Vessel safety training manual

Vessel safety training manual - Sổ tay huấn luyện an toàn hàng hải

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_ ip _— bw 21 2.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.2.7 1.2.8 1.4.1 1.4.2 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.4.1 2.1.5 2.1.5.1 2.1.6 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.6.1 ENGLISH SECTION

VESSEL SAFETY TRAINING MANUAL

CHAPTER 1 1 SHIP EMERGENCIES

Types of emergencies

Abandon ship training & drills

General Alarm 173

Muster lists general 174

Lifeboat and fire muster lists 174

Man - Over - Board muster lists 2175

Drills and instructions .175

Safety notices and Signs 175

Practice of Muster Drills

Records Fire Muster Boat Muster

Station Bill

Operational Readiness - Maintentance and keeping records 180

Fire Alarm and fire extinction

Alarm signals Escape

Know the location and use of safety equipment

CHAPTER 2 2 LIFESAVING Lifeboats Gravity davits Launching 187 Lifeboat equipments 188

before any boarding 192

boarding 192

Releasing 192

Hydrostatic release gear + 194

Use of Engine 184 Liferafts - 194 Infatable liferafts 194 Rigid liferafts 188 Liferaft equipmert - 203 Rescue boat Escape slides Lifejackets

Lifebuoys light and smoke signals The location of lifebuoys

Buoyant apparatus Immersion suits

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3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 6.1 DADA AD Tà Cà Cà Trên G 0® tà Bà CHAPTER 3 3 DISTRESS SIGNALS General Radio Radio equipment Distress signals

The use of distress signals

EPIRB Testing

LINE - Throwing appliance

Aiming with the line throwing appliance .-.-cccccierriirreererree 223

CHAPTER 4 4 ABANDONING THE SHIP General

Action in the water

Boarding the raft from the water

Getting an injured man into the raft

Righting a capsized raft

Righting a capsized raft with water trapped in the canopy + 228

Surviving aboard the liferaft Treat all injuries

Initial situation in the iiferaft Preservation of body heat Leadership and morale Establish the routine

Water use

Use of the Sea anchor or Drogue

CHAPTER 5 5 SEARCH AND RESCUE

Track crawl

Parallel track pattern Creeping line patterns

Expanding Square

Sector search pattern Helicopter operations Shore operations

Appendix of Life - Saving Signals

CHAPTER 6 6 METHOD OF LANDING

How to find land The color of the sea

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6.2 71 7.2 73 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 8.1 8.2 8.3 9.15.1 9.15.2 9.15.3 9.15.4 9.16 9.17 316

Reflection of Big City Smell of the Land

Approaching to the shore

CHAPTER 7 7 SEAMANSHIP

Rope and Cordage

Fiber Rope Synthetic Cordage Rope Constructions Knots Bends Hitches Stoppers Splices Coiling fiber line Wire Rope Wire Rope lay

Using wire rope

inspection Rope handling CHAPTER 8 8 SAFETY ON JOB

Convention concerning the prevention of occupational accidents to Seafarers 253

a 256 a 257 General Lighting precautions

Hand signals

CHAPTER 9

FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Awareness Spontaneous Ignition

Faulty Electric Circuits and Equipment

Exposed Light bulbs

Engine Rooms Electric Motors

Charging Storage Batteries Galley operations

Smoking

Space Heaters Stowage

Unsafe Burning and welding practices

Good Housekeeping

Foam insulation The Nature of Fire (oxidation)

The Fire Triangle

The Fire Tetraedron

Destroying the fire tetraedron

Spread of fire

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9.17.1 9.17.2 9.17.3 9.17.4 9.17.5 9.17.6 9.17.6.1 9.18 9.18.1 9.19 9.19.1 9.19.2 9.19.3 9.19.4 9.19.5 9.19.6 9.19.7 9.19.8 9.19.9 9.19.10 9.19.11 10.1 10.1.1 10.1.2 10.1.3 10.2 10.2.1 10.2.2 10.2.3 10.2.3.1 10.2.4 10.2.4.1 10.2.4.2 10.2.4.3 10.3 10.3.1 10.3.2 10.4 10.4.1 10.4.2 10.4.3 10.4.4 10.4.5 10.4.6 10.5 10.5.1 10.6 10.7

Portable Fire Extinguishers Classes of Fire Extinguishers Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Extinguishers Dry Chemical Extinguishers Halon Extinguishers Foam Extinguishers

Inspection & Testing Portable Extinguishers

Fixed Fire Extinguishing Systems

Water

Fighting the Fire Sound the alarm

Hidden Fires

Size -up Attacking the Fire Direct attack

Indirect attack

Ventilation

Preventing fire spread Overhaul

Dewatering

When the fire is out

270 271 272 273 276 CHAPTER 10

10 MEDICAL EMERGENCIES AT SEA The ABCs Come Fist

Airway Breathing Rescue Breathing Bleeding Treatment of Bleeding Pressure Points Tourniquets

Steps Inappluying a tourniquets Internal bleeding

Symptoms Immediate treatment

Additional treatment for bleeding shock Shock

Symptoms of shock

Treatment

Secondary Survey

The Vital Signs Pulse Temperature Respirations Blood pressure

Request for medical assistance

On-Board Treatment General fist aid rules When to administer Oxygen

Cold - Related injury

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10.7.1 10.7.1.1 10.7.1.2 10.7.1.3 10.8 10.8.1 10.8.2 10.8.3 10.9 10.9.1 10.10 318 Hypothermia Stages of Hypothermia

Precautions during rescue from the water Treatment

Transporting the injure General procedures Litters and stretchers Manuai carries First aid kit supplies Instrument and Equipment

Sample crew member applicant Medical History Statement

- 293 293 293 294 294 295 ANNEX CHAPTER ill

LIFE - SAVING APPLIANCES AND ARRANGEMENTS BIBAIOITPA®|A

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CHAPTER 1

1 SHIP EMERGENCIES 1.1 TYPES OF EMERGENCIES

The ship and the seafarer can encounter many different types of emergencies

Many of them can be avoided by care and knowledge about the dangers encountered That is why

it is important, not to expose yourself or others to dangers by sloppiness — Know your duties in an emergency!

— Be prepared —an emergency can arise at any time!

