Tổng hợp ngữ pháp tiếng Anh TOEFL

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FOR MOR INFORMATION, PLEASE CONTACT 11 Ch ng Chủ ngữ (subject) 11.1 Danh t m c v khụng m c Danh từ đếm đợc không đếm đợc 11.2 Quỏn t a Quán từ a (an) v the 11.3 Cỏch s dng Other v another.3 Cách sử dụng Other another 11.4 Cỏch s dng litter.4 Cách sử dụng litter/ a litter, few/ a few 11.5 S hu cỏc.5 Sở hữu cách 1.6 Some, any ng t ( verb) 22.1 Hin ti Hiện (present) 2.1.1 Hinti n gin (simple present) 2.1.2 Hin ti tip din (present progressive) 2.1.3 Present perfect (hin ti hon thnhh) 2.1.4 Hin ti hon thnh tip din ( preset perfect progressive) 2.2 Quỏ kh ( Past) 2.2.1 Quỏ kh n gin (simple past) 2.2.2 Quỏ kh tip din (Past progresive) 2.2.3 Quỏ kh hon thnh (past perfect) 2.2.4 Quỏ kh hon thnh tip din (past perfect progressive) 2.3 Tng lai 2.3.1 Tng lai n gin (simple future) 2.3.2 Tng lai tip din ( future progressive) 2.3.3 Tng lai hon thnh (future perfect) S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t 3.1 Ch ng ng tỏch ng t 3.2 Cỏc danh t luụn ũi hi ng t v i t s it 3.3 Cỏch s dng none, no 3.4 Cỏch s dng cu trỳc either or v neither nor 3.5 Cỏc danh t thể 3.6 Cỏch s dng A number of / the number of 3.7 Cỏc danh t luụn dựng s nhiu 3.8 Cỏch dựng cỏc thnh ng There is, there are i từ 4.1 i t nhõn xng ch ng (Subject pronoun) 4.2 i t nhõn xng tõn ng ữ 4.3 Tớnh t s hu 4.4 i t s hu 4.5 i t phn thõn (reflexive pronoun) ng t dựng lm tõn ng ữ 5.1 ng t nguyờn th lm tõn ng ữ 5.2 Ving dựng lm tõn ng ữ 5.3 ng t c bit 5.4 Cỏc ng t ng ng sau gii từ 5.5 Vn i t i trc ng t nguyờn th hoc Ving lm tõn ng Cỏch s dng ng t bỏn khim khuyt need v dare 6.1 need 6.2 Dare Cỏch dựng ng t to be + infinitive Cõu hi 8.1 Cõu hi yes v no 8.2 Cõu hi thụng bỏo 8.2.1 who v what lm ch ng 8.2.2 Whom v what l tõn ng ca cõu hi 8.2.3 Cõu hi dnh cho cỏc b ng (when, where, why, how) 8.3 Cõu hi giỏn tip (embedded questions) 8.4 Cõu hi cú uụi Li núi ph ho khng nh v ph nh 9.1 Li núi ph ho khng nh 9.2 Li núi ph ho ph nh 10 Cõu ph nh 11 Mnh lnh thc 11.1 Mnh lnh thc trc tip 11.2 Mnh lnh thc giỏn tip 12 ng t khim khuyt 12.1 Din t thi tng lai 12.2 Din t cõu iu kin 12.2.1 iu kin cú th thc hin c thi hin ti 12.2.2 iu kin khụng th thc hin c thi hin ti 12.2.3 iu kin khụng th thc hin c thi quỏ kh 12.2.4 Cỏc cỏch dựng c bit ca Will, would v sould cỏc mnh if 13 Cỏch s dng thnh ng as if, as though 13.1 Thi hin ti 13.2 Thi quỏ kh 14 Cỏch s dng ng t To hope v to wish 14.1 Thi tng lai 14.2 Thi hin ti 14.3 Thi quỏ kh 15 Cỏch s dng thnh ng used to v get /be used to 15.1 used to 15.2 get / be used to 16 Cỏch s dng thnh ng Would rather 16.1 Loi cõu cú mt ch ng 16.2 Loi cõu cú ch ng ữ 17 Cỏch s dng Would Like 18 Cỏch s dng cỏc ng t khim khuyt din t cỏc trng thỏi hin ti 18.1 Could/may/might 18.2 Should 18.3 Must 119 Cỏch s dng cỏc ng t khim khuyt din t cỏc trng thỏi thi quỏ kh9 Cách sử dụng động từ khiếm khuyết để diến đạt trạng thái thời khứ 20 tớnh t v phú t (adjective and adverb) 21 ng t ni 22 So sỏnh ca tớnh t v danh từ 22.1 So sỏnh bng 22.2 So sỏnh hn, kộm 22.3 SSo sỏnh hp lo sánh hợp lý 22.4 Cỏc dng so sỏnh c bit 22.5 So sỏnh a 22.6 So sỏnh kộp (cng thỡ cng) 22.7 No sooner than (va mi thỡ; chng bao lõu thỡ) 23 Dng nguyờn, so sỏnh hn v so sỏnh hn nht 24 Cỏc danh t lm chc nng tớnh từ 25 Enough vi tớnh t, phú t v danh từ 26 Cỏc t ni ch nguyờn nhõn 26.1 Because/ because of 26.2 Mc ớch v kt qu (so that- ) 26.3 Cause and effect 27 Mt s t ni mang tớnh iu kin 28 Cõu b ng 29 ng t gõy nguyờn nhõn 29.1 Have/ get / make 29.2 Let 29.3 Help 30 Ba ng t c bit 31 Cu trỳc phc hp v i t quan h thay 31.1 That v Which lm ch ng ca cõu phụ 31.2 That v wich lm tõn ng ca cõu phụ 31.3 Who lm ch ng ca cõu phụ 31.4 Whom lm tõn ng ca cõu phụ 31.5 Mnh ph bt buc v mnh ph khụng bt buc 31.6 Tm quan trng ca du phy mnh phụ 31.7 Cỏch s dng All / both/ several / most + of + whom / which 31.8 What v whose 32 Cỏch loi b cỏc mnh phụ 33 Cỏch s dng phõn t mt s trng hp c bit 34 Cỏch s dng nguyờn mu hon thnh 35 Nhng cỏch s dng khỏc ca that 35.1 That vi t cỏch ca mt liờn t (rng) 35.2 Mnh cú that 36 Cõu gi nh 36.1 Cõu gi nh dựng would rather that 36.2 Cõu gi nh dựng vi ng t bng 36.3 Cõu gi nh dựng vi tớnh t 36.4 Dựng vi mt s trng hp khỏc 36.5 Cõu gi nh dựng vi it is time 37 Li núi bao hm 37.1 Not only but also (khụng nhng m cũn) 37.2 As well as (cng nh, cng nh l) 37.3 Both and (c ln c) 38 Cỏch s dng to know v to know how 39 Mnh nhng 39.1 Despite / in spite of (mc dự) 39.2 although, even though, though 40 Nhng ng t d gõy nhm ln 41 Mt s ng t c bit khỏc Phn II TTing Anh vitiếng Anh viết II Cỏc li thng gp ting anh vi Các lỗi thờng gặp tiếng anh viết: 42 S ho hp ca thi ng t 43 Cỏch s dng to say, to tell 44 T i trc gii thiu 45 i t nhõn xng one v you 46 Cỏch s dng phõn t m u cho mnh ph 46.1 V+ing m u mnh ph 46.2 Phõn t m u mnh ph ch b ng 46.3 ng t nguyờn th ch mc ớch m u cho mnh ph 46.4 Ng danh t hoc ng gii t m u mnh ph ch s tng ng 47 Phõn t dựng lm tớnh t 47.1 Dựng phõn t lm tớnh t 47.2 Dựng phõn t lm tớnh t 48 Tha (redundancy) 49 Cu trỳc cõu song song 50 Thụng tin trc tip v thụng tin giỏn tip 50.1 Cõu trc tip v cõu giỏn tip 50.2 Phng phỏp chuyn i t cõu trc tip sang cõu giỏn tip 50.3 ng t vi tõn ng trc tip v tõn ng giỏn tip 51 Phú t o lờn u cõu 52 Cỏch chn nhng cõu tr li ỳng 53 Nhng t d gõy nhm ln 54 Cỏch s dng gii t 54.1 During - sut (hnh ng xy mt quóng thi gian) 54.2 From (t) >< to (n) 54.3 Out of (ra khi) >< into (di vo) 54.4 by 54.5 In ( trong, ti) - ngha xỏc nh hn at 54.6 on 54.7 at - ti (thng l bờn ngoi, khụng xỏc nh bng in) 55 Ng ng t 56 S kt hp ca cỏc danh t, ng t v tớnh t vi cỏc gii t GRAMMAR REVIEW Cu trỳc cõu ting Anh Subject + Verb as predicate + Complement + Modifier Ch ng ng t v ng tõn ng b ng CCh ng hủ ngữ (subject) ng u cõu lm ch ng v quyt nh vic chia ng t Ch ng cú th l cm t, ng t nguyờn th (cú to), V+ing, song nhiu nht l danh t vỡ danh t cú liờn quan ti nhng sau: 1.1 Danh t m c v khụng m c.Danh từ đếm đợc không đếm đợc - Danh t m c cú th c dựng vi s m ú cú hỡnh thỏi s ớt, s nhiu Nú cú th dựng c dựng vi a (an) v the - Danh t khụng m c khụng dựng c vi s m ú nú khụng cú hỡnh thỏi s nhiu Do ú, nú khụng dựng c vi a (an) - Mt s cỏc danh t m c cú hỡnh thỏi s nhiu c bit vớ d: person - people woman women mouse - mice foot feet tooth - teeth man - men -Sau õy l mt s danh t khụng m c m ta cn bit Sand soap physics mathematics News mumps Air politics measles information Meat homework food economics advertising* money * Mc dự advertising l danh t khụng m c, nhng advertisement li l danh t m c Vớ d: There are too many advertisements during television shows There is too much advertising during television shows - Mt s danh t khụng m c nh food, meat, money, sand, water, ụi lỳc c dựng nh cỏc danh t m c ch cỏc dng khỏc ca loi danh t ú Vớ d: This is one of the foods that my doctor has forbidden me to eat (ch mt loi thc n c bit no ú) He studies meats (chng hn cork, beef, lamb vv ) Bng sau l cỏc nh ng dựng c vi danh t m c v khụng m c Danh t m c (with count noun) a (an), the, some, any this, that, these, those, none,one,two,three, many a lot of plenty of a large number of a great number of, a great many of (a) few few than more than Danh t khụng m c (with non-count noun) the, some, any this, that non much (thng dựng cõu ph nh hoc cõu hi a lot of a large amount of a great deal of (a) little less than more than - Danh t time nu dựng vi ngha thi gian l khụng m c nhng nu dựng vi ngha s ln hoc thi i li l danh t m c Vớ d: We have spent too much time on this homework She has been late for class six times this semester 1.2 QQuỏn t a uán từ a (an) v the 1- a v an an - c dựng: - trc danh t s ớt m c bt u bng nguyờn õm (vowel) a, e, i, o - hai bỏn nguyờn õm u, y - cỏc danh t bt u bng h cõm vớ d: u : an uncle h : an hour - hoc trc cỏc danh t vit tt c c nh nguyờn õm Vớ d: an L-plate, an SOS, an MP a : c dựng: - trc danh t bt u bng ph õm (consonant) - dựng trc mt danh t bt u bng uni a university, a uniform, a universal, a union - trc danh t s ớt m c, trc danh t khụng xỏc nh c th v mt c im, tớnh cht, v trớ hoc c nhc n ln u cõu - c dựng cỏc thnh ng ch s lng nht nh Vớ d: a lot of, a couple, a dozen, a great many, a great deal of - dựng trc nhng s m nht nh, c bit l ch hng trm, hng ngn Vớ d: a hundred, a thousand - trc half nú theo sau n v nguyờn Vớ d: a kilo and a half v cng cú th c l one and a half kilos Chỳ ý: /2 kg = half a kilo (khụng cú k trc half) - dựng trc half nú i vi danh t khỏc to thnh t ghộp Vớ d: a half-holiday na k ngh, a half-share : na c phn - dựng trc cỏc t s nh 1/3, /4, 1/5, = a third, a quarter, a fifth hay one third, one fourth, one fifth - Dựng cỏc thnh ng ch giỏ c, tc , t l Vớ d: five dolars a kilo; four times a day - Dựng cỏc thnh ng trc cỏc danh t s ớt m c, dựng cõu cm thỏn Vớ d: Such a long queue! What a pretty girl! Nhng: such long queues! What pretty girls - a cú th c t trc Mr/Mrs/Miss + tờn h (surname): Vớ d: a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith a Mr Smith ngha l ngi n ụng c gi l Smith v ng ý l ụng ta l ngi l i vi ngi núi Cũn nu khụng cú a tc l ngi núi bit ụng Smith 2- The - c s dng danh t c xỏc nh c th v tớnh cht, c im, v trớ hoc c nhc n ln th cõu - The + noun + preposition + noun Vớ d: the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mexico; the United States of America - The + danh t + i t quan h + mnh ph Vớ d: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him - Trc danh t ng ý ch mt vt riờng bit Vớ d: She is in the garden - The + tớnh t so sỏnh bc nht hoc s t th t hoc only way Vớ d: The first week; the only way - The + dt s ớt tng trng cho mt nhúm thỳ vt hoc vt thỡ cú th b the v i danh t sang s nhiu Vớ d: The whale = Whales, the shark = sharks, the deep-freeze = deep - freezes Nhng i vi danh t man (ch loi ngi) thỡ khụng cú quỏn t (a, the) ng trc Vớ d: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse - The + danh t s ớt ch thnh viờn ca mt nhúm ngi nht nh Vớ d: the small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult - The + adj i din cho lp ngi, nú khụng cú hỡnh thỏi s nhiu nhng c coi l danh t s nhiu v ng t sau nú phi c chia ngụi th s nhiu Vớ d: the old = ngi gi núi chung; The disabled = nhng ngi tn tt; The unemployed = nhng ngi tht nghip - Dựng trc tờn cỏc khu vc, vựng ó ni ting v mt a lý hoc lch s Vớ d: The Shahara The Netherlands The Atlantic - The + East / West/ South/ North + noun Vớ d: the East/ West end The North / South Pole Nhng khụng c dựng the trc cỏc t ch phng hng ny, nu nú i kốm vi tờn ca mt khu vc a lý Vớ d: South Africal, North Americal, West Germany - The + tờn cỏc hp xng, cỏc dn nhc c in, cỏc ban nhc ph thụng Vớ d: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles - The + tờn cỏc t bỏo ln / cỏc tu bin/ khinh khớ cu Vớ d: The Titanic, the Time, the Great Britain - The + tờn h s nhiu cú ngha l gia ỡnh h nh Vớ d: the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children) hay cũn gi l gia ỡnh nh Smith - The + Tờn s ớt + cm t / mnh cú th c s dng phõn bit ngi ny vi ngi khỏc cựng tờn Vớ d: We have two Mr Smiths Which you want? I want the Mr Smith who signed this letter - Khụng dựng the trc s danh t nh Home, church, bed, court, hospital, prison, school, college, university nú i vi ng t v gii t ch chuyn ng (ch i ti ú lm mc ớch chớnh) Vớ d: He is at home I arrived home before dark I sent him home to bed ( ngđ) We go to church ( cu nguyn) to court ( kin tng) to hospital (cha bnh) to prison (i tự) to school / college/ university ( hc) Tng t We can be in bed at church in court in hospital at school/ college/ university We can be / get back (hoc be / get home) from school/ college/university We can leave school leave hospital be released from prison Vi mc ớch khỏc thỡ phi dựng the Vớ d: I went to the church to see the stained glass He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures Student go to the university for a class party Sea Go to sea (thy th i bin) to be at the sea (hnh khỏch / thu th i trờn bin) Go to the sea / be at the sea = to go to/ be at the seaside : i tm bin, ngh mỏt We can live by / near the sea Work and office Work (ni lm vic) c s dng khụng cú the trc Go to work nhng office li phi cú the Go to the office Vớ d: He is at / in the office Nu to be in office (khụng cú the) ngha l ang gi chc To be out of office - thụi gi chc Town The cú th b i núi v th trn ca ngi núi hoc ca ch th Vớ d: We go to town sometimes to buy clothes We were in town last Monday Go to town / to be in town - Vi mc ớch chớnh l i mua hng Bng dựng the v khụng dựng the mt s trng hp c bit Dựng the Trc cỏc i dng, sụng ngũi, bin, vnh v cỏc h s nhiu Vớ d: The Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gulf, the Great Lackes Trc tờn cỏc dóy nỳi Vớ d: The Rockey Moutains Trc tờn vt th nht trờn th gii hoc v tr Vớ dV: The earth, the moon, the Great Wall Trc School/college/university + of + noun Vớ d: The University of Florida The college of Arts and Sciences Trc cỏc s th t + noun Vớ d: The first world war The third chapter Trc cỏc cuc chin tranh khu vc vi iu kin tờn cỏc khu vc ú phi c tớnh t hoỏ Vớ d: The Korean war Trc tờn cỏc nc cú t t tr lờn Ngoi tr Great Britain Vớ d: The United States, the United Kingdom, the Central Africal Republic Trc tờn cỏc nc c coi l qun o Vớ d: The Philipin Trc cỏc ti liu hoc s kin mang tớnh lch s Vớ d: The constitution, the Magna Carta Trc tờn cỏc nhúm dõn tc thiu s Khụng dựng the Trc tờn h (hay cỏc h s ớt) Vớ d: Lake Geneva, Lake Erie Trc tờn ngn nỳi Vớ dV: Mount Mckinley Trc tờn cỏc hnh tinh hoc cỏc chựm Vớ dV: Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion Trc tờn cỏc trng ny trc nú l tờn riờng Vớ dV: Coopers Art school, Stetson University Trc cỏc danh t m sau nú l s m Vớ d: World war one chapter three Khụng nờn dựng trc tờn cỏc cuc chin tranh khu vc nu tờn khu vc nguyờn Trc tờn cỏc nc cú t nh: Sweden, Venezuela v cỏc nc c ng trc bi new hoc tớnh t ch phng hng Vớ d: New Zealand, South Africa Trc tờn cỏc lc a, tiu bang, tnh, thnh ph, qun, huyn Vớ d: Europe, California Trc tờn bt c mụn th thao no Vớ d: Base ball, basket ball Trc tờn cỏc danh t mang tớnh tru tng 1.3 Vớ d: The Indians, the Aztecs Nờn dựng trc tờn cỏc nhc c Vớ d: To play the piano Trc tờn cỏc mụn hc c th Vớ d: The applied Math The theoretical Physics tr nhng trng hp c bit Vớ d: Freedom, happiness Trc tờn cỏc mụn hc chung Vớ d: Mathematics, Sociology Trc tờn cỏc ngy l, tt Vớ d: Christmas, thanksgiving CCỏch s dng Other v another.