A N I N T R O D U C T I O N T O SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Sustain Dev.indb 02/10/2007 09:30:53 Sustain Dev.indb 02/10/2007 09:30:57 A N I N T R O D U C T I O N T O SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT P e t e r P R o g e r s • K a z i F J a l a l • J o h n A B o y d P ublis he d by G l e n Ed ucational Found ation, Inc EAR T H SCAN Sustain Dev.indb 02/10/2007 09:30:57 First published by Ear thscan in the UK and USA in 2008 Copyright © Glen Educational Foundation, Inc., 2008 All rights reserved ISBN: 978-1-84407-520-6 978-1-84407-521-4 (hardback) (paperback) Preliminar y production work by Island Publishing House, Inc., Philippines Editing by Stephen J Banta, David Sheniak, and Anita Feleo Formatting by Segundo P dela Cruz Jr., Zenaida S Antonio, and Dyosa Marie S Antonio Information technology by Joseph Reyes and Rober to S Anselmo Design and layout by Felix Mago Miguel Layout Assistant: Susan Lascano-Dungan Final typesetting by JS Typesetting Ltd, Por thcawl, Mid Glamorgan Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge Cover design by Susanne Harris Materials sourced from the Asian Development Bank are reproduced with its permission For more information on development in Asia and the Pacific, see www.adb.org Materials were also sourced from the United Nations System, including the World Bank Some pictures were provided by Asian Development Bank (Chapters 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 15) and Felix Mago Miguel (Chapters 3, 13, and 14) For a full list of publications please contact: Earthscan 8–12 Camden High Street London, NW1 0JH, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7387 8558 Fax: +44 (0)20 7387 8998 Email: ear thinfo@ear thscan.co.uk Web: www.earthscan.co.uk 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166-2012, USA Ear thscan publishes in association with the International Institute for Environment and Development A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Librar y Librar y of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rogers, Peter P., 1937An introduction to sustainable development / Peter P Rogers, Kazi F Jalal, John A Boyd p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-1-84407-521-8 (hbk.) ISBN-13: 978-1-84407-520-1 (pbk.) Sustainable development Environmental policy I Jalal, Kazi F II Boyd, John A., 1942- III Title HC79.E5R63134 2007 338.9’27—dc22 2007039463 The paper used for this book is FSC-cer tified and totally chlorine-free FSC (the Forest Stewardship Council) is an international network to promote responsible management of the world’s forests Sustain Dev.indb 02/10/2007 09:30:57 CONTENTS Foreword Preface 10 Acknowledgments 13 Authors and Contributors 15 Abbreviations and Acronyms 16 Chapter From Malthus to Sustainable Development Some Intellectual Underpinnings (and a Disclaimer) 20 Why Sustainability? 22 Nine Ways to Achieve Sustainability 23 Economics as the Dismal Science 28 Population, Resources, Environment, and Sustainability 29 Sustainability on the Highway Produced by Three Key Sources of Energy 35 A Look Forward 39 Chapter Challenges of Sustainable Development Concept of Sustainability 42 Factors Governing Sustainable Development 47 Linkages Among Sustainable Development, Environment, and Pover ty 50 Determinants of Sustainable Development 65 Case Studies on Sustainable Development 79 Chapter Global Environmental Issues Population, Income, and Urbanization 84 Health Care 87 Food, Fisheries, and Agriculture 87 Materials and Energy Flows 92 Transpor tation: The Automobile Industr y 96 Precautionar y Principle 98 Forestr y 99 Water Resources 99 Valuation of Nature’s Ser vices 101 Coping with Global Problems 103 NEW 00 prelims.indd 02/10/2007 14:08:47 Chapter Sustainable Development Indicators Need for Indicators 106 Statistical Procedures Emissions, Diffusion, and Impact Model 111 112 Aggregating Indicators 116 Other Weighting Systems 119 Use of Principal Component Analysis 123 Three Environmental Quality Indices 123 Summar y 132 Annex 133 Chapter Environmental Assessment National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 140 Environmental Impact Assessment 143 Project Categories Based on Environmental Impacts 147 Impact Identification Methods 147 Environmental Impact Assessment Process 149 Chapter Environmental Management: Trends and Policies Milestones in Environmental Management 158 Revisiting Complex Issues 162 Sector Policies Concerning the Environment 163 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 171 Institutional Framework for Environmental Management 174 Achievements in Environmental Management 174 People’s Perception of the Environment 174 Why is the Environment Bad? 176 Millenium Development Goals 177 Conclusion 182 Chapter Legislation, International Law, and Multilateral Environmental Agreements Definitions 184 Sources of International Law 186 The Four Questions In the Context of International Law 188 Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) 201 Some Early Contributions to Environmental Law and Sustainable Development by Lawyers, Scholars, and Judges Conclusion NEW 00 prelims.indd 210 213 02/10/2007 14:08:47 Chapter Social Dimensions and Policies Eradication of Pover ty 219 Par ticipator y Development 228 Consensus Building 231 Nongovernment Organizations (NGOs) 233 Gender and Development 235 Involuntar y Resettlement 239 Indigenous Peoples (IPs) 242 Social Exclusion 245 Social Analysis 247 Social Development Indicators (SDIs) 251 Conclusion 257 Chapter The Economics of Sustainability Evolution of Economic Thinking About the Environment and the Role of Different Economic Factors 260 Concepts of Welfare 262 Public Goods, Common Proper ty, and Private Goods 272 Summar y 274 Chapter 10 Sustainability: Externalities, Valuation, and Time Externalities Valuation 277 Approaches to Valuation 282 Economics Assessment of Sustainable Projects 287 Categories of Costs 290 Economic Life of a Project 291 Economic Assessment of Sustainable Plans and Projects 292 Economic Assessment of Investments in Climate Change Mitigation 293 Summar y 297 Chapter 11 Natural Resource Accounting National Income: Definitions and Limitations 300 Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) 303 Human Development Index (HDI) 307 World Bank’s Wealth of Nations 307 Genuine Savings 