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MESSAGE Model for Energy Supply Strategy Alternatives and their General Environmental Impacts USER MANUAL (DRAFT) International Atomic Energy Agency April 2008 Chapter 1-1 CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1.1 Model overview 1.1.1 Energy flows: energy carriers and technologies 1.1.2 Time variations in annual demand: the load curve 1.1.3 Capacities of and investments on technologies 1.1.4 Limits and bounds on technologies 1.1.5 Absolute and dynamic limits 1.1.6 Relations/constraints 1.1.7 Time horizon 1.1.8 Optimization criterion 1.2 MESSAGE software FIG 1.1 Schematic presentation of some energy chains. _ FIG 1.2 Schematic presentation of MESSAGE components _ Chapter 1-2 CHAPTER ONE Introduction MESSAGE stands for Model for Energy Supply Strategy Alternatives and their General Environmental Impacts It is a software designed for setting up models of energy systems (i.e energy supplies and utilization) to find its optimum expansion path in the medium to long-term period MESSAGE was originally developed at International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) The IAEA acquired latest version of MESSAGE and several enhancements have been made in it, most importantly addition of a user-interface to facilitate its application In its general formulation MESSAGE allows building of dynamic linear programming (LP) models with a mixed integer option The underlying principle of a model, built using the MESSAGE, is optimization of an objective function under a set of constraints that define the feasible region containing all possible solutions of the problem The value of the objective function helps to choose the solution considered best according to the criteria specified In general categorization, models built using the MESSAGE belong to the class of LP models with the option of mixed integer programming as they may contain some integer variables A set of standards solvers (glpk, cplex and mosek) can be used to solve these models This manual describes the operational aspects of the MESSAGE software in which a model is called a case study Therefore, through out this manual, the phrases of “a model” and “a case study” are synonymous Furthermore, the MESSAGE can be used to develop a model of a system other than energy system The main objective of developing the MESSAGE software, however, was to facilitate building of an energy system model Therefore, through out this manual energy system models are referred An energy model is designed to formulate and evaluate alternative energy supply strategies consonant with the user-defined constraints such as limits on new investment, fuel availability and trade, environmental regulations and market penetration rates for new technologies Environmental aspects can be analysed by accounting; and if necessary limiting, the amounts of pollutants emitted by various technologies at various steps in energy supplies This helps to evaluate the impact of environmental regulations on energy system development 1.1 Model overview The following subsections discuss the major building blocks for constructing a model/case study in the MESSAGE 1.1.1 Energy flows: energy carriers and technologies In first approximation a model, built using the MESSAGE, could be labelled a physical flow model Given a vector of demands for specified energy goods or services, it assures sufficient supply, utilizing the technologies and resources considered MESSAGE allows modelling of all steps in the energy flows from supply to demand, which is generally referred to as energy chain and steps are called levels Fig 1.1 shows the schematic representation of some energy chains The backbone of the MESSAGE is a flexible framework that allows detailed description of the energy system being modelled This includes the definition of i) energy forms at each level of energy chains, ii) technologies that are producing or using these energy forms, and iii) the energy resources The energy forms and technologies can be defined for all steps of energy chains Defining of energy forms includes identification of the levels in the energy chain starting from the demand to the resources (e.g useful, final and primary), the energy forms (commodities) actually used Chapter 1-3 (e.g coal and district heat), as well as energy services (e.g space heat or hot water) Energy demand data, exogenous to the model, is given at the first level of each energy chain and the model computes demands at the following levels of the chain up to the energy resource level, as desired