ách sử dụng Other another Hai t ny ging v mt ng ngha nhng khỏc v mt ng phỏp Dựng vi danh t m c another + dt s it = cỏi na, cỏi khỏc, ngi na, ngi khỏc Vớ d: another pencil other + dt s nhiu = my cỏi na, my cỏi khỏc, my ngi na, my ngi khỏc Vớ d: other pencils = some more the other + dt s nhiu = nhng cỏi cui cựng, nhng ngi cui cựng cũn li Vớ d: the other pencils = all remaining pencils Dựng vúi danh t khụng m c the other + dt 2s ớt = ngi cui cựng, cỏi cui cựng ca b, nhúm other + dt khụng = chỳt na Vớ d: other water = some more water other beer = some more beer the other + dt khụng = ch cũn sút li Vớ d: The other beer = the remaining beer (ch bia cũn li) - Another v other l khụng xỏc nh the other l xỏc nh Nu danh t hoc ch ng trờn ó c hiu hoc c nhc n, ch cn dựng another v other nh i t l Vớ d: I dont want this book Please give me another - Nu danh t c thay th l s nhiu thỡ other c s dng theo cỏch (other + nouns hoc others) m khụng bao gi c s dng (others + DTSN) - Cú th dựng i t thay th one hoc ones cho danh t sau another, the other v other Lu ý rng this v that cú th dựng vi i t one nhng these v those tuyt i khụng dựng vi ones 1.4 Cỏch s dng litterCách sử dụng litter/ a litter, few/ a few - Little + dt khụng m c : rt ớt, hu nh khụng Vớ d: There is little water in the bottle I have little money, not enough to buy groceries - A little + dt khụng m c: cú chỳt, dựng Vớ d: I have a little money, enough to buy a ticket - few + dt m c s nhiu: cú rt ớt, khụng Vớ d: She has few books, not enough for references - a few + dt m c s nhiu : cú mt ớt, Vớ d: She has a few books, enough to read - Nu danh t trờn ó c nhc n thỡ di ch cn dựng (a) few v (a) little nh i t l Vớ d: Are you ready in money? Yes, a little - quite a few = quite a lot = quite a bit = khỏ nhiu - only a few = only a little = cú rt ớt (nhn mnhn) 1.5 S hu cỏchSở hữu cách The + nouns + noun - Ch c dựng cỏc danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt, khụng dựng cho bt ng vt Vớ d: The students book 10 The cats legs - Nu cú danh t cựng ng s hu cỏch thỡ danh t no ng gn danh t b s hu nht s mang du s hu Vớ d: Tom and Marks house - i vi nhng danh t s nhiu ó cú s thỡ ch cn t du l Vớ d: The students books - Nhng i vi nhng danh t cú s nhiu c bit khụng cú s ti uụi phi dựng nguyờn du s hu Vớ d: The childrens toys - Nú c dựng cho thi gian (nm thỏng, th k, thiờn niờn k.) Vớ d: The 1980 events The 21 st centurys prospect - Nú c dựng cho cỏc nm ngoi tr Xuõn v Thu Nu dựng s hu cỏch cho Xuõn v Thu tc l ta ang nhõn cỏch hoỏ ú Vớ d: The summers hot days The winters cold days The springs coming back = Nng Xuõn ang tr v The autunms leaving = s i ca Nng Thu Trng hp ny hin ớt dựng i vi mt s danh t bt ng vt ch dựng s trng hp tht c bit danh t ú nm cỏc thnh ng Vớ d: A stones throw - ụi i vi nhng danh t ch ni chn hoc a im ch cn dựng s hu cỏch cho danh t ú m khụng cn danh t theo sau Vớ d: At the hairdressers At the butchers 1.6 Some, any some v any ngha l s hoc lng nht nh Chỳng c s dng vi (hoc thay th) cỏc danh t s nhiu hoc danh t khụng m c + Some l dng s nhiu ca a/an v one: Vớ d: Have a biscuit/some biscuits I ate a date/ some dates + some, any of + the/ this/ these/ those/ i t riờng / i t s hu Vớ d: Some of the staff can speak Japaneses Did any of your photos come out well? + some c s dng vi: - Cỏc ng t th khng nh Vớ d: They bought some honey - Trong cỏc cõu hi m cú cõu tr li l yes Vớ d: Did some of you sleep on the floor? (Ngi núi ch i cõu tr li l Nes) - Trong cỏc cõu ngh v yờu cu: Vớ d: Would you like some wine? Could you some typing for me? + any c s dng: - Vi ng t th ph nh Vớ d: I havent any matches - Vi hardly, barely, scarely (cỏc phú t ny u mang ngha ph nhc) Vớ d: I have hardly any spare time - Vi without without any = with no Vớ d: He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/ with no difficulty - Vi cỏc cõu hi Have you got any fish? Did he catch any fish? 11 (Lý tụi tham d vo lp hc ú l ụng giỏo s rt cú ti hựng bin.) This is where I left him That was the time I hit a home run 49 CCu trỳc cõu song songấu trúc câu song song Khi thụng tin mt cõu c a di dng lit kờ hng lot thỡ cỏc thnh phn c lit kờ phi tng ng vi v mt ng phỏp (danh - danh, tớnh t - tớnh t) Nờn nh rng thụng thng thỡ thnh phn u tiờn sau ng t s quyt nh cỏc thnh phn cũn li Tuy nhiờn nu thi gian cõu khỏc thỡ cỏc hnh ng cõu phi theo quy lut thi gian v nguyờn tc song song khụng c ỏp dng Vớ d: She is a senior, studies every day, and will graduate a semester early 50 TThụng tin trc tip v thụng tin giỏn tiphông tin trực tiếp thông tin gián tiếp 50.1 CCõu trc tip v cõu giỏn tipâu trực tiếp câu gián tiếp Trong cõu trc tip thụng tin i t ngi th nht n ngi th Vớ d: He said I bought a new motorbike for myself yesterday Cũn cõu giỏn tip, thụng tin i t ngi th nht qua ngi th v n ngi th Do vy cú s bin i v mt ng phỏp Vớ d: He said he had bought a new motorbike for myself the day before 50.2 PPhng phỏp chuyn i t cõu trc tip sang cõu giỏn tiph ơng pháp chuyển đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp Khi chuyn i t cõu trc tip sang cõu giỏn tip cn phi: Phỏ b ngoc kộp, chuyn i ton b cỏc i t nhõn xng theo ngụi ch ng th nht sang i t nhõn xng ngụi th Lựi ng t v th xung cp so vi mc ban u (lựi v thi) Chuyn i tt c cỏc i t ch th, phú t ch thi gian theo bng quy nh Bng i ng t DIRECT SPEECH Simple present Present progressive Present perfect (Progressive) Simple past will /shall Can / may INDIRECT SPEECH Simple past Past progressive Past perfect (Progressive) Past perfect would / should Could / might Bng i cỏc loi t khỏc This, these That, those here, overhere there, overthere today that day yesterday the day before the day before yesterday two days before tomorrow the following day/ the next day the day after tomorrow in two days time next + thi gian (week, year ) the following + thi gian (week, year ) last + thi gian (week, year ) the privious + thi gain (week, year ) thi gian + ago thi gian + before/ the privious +thi gian - Nu l núi v thut li xy cựng mt ngy thỡ khụng cn phi i thi gian Vớ d: At breakfast this morning he said I will be very busy today At breakfast this morning he said he would be very busy today - Vic iu chnh logic tt nhiờn l cn thit nu li núi c thut li sau ú hoc ngy 71 Vớ d: th Jack núi vi Tom: Im leaving the day after tomorrow (tc l th Jack s ri i) Nu Tom thut li li núi ca Jack vo ngy hụm sau (tc l th 3) thỡ Tom s núi: Jack said he was leaving tomorrow Nu Tom thut li li núi ca Jack vo ngy tip theo (ngy th 4) thỡ Tom s núi: Jack said he was leaving today 50.3 Đng t vi tõn ng trc tip v tõn ng giỏn tip.