310 Summar y of National Sustainability Accounting 312 NEW 00 prelims.indd 02/10/2007 14:08:47 Chapter 12 The Role of International Financial Institutions Development and Environment at the World Bank 314 Integrating Environment and Pover ty Reduction 318 Environment and Growth 321 Millennium Development Goals and the World Bank 325 Attacking Pover ty Through Sustainable Development 328 World Bank Experience and Goals 330 Corporate Social Responsibility: The Triple Bottom Line 341 Developed Countries and Sustainable Development 343 Chapter 13 International Cooperation Organizations Responsible for Sustainable Development 346 Reform and Revitalization of Global Organizations 348 World Summit on Sustainable Development 353 Role of Non-State Actors in Sustainable Development 358 NGOs and Social Entrepreneurs 362 Financing Sustainable Development 364 Cooperation Between Regions 366 Peoples’ Ear th Char ter 367 Conclusion 368 Chapter 14 Sustainable Development: Crisis, Conflict, and Compromise Crisis 370 Role of Natural Resources and the Environment 371 Conflict 374 Compromise 379 Summar y 381 Epilogue 385 References 389 Index 407 NEW 00 prelims.indd 02/10/2007 14:08:47 F O R E WO R D T he concept of sustainable development has been evolving for more than 30 years The 1972 United Nations (UN) Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, Sweden, contri buted to this evolution by emphasizing that protection of the human environment is a crucial element in the develop ment agenda As a result of that conference, the United Nations Environment Programme Secretariat was established to promote international environmental cooperation On the national front, countries through out the world began to set up or improve their respective environmental institutions Earlier, in 1970, the United States had already established the Environ mental Protection Agency for a cleaner, healthier countr y In 1987, the World Commission on Environment and Development, chaired by then Prime Minister of Norway Gro Harlem Brundtland, issued a repor t entitled Our Common Future Also known as the Brundtland Repor t, this landmark document suggests that creating separately exist ing environmental institutions is not enough because environmental issues are an integral par t of all development policies They are crucial to economic considerations and sector policies and should be integrated as par t of energy decisions, social issues, and other aspects of development work The next milestone in the evolution of sustainable development occurred at the 1992 UN Confer ence of Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, also known as the Ear th Summit Its major contribution was to give equal impor tance to the environment and develop ment It endorsed Agenda 21, both a think piece and a program of action governing human activities with an impact on the environment It also endorsed the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, and the Statement of Forest Principles Most impor tantly, the Ear th Summit helped finalize the UN Climate Change Convention and the Biodiversity Convention, both signed by a great number of heads of state The UN Climate Change Convention and the recently ratified Kyoto Protocol have made significant contributions to the evolution of sustainable development Ar ticle of the UN Climate Change Convention provides that “the Par ties [to that Convention] have the right to, and should, promote develop ment.” The Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism is designed in par t to assist par tici pa ting developing countries “in achieving sustainable development.” At the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg, South Africa, heads of state and world leaders committed to implement Agenda 21 They also decided to carr y out a plethora of par tnerships to promote sustainable development These endeavors in our common cause have made sustainable development a par t of ever ybody’s 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cost of, 304–5 air pollution standard index (PSI), 117–8 air quality index, 119–20 A Legal Arsenal for the Philippine Environment, 205, 397 allowable decibel count, 149 Altomare, M., 71, 397 ambient concentrations, 96, 109–10, 115 Aristotle, 10, 245, 361 arithmetic mean, 133–4 Army Corps of Engineers, 141, 144 Ar ticle 38(1) of SICJ, 186, 189, 196 ASEAN Agreement (Kuala Lumpur, 1985), 211, 390 Asian Development Bank (ADB), 16, 21, 24–5, 51, 56–9, 61–2, 69, 77, 123–5, 140, 146–7, 150–4, 162, 164–6, 171, 190–2, 206–7, 221–2, 225–6, 228–30, 233–5, 237, 240, 244, 246, 249–50, 289, 314, 358, 391, 393–400, 402; energy policy of, 166; pover ty repor t by, 221–8, 398; tutorial on EIA of, 140, 150–3 Asian Institute of Technology, 62 Atkinson, Giles D., 27, 398 automobile industr y, 96 –7 Barbier, Edward, 44, 390, 398, 402 BCA See benefit-cost analysis Beckerman, Wilfred, 21, 382, 386, 390 Behring Sea fur seals fisheries case, 211, 390 benefit-cost analysis (BCA), 16, 287–8, 297–8 bequest value, 284, 286–7 Bi, Jun, 399 bilateral treaties, 201 biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 16, 33 Black’s Law Dictionar y, 186, 189, 210, 390 BMI See body/mass index BOD See biochemical oxygen demand body/mass index (BMI), 16, 69 Bornstein, David, 362–3 Boserup, Ester, 20, 386, 390 box models, 148 box-and-whisker plots, 136–7 Boyd, John A., 9–10, 12–3, 15, 392 British Year Book of International Law, 399 Brown, Casey, 13 brown indicators, 109–10 Brown, Lester, 20, 55, 68, 91, 390 Brownlie, Ian, 187 Brundtland Commission, 22, 42, 45, 140, 158, 211, 346–7, 397 Brundtland Commision Repor t, 22, 45, 158–9, 162, 191, 194, 211, 346–8, 397 Brundtland, Gro Harlem, 7, 22, 158 Br yant, Dirk, 100, 390 Bush, George W., 94 Business Council for Sustainable Develop ment, 358–60, 393, 400 Canadian indices, 119 Canter, Larr y W., 145, 147–8, 391 capacity building, 161, 165, 197, 199, 205–7, 215, 231, 243, 245, 346, 354, 391, 396, 398 capital accumulation, 261 capital creation, 261 capital, labor and land, 261–2 carbon dioxide emissions, 93–6, 165, 296, 339 carbon trade, 339, 341 carr ying capacity, 23–4, 32 Carson, Rachel, 212, 391 Car tagena Protocol, 204, 208–9 case studies, 67, 71, 73, 79–81 categorical exclusions, 144 categor y A, B, and C projects, 147, 171 Cavanagh, J and S Anderson, http://www.ips-dc.org/ global_econ /billionaires.htm, 48, 402 CDM See clean development mechanism CEQ See Council on Environmental Quality cer tificate of compliance, 152–3 CFC See chlorofluorocarbon Char ter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, 184, 190, 391, 394 chemical production, 55–6 chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), 16, 98, 100, 304 civil society, 59, 78–9, 140, 161, 182, 192, 196–8, 221, 229–30, 239, 257, 328, 368, 381, 383 Clean Air Act, 118, 212, 391 clean development mechanism (CDM), 339–40 Clean Water Act, 143 climate change, 21, 50–1, 63–4, 98–9, 112–5, 190, 201–5, 215, 280, 293–4, 304, 329–32, 340, 349, 351, 356, 367, 382, 387–8 clinical economics See Sachs, Jeffrey 407 Sustain Dev.indb 407 02/10/2007 09:31:41 Club of Rome, 20, 373, 386, 396 Coase, Ronald, 23–5, 277, 298, 391, 399 Coasian solution, 277–8 Cobb, Charles W., 31, 373, 391 Cobb, Clifford, 302–3, 391 Cobb-Douglas production function, 31, 391 Cobb, John B., Jr., 392 coefficient of variation, 137 Commission on Environmental Law of IUCN, 207, 210, 212 Commission on Sustainable Development, 192–3, 348–9 Community Development Carbon Fund, 334, 341 comprehensive indices of environmental quality, of Inhaber, 120–1; of Rogers et al., 123–32 Conference of the International Law Asso ciation (New Delhi, 2002), 196, 215 consensus building, 219, 230–4; handbook, 232, 400 consumer price index (CPI), 16, 292, 301 consumer surplus, 270, 272, 284 consumption patterns, 48, 65–71, 94, 342, 354, 379 consumption, per capita, 32, 67–9, 374 contingent valuation method, 283 Convention on Biological Diversity, 190, 204, 209–10, 391 Convention on Migrator y Species (Bonn, 1979), 204, 208, 210, 391 Convention on Trade in Endangered Species (Washington, DC, 1973), 208, 210, 212 cooking stove improvement project in the PRC, 80 COR See cost of remediation cornucopians, 20–1, 24, 32, 383 cost of remediation (COR), 16, 103, 116–7, 123–6, 130, 132 Costanza, Rober t, 101–2, 306, 312, 392, 402 Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), 16, 108, 140–5 CPI See consumer price index Craig, Donna G., 188, 207, 391, 398 cumulative impacts, 177 Daly and Cobb, 392 Daly, Herman E., 23, 27, 390, 392 Dalton, Rober t E., 203–4, 392 D’Amato, Anthony, 186 Damrosch, Lori F., 208–9, 395 Davide, Hilario, Jr., 188 DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), 16, 55 death rates from infectious disease, 173–4 Declara tion of the International Law Association (New Delhi, 2002), 196–8, 201, 215, 392 Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in 1972, 184 Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order, 184, 190, 392 defensive expenditures, 23, 26–7 deforestation, causes of, 167–8 delayed impacts, 176 demand cur ves, 267–270, 272, 284 Depar tment for International Development, UK (DFID), 16, 52 depletion of resources, 50–1, 142, 208, 302–5, 310–12, 336–8 Depression of 1930, 261 Dernbach, John C., 193, 392, 400 deser tification, 204, 238–9, 331, 356 developing countries, 48, 51, 53–4, 61–2, 67, 71–2, 75, 96, 98–9, 104, 108, 146, 159, 161, 176–7, 179, 182, 197, 205, 210, 219, 223, 226–9, 235–6, 240, 251, 289, 300, 314–5, 320–5, 328–34, 339–40, 343, 347, 350–5, 358, 364–7, 371, 377–8, 381–2, 391, 396, 404 development diamonds, 127–30, 251–2 development finance institution (DFI), 16, 228, 234, 241, 250–1, 346, 353, 366 DFI See development finance institution DFID See Depar tment for International Development, UK Diamond, Jared, 21, 392 Dickey-Lincoln Dam project, 146 Diehl, Paul F., 214, 393, 395 Digest of International Law, 401 Digest for U.S Practice in International Law, 392 direct use values, 284 disaster management, 63–5, 227, 320, 329, 333, 353 disposable personal income, 300 distribution of resources, 65, 76–9, 103–4, 133–4 Dixon, John A., 13, 15, 260, 262, 265, 276, 281–2, 284, 300, 392 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 16, 88 Do No Harm Policies, 316, 342 dose response cur ve, 112 Dower, Nigel, 185, 393 Dowling, J Malcolm, 13, 393 Dufournaud, Christian M., 393 durability of wealth concept, 310 Ear th Char ter, 212–3, 367–8 Ear th Summit (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), 7, 49, 159, 351, 364–5, 392, 399 ecological footprint, 70–1, 402 ecological threshold, 24, 176 economic benefits, as weighting indicator, 116–7 economic dimension, 10, 260 ff, 400 Economic Development Futures Web Journal, 48, 402 economic internal rate of return (EIRR), 16, 287–8, 292–3 economic sustainability, 162–3, 278, 292 economic value, 282 ff, 372–3 408 Sustain Dev.indb 408 02/10/2007 09:31:41 ecosystem ser vices, 101–2, 392, 402 education expenditures, 311–2 Ehrlich identity, 31–2, 38, 52 Ehrlich, Paul R., 31, 382, 386, 393 EIA See environmental impact assessment EIRR See economic internal rate of return EIS See environmental impact study Emerging Asia, 24–5, 393 Emerging Asia: Changes and Challenges, 56 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 212, 393 emissions, diffusion, and impact model, 112 emissions, of lead and mercur y, 55–6 Endangered Species Act, 146, 212, 280, 393 energy flow, 94 energy policy, 165–6 energy sources, 94–5 environmental assessment, 131–3, 140 ff, 250, 316, 318, 334 environmental attributes, 282 ff environmental clearance document, 152 environmental degradation, 25, 51–3, 63, 71, 81, 98, 140, 176, 224, 238, 301, 321–2, 338, 379 environmental diamonds, 123, 127–32 environmental dimension, 10, 163, 218 environmental economics, 260–2, 271–4, 394, 397 environmental elasticity, 123, 126–7, 132, 251 environmental impact assessment (EIA), 16, 140 ff, 163, 171, 195, 197, 247–50, 336, 391, 396 environmental impact, factors affecting, 31–2; unique characteristics of, 176–7 environmental impact prediction techniques, 148 environmental impact study (EIS), 16, 143, 145 environmental indicators, 106 ff, 336, 393 environmental inventor y, 142 environmental issues, 39, 111, 114, 168–9, 171, 205–8, 260–1, 310, 317–8, 331–2, 351 environmental management, achievements in, 174–5; global milestones in, 158–162; institutional framework for, 170, 174 environmental monitoring plan, 152 Environmental Policy Act of 1969 See National Environ-mental Policy Act environmental protection, 7, 107–9, 182, 200, 238, 333, 363, 367, 382 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 16, 108, 118, 124, 140–1, 144, 149, 292, 380 environmental quality, 27, 