Chapter 1-4 RESOURCES PRIMARY Coal Power Plant Coal Extraction Gas Ind Elec R/C Oil Trp FIG 1.1 Schematic presentation of some energy chains Transport District Heat Transport& Distribution Residentail/Commercial Electricity DH R/C Industrial Electricity Gas R/C Residential/Commercial Heat Oil Coal Electricity Transport& Distribution Oil R/C Industrial Heat Coal R/C Gas District Heat Gas Transport& Distribution Elec Ind Electricity Oil Coal Cogeneration Gas Gas Import District Heat Oil Heating Plant Electricity Primary Oil Primary Gas Primary Coal Coal Resources Hydro Power Plant Oil Ind Oil Transport& Distribution Oil Power Plant DEMAND Coal Ind Coal Transport& Distribution Gas Power Plant Oil Import FINAL SECONDARY Chapter 1-5 Technologies are defined by their inputs and outputs, their efficiency and degree of variability if more than one input (output) is used (produced) for defining the possible production pattern for some technologies such as a refinery or a pass-out-turbine The MESSAGE also allows operation of a technology in alternative modes such as a dual fired power plant that can be run on gas or alternatively on heavy oil Operation of technology is referred to as its activity, and the user can define more than one activity of a technology for a mode of operation such as generation of electricity and production of heat A ratio of the main output of the main activity to the main output of the alternative activity is defined to model relation between the activities 1.1.2 Time variations in annual demand: the load curve For some energy carriers the timely availability causes considerable cost and management efforts Electricity has to be provided by the utility at exactly the same time it is consumed MESSAGE allows modelling and simulation of this situation by providing option to subdivide each year into a number of parts, which are generally referred to “load regions” The parts of the year aggregated into one load region can be chosen according to different criteria: just sorted according to the power requirements or aggregation of various typical parts of the year for example representation of all days of summer by a typical summer day The MESSAGE calculates the load curves from the definition of these load regions and distribution of the annual demand in these regions Inclusion of load curves improves the representation of power requirements and the utilization/building of different types of power plants Additionally, the semi-ordered load representation opens the opportunity to model energy storage (e.g., transfer of energy from night to day, from summer to winter) 1.1.3 Capacities of and investments on technologies The MESSAGE allows accounting of existing capacities of different technologies In the optimization process, the model computes the new capacity requirement taking into account the exiting capacities and their retirement time This modelling of the existing system enhances the amount and quality of obtainable information considerably By knowing the investment requirement for additional capacity building, one can assess the effects of the energy sector’s development on the economy The investment requirements can be distributed over the construction time of the plant and they can be subdivided into different categories to allow accounting for the requirements from some important industrial and commercial sectors Furthermore, the MESSAGE allows accounting of the needs for basic materials during construction of a technology as well as the utilization of non-energetic inputs during the operation of a plant, for keeping track of the industrial branches they originate from in monetary terms or just accumulating the needs in physical units 1.1.4 Limits and bounds on technologies The user can put limit or bound on an energy resource or a technology  such as maximum capacity that can be built on a technology, or maximum and minimum levels of output from a technology There is variety of limits and bounds that can be defined on capacity building of technologies and resources Furthermore, there is a set of limits/bounds that can be defined for variables related to activity of a technology i.e its input, output and fuel inventory If a technology has more than one activity, limits and bounds can be defined on technology variables of each activity Furthermore, a global limit on all activities of a technology can also be defined 1.1.5 Absolute and dynamic limits The values of limits and bounds on technologies and resources can be given in absolute terms or in the growth rate form The development of an energy system over time can be more or less predefined if relative or absolute limits for certain energy carriers or technologies are given But additionally MESSAGE gives the possibility to introduce maximal or minimal growth (or decline) rates for the installation of new technologies and for the use of domestic and imported resources This allows Chapter 1-6 predefining a range of variability of the system over time, the MESSAGE dynamically chooses an optimal strategy within the range 1.1.6 Relations/constraints The most powerful feature of the MESSAGE is modelling of relationships between the technologies or between technologies and resources The model provides a flexible framework to define various types of relationships such as: i) limit on a technology in relation to some other technologies (e.g., a maximum share of wind energy in total electricity generation), ii) a common limit to be met by a set of technologies (e.g., maximum limit on emission of SO2 from all technologies emitting it; given in millions tons of SO2), iii) constraints between production and installed capacity (e.g., ensure take-or-pay clauses in international gas contracts forcing customers to consume a minimum share of the contracted level during summer months) These relations/constraints are tools for modelling a specific strategy for development of the energy system 1.1.7 Time horizon The time horizon of a case study is defined by the interval between the user’s selected base-year and the terminal year and it is called “study period” The study period is chosen according to the problem; it could be long-term as well as short term Even a model’s application for a single point in time could give valuable results for complex problems This time horizon of a case study is divided into periods, and each period is represented by a calendar year which is referred to as a model year The interval between the model years determines the length of each period which can be increasing with time 1.1.8 Optimization criterion By default, minimization of the total system costs is the criterion used for optimisation of the model developed using the MESSAGE The total system cost includes investment costs, operation cost and any additional penalty costs defined for the limits, bounds and constraints on relations For all costs occurring at later points in time, the present value is calculated by discounting them to the base-year of the case study The sum of the discounted costs is used to find the optimal solution Discounting makes the costs occurring in different points in time comparable; the discount rate defines the weights different periods get in the optimization In principle, it should be equal to the long-term real interest rate, i.e excluding inflation or any other opportunity costs A high discount rate gives more weight or importance to present expenditures than to future ones, while a low discount rate reduces these differences and thus favours technologies that have high investment cost but low operation costs 1.2 MESSAGE software The current version of the MESSAGE software consists of the following main components • A user-interface for building a model • Databases • A matrix generation program called “mxg” • An Optimization program called “opts” • A program for the post processing of the solution for extraction of results called “cap” Chapter 1-7 Fig 1.2 shows the flow of control and information between these components in execution of the MESSAGE software In addition, two more programs are given to facilitate the model building The program called “ckpchn” is to check the chain representing the energy system for any missing link, and the program “postp” is to post process the solution file for ? The user-interface provides a set of windows to build a model and to prepare its database It also provides windows to run the mxg, opt and cap programs The mxg program uses the database to generate a matrix of the model which is solved by the selected solver in the opt program The userinterface facilitates extraction of the solution file in the interactive mode The cap program uses the solution file of the opt program, and prepares the results in a standard format covering some selected parts of the solution It also provides a window for the user to select and extract some other parts of the solution In this window, the user can further process the extracted results to get the final output in the desired form User-interface Data Bases mxg opt cap FIG 1.2 Schematic presentation of MESSAGE components Chapter 1-8 Chapter 2– CHAPTER TWO Getting started 2.1 Installation