ộng từ với tân ngữ trực tiếp tân ngữ gián tiếp Trong ting Anh cú nhng loi ng t (trong bng sau) cú tõn ng v ng thi cng cú cỏch dựng Bring find make promiss build get offer read buy give owe sell cut hand paint send draw leave pass show feed lend pay teach tell write - Cỏch dựng giỏn tip t tõn ng trc tip sau ng t ri n gii t for, to v tõn ng giỏn tip (cụng thc sau.) for Subject + verb + tõn ng trc tip + + tõn ng giỏn tip to - Cỏch dựng trc tip t tõn ng giỏn tip sau ng t v sau ú n tõn ng trc tip, gii t to v for mt i, cụng thc sau: Subject + verb + tõn ng giỏn tip + tõn ng giỏn tip - Nu c tõn ng u l i t nhõn xng thỡ khụng c dựng cụng thc trc tip (tc l cụng thc th nht c s dng) Vớ d: Correct : They gave it to us Incorrect: They gave us it - ng t to introduce v to mention khụng bao gi c dựng cụng thc trc tip m phi dựng cụng thc giỏn tip To introduce sb/smth to sb to mention smth to sb Mt s thớ d b tr John gave the essay to his teacher John gave his teacher the essay The little boy brought some flowers for his grandmother The little boy brought his grandmother some flowers I fixed a drink for Maria I fixed Maria a drink He drew a picture for his mother He drew his mother a picture He lent his car to his bother He lent his brother his car We owe several thousand dollars to the bank We owe the bank several thousand dollars 51 PPhú t o lờn u cõuhó từ đảo lên đầu câu Trong ting Anh cú nhng trng hp phú t khụng ng v trớ bỡnh thng ca nú m o lờn ng u cõu nhm nhn mnh vo hnh ng ca ch ng Trong trng hp ú ng phỏp cú thay i, ng sau phú t ng u cõu l tr ng t ri mi n ch ng v ng t chớnh (cụng thc sau) 72 hardly rarely seldom never only + auxiliary + subject + verb Vớ d: Never have so many people been unemployed as today Phú t tr ng t ch ng ng t (so many people have never been unemployed as today.) Hardly had he fallen asleep when he began to dream of far-away lands Phú t tt ch ng ng t (He had hardly fallen asleep when he dream of far-away lands.) Rarely have we seen such an effective actor as he has proven Phú t tr ng t ch ng ng t (we have rarely seen such an effective actor as he has proven.) Seldom does the class let out early Phú t tr ng t ch ng ng t Only by hard work will Phú t we be able to accomplish this great task tr ng t ch ng ng t (We will be able to accomplish this great task only by hard work.) Mt s cỏc phú t c bit ng u cõu IN/ UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES : Dự hon cnh no cng khụng Vớ d: In / under no circumstances should you lend him the money (dự bt c trng hp no anh cng khụng nờn cho nú vay tin.) ON NO ACCOUNT : Dự bt c lý no cng khụng Vớ d: On no account must this switch be toughed (dự vi bt c lý no anh cng khụng c ng vo cm ny) SO + ADJ + AUXILIARY + S + V + THAT N NI M Vớ d: So difficult did she get a job that she had to stay home for an year So sure of this were the owners that they provided lifeboats for only 950 of its possible 3,500 passengers (Nhng ngi ch ca tu ó quỏ tin tng n ni m h ch trang b xung cu m cho 950 s 3, 500 hnh khỏch m tu cú th ti c - chớch bi c v tu Titanic) (Cụ y kim c vic lm mt cỏch khú khn n ni cụ y ó phi ngi nh nm tri) ONLY IN THIS WAY : Ch cú bng cỏch ny Vớ d: Only in this way could you solve the problem (Ch cú bng cỏch ny thỡ cu mi gii c húc bỳa ny.) NAGATIVE, , NOR + AUXILIARY + S + V ( m cng chng / m cng khụng ) Vớ d: He didnt have any money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could borrow (Nú chng cũn ng no c m nú cng chng bit m nú cú th hi vay.N) 52 CCỏch chn nhng cõu tr li ỳng.ách chọn câu trả lời Mt bi thi ng phỏp ca TOEFL c a di dng mt cõu cho sn cũn b d v di ú l cõu in vo Trong cõu ú ch cú cõu ỳng chn c cõu ỳng ú ta cn tin hnh cỏc bc sau: Phi kim tra cỏc li ng phỏp, bao gm: a- S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t b- Vic s dng cỏc tớnh t v phú t c- V trớ ca cỏc b ng theo th t: + ch phng thc hnh ng + ch a im + ch thi gian 73 + ch phng tin hnh ng + hon cnh hnh ng d- S phi hp gia cỏc thỡ ca ng t e- Xem xột vic s dng hp lý cỏc i t f- Cu trỳc cõu song song Phi loi b nhng cõu tr li mang tớnh rm r a- Phi loi b nhng cõu tr li bao gm thnh ng khụng sai nhng di, ú li cú t khỏc ngn hn thay th Nhng lu ý rng cú nhng phú t khụng cú hỡnh thc uụi ly hoc nu cú s mang ngha khỏc, nờn phi dựng theo cỏch: mt cm thnh ng (nhng tớnh t cú uụi ny) Vớ d: Freshly khỏc vi in a fresh mener (ti) Minh ho This food is only delicious when eaten in a fresh mener (khi n ti) He had a dozen fresh-laid egges (trng va mi ) b- Phi trỏnh nhng cõu tr li cú t mang cựng mt ngha (Redundancy) Phi trỏnh nhng cõu tr li cú nhng t vng khụng khp vi ngha ca cõu c bit l cỏc ng ng t Trỏnh nhng cõu tr li cú ting lúng 53 NNhng t d gõy nhm lnhững từ dễ gây nhầm lẫn ú l nhng t rt d gõy nhm ln v mt ng ngha, chớnh t hoc cỏch phỏt õm ANGEL (n) : Thiờn thn ANGLE (n) : Gúc CITE (v) : Trớch dn In her term paper, Janis had to cite many references SITE (n) : Khu t ( xõy dngđ) The corner of North Main and Mimosa Streets will be the site of the new shopping center SIGHT (n) : 1- Khe ngm, tm ngm Through the sight of the rifle, the soldier spotted the enemy (n) 2- cnh tng Whatching the landing of the spaces capsule was a pleasant sight (v) 3- Thy, quan sỏt thy We sighted a ship in the bay COSTUME (n) Qun ỏo, trang phc l hi Vớ d: It is a custom in Western Europe for little boys to wear shorts pants to school DECENT (adj) : 1- ng n, t chnh 2- tm tt, tt Vớ d: When one appears in court, one must wear decent clothing DESCENT (n) : 1- leo xung, trốo xung Vớ d: The mountain climbers found their descent more hazardous than their ascent 2- ngun gc, dũng dừi Vớ d: Vladimir is of Russian descent DESSERT (n) : Mún ming Vớ d: We had apple pie for dessert last night DESERT (n) : sa mc Vớ d: It is difficult to live in the desert without water DESERT (v) : b, b mc Vớ d: After deserting the post, the soldier ran away from the camp LATER (adv) : sau ú, sau õy, ri thỡ (thng dựng vi cõu tng lai) Ngc ngha vi nú l earlier (c dựng simple past) Vớ d: We went to the movies and later had ice cream at Dairy Isle THE LATTER >< THE FORMER Cỏi th 2, ngi th >< cỏi th nht, ngi th nht Vớ d: 74 Germany and England both developed dirigibles for use during World war II, the latter primarily for coastal reconnaissance (latter = England) LOOSE (adj) : lng >< tight : cht Vớ d: after dieting, Marcy found that her clothes had become so loose that she had to buy a new wardrobe LOSE (v) : 1- ỏnh mt, tht lc Vớ d: Mary lost her glasses last week 2- thua, tht bi Vớ d: If Harry doesnt practice his tennis more, he may lose the match Passed (v - quỏ kh ca pass) : 1- trụi qua, qua i Vớ d: Five hours passed before the jury reached its verdict 2- i qua, i ngang qua Vớ d: While we were sitting in the park, several of our friends passed us 3- thnh cụng, vt qua c Vớ d: The students are happy that they passed their exams PAST (adj) : 1- ó qua, d vóng Vớ d: This past week has been very hectic for the students returning to the university 2- trc õy Vớ d: In the past, he had been a cook, a teacher, and a historian PEACE (n) : ho bỡnh, s trt t, s yờn n, s yờn lng, s bỡnh Vớ d: Peace was restored to the community after a week of rioting PIECE (n) : Mt mu, mnh Vớ d: Heidi ate a piece of chocolate cake for dessert PRINCIPAL (n) : 1- hiu trng (trng tiu hc v trung hc) Vớ d: The principal called a faculty meeting (adj) 2- chớnh, ch yu Vớ d: An anthropologist, who had worked with the indigenous tribes in Australia, was the principal speaker at Fridays luncheon PRINCIPLE (n) : Nguyờn tc, lut l Vớ d: Mr Connors is a man who believes that truthfulness is the best principle QUIET (adj) : yờn ng, yờn , im lng, tnh mch Vớ d: The night was so quiet that you could hear the breeze blowing QUITE (adv) : 1- hon ton Vớ d: Louise is quite capable of taking over the household chores while her mother is away 2- hi, mt chỳt Vớ d: He was quite tired after his first day of classes QUIT (v) : dng Vớ d: Herman quit smoking on his doctors advice STATIONARY (adj) : c nh, khụng di chuyn, tnh ti Vớ d: The weatherman said that the warm front would be stationary for several days 75 STATIONERY (n) : Giy vit c bit, phũng phm Vớ d: Lucille used only monogrammed stationary for correspondence THAN (liờn t) : c s dng cõu so sỏnh hn Vớ d: Todays weather is better than yesterdays THEN (adj) : sau ú (c dựng sau thi im ó c cpđ) Vớ d: First, Julie filled out her schedule; then, she paid her fees THEIR (adj) : tớnh t s hu s nhiu Vớ d: Their team scored the most points during the game THERE (adv) : 1- ú, ng Vớ d: Look over there between the trees 2- c s dng vi be ch s hin din, s cú mt, s tn ti Vớ d: There is a book on the teachers desk THEYRE (i t + ng t): vit tt ca they are Vớ d: Theyre leaving on the noon flight to Zurich TO (gii t) : i ti, cho ti, ti tn lỳc Vớ d: Go to the blackboard and write out the equation TWO (n hoc adj) - hai Vớ d: Two theories have been proposed to explain that incident TOO (adv) 1- quỏ Vớ d: This morning was too cold for the children go to swimming 2- cng, cng vy Vớ d: Jane went to the movie, and we did too WEATHER (n): thi tit Vớ d: Our flight was delayed because of bad weather WHETHER (liờn t): nờn chng (ch la chn) Vớ d: Because of gas shortage, we not know whether we will go away for our vacation or stay home WHOSE (i t) - tớnh t hay i t quan h s hu Vớ d: The person whose name is drawn first will win the grand prize WHOS (i t quan h đ + ng t) : vit tt ca who + is hoc who + has Vớ d: Whos (who is) your new biology professor ? Scott is the attorney whos (who has) been reviewing this case YOUR (adj) - s hu ca you Vớ d: We are all happy about your accepting the position with the company in Baltimore YOURE (i t + ng t) - Vit tt ca you + are Vớ d: Youre going to enjoy the panorama from the top of the hill Cỏc t cú im ging d nhm ln ACCEPT (v) : chp nhn Vớ d: Professor Perez will accept the chairmanship of the humanities department EXCEPT (gt) : ngoi tr (1 vt hay ngi) 76 Vớ d: Everyone is going to the convention exept Bob ACCESS (n) : sn cú, cỏch truy cp vo Vớ d: The teacher had no access to the studentsfiles, which were locked in the principals office EXCESS (adj) : 1- di do, phong phỳ, d tha We paid a surcharge on our excess baggage (n) 2- Lng b xung, ph Vớ d: The demand for funds was in excess of the actual need ADVICE (n) : li khuyờn, t Vớ d: If you heed the teachers advice, you will well in your studies ADVISE (v) : a li khuyờn, hoc t The Congress advised the president against signing the treaty at that time AFFECT (v) : Tỏc ng Vớ d: The doctors wanted to see how the medication would affect the patient EFFECT (n) : 1- Kt qu hoc hu qu Vớ d: The children suffered no ill effects from their long plane ride (v) 2- To hiu qu Vớ d: To effect a change in city government we must all vote on Tuesday Again (adv): ln na, lp li (1 hnh ng1) Vớ d: Mike wrote to the publishers again, inquiring about his manuscript AGAINST (gii t) : 1- chng li, phn i ú hoc cỏi gỡ ú Vớ d: The athletic director was against our dancing in the new gym 2- k bờn, bờn cnh Vớ d: The boy standing against the piano is my cousin Bill ALREADY (adv) : sn sng Vớ d: Jans plane had already landed before we got to the airport ALL READY (noun + adj): ó chn b sn sng lm gỡ Vớ d: We are all ready to go boating AMONG (gii t): Ch mi quan h (hoc s la chn t) hay nhiu ngi (nhiu vt) - s Vớ d: It was difficult to select a winner from among so many contestants BETWEEN (gii t) : ch mi quan h (s la chn) gia thc th Vớ d: Between writing her book and teaching, Mary Ellen had litte time for anything else Lu ý: cu trỳc between and cng cú th c dựng ch v trớ chớnh xỏc ca quc gia nm gia cỏc quc gia khỏc Vớ d: Vitnam lies between China, laos and cambodia BESIDE (gii t) : bờn cnh ú Vớ d: There is a small table beside the bed BESIDES (gii t hoc phú t): ngoi ra, cng, hn na Vớ d: I have five history books here besides the four that I left at home ASIDE (adv) : t sang bờn Vớ d: 77 Harry sets money aside every payday for his daughters education COMPARE (V) + WITH: so vi ( ch s ging nhau, s tng ng) Vớ d: Sue compared her new school with the last one she had attended CONTRAST (V) + WITH: ch s tng phn (khỏc nhau) Vớ d: In her composition, Marta chose to contrast life in a big city with that of a small town CONSECUTIVE (adj) : Liờn tc (khụng cú tớnh ngt quóngk) Vớ d: Today is the tenth consecutive day of unbearable heat wave SUCCESSIVE (adj) : liờn tc (cú tớnh ngt quóng) Vớ d: The United States won gold medals in two successive Olympic Games CONSIDERABLE (adj): ỏng k Vớ d: Even thought Marge had considerable experience in the field, she was not hired for the job CONSIDERATE (adj): lch s, õn cn, chu ỏo, hay quan tõm ti ngi khỏc Vớ d: It was very considerate of Harry to send his hostess a bouquet of flowers CREDIBLE (adj) : cú th tin c Vớ d: His explanation of the rescue at sea seemed credible CREDITABLE (adj) : v vang, ỏng ca ngi, ỏng khen Vớ d: The firemans daring rescue of those trapped in the burning was a creditable deed Vic ngi lớnh cu ho dỏm xụng vo cu nhng ngi b nht ỏm chỏy l vic lm ỏng khen ngi CREDULOUS (adj): c tin, nh da Vớ d: Rita is so credulous that she will accept any excuse you offer DETRACT (v) : lm gim (giỏ tr, uy tớn) Vớ d: Mollys nervousness detracted from her singing DISTRACT (v) : lm lóng quờn, lm mt trung Vớ d: Please dont distract your father while he is balancing the chequebook DEVICE (n): mt phỏt minh hay k hoch, thit b, dng c, mỏy múc Vớ d: This is a clever device for cleaning fish without getting pinched by the scales DEVISE (v) : ngh ra, sỏng ch Vớ d: The general devised a plan for attacking the enemy camp at night while the soldiers were celebrating ELICIT (v) : rỳt ra, moi ra, thu hi li, rỳt li Vớ d: The prosecutors barrage of questions finally elicited the truth from the witness ILLICIT (adj) : bt hp phỏp Vớ d: The politicians illicit dealings with organized crime caused him to lose his government position EMIGRANT (n) : ngi di c (ng t l Emigrate from: di c t) Vớ d: After world war II, many emigrants left Europe to go to the United States IMMIGRANT (n) : ngi nhp c (ng t l Immigrate into) Vớ d: The United States is a country composed of immigrants EXAMPLE (n) : thớ d, dn chng Vớ d: Picassos Guermica is an excellent example of expressionism in art SAMPLE (n) : mu 78 Vớ d: My niece loves to go to supermarket because the dairy lady always gives her a sample of cheese FORMERLY (adv) : trc õy Vớ d: He formerly worked as a professor, but now he is a physicist FORMALLY (adj) 1- t chnh (n mc) Vớ d: At the resort we were required to dress formally for dinner every night ni ụng ngi ngi ta yờu cu chỳng tụi n mc chnh t vo tt c cỏc ba n ti 2- chớnh thc Vớ d: She has formally requested a name change HARD (adj): 1- khú Vớ d: The test was so hard that nobody passed 2- cng Vớ d: The stadiums seats were hard, so we rented a cushion 3- (phú t) chm ch, rt n lc Vớ d: They worked hard on the project HARDLY (adv) : hu nh khụng Vớ d: He had so much work to after the vacation that he hardly knew where to begin HELPLESS (adj) : Vụ vng, tuyt vng I could not speak their language, I felt helpless trying to understand the tourists plight USELESS (adj) : vụ dng An umbrella is useless in a hurricane ụ s tr nờn vụ dng trn bóo HOUSE (n) v Home (n) : nhiu c s dng ln ln, nhng cú s khỏc bit v ng ngha 1- House ỏm ch ti to nh hoc cụng trỡnh kin trỳc The Chapmans are building a new house in Buckingham Estates 2- Home ỏm ch ti bu khụng khớ ngụi nh Home l ni trỏi tim IMAGINARY (adj): Tng tng, khụng cú tht Since Ralph has no brother or sisters, he has created an imaginary playmate IMAGINATIVE (adj) : phong