42, 106, 115, 121, 123, 132, 136, 175, 263, 302; public evaluation of, 174–6 Environmental Quality in Asia, 23, 27, 399 environmental quality indices, 121 ff environmental safeguards, 162–3 environmental thermometer, 131–2 environmental treaties, characteristics of, 201–2 environmental value, 285 EPA See Environmental Protection Agency equity issues, 197, 211, 223, 368 ESCAP See UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Esty, Daniel, 202, 203, 393 ethics and environmental law, 212–3 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 21, 314 European Convention on Civil Liability for Damage Resulting from Activities Dangerous to the Environment, 185, 393 evaluation approaches, 282–7 Evans, J Warren, 13, 15, 314, 396 existence value, 284–6 externality, 23, 25–6, 37, 71–2, 176, 212, 276–8, 280–1, 287, 297–8, 301 factors of production, 260, 300 Fajnzylber, P D., 78, 402 FAO See Food and Agriculture Organiza tion Farber, Daniel A., 141, 393 fer tilizer use, 69, 90–1, 304 financial internal rate of return (FIRR), 16, 287–8, 292–3 Finding of No Significant Impact, 145 Findley, Roger W., 141, 393 FIRR See financial internal rate of return fisheries, 21–2, 84, 91–2, 163–4, 271–3, 282, 285, 322, 328, 382 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 16, 88–9, 91, 102, 346, 348, 350, 402 food production, 74, 87–92, 381, 383, 386 forest depletion, 51, 58, 61, 99–100, 167–8 Forest Principles, 190 forestr y policy, 43, 61, 119–21, 166–69, 190 fossil fuels, 37–8, 56, 84, 93–4, 97–8, 112, 304, 307, 371 fragile lands, 323 Fried, John H E., 214, 393 Friedman, Milton, 361 Funk, Karina, 36–7, 394 Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project, 193–5 Gandhi, Indira, 50 Gandhi, Mahatma, 67 GDP See gross domestic product GE See genetically engineered GEF See Global Environment Facility Gelber, A., 131 gender and development, 219, 235–9 gender equality, development goals for, 180–1 genetically engineered (GE), 16, 87–8, 103 genetically modified (GM), 16, 87–8, 90, 103, 208–9 genuine progress indicator (GPI), 16, 300, 302–7, 312, 392 genuine savings, 310–2, 322, 335–8 409 Sustain Dev.indb 409 02/10/2007 09:31:41 geometric growth, 29 geometric mean, 134 Georgieva, Kristalina, 13, 15, 314 Gini coefficient, 251, 256, 303–4 Gleick, Peter, 377–8, 401 global energy use, table of, 165 Global Environment Facility (GEF), 16, 202, 205–7, 315, 317, 331–2, 334, 337, 351, 355–6, 367 global income distribution, 48 Global Judges Symposium on Sustainable Development and the Role of Law (Johannesburg, 2002), 203–4, 213, 395, 400 global warming, 287 ff, 372–3, 381, 386, 400 GM See genetically modified GNI See gross national income GNP See gross national product good governance, 47, 62–3, 74, 160, 166, 197–9, 215, 280, 353–5, 366 government expenditures, 301–2 government inter vention, 177 GPI See genuine progress indicator Green Revolution, 72, 74–6 green accounting, 301, 335 Green-Green Revolution, 74 green indicators, 109–10 Green, P., 401 Green Revolution, 46, 74, 90 gross domestic product (GDP), 16, 26–7, 49, 52, 66, 85, 87–8, 93–4, 101–3, 121–7, 132, 162, 170, 174, 178–9, 197–8, 218–21, 228, 251–7, 263–7, 279, 300–7, 310, 322, 335, 364–5, 391; world, growth of, 170, 174 Gross, Leo, 214 gross national income (GNI), 312 gross national product (GNP), 16, 26, 94, 200, 266–7, 300, 302, 312, 365; per capita, 43, 122, 251–2 gross savings, 312, 337–8; per person, 337 Grübler, Arnulf, 373 Guillman, Francoise Burhenne, 13 Habitat Conference (Istanbul, 1996), 159 Handl, Gunther, 195, 200, 394 Hardin, Garrett, 394 harmonic mean, 133–4 Har twick Rule, 26 Har vard Business Review, 394 Har vard Institute for International Develop ment (HIID), 16, 56–8, 176, 393 Har vard University, 123, 393, 398–9, 403 Hawken, Paul, 72–3, 394 Hazell, P., 90 HDI See human development index health care, 44, 49, 76–7, 84, 87–8, 116, 182, 199, 222, 224 –5, 235–6, 242, 247, 363, 368 Health of the Planet, 1992 poll, 174 hedonic approach, 282–4 hedonic pricing, 282 Heilbroner, Rober t, 370, 394 Henkin, Louis, 208–9, 395 Hicks, Sir John, 26–7 high biodiversity areas, 323 high-growth rate countries, 323 HIID See Har vard Institute for International Development Hocking, M., 33–5, 394 Holdren, John, 98, 396 How to Change the World: Social Entre pren eurs and the Power of New Ideas, 348, 362, 390 human capital, 27, 260, 310, 336–8, 399 human development index (HDI), 16, 111, 121–2, 127, 251, 300, 307, 312 Human Development Repor t (HDR), 47–9, 394 human pover ty index, 219 human resources, 235, 307, 309–10, 312 Hunter, David, 186–9, 207, 395 IACSD See Interagency Committee on Sustainable Development IADB See Inter-American Development Bank IAEA See International Atomic Energy Agency IBRD See International Bank for Recon struction and Development ICJ See International Cour t of Justice IEE See initial environmental evalua tion IFAD See International Fund for Agricul tural Develop ment ILO See International Labour Organiza tion IMF See International Monetar y Fund impact identification methods, 147–9 income distribution, 48, 77, 103–4, 133, 228, 251, 253–7, 303–5, 394 indigenous knowledge, 52, 227 indigenous peoples (IPs), 16, 75, 78, 163, 191, 219, 229, 240, 242–5, 248–9, 257, 296–7, 316, 318, 346–7, 391, 395, 398 indirect use values, 284–6 indoor pollution, 115 industrial revolution, 260, 262; new, 72, 74, 394 infant mor tality rates, 173–5; development goals for, 181 Inhaber group indices, 119–21 Inhaber, Herber t, 119–21, 395 initial environmental evaluation (IEE), 16, 151, 153, 171, 248 input-output analysis, 301, 396 input-output coefficients, 312 Institute of Policy Studies, 48, 402 institutional factors, 221–5 410 Sustain Dev.indb 410 02/10/2007 09:31:41 institutional safeguards, 162–3 Interagency Committee on Sustainable Devel op ment (IACSD), 346, 348 Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), 16, 21, 146, 171, 314 intergenerational equity, 187–8, 211, 382, 400 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 348, 350 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), 16, 315, 334, 342, 350 International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes, 342, 350 International Conference on Fresh Water (Bonn, 2001), 161 International Conference on Financing for Development (Mexico, 2002), 161 International Cour t of Justice (ICJ), 16, 185–6, 189, 193–6, 