——~ Knowledge and training gives you the best chances to cope with an emergency

Emergencies can arise from various causes, as for instance:

Fire/Expiosion can arise due to failure or faulty operation of equipment, by self-ignition caused by

carelessness with open fire or smoking in the bunk

Collision can be caused by failure of machinery or rudder, insufficient watchkeeping or navigation

faults

Grounding or stranding, like collision, can be caused by navigation faults, failure of machinery or

rudder, bad weather or the ship dragging its anchor

Leakage occurs, when the ships hull, deck or hatches are damaged

Icing can be dangerous for smaller vessels It reduces the stability of the vessel, possibly resulting

in capsizing

Man-over-Board To rescue a person fallen overboard safely on board again, a fast and efficient action is required by the crew

All the above emergencies present danger to human lives; most of them eventually can lead to the

abandoning and loss of the ship

A happy ending of an emergency implies that you too perform your duties with responsibility and

care

1.2 ABANDON SHIP TRAINING AND DRILLS

The muster list specifies in detail the general alarm signal, the action of passengers and crew

when such signal is heard, the muster positions and by whom the order «ABANDON SHIP» is given

Muster lists are displayed and conspicuously posted in the navigating bridge, the officers and

crew’s mess/smoking rooms, at the control stations of the engine room and at any other position

that the Master considers necessary for crew to see

In addition to the general instructions and duties of each crew specified in the Muster list, specific instructions must be prepared in writing and be exhibited in each crew cabin

Such instructions must be written in the crew's mother language and English and must contain 1 The general alarm, fire and flood alarm signals

2 What action need be taken when such signals are heard

3 His assigned duties (even if he has not any specific duty, his responsibility will be to gather at a

muster station and make himself available to the Master or the officer in charge)

1.2.1 GENERAL ALARM

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on the ship's whistle and is supplemented by the electrically operated bell or klaxon which is activated from the bridge or maybe at some other strategic point and consists of a continuous

sound of such duration as to ensure that it has been heard even at the remotest corners of the

vessel

On hearing such signal you must put on your lifejacket and proceed to the muster station, unless you have been given specific duties i.e closing watertight doors, screwing down ports etc

However such signal-does not mean «ABANDON SHIP» Although the lifeboats must be prepared

and lowered down to the embarkation deck they must not be boarded

The «ABANDON SHIP» order is given verbally by the Master through the public addresser and

any available loudspeaker

After the abandon ship order is given, lifeboats are lowered into the water and the lifting hooks disengaged Ship the tillers Each boat will now be attached to the ship by the toggle painter and

any crew left aboard should now enter the boat by means of side ladders or lifeline The boat

should then be hove clear of the ship’s side using the toggle painter and passing it aft, hauling on the inboard side, at the same time making use of the boat hook to fend the boat aft

After abandoning the ship it is best to row or start engine and, when well clear of the ship, search

for any survivors

Then join up with and make fast to any other survival craft and remain in the vicinity of the disaster area for at least 24 hours, as rescue vessels and planes will proceed to the distress call position

1.2.2 MUSTER LISTS, GENERAL

In order to cope with an emergency situation in the best way it is necessary having planned ahead The plans are called the muster lists, and comprise the boat muster lists and the fire muster lists respectively, and in certain ships there may also be a Man-Over-Board muster list

Out of consideration for your shipmates and yourself it is your duty to acquaint yourself thoroughly with the muster lists —think especially of:

— What is my task, do | understand what to do?

— Where do | have to appear?

— Where is the equipment to be used?

— Who gives the orders? — To whom shall | report?

— What are the aiarm signals of the ship?

It is your duty to attend all musterings and drills Your place on the muster list is either given by your profession, name, ship's number or room number

1.2.3 LIFE BOAT AND FIRE MUSTER LIST

Knowing the proper use of your ship's life-saving appliances is important for yourself and others if an emergency is arising

You can improve the knowledge you already have by participating in the drills, by going through this training manual now and then and by being aware of all matters in your daily work concerning

the safety of yourself and the ship

This part of the training manual is about the complete safety and just like your own attitude towards

the safety on board it forms the basis of the complete safety

Notices called muster lists instructing each crew member what to do in an emergency shal! be placed on board all ships according to SOLAS Among these notices are the “LIFEBOAT AND FIRE MUSTER LISTS” and they can differ from ship to ship dependent on company In addition lifeboat and fire muster lists will also differ dependent on type of ship and the size of the crew

There are certain general requirements to the contents of the lifeboat and fire muster lists and

among these that they shall contain information as to when the alarm signals are used and how they sound

It is very important that all on board fully understand their tasks when an emergency occurs —and

this is why it is the duty of every crew member to carefully study the lifeboat and fire muster lists

immediately after being mustered on board

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To make sure that all on board constantly know their duties in an emergency, drills shall take

place It is during drilis that things possibly not functioning quite according to the purpase shall be found and it is during drills you ask the questions you want to have answered

Remember! Ask —while there is time to answer! During an emergency there is no-time to answer questions

Remember! it is Your duty to participate in the Life Boat (Abandon Ship) and fire Drills and

Musters

1.2.4 MAN - OVER - BOARD MUSTER LIST

If a person falls overboard, it is important for his possibilities of survival that he is rescued on board

again as fast as possible The most frequent cause of death is not drowning but death caused by

cold

To make sure that a person fallen overboard is rescued fast, special Man-Over-Board muster lists ——MOB muster lists— are found in some ships These muster lists involves only a small part of the

crew which in case of an overboard fall can launch the rescue boat fast and save the person fallen overboard

A special rescue boat is found in some ships, in others the motor lifeboat is used The Man-Over-Board muster lists should be placed near the lifeboat and fire muster lists

1.2.5 DRILLS AND INSTRUCTIONS

As it is most important that the crew is prepared to act correctly in any emergency it is necessary always to be aware of what could possibly lead to an accident; because of that, drills for various emergencies take place frequently and in order to supplement the drills with some more theoretical matter instruction are given about the various life-saving appliances

1.2.6 SAFETY NOTICES AND SIGNS

For the benefit of safety various notices and signs are placed at various locations on board; there can be notices about various rooms contents or the contents of various containers and the like

Safety sings can be and should be divided into a system of mandatory signs, prohibition signs,

warning signs, emergency signs and fire fighting signs These signs should all be made in accordance with international standards and therefore often symbols, pictures and drawings are used in lieu of text, making them more easily understood by ail nationalities

1.2.7 PRACTICE OF MUSTER DRILLS

Once a month but within 24 hours from sailing if more than 25% of the crew were repatriated

Each abandon ship drill shall include:

1 Summoning the crew and any passengers to the muster stations as specified in the preceding

paragraph

2 Reporting to stations and preparing for their duties

3 Checking that they are suitably dressed

4 Checking that lifejackets are correctly donned

5 Lowering at least one lifeboat after any necessary preparation for taunching

6 Starting and operating the engine

Different lifeboats to be lowered at successive drills

Drills to be, as far as practicable, conducted as if there were an actual emergency At least once every 3 months each lifeboat must be launched with its assigned operating crew aboard and manoeuvred in the water