phỳ trớ tng tng, giu trớ tng tng Star Wars was created by an highly imaginatve writer IMMORTAL (adj) : bt t The immortal works of Shakespeare are still being read and enjoyed three centuries after their writing IMMORAL (adj) : trỏi vi luõn thng o lý, i bi Their immoral behavior in front of the students cost the teachers their jobs IMPLICIT (adj) : ngm, n tng, tim tng, tuyt i, hon ton Our supervisor has implicit faith in our ability to finish the project on time Ngi giỏm sỏt d ỏn cú nim tin tuyt i vo kh nng hon tt d ỏn ỳng thi hn ca chỳng tụi EXPLICIT (adj) : rừ rng, chớnh xỏc The professor gave explicit instructions for carrying out the research project INDUSTRIAL (adj) : [thuc] cụng nghip Paul had an industrial accident and wa in the hospital for three months INDUSTRIOUS (adj): cn cự, siờng nng Mark was such an industrious student that he received a four-year scholarship to the university INFLICT (v) : kt ỏn, bt phi chu Because the prisoners had created a riot and had assaulted several guards, the warden inflicted several punishments on all the participants AFFLICT (v) : lm su nóo, lm au kh During the Middle Ages, millions of people were afflicted by the plague (vo thi trung c, hng triu ngi ó b ngó bnh vỡ nn dch.) INSPIRATION (n): cm hng (sỏng to, hc tp, khỏm phỏ) Thomas A Edison, inventor of the phonograph, said that an idea was ninety-nine percent perspiration and one percent inspiration (Thomas A Edison, nh phỏt minh chic kốn, núi rng ý tng l 99% m hụi cụng sc v ch 1% cm hng sỏng to) ASPIRATION (n) : 1- khỏt vng, nguyn vng Gails lifelong aspiration has been that of becoming a doctor 79 2- s hớt th To pronounce certain words, proper aspiration is necessary INTELLIGENT (adj) : thụng minh Dan was so intelligent that he received good grades without ever having to study INTELLIGIBLE (adj) : d dng, d hiu The science teachers explanations were so intelligible that students had no problems doing their assignments INTELLECTUAL (n) : 1- trớ thc Because Fabian is an intellectual, he finds it difficult to associate with his classmates who are less intelligent 2- (adj): khụn ngoan, ti trớ, uyờn bỏc John was involved in an intellectual conversation with his old professor INTENSE (adj) : mnh, d di, mónh lit Last winters intense cold almost depleted the natural gas supply INTENSIVE (adj) : mnh, sõu, trung Before going to Mexico, Phil took an intensive course in Spanish LATE (adj, adv): 1-khụng ỳng gi, mun Professor Carmichael hates to see his students arrive late 2- (adj) quỏ c Her late husband was the author of that book LATELY (adv) : gn õy I havent seen Burt lately He must be extremely busy with his research LEARN (v) : hc The new cashier had to learn how to operate the computerised cash register TEACH (v) : dy The instructor is teaching us how to program computers LEND (v) v LOAN (v) : cho vay - cú th dựng ln c Jill loaned (lend) me her red dress to wear to the dance BORROW (v) : vay I borrowed Jills red dress to wear to the dance LIQUEFY (v) : tan ra, chy The ice cream began to liquefy in the intense heat LIQUIDATE (v) : tr kh, toỏn, lý The foreign agent tried to liquidate the traitor before he passed the information to his contacts LONELY (adj) : cụ n After her husbands death, Debbie was very lonely and withdrawn Sau cỏi cht ca chng, Debbie rt cụ n v khú tớnh ALONE (adj) : mt mỡnh After losing in the Olympic tryouts, Phil asked to be left alone Near (gii t hoc phú t): gn My biology class meets near the Student Union Nearly (adv): hu ht, gn nh, na We were nearly hit by the speeding car on the turnpike Chỳng tụi na thỡ b mt xe tc cao hỳc vo trờn xa l Observation (n): s quan sỏt, s theo dừi The ancient Egyptians observation of the heavently bodies helped them know when to plant and harvest Observance (n): s tuõn theo, s tuõn th, nghi thc, nghi l There will be numerous parades and displays of the fireworks in observance of Independece Day Persecute (v) : ngc ói, hnh h Throughout history many people have been persecuted for their religious beliefs Prosecute (v): truy t Shoplifters will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law Preceed (v): ng trc Weather Service warnings preceeded the hurricane Proceed (v): tip tc (mt cụng vic b b d) After the fire drill, the teacher proceeded to explain the experiment to the physics class Quantity (n) : s lng (c dựng vi danh t khụng m c) A large quantity of sand was removed before the archeologists found the prehistoric animal bones Number (n): s lng (c s dng vi danh t m c) 80 A number of artefacts were found at the excavation site Remember (v) : nh li, nh, ngh v I not remember what time he asked me to call You dont remember, you? Remind (v) : nhc nh ai, lm cho nh li Please remind me to call Henry at oclock tonight Henry reminds me of my uncle Sensible (adj) : cú úc phỏn oỏn tt When it is raining hard, sensible people stay indoors Sensitive (adj) : nhy cm Stephen cannot be out in the sun very long because he has very sensitive skin and burns easily Special (adj) : c bit Meyers Department Store will have a special sale for their charge customers Especially (adv) : c bit Rita is especially tatented in the fine arts She has a special talent for playing music by ear Use (n): ỏp dng, s dng The salesman said that regular use of fertilizer would ensure a greener, healthier lawn Usage (n) : cỏch s dng Norm Crosbys usage of English vocabulary in his comedy routine is hilarious 54 CCỏch s dng gii t.ách sử dụng giới từ Vic s dng gii t l rt khú vỡ hu ht cỏc khỏi nim v gii t u cú nhng ngoi l Cỏch tt nht hc chỳng l minh ho bng hỡnh nh xem chỳng thc hin chc nng nh th no so vi cỏc gii t khỏc v hc nhng ng dng chung nht nh v nhng thnh ng s dng cỏc gii t khỏc S di õy s em li cho bn ý nim chung v cỏch s dng gii t Tuy nhiờn, nú khụng giỳp c bn hiu nhng thnh ng cha gii t nht nh i vi nhng thnh ng m t nú khụng núi lờn ngha ca nú thỡ ngha ca nú s phi hc thuc Nghiờn cu cỏc cõu vớ d hiu ngha ca mi thnh ng Cỏc gii t v thnh ng ny rt quan trng tt c cỏc phn ca TOEFL Above, over on to from through into out of by Below, under 54.1 During - sut (hnh ng xy mt quóng thi gian) during for + time (ch trng thỏi) Vớ d: During our vacation, we visited many relatives across the country During the summer, we not have to study 54.2 From (t) >< to (n) Dựng cho thi gian v a im From a time to a time a place a place He lived in Germany from 1972 to 1978 We drove from Atlanta to New York in one day From time to time : thnh thong, ụi Vớ d: We visit the art museum from time to time 54.3 Out of (ra khi) >< into (di vo) be (run) out of + danh t: ht, khụng cũn be out of town : i vng Mr Adams cannot see you this week because he is out of town 81 be out of date (c, li thi) >< be up to date (mi, cp nht, hp thi) Dont use that dictionary It is out of date Find one that is up to date be out of work : tht nghip I have been very unhappy since I have been out of work be out of the question : khụng th c Your request for an extension of credit is out of the question be out of order: hng We had to use our neighbours telephone because ours was out of order 54.4 by ng t ch chuyn ng + by = i ngang qua ng t tnh + by = gn, bờn by + thi gian c th: trc lỳc Vớ d: We usually eat supper by six oclock in the evening By c dựng cõu b ng ch ch th gõy hnh ng Vớ d: Romeo and Juliet