350 international custom, 186–7, 189, 194, 200, 399; ar ticulation of, 189 International Development Association, 342, 350 international environmental law, 158, 184, 189, 196, 202, 210 International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent, 63 International Finance Corporation, 342, 350 International Fund for Agricultural Develop ment (IFAD), 314, 346, 348, 350 International Goals See Millennium Devel op ment Goals (MDG) International Labour Organization (ILO), 16, 242–3, 346, 348, 350, 394 international law, 39, 184–96, 198, 200–1, 204–5, 207, 213–5, 242–3, 391–6, 398–9, 401; role of judicial decisions in, 187–8; sources of, 186–8 International Monetar y Fund (IMF), 16, 162, 226, 350 International Red Cross, 63 –4 interquar tile range, 135 inter val scale, 111 investment loans, 314–15 involuntar y resettlement, 10, 163, 219, 239–44, 257, 316, 318 IPs See indigenous peoples irreversible damage, 98, 177 IUCN See World Conser vation Union, The IUCN Academy of Environmental Law, 210, 395 Ivanova, Maria, 202–3, 393 Jalal, Kazi F., 23, 45, 51, 68–9, 73, 80–1, 90, 354, 358, 399–400 Jefferson, Thomas, 210–1 Johannesburg Commitment on Sustainable Development, 162, 355–6 Johannesburg Principles on the Role of Law and Sustainable Development, 213, 395 Jones, Daniel T., 73 Kennedy, Scott, 13–5 Keohane, Rober t O., 202, 395 Keyfitz hypothesis, 377–8 Keyfitz, Nathan, 374, 374–9, 395 Keynes, John Maynard, 261–2 Khan, Herman, 21, 395 Kile, Molly, 13–5 Kiss and Shelton, 158, 185–6, 189, 191–3, 201, 210, 353, 395 Kiss, Alexandre, 158, 185–6, 189, 191–4, 196, 198, 201, 210, 215, 353, 395 Kissinger, Henr y, 92 Koh, Kheng-Lian, 13, 188, 207, 391, 398 Ku, Charlotte, 214, 393, 395 Kuznets Cur ve, 125, 176, 333–4, 374, 395 Kuznets, Simon, 23–4, 395 Kyoto Protocol, 94, 203, 330, 339–41, 377, 395 labor and capital, 260–1 Lake Superior, 141, 149–50 Lâm, Maivân Clech, 243, 395 Lammers, R B., 401 land quality index, 120–1 land values, 282–3 land, labor and capital, 260 Laszlo, Chris, 347, 361–2, 395 Lederman, D., 78, 402 Lenoir, Rene, 245 Leontief, Wassily, 301, 396 Leopold, Aldo, 212 Leopold, Luna B., 147, 396 Leopold Matrix, 147–8 less developed countries, 109, 161 life cycle analysis, 32–9, 150 life expectancy at bir th, 121–2, 127, 130, 174–5, 251 Loayza, N., 78, 402 Lohani, Bindu N., 150, 393, 396, 399 Lomborg, Bjørn, 21, 172–3, 175, 382–3, 396 Lorenz cur ve, 253, 256–7 Lovins, Amor y, 394 Lovins, L Hunter, 394 Lowe, Vaughn, 196, 396 Lutz, Ernst, 44, 301, 394, 396–7 macroeconomic policies, 303, 337–8 Malone, Linda A., 142, 144–6, 396 Malthus, Thomas Rober t, 20–2, 28, 31, 262, 372–3, 383, 386, 396 mangrove forests, 168–9, 227, 280–2 market failure, 47, 60–2, 278–80 Marx, Karl, 21, 260–2, 373 Marxism, 261–2 materials flow, 92–4, 371 maternal health, development goals for, 181 matrices, environmental baseline, 147–8 411 Sustain Dev.indb 411 02/10/2007 09:31:41 McBean, E A., 136, 396 McGill, Eugenia, 13, 218 McKay, Gordon, 103 MDBs See Multilateral Development Banks MDGs See Millennium Development Goals Meadows, Donella, 20, 373, 386, 396 mean, 98, 121–9, 131, 149, 159, 249, 255, 346, 348; deviation from, 134–5; geometric, 134; harmonic, 134 MEAs See multilateral environmental agreements measure of wealth, 307–10 measurement metrics, 110–1 measures of central tendency, 133–4, 137 measures of data dispersion, 134–7 Measuring Environmental Quality in Asia, 23, 27, 399 median, 133–7 megacities, 86, 323 MFIs See multilateral financing institu tions microcredit/microfinance, 58–9, 75–7, 221, 226, 288, 302 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 17, 160–1, 177–82, 225, 228, 238, 317, 325–8, 354, 383, 396 Millennium Summit (New York, 2000), 160, 324–5, 328 Miller, George, 107 miscellaneous factors index, 119–21 mode, 133, 136–7 Montevideo Program, 158, 203 Montreal Protocol, 201–2, 204, 331, 334, 380 Morais, Herber t V., 190, 397 multilateral development Banks (MDBs), 17, 46, 146, 199, 200, 240–1, 293, 314, 327 multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), 17, 184, 200–5, 207, 213, 215, 400; problems with, 202–9 multilateral financing institutions, 17, 62–3 Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, 342, 350 multisectoral actions, 145, 177 Munasinghe, Mohan, 23, 44, 397, 403 Narmader Dam, 146 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS), 17, 118 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 17, 140–4, 146 national income, 256–7, 300–2 Nattrass, B., 71, 397 natural assimilative capacity, 43 natural capital, 26–8, 72, 101, 303, 307–10, 337–8, 392, 394, 402 natural habitats, 316, 318 natural regeneration rate, 43 natural resource accounting, 71–2, 299 ff natural weighting, 115–6 NEPA See National Environmental Policy Act NEPA-like laws, 143–4 net national product, 26–7, 300–1 NGO classification, 233 NGOs See nongovernment organizations Nielsen, Daniel, 100, 390 NNP See net national product no-build option, 143–5, 155 Noguchi, Motoo, 190, 397 noise and sound suppression techniques, 149 noise pollution, 149, 303–5 noncategorical exclusions, 144–5 nongovernment organizations, 17, 59, 63, 78, 80–2, 161, 163, 169, 202, 206–7, 219–21, 228–30, 233–5, 2456, 257, 273, 285–6, 289, 317, 346–8, 354, 357–8, 362–4, 368, 370, 398; treaty roles for, 209–10 nonrenewable resources, 23, 26, 142, 147, 304–5, 371–2 non-UN entities, 353, 358 non-use value, 284–7 Nordhaus, William D., 376, 397, 400 normal (Gaussian) distribution, 133, 135; deviation from, 137 Nor th-South cooperation, 366–7 nuclear energy See nuclear power nuclear power, 95, 98, 166, 291, 304, 377 Nye, Joseph S., Jr., 202, 394, 395 ODA See overseas development assist ance OECD See Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development off-site benefits, 281–2 on-site benefits, 281 OPEC See Organization of Petroleum Expor ting Countries Oposa, Antonio A., Jr., 187–8, 205, 396–7 Oposa v Factoran Case, 187–8, 396 option value, 284–6 ordinal scale, 110–1 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 17, 54, 56–8, 86, 112, 114–5, 233, 301, 308, 323–4, 334, 339, 366, 397 Organization of Petroleum Expor ting Countries (OPEC), 17, 92–3, 330 Ott, Wayne, 108, 118, 397 Our Common Future, 7–9, 162, 397 overfishing, 91, 330 overpopulation, 103, 388 overseas development assistance (ODA), 17, 226, 364–6 Owens, Gene M., 399 Pacyna, J M., and Pacyna, E G., 56 Page, Talbot, 