Crew to be lectured on procedures for launching the liferafts and of the use of the line throwing apparatus and the pyrotechnics

1.2.8 RECORDS

The date and time of each drill to be recerded in all the log books (bridge, R/T, Engine) and

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fire-muster

FIRE-ALARM SIGNAL: a continuous signal on the ship’s whistle not less than 10 seconds € followed by a continuous ringing with the firebelis not less than 10 seconds (

ALL CLEAR SIGNAL: 3 short rings with the firebells (—)

HOLD GROUP 1: No HOLD Group 2: Ne No BOAT GROUP closes ventilating Raps and fire dampers, then makes feboate and liferatts ready No

closes all doors and windows and rouses - ensures all persons have vacated their ca- bing

No

ON THE BRIDGE AT THE WHEEL IN CHARGE ALL OPERATIONS CAPTAIN RADIO OPERATOR No (A8) brings emergency radio to starboard Ifeboat use of communication equipment for contact

with masteriotticers (walkie - talkie) FIRE FIGHTING SUPERVISOR

FIRECHIEF: CHIEF OFFICER ASSISTANT; CHIEF ENGINEER ASSISTANT: tat ENG (CO; OPERATOR} SMOKE DIVER

HOLD1ã2 'GROUP.182 [

oxi st the firechlet with 2 sets of smoked

ving equipment: bresthing-apparatus, fire- n

ault, sefety linea and flashilght Starts fire & blige pumps: FIRE GROUP

FIRE HOSE GROUP No 1

meets at the firechiet, makes ready fire hoses and nozzies No No STRETCHER TEAM FIRST AID In charge of stretcher team and first aid

FIRE HOSE GROUP No 2

meets at the firechlet with tireaxe, crowbar d drilling machine, makes ready-fire hoses and nozzles No No No

assistant to stretcher team, meets with atret- cher, takes extra and to the liteboats

No

MEETING PLACE WHEN FIRE ALARM:

2nd OFFICER IN CHARGE OF LIFE-SAVING AND FIRE APPLIANCES FIRE HOSE GROUP No 3

meets at the firachiet, makes ready fire hoses and nozzles

No No

ABANDON SHIP SIGNAL: at least 7 short blasts followed by one long blast on ship's whistle follawed by the same signal sounded on the firebells (——-—)

176

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boat-muster

BOAT ALARM: Intermittent signals on the ship’s whistle followed by the same signal sounded on the firebells ALL CLEAR SIGNAL: 3 short rings with the firebells ( -)

PUPT LIFEBOAT: STB LIFEBOAT:

Int OFFICER PORT BOAT CHIEF OFFICER:

NAME NAME CAPTAIN NAME

0UTY UY bury

I ‘on the bridge, in charge all operations

CHIEF ENGINEER

NAME _

NAME PORT BOAT nd

RADIO OPERATOR

DUTY NAME DUTY

puty brings emergency radio and

‘2nd ENGINEER: rediobeacon to the boats 2nd OFFICER

NAME NAME

DUTY OO

DUTY make ready distress signals and liferatts AB AB NAME NAME DUTY DUTY AB os NAME NAME DUTY DUTY os NAME ASST ENGINEER NAME

uTY purr

ER RATING ASST, ENGINEER

NAME NAME

bury bury

cook MAN OVERBOARD SIGNAL: E.R, RATING

NAME the letter “O” (-—) sounded at least 4 times NAME

_ầeầẮ on the ship's whistle followed by the same bury being provision and blankets to the boats signal sounded on the firebells

2nd COOK

NAME NAME

~ DUTY DUTY

brings provision and blankets to the boats

NAME NAME

DỤTY DUTY

‘2nd OFFICER IN CHARGE OF LIFE-SAVING AND FIRE APPLIANCES,

ABANDON SHIP SIGNAL: at least 7 short blasts followed by one long blast on ship's whistle followed by the same signal sounded on the firebells (- }

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Station Bill

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

4 Each person shall familiarize themselves with their assigned location in the event of an emergency immediately upon

boarding the vessel

2 All crew members shall be thoroughly familiar with the duties they are assigned to perform in the event of an emergency

3 Each person shall participate in emergency drills and shall be property dressed including a property donned life preserver or

exposure suit

4 In all vessels carrying passengers, the STEWARD’S DEPARTMENT shall be responsible for warming passengers, seeing

that passengers are property dressed and have correctly donned their life preservers of exposure suits, assembling and

directing passengers to their appointed stations, keeping order in passageways and stairways, controlling passenger movements and ensuring a supply of blankets is taken to the lifeboats

5 The proper chain of command is indicated by the sequential numbers assigned to each department Should a key person

become disabled, the next senior member of that department shall take the disabled person's place

6 The Chief Mate shall be responsible for the maintenance and readiness of all lifesaving and firefighting appliances and equipment above the main deck The First Assistant Engineer shall be responsible for the maintenance and readiness of all lifesaving and firefighting appliances and equipment on the main deck and below

MASTER'S SIGNATURE

FIRE AND EMERGENCY

INSTRUCTIONS

1 Any person discovering a fire shall notify the bridge by sounding the nearest available alarm and then take all initial actions

as appropriate

2, Upon hearing the fire and emergency signal all airports, watertight doors, fire doors, scuppers, and designated discharges

shall be closed and all fans, blowers and ventilating systems shall be stopped All safety equipment will be prepared for

immediate service OMED's Numbers 9 and 10 shall check to ensure this itern is completed after they report to their station

3 Upon seeing a “MAN OVERBOARD”, immediately throw a life preserver (with a light attached if at night) and notify the bridge by reporting “MAN OVERBOARD PORT (STARBOARD) SIDE” In all cases keep the man in sight

4 Any extra persons shall report to the Hospital Treatment Room

; 900000000 o9 0000000 - : SIGNALS

Fire and Emergency Signal ( }

The life and emergency signal shall be a continuous blast of the whistle for a period not less than 10 seconds followed by a continuous ringing of the general alarm for not less than 10 seconds

Man Overboard Signal (— — —}

The man overboard signal shall be the letter “O" sounded several (at least 4) times on the ship's whistle followed by the same signal on the general alarm