of MESSAGE software 2.2 Getting started 2.3 Management of case studies 11 2.3.1 Opening a case study to work on 11 2.3.2 Creating a new case study 13 2.3.3 Copying an existing case study 17 2.3.4 Making back-up of a case study 21 2.3.5 Restoring a case study 23 2.3.6 Deleting a case study 24 2.3.7 Saving and closing a case study 25 2.3.8 Selection of auxiliary programs and solver 28 2.3.9 Default units 28 2.3.10 Change instance 30 2.3.11 Edit instance defaults 32 2.3.12 Create new Instances 36 2.4 Management of scenarios in a case study 36 2.5 Help command 39 Annexure C-13 for FR core fabrication at FR_core_fabr technology as Fig 12 shows To produce tHM of FR core fuel 0.17 tHM of reprocessed Pu is required Unlike FR core fuel to produce LWR fuel and FR blanket fuel U is required The same chemical composition of uranium– UO2 – is used for LWR and FR blanket fuel production But because of different U235 containment these are different types of fuel In our example FR blanket is loaded with depleted U which is the by-prodact of the enrichment process As shown in Fig 13, we use FR_blank_prod technology to model FR blanket fuel production The technology takes 1tHM of depleted U from a depleted U storage depleted_U_stor to produce 1tHM of FR blanket fuel To produce LWR fuel enriched U is required As a fuel production process doesn’t include a step of nuclear material preparation, no changes in nuclear fuel flow happens at this step and the same approach as for modelling FR blanket fuel production can be used to model LWR fuel production (see Fig 14) Fig 14 LWR fuel production modelling The technology LWR_fuel_prod consumes tHM of enriched U to produce 1t HM of LWR fuel Zr consumption, which is the construction material for LWR fuel assemblies production can be modelled as a secondary input of LWR_fuel_prod C.6 Enrichment modelling As was stated above LWRs (and some other reactors) use enriched U as a nuclear fuel and the content of fissile isotope of U – U235- is different for different types of reactors Annexure C-14 Two components are necessary to get enriched U: natiral U (U235 content is 0.714%) and some effort (enrichment work) needed to separate U235 and U238 Enrichment is expressed in terms of the separative work unit (SWU), which is a measure of the amount of work performed in separating the two isotopes The number of SWUs required to produce fuel depends not only on the quantity and enrichment required, but also on the enrichment of the feed (usually 0.00714) and the tails assay, which is a measure of the amount of U235 remaining with the depleted steam (1) In order to generate a unit of fuel with the enrichment equal to x from natural uranium, provided that content of 235U in depleted uranium is xdep, x − x dep (1) G= 00714 − x dep units of natural uranium are required (2) To produce a unit of fuel with the enrichment equal to x from natural uranium, = V ( x ) + V ( x dep ) SWU SWUs are required, where x − x dep x − 00714 − V ( 00714 ) 00714 − x dep 00714 − x dep (2) 1− X  V ( X ) = (1 − X ) ln   X  is the so-called separation potential In our example LWR fuel enrichment is x=0.044, the content of U235 in depleted uranium is xdep =0.0021 From formula (1) we obtain G=8.313 tHM are needed to produce tHM of LWR fuel According to formula (2) 7.25 SWU are required to produce a unit of LWR fuel Enrichment work can be measured in kilograms of separative work: 1kgSW=1SWU, so in our case 7.25 tSW are required to produce tHM of LWR fuel It is suggested in our example that depleted U is used for FR blanket fuel production, so we should know depleted U output from enrichment process It can be calculated using the following formula: G dep = fuel x − 00714 00714 − x dep (3) For our data formula (3) gives 7.24 tHM of depleted U per tHM of LWR Annexure C-15 Fig.15 Modelling of enriched U production In the technology enrichment used to model the enriched U production (Fig.15) natural U is consumed from the “Recourses” level as the main input To model a source of SWU consumed by the secondary input a dummy technology SWU is included in the nuclear fuel cycle model (see the referenced diagram) As shown in Fig 14, the SWU technology doesn’t have input It produces and delivers to the to the energy form “SWU” as much SWU as the technology enrichment requires Fig 16 SWU source modelling Annexure C-16 As mentioned above the by-product of the enrichment process is depleted U which is used for FR blanket fuel production (see Fig 13) C.7 Possible approches to the NFC lags modelling MESSAGE gives two possibilities for NFC lags modelling: lags on technology outputs and storage retantion time Depending on the problem considered a user can choose one of them or use both in the same case Secondary Fuel Secondary Fuel LWR LWR with cooling pond LWR cooling storage Reprocessing L_dummy LWR interim storage L_dummy L_dummy LWR fuel electricity Fig 17 Separate LWR cooling storage LWR fuel Spent_f_ LWR LWR interim storage L_dummy electricity Fig 18 LWR with cooling pond For example reactor cooling pond can be modelled as a separate storage (as in the referenced case, see also Fig 17) In this case the time lag because of mandatory cooling of outloaded spent fuel is modelled by retantion time variable which is one of the MESSAGE input data for storage After cooling time (retantion time in cooling storage) LWR spent fuel is delivered to the interim storage by transport technology (Ldummy) (see the referenced case scheme) The corresponding MESSAGE data input is given in Fig 19 (a,b,c) It is assumed that there is no losses during spent fuel transportation, that is for a unit of input from LWR cooling storage Ldummy technology delivers a unit of output to the LWR interim storage (Fig 19 (b)) The spent fuel accumulated in the interim storage can be reprocessed and reused in FRs (Fig 19 (c)) Annexure C-17 Fig 19 (a) LWR spent fuel cooling time is modelled as retantion time Fig 19 (b) transport technology connecting LWR cooling storage and LWR interim storage Annexure C-18 Fig 19(c) LWR interim storage entries Another possible approach to cooling time lag modeling can be used if the prosess of cooling pond infill is not taking into consideration (for example different Fig 20 Lag on LWR spent fuel discharging Annexure C-19 reprosessing options is a central point of a study) and only time lag value is important for the analysis Fig 21 Function fix for spent_f_LWR energy form Spent fuel discharged from the reactor can be modelled as a secondary output, and the fuel cooling in this case is described with a lag parameter for the secondary output (see Fig 20) Additional technology is needed to deliver spent fuel from the energy form spent_f_LWR to the interim storage As spent fuel in our case must be delivered to the interim storage, MESSAGE function fix should be used for spent_f_LWR energy form (Fig 21) C.8 Helpful information on reactor data preparation The reactor data used in the example considered above was taken from [Ref.3] as the data presented this report are the most sutable for MESSAGE data format But the information resources (reactor data bases, reports, articles etc.) a user may need to get for an original research work can contain reactor data prepared in a format which differs from the MESSAGE one Usually the data in reactor data bases are more detailed reactor parameters than the data to be entered in MESSAGE Sometimes an annual nuclear fuel reload or first core load can be unavailable If so these input MESSAGE data can be calculated by the following simple formulas: 365 ⋅ W ⋅ ϕ for annual nuclear fuel reload, where η⋅B Gx [tHM] is the fuel consumption for annual refueling, Gx = W [MW] is the reactor installed capacity, B [MWd/tHM] is the fuel burn-up, Annexure C-20 ϕ is a plant (reactor) factor, η is the plant (reactor) efficiency W ⋅ Teff for a first core load, where η⋅B Teff [day] is mean nuclear fuel residence time Gf = Fig.22 LWR activity data The installed capacity for LWR we present in our example is 1000 MW, the capacity factor is 0.8, the efficiency is 0.31 and the fuel burn-up is 41000 MWd/tHM According to the formula for annual nuclear fuel reload (365*1000*0.8/(0.31*41000)=23) 23 tHM are required to produce 800 MWyr of electricity As was stated above the annual spent fuel reload should be calculated as 23/800= 0.02875 tHM/MWyr As Fig.22 shows this annually reloaded spent fuel is delivered to LWR cooling storage If Teff is given ( Teff = 890 days for LWR fuel in our case), a first core load can be calculated using the correspondent formula G f =1000*890/(0.31*41000)=70 tHM For MESSAGE input data a specific first core load should be used : 70 tHM/1000 MW = 0.07 tHM (see Fig 23) Annexure C-21 Fig 23 LWR capacity data C.9 Fuel cycle costs The estimated costs for NFC given in different publications varies in wide range Table contains a set of NFC cost data that can be used for MESSAGE calculations Table Esimated costs for nuclear fuel cycle [Ref.4] Fuel cycle steps Reactor type Unit Cost ($/unit) Uranium LWR kg U 20 – 80 Depleted uranium LWR, FR kg U – U price Conversion LWR kg U 4–8 Enrichment LWR kgSWU 50 - 150 Annexure C-22 LWR UO2 kgHM 150 – 350 LWR MOX kgHM 700 – 2300 FR core kgHM 700 – 2300 FR blanket kgHM 150 - 350 Reprocessing LWR, FR kgHM 500 - 2000 Interim storage LWR, FR kgHM 100 - 300 LWR fuel kgHM 300 - 600 kgHM 80 - 200 Fabrication Final disposal spent HLW C.10 Illustrative calculation results a) Material flow analysis problem The following problem, which can be classified as a Material Flow Analysis problem, was formulated and solved, as MESSAGE nuclear fuel cycle modelling exercise, to illustrate the modeling scheme functioning: to find out the nuclear system structure with maximum possible share of FR provided that no initial Pu volume is available The optimisation period is 50 years with a year step The calculation results are given Fig 17 shows the nuclear system structure provided that all fissile Pu is recycled and used for FR core fuel production Fig 24 Referenced nuclear system structure in case of complete Pu consumption New installed capacity construction for the system structure obtained is shown in Fig 25 and 26 Annexure C-23 According to the model assumptions nuclear power plants built in 1995 had exhausted their technical resource by 2035 and must be decommissioned and substituted with the new power plants This is the reason for the peak in 2035 for LWR new installed capacities (Fig 25) Fig 25 LWR new installed capacities Fig 26 FR new installed capacities Nuclear fuel production of LWR fuel and FR fuel (core and blanket) is presented in Fig 27 In Fig 28 fissile Pu quantity used for FR core fuel production can be seen Fig 27 Nuclear fuel production Fig 28 Pu extracted at reprocessing plants The volumes of accumulated reprocessed U and HLW calculated for the referenced case are presented in Fig 29 Annexure C-24 Fig 29 Volumes of reprocessed U and HLW accumulated in the corresponding storages b) Multi-region problem The multi-regional case contains regions: 1) a region which has closed NFC and can provide any kind of fuel services; 2) a region with LWR park and no domestic NFC plants; 3) a region with LWR park and domestic uranium resources; 4) a region with LWR park, domestic nuclear fuel production and interim storage Region 1: all fuel cycle services LWR fuel LWR park Enriched U SF U SF LWR park, U resources Fig 30 NFC services exchange LWR fuel LWR park, fuel production, SF storage Annexure C-25 Fig 31 Electricity production of the regions Fig.32 LWR electricity production Annexure C-26 Fig 33 Enriched U and LWR fuel imported from the region Fig 34 Reg system structure (Reg is a separate region) Fig 35 Reg system structure (Reg is a part of the multi-regional case) Fig 31 – 35 present the results of the multi-regional case calculations Fig 31 and 32 is to show the scale of general energy demand and nuclear electricity production Fig 34 and 35 demonstrate the influance of the fuel services produced by region on it’s energy system structure Annexure C-27 C.11 Conclusions MESSAGE can be applied for nuclear fuel cycle modeling, both once-throug and closed options All specific features of nuclear fuel cycle can be taking into account: • • • • material flows of nuclear (fuel compositions, separate elements or isotopes) and structure materials through all the steps of nuclear fuel cycle can be described; nuclear fuel cycle time lags can be modelled by MESSAGE technology variable lag or storage variable retantion time; any type of storages (cooling, interim, final disposal) can be modelled; nuclear reactor can be described as multi-zone installation Nuclear power station can be considered as a multi-production technology, that is special application of nuclear power (hydrogen, high temperature, dessolination) can be modelled It should be stressed that as MESSAGE uses annual average values as input data, only steady state of nuclear reactors operation and NFC flows can be modeled Isotopic composition changes for separate isotopes can be taken into account privided that reactor calculations data for different steps of fuel cycle are available For innovative nuclear reactors prospects comparison the time horison up to at least 120 years with one year time steps should be available MESSAGE can be used for inter-regional nuclear services exchange References OECD/NEA (1994) The Economics of the NFC, OECD, Paris, France R.G Cochran, N Tsoulfanidis The Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Analysis and Management, 2nd Edition, 1999 ANS Order #: 350015 ISTC Project #369 "Study on the Feasibility and Economics of the Use of Ex-Weapons Plutonium and Civil Plutonium as Fuel for both Fast and Thermal Reactors" Final Report on Direction "System Analysis of Various Options of Plutonium Utilization" International Science and Technology Centre, Moscow, 1998 M Bunn, S Fetter, J.P Holdren, B.van der Zwaan The Economics of Reprocessing vs Direct Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel Final Report 8/12/19997/30/2003, DE-FG26-99FT4028, Harvard University Country Nuclear Fuel Profiles Technical Reports Series No 404, IAEA, Vienna, 2001 The Economic Future of Nuclear Power A Study Conducted at the University of Chicago, August 2004 [...]