210, 397 Palmore, Jay, 218 412 Sustain Dev.indb 412 02/10/2007 09:31:41 Panayotou, Theodore, 25, 176, 397 Pant, Amber, 13, 204–5, 397 Pareto frontier, 262–5 Pareto optimality, 265 Pareto, Vilfredo, 263, 274, 298, 399 par ticipator y development, 58–60, 62, 191, 195, 197, 228–31, 248 par ticulate matter, 57, 95–7, 311, 321 PCF See Prototype Carbon Fund Pearce, David, 27, 43, 397–8 People, Planet, and Prosperity, 328 People’s Congress Committee on Environment, 143 People’s Ear th Char ter, 367–8 per capita wealth, 308, 310, 338 personal consumption expenditures, 301–4 personal income, 300 pest management, 227, 316, 318 Pezzey, John C V., 23, 398 Plant, Roger, 191, 398 Plato, 213–4, 398 policy environment, 60, 221–5, 227 policy failure, 60–2, 82, 280 policy making, 278 policy response, 278 pollination, 103 pollutant, 36–7, 71, 93, 95, 106–10, 112, 114–5, 124, 149–50, 203, 205–6, 311, 331–2, 371, 378, 400 pollution, 47, 55–8 pollution control, 199, 293, 297, 337, 367 pollution levels in Asia, 56 pollution standard index (PSI), 17, 117–8 population, 47, 52–5 population and sampling, 111–2 Population Challenges and Development Goals and UN, 54, 404 population growth, 11, 20–1, 24, 28–32, 39, 52–5, 84–7, 98–9, 221–2, 257, 303, 320–4, 336–8, 343, 353, 381, 386, 401, 404 population planning, 53–5 Population Reference Bureau, 30 Population Summit (Cairo, 1992), 159 positive income elasticity, 253–4 post-audit evaluation, 152 pover ty, 47–52, 76; classified by settlement area, 226–8; development goals for, 178–80 pover ty reduction, 51, 160–1, 178, 192, 197, 199, 213, 219–28, 257, 317, 320, 333, 368, 398–9; ADB strategy for, 221 ff, 398 PPP See purchasing power parity precautionar y principle, 98–9, 209, 382 pricing issues, 266–71, 279–80 primar y stakeholders, 229 Principle 1, 191, 347 Principle 10, 191, 347 Principle 11, 191, 347 Principle 12, 347 Principle 13, 191 Principle 15, 98, 191 Principle 17, 191 Principle 18, 191, 347 Principle 19, 191, 347 Principle 2, 191–2, 347 Principle 20, 191, 238, 347 Principle 21, 189, 191–2 Principle 22, 191, 347 Principle 24, 189, 347 Principle 3, 191, 347 Principle 4, 11 Principle 5, 191, 347 Principle 8, 347 principal component analysis, 123, 132 private goods and ser vices, 266 produced assets, 309–10 production approach, 265–6, 282 production forests, 169 production patterns, 71–6, 343 production revolution, 71–2 program focus, 221–5, 227 project categories, 147, 151, 171, 247–9 project cycle, 152, 155, 171, 251, 331 project proponent, 143, 151–2, 154, 223, 229–31, 239–41, 250 proper ty values, 304 protection forests, 169 Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF), 17, 339 PSI See pollution standard index Pugh, Richard Crawford, 208–9, 395 purchasing power parity (PPP), 17, 85–6, 88, 122, 267 quantitative models, 148, 150 Rabl, Ari, 36–7, 394 range of data, 135–6 rapid social assessment (RSA), 17, 248–51 ratio scale, 111 real product See tangible product receptor models, 148 red indicators, 109–10 Redclift, M., 44, 398 Reducing Pover ty in Asia: Findings and Implications, 398 Rees, Sir Mar tin, 65, 398 regional development banks, 63, 287, 332, 346, 348, 353 renewable resources, 26, 61, 142, 288, 297, 372 rent, 103, 246, 271–2, 285 rent-seeking behavior, 271 Repetto, Rober t, 22, 43, 398 reproductive health, development goals for, 182 413 Sustain Dev.indb 413 02/10/2007 09:31:41 resettlement policy, 239–41, 244 resource use, 44, 142, 280, 297, 322, 360, 372–8, 380–1, 386 resource distribution, 76–9 Ricardian rent, 271 Ricardo, David, 28, 260, 262, 271, 323, 372, 383, 398 Rio Conference, 192, 354, 357, 390 Rio Declaration, 7, 11, 45, 98, 184, 188–92, 194–5, 198–9, 346–7, 398 Rio Summit on Sustainable Development (1992), 317; see also Ear th Summit, Rio Conference, and UN Conference on Environment and Development Robinson, Nicholas A., 188, 207, 212, 391, 398 Rogers, Peter P., 22–3, 27, 119–20, 122–6, 129, 131–2, 252, 364–5, 370–9, 398–9 Rosegrant, M W., 90 Rosenstock, Rober t, 189–90 Rovers, F A., 136, 396 RSA See rapid social assessment rule of seventy, 28–9 rural to urban migration, 51, 103 Sachs, Jeffrey, 49, 399 Sala-i-Mar tin, Xavier, 48 Salim, Emil, 107, 124, 399, 403 Salisbur y, J., 401 Salzman, James, 186–9, 207, 395 Sands, Philippe, 190, 192, 211–2, 364, 399 savings, 27, 47, 63, 132, 226, 310–2, 322, 335–8 savings rate, 132, 310–1, 322, 338 Schachter, Oscar, 208–9, 395 Schendler, Auden, 361 Schmidheiny, Stephan, 360 Schwebel, Stephen M., 193, 399 Schweitzer, Alber t, 212 SDE See social development elasticity SDIs See social development indicators SDS See social design study SEA See strategic environmental assessment Seattle meeting, 328 secondar y stakeholders, 229 sector policies, 159, 163–169 Selden, Mark, 65, 399 Sen, Amar tya, 121, 231, 246, 399 shadow price, 279, 287 Shah, Anup, 50 Shelton, Dinah, 158, 185–6, 189, 191–3, 201, 210, 353, 395 Shrimp/Tur tle dispute, 208 Simon, Julian, 21, 386, 399 skewness, 137 Smit, Hans, 208–9, 395 Smith, Adam, 211, 245, 260, 262, 323, 399 Smith, Douglas V., 45, 51, 68–9, 73, 80–1, 90, 354, 358, 400 Smith, H Jesse, 21 snowflake diagram, 130–2 So, Alvin Y., 65, 399 social analysis, 219, 247–8, 394 Social and Environmental Effects of Large Dams, The, 394 social costs, 25, 37–9, 191, 277, 305, 394 social design study (SDS), 17, 240, 248–50 social development elasticity (SDE), 17, 251 ff social development indicators (SDIs), 17, 219, 251 social dimension, 20, 44, 146, 185, 211, 218 ff social exclusion, 219–20, 245–7, 257, 399 Social Exclusion: Concept, Application and Scrutiny in 2000, 246, 399 Social Summit (Copenhagen, 1995), 159 social sustainability, 39, 162–3, 388 soft law, 189, 244, 391 soil conser vation, 61, 76, 109 soil depletion, 53, 90–1, 387 soil erosion, 124–6, 276, 304, 387 soil formation, 101, 103 solar energy, 95 solid waste disposal, 43, 56, 62, 124, 203–4, 241, 390 Solow, Rober t, 26, 400 South-South cooperation, 354, 366 spatial impacts, 176–7 Speth, Gus, 21, 141, 400 standard deviation, 134–7 star diagram, 131 statistical procedures and definitions, 111–2, 133–7 step matrixes, 148 Stiglitz, Joseph, 352, 400, 404 Stockholm Action Plan, 199, 400 Stockholm Conference (1972) See Stockholm Declaration, UN Conference on the Human Environ ment Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 203, 205, 400 Stockholm Declaration, 184, 188–92, 