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ABANDON SHIP INSTRUCTIONS

1 All persons indicated in the diagram on the ieft should use lifeboat * 2 All persons indicated in the diagram on the right

should use lifeboat * 1,

2 Any extra persons should muster at lifeboat * 1

SIGNALS

Abandon Ship Signal (

The abandon ship signal shall be at least 7 short blasts followed by one long biast onthe ship's whistle followed by the same signal sounded on the general alarm

Boat Handling Signals

All boat handling signals be sounded on the ship's whistle and shall mean the following: (@) One short blast means to lower the lifeboats

(@@) Two short blasts means to stop lowering the lifeboats

AfT

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particulars to be entered in the special inspection and drill book required by the Greek Authorities

1.3 OPERATIONAL READINESS - MAINTENANCE - INSPECTIONS AND KEEPING RECORDS

1 Before the ship leaves port all life saving appliances must be inspected and confirmed that are

ready for immediate use Relevant entry to be made to the inspection record book and bridge log book

2 Records of turning the lifeboat fall wires inside out and of renewing to be entered in the inspection and bridge tog book

3 Spare equipment and repair kits for fire fighting and lifesaving equipment to be properly recorded and stored in a separate store-room

4 The following tests and inspections to be carried weekly and recorded in the inspection and relevant log books

(a) All survival crafts and launching appliances to be visually inspected to ensure that they are ready for use

(b) All engines in lifeboats to be run ahead and astern for a total period of not less than 3 minutes If circumstances do not allow make relevant entry in the log book

(c) Test the general emergency alarm system

5 Once monthly a thorough inspection must be carried to all life-saving equipment in accordance

with the check list in the book of inspection and drills and your remarks to be written in the

relevant column Anything that requires rectification must be rectified immediately and recorded Relevant entries to be made to the relevant log books

6 Inflatable liferafts and inflatable lifejackets as well as any hydrostatic release units are landed ashore and inspected annually by a competent service station Relevant entries are made in the

log book and the relevant certificates are filed in the ship’s files ready for sighting by any authorised government or classification surveyor

1.4 FIRE ALARM AND FIRE EXTINCTION

FIRE ALARM

Upon outbreak of fire immediately call, directly or by telephone: the duty officer on the bridge

the duty officer in the engine room or press the fire alarm buttom

FIRE ALARM SIGNALS

are sounded by means of alarmbells and alarm sirens both activated by depression of the firealarm button Bells and sirens will operate continously until stopped from the bridge As scon as the alarm is sounding each person shall without delay go to their station according to the muster list for fire stations and carry out the duties assigned to him The watchkeeping officers and crew on deck and in the engine room including helmsman and lookout, shall, however, remain

at their stations until relieved or until driven away by the fire

Steps shall be taken to ensure that all persons near the scene of fire are warned and if necessary assisted to a safe position

FIRE DRILL

Fire drills to take place each month to practice procedures and the use of fire fighting equipment

FIRE EXTINCTION

Basic rules: LIMIT spreading of the fire Basic rules: COOL the material afire

Basic rules: QUENCH the fire (cut off airsupply)

Fire fighters should where possible work in teams of two and a fire hose be handled by at least

two men When entering rooms on fire an additional hose should be kept ready for assistance

Air supply to rooms on fire shall if possible be cut off or be reduced Show great care before opening up to compartments on fire Fire fighting equipment shall be ready for immediate use

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when opening and beware of spurts of flame

Means of Extinction shall be aimed directly at the burning material When fighting a fire of inflammable liquids by means of foam jet, the jet shall, however, if possible be aimed at a bulkhead or the like from which the foam will run down and spread over the surface without scattering the

burning liquid

Fog nozzles must only be used for water

Unnecessary water damage to cargo and ship shall be avoided

Masks with smoke filter do not give protection against carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon

dioxide (COz) They should not be used in enclosed compartments

Fire in clothes is best smothered by rolling on deck or by means of a blanket, jacket or the like

Do not run!

Adjacent rooms shail be kept under observation during and after a fire in order to prevent the fire from spreading

Fire fighting equipment shall always be kept in good condition Any defective material shall at

once be reported to the master or the chief engineer When equipment has been used, it shall as

soon as possible be brought in order and returned to its stowage position

Means of Extinction:

Fire in: Is normally best extinguished using:

A Solid materials Water

A suchs as wood, (Foam may also be used) A fabrics, ropes, “

A accommodation

B Inflammanbie liquids Foam Carbon dioxide (CO.), dry powder

B suchs as oil, petrol or sand If the fire is not too serious, B and fatty substances water fog (fog nozzles) may be used C Electrical Carbon dioxide (COz), dry powder or

C Installations Halon

D Inflammable Vapours Carbon dioxide (COz), dry powder or Halon

Alarmsignals

At drills or when an emergency arises the crew is alerted by the

ship’s alarmsystem and the ship's whistle Learn them The alarmsignals of your ship are given on the muster list and here

below by heart!

Type of Alarm Signat Means of Alarm | instruction

General Alarm

Boat Alarm All to attend their station wearing lifajackets

Alli to attend their station bringing along their Fire Alarm assigned fire fighting equipment

The rescue boat crew to muster immediately Man-Over-Board carrying immersion suits if available The rast

of the crew awaits further instructions

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1.4.1 ESCAPE

A system of escape routes is arranged from all rooms and sections of the ship These escapes are marked by green signs

It is important always to know your escapes —and as there may be a need for alternative escapes

it is always wise to know the various alternatives

Maintain the safety on board and note if any escapes are blocked —keep the escapes free so they serve their purpose namely ESCAPE

1.4.2 KNOW THE LOCATION AND USE OF SAFETY EQUIPMENT

The location of the safety equipment is carefully planned and already before the ship was built the

distibution of the safety equipment was approved by the administration No matter where you are in the ship there is always some safety equipment nearby —but remember it might be difficult to

locate if for instance the rooms are filled with smoke, so it is wise to note the location of the equipment before you have to use it

ke

fig 1.4.1

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CHAPTER 2 2 LIFESAVING 2.1 LIFE BOATS WAkLE^RLt _BGH Any woe ki HA ñg 2.1.1

Lifeboats must be constructed with rigid sides and have ample stability in bad weather, also sufficient freeboard when fully loaded, and be strong enough to allow them to be safely lowered into the water when fully loaded with persons and equipment

Lifeboats may be built of Aluminium alloy (A.A.), Galvanised steel (G.S.), Glass reinforced plastic (G.R.P.), or wood