... installation of MESSAGE program 5 FIG I.2 Window showing license agreement of MESSAGE program 5 FIG I.3 User name for installation of MESSAGE program 6 FIG I.4 Folder to install MESSAGE program 6 FIG I.4a Error in defining of folder to install MESSAGE program 7 FIG I.5 Options for installation of MESSAGE program 7 FIG I.6 Folder to create shortcut for MESSAGE program... scenarios 2.1 Installation of MESSAGE software The MESSAGE can be installed in the MS Windows 2000/XP operating system or later versions The user installing MESSAGE should have the right to create a new directory The CD-ROM for MESSAGE software contains an application file MESSAGE_ setup.exe” and a pdf file of this manual Running of the application file opens a window to install the MESSAGE software (Fig I.1)... Error in defining of folder to install MESSAGE program FIG I.5 Options for installation of MESSAGE program Chapter 2– 8 By default, the shortcut folder is made in the IAEA program group (Fig I.6) but the user can also select another group MESSAGE can be installed either for the current user only, who is installing MESSAGE, or for all users of that machine However, the MESSAGE should not be installed on... in the MESSAGE_ V folder (message_ bin, message_ doc, message_ help and models) The user works with this setting of the sub-folders most of the time Only, some advance users may some time like to change this setting In Chapter 2 of this manual, Subsections 2.3.10 to 2.3.12 discuss commands to do so The installation program also set the command to uninstall MESSAGE The user can see this “Uninstall MESSAGE- V”... user makes back up of their models/case studies and uninstalls MESSAGE if s/he wants to install MESSAGE again in the machine for any reason FIG I.6 Folder to create shortcut for MESSAGE program 2.2 Getting started On the Icon of the MESSAGE program, a double click opens two windows The first window (Fig 2.1) is the commands window for the MESSAGE software, and the second one is the main window to start... user manual while using the MESSAGE program This file is also given outside the software if the user wants to read the manual before installing the package Chapter 2– 5 FIG I.1 Window for installation of MESSAGE program FIG I.2 Window showing license agreement of MESSAGE program Chapter 2– 6 FIG I.3 User name for installation of MESSAGE program FIG I.4 Folder to install MESSAGE program Chapter 2–... the company name To put the MESSAGE software on a system, the installation program suggests a sub-folder named MESSAGE_ V, in the folder for programs (Fig I.4) However, the user can edit/enter name of the folder and the path to install MESSAGE in some other location Alternatively, the user can click on the change button and the program opens a window to select a location for MESSAGE installation In selection... space to install MESSAGE The installation program gives the space required and the space available on the selected drive (Fig I.4) The program gives an error message if the path name is not correct or the folder name contains a blank character For example, selection of “Program Files” will give an error message because of the blank character (Fig I.4a) There are three options to install the MESSAGE software... program gives the message asking whether the user wants to save the changes made in the data to the files (Fig 2.24) FIG 2.24 Message to indicate that the case study has not been saved after data editing Similarly, two other messages appear (Figures 2.25 and 2.26) if the user closes editing of a database and tries to reopen it without saving it on the file using Cases/save command These messages indicate... option (Full) is to install the software from the scratch This option is used if MESSAGE is being installed for the first time on a machine or the existing installation is being replaced completely In the later case, the first option will delete all the work previously done The second option is given to update the existing MESSAGE installation keeping the work done earlier (model developed and setting