dụ sau đây cho thấy các dạng thức câu này có thể được kiểm tra trong section Cấu trúc của bài thi TOEFL Example _ was late caused many problems (A) That he (B) The driver (C) There (D) Because In this example there are two verbs (was... KẾT NỐI/ CHỦ NGỮ MỆNH ĐỀ DANH TỪ Ở kỹ năng 9 chúng ta thấy từ kết nối mệnh đề danh từ được dùng để giới thi u mệnh đề danh từ làm chủ ngữ hoặc mennhj đề danh từ làm túc từ Ở kỹ năng 10 chúng ta sẽ thấy rằng trong một số trường hợp, từ kết nối mệnh đề danh từ không chỉ đơn thuần là một từ kết nối; một từ kết nối mệnh đề danh từ còn có thể làm chủ ngữ của mệnh đề cùng một lúc I do not know what is in... cách dạng this sentence pattern can be tested in the thức câu này có thể được kiểm tra trong Structure section of the TOEFL test section Cấu trúc của bài thi TOEFL Example You will get a good garade on the exam provided _ (A) studying (B) Study (C) To study © 2007 All rights reserved by Dinh Van www.tienganhtructuyen.com / www.toeflvietnam.sky.vn (D) You study 13 Preparation For TOEFL In this... đầu tiên cho thấy một mệnh đề tính từ ở dạng hoàn chỉnh của nó, which is arriving at the station now, và ở dạng giản lược của nó, arriving at the station now Câu thứ hai cho thấy một mệnh đề trạng từ ở dạng hoàn chỉnh của nó, although it was not really difficult, và dạng giản lược của nó, although not really difficult Hai loại mệnh đề có thể giản lược trong tiếng Anh là: (1) mệnh đề tính từ và (2) mệnh... noun, it is used in a sentence as either an object of a verb, an object of a preposition, or the subject of the sentence Kĩ năng 9: DÙNG ĐÚNG TỪ KẾT NỐI MỆNH ĐỀ DANH Mệnh đề danh từ là mệnh đề làm chức năng của danh từ; vì mệnh đề danh từ là một danh từ, nó được dùng trong một câu với chức năng túc từ của một động từ, túc từ của một giới từ hoặc chủ ngữ của câu I know When he will arrive NOUN CLASE AS... chủ ngữ của động từ was vừa làm từ kết nối liên kết hai mệnh đề; mệnh đề danh từ what was on television là chủ ngữ của động từ made Do đó, (C) là câu trả lời đúng nhất Bảng dưới đây liệt kê các từ kết nối/chủ ngữ mệnh đề danh từ và các dạng thức câu được dùng với chúng: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS TỪ KẾT NỐI/CHỦ NGỮ MỆNH ĐỀ DANH TỪ what whatever NOUN CLAUSE AS SUBJECT who whoever S V I know Noun connectors/subjects... miêu tả danh từ glass Trong ví dụ thứ hai cũng có hai mệnh đề: glass là chủ ngữ của động từ contains, và she là chủ ngữ của động từ của từ put Cũng trong câu này, that là từ kết nối mệnh đề tính từ liên kết hai mệnh đề này, và mệnh đề tính từ that she put on the table miêu tả danh từ glass Ví dụ dươí đây cho thấy cách các dạng thức câu này có thể được kiểm tra trong section Cấu trúc của bài thi TOEFL ... CH NG MNH DANH T k nng chỳng ta thy t kt ni mnh danh t c dựng gii thiu mnh danh t lm ch ng hoc mennhj danh t lm tỳc t k nng 10 chỳng ta s thy rng mt s trng hp, t kt ni mnh danh t khụng... preposition, or the subject of the sentence K nng 9: DNG NG T KT NI MNH DANH Mnh danh t l mnh lm chc nng ca danh t; vỡ mnh danh t l mt danh t, nú c dựng mt cõu vi chc nng tỳc t ca mt ng t, tỳc t ca mt... parts of the Đồng vị danh từ đứng trớc sau mot danh từ khác thờng nđợc phân cách với danh từ hai dấu phẩy Nếu từ đồng vị, không phảI chủ ngữ Hai cấu trúc đồng vị sau tiếng Anh V is fixing the car