No lifeboat is to be less than 16 feet (4.9 m) in length, except when it is carried as an alternative

to a Class C boat `

Lifeboats are numbered from forward to aft Odd numbers to starboard and even numbers to

port

All thwarts and side benches are to be fitted as low as possible and bottom boards are to be

fitted

Every lifeboat must have internal buoyancy, either air cases or buoyant material, equal to 10 per Cent of the total volume of the boat in aluminium alloy, steel, glass reinforced plastic boats and in all mechanically propelled and motor lifeboats, the amount of buoyancy is increased and must be

sufficient to float the lifeboat when fully loaded, flooded and in the open sea, so that the top of the

gunwale amidships is not submerged

Air tanks are normally made of muntz metal or copper in both wood and steel lifeboats, aluminium alloy must be used in aluminium boats In glass reinforced plastic boats the air cavities

are filled with expanded plastic material, although some of the earlier boats contained alloy air tanks Whenever a lifeboat is being overhauled air tanks of yellow metal should be wire-brushed

and coated with either clear varnish or linseed oil

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Lifeboats built of wood may be either clincher or carvel built, a wood lifeboat certified to carry 85 persons or more, must be carvel built with the planks laid diagonally and in two thicknesses A clincher built boat is one where the hull planks run fore and aft, and each plank overlaps the one

below it This build increases the freeboard A carvel built boat has smooth sides and the planks of the hull may run either fore and aft or diagonally

Stretchers are to be portable so that they can be easily removed for the purpose of laying injured

persons in the bottom

All ropes attached to a lifeboat are to be manila, sisal or an approved polypropylene Unapproved man-made fibres are unsuitable, they deteriorate when static, when exposed to strong sunlight, when contaminated with chemical fumes and when in contact with sparks, wet paint and solvents that are by-products of oil

A ringbolt is fixed on the inboard side of both stem and stern aprons, to which painters and the

steering grommet may be attached

A plughole is provided and a conspicuous mark is made on the side-benchto indicate it's

position

Lifeboats are to be marked in permanent characters with the authorized stamp, the surveyor's

initials, the date the boat was built, the length, depth, and breadth of the boat, on one side of the

stem or sheet strake The number of persons the boat is certified to carry must be marked on both sides The name of the ship, the Port of Registry and the number of the boat, are to be painted on

each bow of the lifeboat

If disengaging gear is fitted, the means of jetting-go both hooks must be placed aft, and it must be so constructed that the hooks will release together and only when the boat is completely

waterborne ;

Floating blocks are to be fitted with a suitable long link or ring that will not jam for attaching to the

sling hooks, unless disengaging gear is fitted

Where it is necessary for the boat to pass over an overhanging or open deck, a means of

preventing the boat being caught in the open space must be provided This normaly takes the form of fenders so placed as to prevent the boat being caught as it is lowered

All lifeboats are to be at least 12 inches (30 cm) clear of the ship’s side, when being lowered with the ship upright

Lifeboats are to have a whaler stern so that they will rise to a following sea, and can be either

hove-to or rowed stern first Except that a mechanically propelled boat, and a motor lifeboat may have a transom stern, to assist in protecting the propeller

Provision must be made for the housing of the steering oar, either a wire grommet served over with spunyarn or marline and secured to the sternpost, or a crutch right aft secured with a chain

A fairlead must be provided on the bow for the purpose of taking either the sea anchor hawser, or a tow rope

Lifting hooks are to face inboard to facilitate the operation of letting-go the falls when the lifeboat is waterborne, the shanks of the hooks must also be of sufficient length to ensure the stability of

the boat, when the boat is being either hoisted or lowered

Rudder fittings must be so contrived that the rudder cannot be accidentally unshipped Normally

two claw like gudgeons are fixed to the rudder, and are slid down the rudder post from the top The

rudder must be lifted right up the rudder post and half turned to unship it Both the rudder and tiller must be attached to the boat by lanyards, and the rudder is to be kept shipped at all times whenever possible

Every lifeboat certified to carry more than 60 persons must be either a mechanically propelled

lifeboat or a motor lifeboat

Every lifeboat certified to carry more than 100 persons must be a motor lifeboat No lifeboat is

certified to carry more than 150 persons, or may weigh more than 20 tons (20.3 mt.) in its turning out condition, fully loaded with equipment and persons

A motor lifeboat is to be fitted with a compression ignition engine (diesel engine), which must be

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lifeboat must have a second drip tray under the engine It must be capable of going astern Two

towing posts are fitted and a set of tools and spares are to be carried in the boat On boats certified

to carry 100 or more persons there is to be an additional pump, one pump may be engine driven but the other must be manual

To find the cubic capacity of a lifeboat Sterling's (Simpson’s) Rule must be employed, except

that the formulae Length x Breadth x Depth x Coefficient of fineness 6 may be employed for wood lifeboats

The number of persons any lifeboat 24 feet (7.3 m) in length and over may be certified to carry,

is found by dividing the capacity in cubic feet by 10 but the number of persons must not exceed the number for which seating is provided, allowing 18 inches (45 cm) per peson in the case of a motor

lifeboat, the capacity of the engine and its accessories, also the capacity of the Radio cabin below

the gunwale if fitted, must be deducted from the whole before determining the number of persons

the boat may carry

On passenger ships, Lifeboat/Passenger launches may be supplied with buoyant seat cushions

sufficient for all persons on board, in lieu of lifejackets, lifebuoys and buoyant apparatus Such a

cushion must be capable of supporting for each person for which it is provided 16 Ibs (7.25 kgs.) of iron in fresh water for 24 hours, and must have the approval of the Ministry M.M

in order to increase the visibility of a lifeboat from a searching aircraft, the interiors of many

lifeboats are now coloured orange, but this is not requirement Retro-reflective tapes are required to be fitted

fig 2.1.2 Partially Enclosed lifeboats

1150 9200 —1180 2850 is \, ‡ 2850 8400 825 2600 5200

1 The boats are fitted with shock-absorbing polyurethane skates to avoid impact damage The

skates are reliable, light and easy to handle, and can be readily loosened or tightened

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2 The boats have a catwalk connecting fore and aft, making movement between the two covered sections easier Safety is increased and service work by lifeboatmen and ship's crew is simplified The catwalk also divides the Solas cover into two easily handled sections and gives

support for the covers and their frames

3 All models are equipped with nozzle rudder, providing 15% more thrust than a conventional

rudder It also gives improved steering properties in both forward and reverse, and protects

survivors in the water from injury

4 The wheelhouse is roomy, with a strong, straight-forward steering panel where all essential controls are located

5 There is an efficient reserve steering system which can be operated from the pilot’s position

6 Partially enclosed lifeboats are normally supplied with 30 h.p water-cooled marine diesel engines, approved for lifeboat use and easily able to develop a speed of 6 knots The engine

compartment is watertight and spacious, allowing plenty of room for maintenance

7 Ali boats can be converted into motor launches with the addition of extra equipment,

lifejackets, seating covers, navigation lights, etc fig 2.1.3 Totally Enclosed lifeboat