was writen by William Shakespeare By + phng tin giao thụng (bus/ plane/ train/ car/ ship/ bike) Vớ d: We traveled to Boston by train By then : trc lỳc ú Vớ d: I will graduate from the university in 1997 By then, I hope to have found a job By way of = via : theo ng Vớ d: We are driving to Atlanta by way of Baton Rouge By the way : 1- tỡnh c Vớ d: By the way, Ive got two tickets for Saturdays game Would you like to go with me? 2- nhõn õy, tin õy By far + tớnh t so sỏnh: (dựng nhn mnh) Vớ d: This book is by far the best on the subject By accident / by mistake : tỡnh c >< on purpose (c tỡnh) Vớ d: Nobody will receive a check on Friday because the wrong cards were put into the computer by accident 54.5 In ( trong, ti) - ngha xỏc nh hn at In a room/ building/ drawer/ closet : bờn Vớ d: Your socks are in the drawer In + nm / thỏng Vớ d: His birthday is in April I will begen class in 1998 In time : ỳng gi -va Vớ d: We arrived at the airport in time to eat before the plane left In the street: di lũng ng Vớ d: The children were warned not to play in the street In the morning / afternoon/ evening : vo bui sỏng / bui chiu/ bui ti Vớ d: I have a dental appointment in the morning, but I will be free in the afternoon In the past/ future: quỏ kh / tng lai Vớ d: In the past, attendance at school was not compulsory, but it is today In future : t tr i Vớ d: I will spend much time on learning English in future because the TOEFL test is coming In the beginning/ end : thot u / rt cuc = at first/ at last Vớ d: Everyone seemed unfriendly in the beginning but in the end everyone made friends In the way : chn ngang li, li Vớ d: He could not park his car in the driveway because another car was in the way Once in a while : thnh thong, ụi Vớ d: Once in a while, we eat dinner at Chiness restaurant In no time at all: nhỏy mt, thoỏng Vớ d: George finishes his assignment in no time at all In the meantime = meanwhile : lỳc ú Vớ d: We start school in several weeks, but in the meantime, we can take a trip In the middle : gia (a im) Vớ d: Grace stood in the middle of the room looking for her friend 82 In the army/ air force/ navy Trong quõn i / khụng lc / hi quõn In the + s th t + row : hng gh th Vớ d: We are going to sit in the fifteen row of the auditorium In the event that : trng hp Vớ d: In the event that you win the prize, you will be notified by mail In case : phũng khi, ng nh Vớ d: I will give you the key to the house so you will have it in case I arrive a little late Be/ get in touch/ contact with : tip xỳc, liờn lc, gp g vi Vớ d: Its very difficult to get in touch with Jenny because she works all day 54.6 on On + th tun / ngytrong thỏng Vớ d: I will call you on Thursday His birthday is on February On + a/the + phng tin giao thụng (bus/ plane/ train/ ship/ bike) Vớ d: Its two late to see Jane; shes already on the plane I came to school this morning on the bus On a street : ti ph Vớ d: I lives on st Ngc khỏnh On + the + s th t + floor: tng th Vớ d: My girlfriend lives on the fourth floor of an old building by my house On time : ỳng gi (bt chp hon cnh bờn ngoi) Vớ d: Despite the bad weather, our plane left on time On the corner (of two street) : gúc gia ph Vớ d: My house is on the corner of Ngc khỏnh street and Trm cp street On the corner 83 in the corner On the sidewalk : trờn va hố Vớ d: Dont walk in the street, walk on the sidewalk On the way : trờn ng ti >< on the way back to: trờn ng tr v Vớ d: We can stop at the grocery store on the way to their house On the right/ left : bờn trỏi / bờn phi Vớ d: Paul sits on the left side of the room and Dave sits on the right On television/ (the) radio: trờn truyn hỡnh / trờn i phỏt Vớ d: The presidents State of the Union Address will be on television and on the radio tonight On the telephone (on the phone): núi trờn in thoi, gi in thoi, nh cú mc in thoi Vớ d: Is your house on the telephone ? - nh cu cú mc in thoi khụng? Janet will be here soon; she is on the telephone On the whole = in general : núi chung Vớ d: On the whole, the rescue mission was well executed On the other hand: nhiờn on the one hand on the other hand : mt mt mt khỏc Vớ d: The present perfect aspect is never used to indicate a specific time; on the other hand, the simple past tense is On sale 1- for sale : cú bỏn, bỏn 2- bỏn h giỏ Vớ d: The house will go on sale this weekend The regular price of the radio is $39.95, but today its on sale for $25 On foot: i b Vớ d: My car would not start so I came on foot 54.7 at the corner at - ti (thng l bờn ngoi, khụng xỏc nh bng in) Vớ d: Jane is at the bank At + s nh Vớ d: George lives at 565 16 th Avenue At + thi gian c th Vớ d: The class begin at 5:15 At + home/ school/ work : nh / trng / ang lm vic Vớ d: Charles is at work and his roommate is at school At night, they are usually at home At + noon/ night: vo ban tra / vo ban ờm at noon (M) : ỳng 12h tra At least : ti thiu >< at most : ti a Vớ d: We will have to spend at least two weeks doing the experiments At once : lp tc Vớ d: Please come home at once At times : thi thong, ụi Vớ d: At times, it is difficult to understand him because he speaks too fast At present/ the moment = now + thi tip din Lu ý: gii t trờn tng ng vi presently nhng phi cn thn s dng phú t ny vỡ nhng v trớ khỏc s mang nhng ngha khỏc Sentence + presently : Ngay tc thỡ, chng bao lõu Vớ d: She will be here presently : cụ y s ti õy bõy gi Presently + sentence : Ngay sau ú Vớ d: Presently he heard her living home Subject + presently + verb : Hin Vớ d: She is presently working on her PhD degree - Hin cụ y ang lm lun ỏn tin s trit hc Vớ d: She is studying at the moment At first : thot u >< at last : v sau Vớ d: Jane was nervous at first, but later she felt more relaxed At the beginning/ at the end of : u / cui (dựng cho a imd / thi gian) Mt s thnh ng c bit dựng vi gii t On the beach: trờn bói bin Vớ d: We walked on the beach for several hours last night In place of = instead of : thay cho, thay vỡ Vớ d: Sam is going to the meeting in place of his brother, who has to work Lu ý: In place of khụng thay th c cho instead instead i mt mỡnh ng cui cõu Vớ d: She was supposed to come this morning, but she went to the lab instead For the most part : ch yu Vớ d: The article discuses, for the most part, the possibility of life in other planets In hopes of + Ving = hoping to + verb = hoping that + sentence Vớ d: John called his brother in hopes of finding somebodyto watch his children Of course : chc chn, tt nhiờn Vớ d: If you study the material very thoroughly, you will have no trouble on the examination Off and on : dai dng, tỏi hi, tng chp mt Vớ d: It rained off and on all day yesterday All of a sudden: bt thỡnh lỡnh Vớ d: When we were walking through the woods, all of a sudden, we heard a strange sound For good = for ever : vnh vin, mói mói Vớ d: Helen is leaving Chicago for good 55 NNg ng t.gữ động từ ú l nhng ng t kt hp vi 1, hoc ụi gii t Khi kt hp dng nh vy, ng ngha ca chỳng thay i hn so vi ngha ban u To break off: chm dt, ct t, on tuyt Vớ d: As a result of the recent, unprovoked attack, the two countries broke off their diplomatic relations To bring up: nờu ra, a Vớ d: The country commissioner brought up the heated issue of restricting on-street parking Call on : 1- yờu cu Vớ d: The teacher called on James to write