199, 400 strategic environmental assessment (SEA), 17, 145 Strong, Maurice, 44–5, 400, 404 Stumbling Toward Sustainability, 392, 400 subsidies, 25, 38, 66, 72–5, 80, 93, 166, 176, 182, 207–8, 222–4, 280, 292–3, 329, 342, 349–50, 356, 360, 365–6, 374 Summers, Lawrence, 62, 366, 400 surrogate markets, 282–4 sur vey-based approaches, 286 sustainability, 20, 22–8, 53, 58, 65, 71, 84, 94, 98, 103, 106–7, 109, 132, 140, 144, 154, 160, 162–3, 166, 195, 222–3, 228, 257, 260, 274, 278, 287–8, 291–3, 295–8, 300–1, 306–7, 310–2, 325, 330–1, 414 Sustain Dev.indb 414 02/10/2007 09:31:41 342–3, 358, 360–2, 368, 370, 381–3, 387–8, 390, 392–3, 398, 400–1; concept of, 42–6; life cycle analysis, examples of, 32–9; nine ways to achieve, 23–26; simple rule for, 27; weak and strong, 28 sustainability indicators, 103, 132 sustainable development, concept or principle?, 193–201; determinants of, 65–79; ecological, economic and socio-cultural approaches to, 43–4; environ mental law and, 210–5; factors governing, 47–65; first formal treaty to refer to, 211; four principles of, 162; indicators for, 106 ff; legal status of, 195; links to environ ment and pover ty, 50–2; operational criteria for, 45–6; see also environ mental indicators, triple bottom line Sustainable Development in Asia, 80–1, 400 sustainable economic growth, 43, 166, 317 sustainable environment, 278, 300 sustainable logging, 357 sustainable social net product (SSNP), 26–7 Sweetser, Anne, 13, 218, 396 tangible products, 282 Tangley, Laura, 100, 390 technology, per capita, 31–2, 38–9 Thomas, W A., 106–7, 401 three “E’s”, the, 141, 260, 288 See also triple bottom line tidal power, 95 Tobin tax, 62, 226, 364, 366, 401 top 10 lists, 326 total suspended par ticulates (TSP), 17, 117, 124, 153 traditional fuel, 326–7 traffic patterns, 149 Train, Russell, 141 transaction costs, 25, 72, 278–9 transpor t systems, latent, 150 treaty ratification, in US, 203–4; outside the US, 204–5 triple bottom line, 39, 42, 45, 71, 106, 260, 288, 297, 341, 358–9, 361, 401 trichloroethylene, 150 TSP See total suspended par ticulates Tuna/Dolphin dispute, 207–8, 353, 387 UN See United Nations UNCED See UN Conference on Environment and Development UN Char ter, 198 UNCHE See UN Conference on the Human Environment UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 348, 350 UN Commission for Sustainable Development (UNCSD), 346, 348–9 UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), 17, 45, 98, 159, 184, 190, 210, 238, 328, 346–7, 365, 398; see also Ear th Summit, Rio Conference UN Conference on the Human Environ ment (UNCHE) (Stockholm, 1972), 7, 17, 42, 158–9, 162, 184, 190, 202–5, 351, 400; see also Stockholm Declaration UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 348, 350–1 UNCSD See UN Commission for Sustainable Development UNCTAD See UN Conference on Trade and Development UN Depar tment of Economic and Social Affairs (UN/DESA), 346, 348, 350 UN/DESA See UN Depar tment of Economic and Social Affairs UN Development Programme (UNDP), 17, 47–9, 121, 219, 228, 251, 300, 307, 312, 332, 346, 348, 350, 364, 366, 394, 402–3 UN Disaster Relief Organization, 63 UNDP See UN Development Programme UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), 16, 62, 350 UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 21, 213, 346, 348, 350 UN Environment Programme (UNEP), 17, 44, 158, 175, 184, 202–3, 205, 207, 209–10, 215, 235, 237–8, 332, 346, 348–51, 356, 394, 402 UNEP See UN Environment Pro gramme UNESCO See UN Education Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFPA See UN Population Fund UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, 190, 201, 204, 215 UN General Assembly, 22, 158–61, 177, 181, 184, 188–90, 244, 346, 348–51, 354, 356–7, 391–2, 394, 398–9 UNICEF See UN Children’s Fund UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), 21, 350 United Nations (UN), 16–7, 21, 30, 42, 44, 47, 53–4, 63, 89, 158, 184, 189–90, 203–4, 208, 236, 327, 332, 346, 348–51, 365, 391–5, 398, 400–2, 404 United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 17, 52, 146 UN Population Division, 54, 84, 404 UN Population Fund (UNFPA), 21, 53–4, 350 UN Repor t of the International Law Commis sion, 189, 398 UN Security Council, 190, 348–51, 353, 401 urbanization, 51, 84, 86–7, 218, 304, 381 urban statistical models, 148 USAID See United States Agency for International Development US Council on Environmental Quality, 16, 108 415 Sustain Dev.indb 415 02/10/2007 09:31:41 US Depar tment of Commerce, 292, 301–2, 404 US Depar tment of State, 189, 392 US Environmental Protection Agency See Environmental Protection Agency, U.S use values, 284–6 utility of income, 121–2 valuation techniques, 282 ff value added, 266, 284 value judgments, 106, 265 Value of the World’s Ecosystem Ser vices and Natural Capital, The, 101, 392, 402 variance, 123, 134–5 vicious circles, two, 50–1 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 186, 205, 401 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 204, 401 vir tual reality software, 149 Visions of the Future, 370, 394 Vital Signs, 68–9, 401 Vörösmar ty, Charles J., 101, 401 wage differentials, 283 water, access to in third world, 172, 174; development goals for, 179–81 water policy, 163–5, 397; for Asia, 164–5 water pollution, 24, 56–8, 108, 114–5, 170, 213–4; cost of, 304–5 water quality index, 119 water quality standards, 124 water scarcity, 99, 101, 320–2 WB See World Bank WCED See World Commission on Environment and Development Wealth of Nations, The, 211, 260 wealth per capita, 308, 338 WEDO See Women’s Environment and Development Organization Weeramantr y, Christopher Gregor y, 194 weighting schemes, for environmental indicators, 114 ff WEO See World Environment Organization Where Is the Wealth of Nations?, 307–9, 311–2, 401 Whiteman, Marjorie M., 185, 401 WHO See World Health Organization wind, 149–50 wind power, 95, 98, 166, 291, 335 WMO See World Meteorological Organization Wolfensohn, James D., 314–5 Wolfowitz, Paul, 314 Womak, James P., 73 Women and the Environment, 235, 237, 402 Women’s Environment and Development Organization (WEDO), 235, 237–8, 402 Women’s Summit (Beijing, 1995), 159 Women’s World Congress for a Healthy Planet, 238, 402 World Bank (WB), 17, 21–3, 30, 43–4, 59, 62–3, 72, 75–6, 85, 88, 123–4, 127–8, 130–1, 146–7, 161–2, 164–8, 170–1, 174, 176–80, 202, 