Totally enclosed fire protected lifeboats manufactured of fire retardent fibre glass reinforced

polyester It has selfrighting abilities in both light and loaded condition from O° -180°

When disaster strikes, conditions are usually a their worst New generation enclosed lifeboats are the lifesavers Whatever the weather

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Their large outward-opening hatches allow fast embarkation, rapid launching and safe rescue of

survivors from the water Yet they are self-righting even with the hatches open

The capacity of enclosed lifeboats is from 15 to 100 persons They can be designed to suit any

conditions, from arctic to tropical

The lifeboats are hand-iaminated and equipped with multipurpose lifting hooks These function

by cable in offload use and can be easily modified to on-load type with a hydraulic unit

Polyurethane skates efficiently absorb shocks when the lifeboat.is being lowered down the side

of the ship They can be jettisoned from the inside if the lifeboat has to pass through a belt of fire

All enclosed lifeboats have nozzle rudder to prevent injury to survivors in the water They also provide better forward and backward manoeuvrability and develop 15% more thrust than

conventional rudder ˆ

2.1.1 GRAVITY DAVITS

The boat is carried in cradles which move on rollers within channel flanges of trackways which are

inclined at an angle of 30 degrees to outboard

The boat is griped forward and aft in the cradles Tricing wires are attached between the cradles and the suspension points of the lifeboat

The cradles are released by means of quick acting patent sliphook and the winch brake

The cradies carry the boat down the trackways to the passenger embarkation position at the ship's side, where the tricing pendants hold the boat

Then the bowsing tackles are pulled to hold the boat tight along the curtain plate

2.1.2 LAUNCHING

Lifeboats:

Launching of lifeboat must be carried out in accordance with the launching procedure trained during boat drills:

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Check harbour pins not in place

Insert drain plugs

Pass out toggle painter and make fast forward on the ship Lower embarkation ladder

Check winch handle not engaged

Check tricing pendants secure and bowsing tackles ready Tricing pendants and bowsing

tackles may be combined to a single bowsing gear 7 Release gripes, ensure lashing wires are clear

8 With great care lower lifeboat to embarkation deck by manually lifting the brake operating lever Do not let the falls over-run, tricing pendants are not strong enough to carry the weight of the boat

9 Rig bowsing tackles, ensure free ends are secured inside the boat

10 Release tricing pendants together

11 Inform the bridge that lifeboat ready

12 Passengers and crew to embark Ensure everyone is sitting down In open boats hands and

arms must be kept inboard, in enclosed lifeboats the hatches are closed

13 Ease the lifeboat out from the ship’s side with the bowsing gear, then release bowsing gear

14 When ordered, lower away Brake to be fully open

15 When the lifeboat is afloat release fall blocks, take care to avoid the swinging blocks 16 Embark the launching party and let go the toggle painter

17 Get the liteboat away from the ship, keep a good look out for any survivors in the water In motorlifeboats the engine is started on order from the boat commander

2.1.3 LIFEBOAT EQUIPMENT

All items of lifeboat equipment, whether required by SOLAS 74/83, with the exception of boat-hooks which shall be kept free for fending off purposes, shall be secured within the lifeboat by

lashings, storage in lockers or compartments, storage in brackets or similar mounting arrangements or other suitable means The equipment shall be secured in such a manner as not

to interfere with any abandonment procedures

All items of lifeboat equipment shall be as small and of as little mass as prossible and shall be packed in a suitable and compact form Except where otherwise stated, the normal equipment of

every lifeboat shall consist of:

1 sufficient buoyant oars to make headway in calm seas Thole pins, crutches or equivalent arrangements shall be provided for each oar provided Thole pins or crutches shall be attached to the boat by lanyards or chains;

2 two boat-hooks;

3 a buoyant bailer and two buckets;

4 a survival manual;

5 A binnacle containing an efficient compass which is luminous or provided with suitable means

of illumination In a totally enclosed lifeboat, the binnacle shall be permanently fitted at the steering

position; in any other lifeboat, it shall be privided with suitable mounting arrangements; 6 a sea-anchor of adequate size fitted with a shock-resistant hawser and a tripping line which

provides a firm hand grip when wet The strength of the sea-anchor, hawser and tripping line shall

be adequate for all sea conditions;

7 two efficient painters of a length equal to not less than twice the distance from the stowage

position of the lifeboat to the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition or 15 m, whichever is the

greater One painter attached to the release device required by regulation, shall be placed at the

forward end of the lifeboat and the other shall be firmly secured at or near the bow of the lifeboat

ready for use:

8 two hatchets, one at each end of the lifeboat;

9 watertight receptacles containing a total of 31 of fresh water for each person the lifeboat is permitted to accommodate, of which 11 per person may be replaced by a de-salting apparatus

capable of producing an equal amount of fresh water in 2 days,

OnAon=

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10 a rustproof dipper with lanyard;

11 a rustproof graduated drinking vessel;

12 a food ration totalling not less than 10,000 kJ for each person the lifeboat is permitted to accommodate; these rations shall be kept in airtight packaging and be stowed in a watertight

container;

13 four rocket parachute flares complying with the requirements of regulation 35; 14 six hand flares complying with the requirements or regulation 36;

15 two buoyant smoke signals complying with the requirements of regulation 37;

16 one waterproof electric torch suitable for Morse signalling together with one spare set of

batteries and one spare bulb in a waterproof container;

17 one daylight signalling mirror with instructions for its.use for signalling to ships and aircraft;

18 one copy of the life-saving signals prescribed by regulation V/16 on a waterproof card or ina

waterproof container;

19 one whistle or equivalent sound signal;

20 a first-aid outfit in a waterproof case capable of being closed tightly after use; 21 six doses of anti-seasickness medicine and one seasickness bag for each person;

22 a jack-knife to be kept attached to the boat by a lanyard; 23 three tin-openers;

24 two buoyant rescue quoits, attached to not less than 30m of buoyant line;

25 a manual pump;

26 one set of fishing tackle;

27 sufficient tools for minor adjustments to the engine and its accessories;

28 portable fire-extinguishing equipment suitable for extinguishing oil fires;

29 a searchlight capable of effectively illuminating a light-coloured object at night having a width of 18m at a distance of 180 m for a total period of 6h and of working for not less than 3h - continuously;

30 an efficient radar reflector;