the equation on the blackboard 2- ghộ thm, n thm 84 Vớ d: The new minister called on each of the families of his church in order to become better acquainted with them Care for: 1- thớch (take care of) Vớ d: Because Marita doesnt care for dark colors, she buys only brightly colored clothes 2- trụng nom, sn súc (take care for) Vớ d: My neighbors asked me to care for their children after school Check out : 1- Mn sỏch (th vin) Vớ d: I went to the library and checked out thirty books last night for my research paper 2- xem xột, iu tra Vớ d: This photocopy machine is not working properly Could you check out the problem? Check out of : lm th tc ( khỏch sn, sõn bay, nh ga) >< check into : lm th tc vo sõn bay, khỏch sn Check (up) on : iu tra Vớ d: The insurance company decided to check up on his driving record before insuring him Close in on : tin li gn, chy li gn Vớ d: In his hallucinatory state, the addict felt that the walls were closing in on him Come along with: i cựng vi Vớ d: June came along with her supervisor to the budget meeting Come down with : Mc phi cn bnh Vớ d: During the summer, many people come down with intestinal disorders Count on = depent on = rely on : trụng cy vo, da vo, nh vo Vớ d: Maria was counting on the grant money to pay her way through graduate school Do away with = eliminate = get rid of : tng kh, loi b, tr kh Vớ d: Because of the increasing number of broblems created after the football games, the director has decided to away with all sports activities Draw up : son tho (1 hp ng, k hoch) A new advertising contract was drawn up after the terms had been decided Drop out of : b (c bit b hc gia chng) Vớ d: This organization has done a great deal to prevent young people from dropping out of school SS kt hp ca cỏc danh tự kết hợp danh từ, ng t v tớnh t vi cỏc gii t 56 Rt nhiu danh t, ng t, v cỏc tớnh t c i kốm vi cỏc gii t nht nh Tuy nhiờn, cng cú nhiu ngoi l Sau õy s lit kờ mt s danh t, ng t, v tớnh t m chỳng thng xuyờn hin din vi cỏc gii t kốm theo Nouns + prepositions equivalent of quality of pair of number of reason for sample of example of exception for possibility of Cỏc danh t cho bng sau cú th i vi hoc for hoc of fear method hatred need means Vớ d: The quality of this photograph is poor I saw a sample of her work and was quite impressed They have yet to discover a new method of/ method for analyzing this information ng t + gii t Decide on detract from emerge from participate in confide in plan on engage in escape from remove from pay for depend on approve of succeed in mingle with rely on Chỳ ý: Khụng c nhm ln gia to ca mt ng t nguyờn th vi gii t to 85 [...]... phi chia theo danh t ng sau or Nu ú l danh t s ớt thỡ phi chia ngụi th 3 s ớt v ngc li Vớ d: The actress or her manager is going to a party tonight 3.2 CCỏc danh t luụn ũi hi ng t v i t s it.ác danh từ luôn đòi hỏi động từ và đại từ số it ú l cỏc ng t trong bng sau: any + danh t s ớt anybody anyone anything every + danh t s it everybody everyone everything 17 no + danh t s ớt Some + danh t s ớt nobody... have taken a TOEFL test by the end of this year Lu ý : Thi ny phi cú lý do c bit mi s dng 16 3 SS ho hp gia ch ng v ng t.ự hoà hợp giữa chủ ngữ và động từ Thụng thng thỡ ng t ng lin ngay vi ch ng v phi chia theo ngụi ch ng Song cú nhng trng hp khụng phi nh vy 3.1 CCh ng ng tỏch khi ng t.hủ ngữ đứng tách khỏi động từ - ng xen vo gia ch ng v ng t l 1 ng gii t (1 gii t m u kt hp vi cỏc danh t theo sau1)... phi chia ngụi th 3 s ớt 3.5 CCỏc danh t tp thác danh từ tập thể ú l nhng danh t trong bng di õy dựng ch mt nhúm ngi hoc 1 t chc Cho dự vy, chỳng vn c xem l danh t s ớt v do ú, cỏc ng t v i t i cựng vi chỳng phi ngụi th 3 s ớt congress organization government family team jury group army majority* committee club minority class crowd public - Nu ng t ng sau nhng danh t ny chia ngụi th 3 s nhiu thỡ... congress are discussing the bill (some agree but some dont) (TOEFL khụng bt li ny) * Majority Danh t ny c dựng tu theo danh t i ng sau nú The majority + singular verb The majority of the plural noun + plural verb Vớ d: The majority believes that we are in no danger The majority of the students believe him to be innocent Lu ý: Danh t police luụn c coi l danh t ngụi th 3 s nhiu do vy ng t ng sau nú phi chia... number of + danh t s nhiu + ng t s nhiu - a number of : mt s lng ln nhng i vi danh t s nhiu v ng t phi chia ngụi th 3 s nhiu - the number of : mt s i vúi danh t s nhiu nhng ng t phi chia ngụi th 3 s ớt the number of + danh t s nhiu + ng t s ớt Vớ d: A number of applicants have already been interviewed The number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is quite small 3.7 CCỏc danh t luụn... dng tựy theo danh t ng ng sau nú - nu danh t ú l khụng m c thỡ ng t phi chia ngụi th 3 s ớt None + of the + non-count noun + singular verb Vớ d: None of the counterfeit money has been found - nu sau none of the l 1 danh t m c s nhiu thỡ ng t phi chia ngụi th 3 s nhiu None + of the + plural noun + plural verb Vớ d: None of the students have finished the exam yet No c s dng cng tu theo danh t ng sau... dishes by himself = John washed the dishes alone 5 Đng t dựng lm tõn ngộng từ dùng làm tân ngữ - Khụng phi bt c ng t no trong ting Anh cng ũi hi 1 danh t hoc i t theo sau nú lm tõn ng Cú mt s ng t li yờu cu tõn ng sau nú phi l mt ng t khỏc Chỳng chia lm 2 loi sau: 5.1 Đng t nguyờn th lm tõn ngộng từ nguyên thể làm tân ngữ Bng sau l nhng ng t ũi hi tõn ng sau nú phi l mt ng t khỏc Chỳng tuõn theo mu cõu... questioned on this matter is quite small 3.7 CCỏc danh t luụn dựng s nhiu.ác danh từ luôn dùng ở số nhiều Cỏc danh t sau õy luụn phi dựng dng s nhiu Trousers eyeglasses tongs - cỏi kp shorts scissors- cỏi kộo tweezers- cỏi nhớp Jeans pants- qun pliers - cỏi kỡm Vớ d: The pants are in the drawer A pair of pants is in the drawer Cỏc danh t trờn thng xuyờn dng s nhiu vỡ chỳng bao gm 2 thc th, do vy cỏc ng... ng ngay trc danh t v ch s s hu ca ngi hoc vt i vi danh t ng ng sau Vớ d: John is eating his dinner This is not my book The cat has injured its foot The boy broke his arm yesterday She forgot her homework this morning My food is cold Lu ý: Its khỏc vi Its Its cú ngha l it is hoc it has 4.4 i t s huĐại từ sở hữu mine ours yours yours his hers theirs its - Dựng thay th cho tớnh t s hu v danh t ó c nhc... dự danh t ng sau gii t of cú s nhiu thỡ ng t sau ú vn phi chia ngụi th 3 s ớt flock of birds, sheep herd of cattle pack of dogs school of fish pride of lions Vớ d: The flock of birds is circling overhead The herd of cattle is breaking away A school of fish is being attacked by sharks Lu ý: Tt c cỏc danh t tp hp ch thi gian, tin bc, s o u ũi hi cỏc ng t - i t - b ng i cựng nú phi ngụi s ớt (TOEFL ... din t s vic chc chn s xy dự rng khụng phi l tng lai gn Vớ d: Next year we are going to take a TOEFL test for the score that enables us to learn in the US 2.3.2 TTng lai tip din ơng lai tiếp... no ú tng lai Thi im ny thng c din t bng: by the end of, by tomorrow Vớ d: We will have taken a TOEFL test by the end of this year Lu ý : Thi ny phi cú lý c bit mi s dng 16 SS ho hp gia ch ng... The congress votes for the bill The congress are discussing the bill (some agree but some dont) (TOEFL khụng bt li ny) * Majority Danh t ny c dựng tu theo danh t i ng sau nú The majority + singular