206, 210, 219–21, 226, 228, 233–5, 240, 251, 267, 287, 289, 300–1, 307–12, 314–24, 326, 328–30, 332–4, 336–9, 341–2, 346, 348, 350, 352–3, 386, 390, 393–4, 396–9, 401–4; Energy Program of, 166; pover ty study by, 219–21, 404 World Bank memo, 365 World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), 7, 17, 22, 42, 158, 397 World Conference on Women, 236, 238 World Conser vation Strategy, The, 44, 402 World Conser vation Union, The (IUCN), 13, 16, 44, 124, 207, 209–10, 212, 348, 358, 378, 395, 402 World Development Repor t 1992, 317, 399 World Environment Organization (WEO), 17, 349, 351, 353, 357 world expor ts, growth of, 172, 174 World Food Summit (Rome, 1996), 87, 159 World Health Organization (WHO), 17, 21–2, 80, 124, 321, 346, 348, 350, 403 world income, distribution of, 47 World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 21, 348, 350 world population, 30, 53–4, 404 World Population Prospects, 54, 404 World Resources Institute, 53, 123, 210, 349, 404 world’s forests, state of, 167 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) (Johannesburg, 2002), 7, 17, 49, 75, 82, 109, 162, 188, 196, 198–9, 226, 238, 328, 330, 332, 346, 349, 351, 353–8, 364, 388, 395 World Trade Organization (WTO), 17, 96, 159, 207–8, 346, 348, 350–3, 388 World Watch Institute, 20, 91 world water supply, state of, 164 World Wildlife Fund (WWF), 17, 44, 124, 210, 286, 343, 348, 358, 402 WSSD See World Summit on Sustainable Development WTO See World Trade Organization WWF See World Wildlife Fund Yu, Chang-Ching, 399 Yunus, Muhammad, 77 Zaelke, Durwood, 186–9, 207, 395 416 Sustain Dev.indb 416 02/10/2007 09:31:42 [...]... of an introductor y book Even a subtopic in the chapter on Social Dimensions such as the relationship between indigenous peoples and sustainable development would be wor thy of an analysis longer than that offered in an introductor y book In an effor t not to overwhelm readers seeking an introduction to sustainable development, we have tried to limit the discussion of each such topic or subtopic to. .. Zenaida S Antonio, and Dyosa Marie S Antonio Information technology work was handled by Joseph Reyes and Rober to S Anselmo Felix Mago Miguel designed the layout of the book with the assistance of Susan Lascano-Dungan, all of The Philippines Additional thanks are due to Raul Pangalangan, Dean of the School of Law of the University of the Philippines, and Professor Kheng-Lian Koh of the Faculty of Law of... Environment and Social Development of the Asian Development Bank and the Director of the Division of Industr y, Human Settlements and Environment of UN/ESCAP John A Boyd was a guest lecturer in the 2002, 2004, 2005, and 2006 Har vard Extension School course on sustainable development Formerly he was a lawyer for the U.S Depar tment of State and the Asian Development Bank He also was Principal Sector Specialist... at the Asian Development Bank (ADB), where we deal with invest ments, we have to be realistic If ADB is to loan more than $6 billion in a year, such loans have to make sense Otherwise, there will be no takers It is the same with sustainable development The concept has to be adapted to the real world so that it makes sense to finance ministers, economists, entrepreneurs, environmentalists, anthropologists,... Inter-American Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the African Development Bank, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development all repor t with reasonable frequency upon the status of the environment and the ecosystems in their areas of interest The news from the agencies is typically mixed The good news is that we can feed more than 6.5 billion people with enough food to keep them functioning... ment and that many of the materials may need to be updated and perhaps expanded to take into account recent events We invite readers to bring to our attention ways in which we can improve the book Grants from the GLEN Foundation, a not-for-profit Philippine corporation, suppor ted production of this book GLEN stands for Governance, Law and Environment Network The GLEN Foundation is contributing to various... indigenous peoples, and the youth of the world Also of key impor tance are how to achieve and maintain good governance and sustainable institutions If a program or project is not governed properly, or if concerned institutions provide insufficient suppor t, any related development program or project will not be sustainable In sum, sustainable development has many aspects, including economic and financial, environmental... position to take W HY S U S T A I N A B I L I T Y ? Sustainability is the term chosen to bridge the gulf between development and environment Originally it came from forestr y, fisheries, and groundwater, which dealt with quantities such as “maximum sustainable cut,” “maximum sustainable yield,” and “maximum sustainable pumping rate.” How many trees can we cut and still have forest growth? How many fish can... addition to these early contributors, the list of contributors to this book has grown to include many others located in Metro Manila, Philippines, where the initial pilot edition was published, as well as elsewhere In preparing the text, the technical editor, John Boyd, was assisted by: Stephen J Banta, David Sheniak, and Anita Feleo Formatting was done by Segundo P dela Cruz Jr., Zenaida S Antonio, and... problems of unsustainable production systems Selected issues on the environment that influence sustainable development have been presented These include environmental management policies and tools; the environmental impacts of infra structures; environmental indicators; and environmental legislation and institutions related to development An understanding of the economics of sustainability and natural ... UNIDO, and the global multinational funding agencies such as the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the African Development Bank, and the European Bank... longer than that offered in an introductor y book In an effor t not to overwhelm readers seeking an introduction to sustainable development, we have tried to limit the discussion of each such topic... 42 Factors Governing Sustainable Development 47 Linkages Among Sustainable Development, Environment, and Pover ty 50 Determinants of Sustainable Development 65 Case Studies on Sustainable Development