31 thermal protective aids complying with the requirements of regulation 34 sufficient for 10% of the number of persons the lifeboat is permitted to accommodate or two, whichever is the

greater

32 in the case of ships engaged on voyages of such a nature and duration that, in the opinion of the Administration

Equipment for lifeboats Table 2.1.1

013-014 (Torch for Morsing incl 2 batteries) 013-023 (2 batteries + bulb)

013-066 (Alu blanket) - Icelandic approval

013-067 (Alu blanket - Swedish approval

013-068 (Alu blanket) - approved in Norway and Germany 031-088 (Aluminium alloy bilge rail - open)

031-089 {Aluminium alloy bilge rail - closed) 031-090 {Bilge rail - bronze - open)

031-091 (Bilge rail - bronze - closed) 031-251 (Brass Life-line mounting)

032-023 (Toggle)

(Oars made of ash)

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013-014 032-039 (Rowlocks, stainless steel)

032-044 (Boathook)

032-045 (Boathook 56 mm)

032-022 (2 kilo foam extinguisher)

032-049 (6 kilo foam extinguisher - approval: Denmark -Finland - Norway - Iceland and USSR)

032-050 (6 kilo foam extinguisher - approval: Germany

-Finland - Norway and Sweden) 032-061 (Radarrefiector)

032-442 (Mounting for radarreflector) 032-062 (Painter - 30m)

032-063 (Heaving Line)

032-090 Type 2A

(Brass pump with hose complete}

(Length: 45 cm) (Cylinder: 2 1/2") (Capacity: 2/3 I) 032-101 (Bailer) 032-102 (Bucket) 032-103 (Hatchet) 031-261 2 032-104 (Lantern) 2035 032-105 (Stormmatches) 932-044 k 032-108 (Oil spreader)

032-048 _ Ñ 032-109 (Container with 4 1/21 oil)

031-090

032-110 (Emergency Ration - 1 kilo)

032-111 (Foghorn)

032-112 (Fresh Water Container - 251.) 932-928 032-130 (Dipper with chain)

032-027 032-113 (Drinking Cup)

932-028 032-114 (Parachutesignal) 932929 932-115 (Handflare)

meray 032-116 (Gmokesignal)

013-010 (Whistle)

032-120 (Motion sickness bag)

032-121 (Signalling mirror - stainless steel) 032-122 (Knife and tinopener)

032-125 (Fishing tackle)

032-126 (Electric light - incl 3 batteries) 032-128 (Ladder for Life-boat - length = 2.1 m) 022-070 (Placard with rescue signals - Danish) 022-073 (Placard with rescue signals - English) : 032-138 (Fiberglass repair kit)

032-117 (First Aid Outfit) *032-139 (First Aid Outfit)

032-141 (Sea Anchor - 24”)

*032-146 (Sea Anchor - 27”) 032-150 (Compass with binnacle) 032-206 (Canopy for Life-boat 18-21)

032-211 (Hoops for 18-21 Life-boat canopy)

032-207 (Canopy for Life-boat 22-25)

032-212 (Hoops for 22-25" Life-boat canopy) 032-208 (Canopy for Life-boat 26-29)

032-213 (Hoops for 24° A-26'-29" Life-boat canopy) 032-209 (Canopy for Life-boat 30)

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*032-324 (VHF Radio) *032-326 (Emergency Aerial) *032-347 (Sprinkler nozzle)

*032-366 (Spare V-belt for sprinklerpump-CML 27 S -Engine Sabb 2 JHR)

*032-577 -Engine Volvo Penta MD 17 D)

*032-578 (Spare V-Belt for sprinklerpump -Engine BUKH DV 36) *032-310 (Safety belts) 032-667 (Safety belts) (Tarpaulin) “032-901 For 20 Life-boat 032-902 For 21” Life-boat 032-903 For 24’ Life-boat 032-904 For 24 Life-boat 032-905 For 26” Life-boat 032-906 For 27 + 28° Life-boat 032-907 For 30° Life-boat

2.1.4 BEFORE ANY BOARDING General:

The Boat-alarm is given with the ship’s whiste followed by the same signal sounded by the general emergency alarm system The signal can vary from ship to ship, therefore, always check your

ships signal on the posted lifeboat muster list

Each person shall be sure to which survival craft he or she is assigned

As soon as the boat signal has been sounded, immediately muster at your station, put on a lifejacket, do it properly and start to carry out the assigned jobs as described on the posted lifeboat

muster fist and trained during drills

If the boat to which you are assigned is damaged other intact survival craft will be used according

to given order

The master or the ship makes the decision to abandon the ship The order is effectuated to the master of the survival craft in the following manner:

Signal:

Walkle-taikie: Loudspeaker:

The master of the survival craft is from now on responsible for the launching of the survival craft The following signals are used when launching the survival craft:

{-) one short blast means lower the lifeboats

( ) two short blasts mean stop lowering the lifeboats

A muster will always take place at the boat stations before any boarding to ensure all hands at

their stations 2.1.4.1 Boarding

Boarding of lifeboats and rafts can be done according to 3 principles:

a) by using the embarkation ladders rigged over the ship’s side

b) either by boarding the lifeboat or rafts directly in the stowed position or by boarding after the boat or raft has been lowered to the embarkation deck Final launching will then be carried out with

the crew onboard the boat or raft

©) by evacuation using a special inflatable skid (This system is especially for use in ferries)

2.1.5 RELEASING

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tn some lifeboats the falls can be disengaged by pulling a hook releasing handle In other lifeboats the falls must be disengaged manually

The falls (floating blocks) must only be released by order from the commander and trained persons must be ready to handle the floating blocks in order to avoid any injuries

2.1.5.1 Hydrostatic release gear

If the liferaft is not freed manually by means of the sliphook, the hydrostatic release gear will automatically free the raft when the ship sinks

The hydrostatic release gear automatically frees the container when the release gear reaches a

depth of water of 2-4 metres

Davit launched rafts can be equipped with automatic-semi-automatic release gear, but in most cases the release from the fall is done manually

During lifeboat drills the complete launching precedure for both lifeboats and liferafts is trained,

including releasing 2.1.6 USE OF ENGINE

As everyone knows an engine has to be looked after and now and then adjusted The boat contains sufficient tools for minor adjustments as well as instructions for starting and operating the

engine If a fire breaks out in the engine and accessories you have a portable fire-extinguishing

equipment suitable for extinguishing all fires

The engine shall have sufficient power and fuel to give the lifeboat a speed of 6 knots for a period

of at least 24 hours It gives a distance of 144 nautical miles Start

1 Activate the decompression

2 Turn the engine rapidly about 20 revolutions

3 Release the decompression and note where the starting handle is placed in the compression

stroke If the handle is on its way down, turn it half a turn in the claw so that you operate against the compression

4 Now activate the decopression again and turn the engine up to as many revolutions as

possible

5 Release the decompression handle at the same time as you operate the starting handle

vigorously

6 The engine starts

After start

1 Check the lube oil pressure on the oil pressure gauge in the instrument panel The lube oil

pressure must be between 2 and 4 kg/cm? (must never be lower than 1 kg/cm’)

2 Engage the gear in ahead or reverse when idling 3 Adjust the revolutions at the number wanted

4 After some minutes of navigation check that the cooling water temperature est normal

75-85° C {in case of keel cooling the boat must move through the water at higher load)

2.2 LIFERAFTS

2.2.1 INFLATABLE LIFERAFTS

Inflatabie liferafts may be constructed in either a circular or oval shape, this construction must

include a highly visible cover, which will protect the occupants against exposure, and has a double

thickness There is to be a means of catching rain, included in the cover, in as much as a pocket is provided into which the rain will collect, and from which there is a tube leading into the raft.for collection, this tube will be supplied with a bung for use when rainwater is no longer required Some liferafts are also supplied with a collection bag, in others it is possible to use plastic bags

which have contained equipment Both the inside and the outside of the cover have a lamp

powered by separate water activated batteries These batteries burn at 4 lumens for at least 12 hours Once the raft has been launchedm water enters the battery causing a chemical action

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which will light the lamp Power can be saved during daylight by disconnecting the battery

Retro-reflective tapes are fitted

The construction also includes a double floor which is waterproof and which can be inflated by

the survivors with a pump or bellows, for insulation against cold The floor should never be

pumped up hard, for it has no relief valve, and damage to the interior air space may result A soft cushion inflation is sufficient Deflation keys or valves are provided, but once inflated it is

impossible to completely deflate A number of pockets which will fill with water when the rait is launched are placed below the floor, these together with the gas bottle give stability to the raft ina seaway

The raft complete in its container or valise may be dropped into the water from its stowed height without damage to either the liferaft or its equipment This container or valise must be both hard-wearing and while containing the raft, buoyant

The raft itself is made of rubber coated materials and is required to have an even number or

separate buoyancy compartments, usually two, half of which must be capable of supporting all the

persons the raft is certified to accommodate This does not however mean that a 6.man raft will accommodate 12 persons It must also be capable of withstanding exposure for 30 days afloat in all conditions On one occasion during World War Il, three airmen survived in the Caribbean for 39

days in an inflatable liferaft

Inflation of the liferaft must be automatic on the pulling of a line or some other simple method The painter is given the dual role of acting as both painter, and operating cord The painter is

attached to a firing mechanism on the gas bottle, so that when it is almost fully pulled out a tug will fire the gas bottle, and the raft will inflate, taking 20 or 30 seconds (according to the temperature)

to do so, the end of the painter being firmly made fast to the raft

A lifeline is to be becketed around the outside of the raft, for persons in the water to hang onto, and another handline is to be becketed around the inside of the raft, for the purpose of helping to support the survivors in a seaway

Should the liferaft capsize or inflate upside down, it is capable of being easily righted by one

person, and a righting strap is provided for this purpose

The raft may be provided with either one or two openings Every opening is fitted with a ladder or

boarding rungs, to enable survivors in the water to climb aboard easily

Rafts are inflated with Carbon Dioxide (CO2) gas containing a small percentage of nitrogen to act as an anti-freeze and ensure that all the CO is discharged The gas which is contained in a

pressurised bottle is non-inflammable, and non-toxic, though it can cause asphyxiation if the raft is not ventilated when there is an escape of gas The fittings between the gas bottle and the raft are covered with an insulating material to protect the fabrics against abrasion while the raft is packed

and survivors against the dry-ice which is formed on the fittings when the raft is being inflated Every liferaft is to be capable of inflation throughout a temperature range of 66 C (150 F) to minus 30 C (—22 F)

A towing patch is fitted to every raft, and this patch is to be used to attach the sea-anchor, or

when tying two or more rafts together, or when being towed The lighter patches may pull off The total weight of the liferaft in its container or valise shall not exceed 400 Ibs (180 kgs), and they are to have a carrying capacity of not less than 6 or more than 25 persons, however small ships can in certain circumstances carry a 4 person raft, and hovercraft may be fitted with 30 person liferafts

On ships carrying a portable radio transmitter, all the rafts will be fitted to take the aerial, so that

in the event of the transmitter being taken in any liferaft it can be property operated Aerial fittings

take the form of a bayonet socket or tube fitted to the buoyancy chambers and tie tapes fitted to the

door, or a prepared split in the canopy

Normally a raft when jaunched will always inflate the right way up, for the weight of the gas bottle

turns the floating container or valise to the correct attitude and the raft is packed to emerge the

right way up However, on occasion if a number of rafts are launched together, it is possible for

them to bump each other, and so cause some of the rafts to capsize while inflating Therefore see that each liferafts is clear of the ship's side, before launching the next

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When a raft packed in its container or valise is placed aboard a ship, the end of the painter must

be immediately made fast to a strong point, unless the raft is expected to be launched from a davit, in which case the painter is best left unsecured The raft is to be stowed in a place from which it can be launched, on either side of the vessel with 15 degrees of adverse list either way Where the

liferaft is contained in a glass fibre container, the painter has been treated at the point of entry into

the container to prevent water wicking up the cord On no account is any extra line to be pulled out of the container for any purpose, as this would remove the treated portion and allow water to wick up the painter into the container Some containers now include a rubber link with the raft painter tied inside, and the cord for securing tied outside This prevents wicking

Containers and valises must be stowed flat with the lettering uppermost, to ensure that the vibration of the ship does not cause the gas bottle to shift With glass fibre containers the joining

seam is to be horizontal, because some of the containers have drain holes underneath On occasion additional straps are fitted to secure containers in transit These must be removed,

but do not remove any lashing whatsoever unless it is clearly stated on the lashing that it is to be

removed, because some containers have bands around them which are held together with a weak boit that breaks when the raft inflates

Every container or valise will be marked with the number or persons the raft is certified to carry, the maker's name and serial number of the raft, the length of the painter, date of last survey and next survey due, ship’s name and port of registry and if an aerial attachment is fitted and the type of pack included i.e., “S.O.L.A.S.” or “Partial pack” The log card will be packed inside the container

*Every inflatable liferaft is marked with the number of persons it is certified to accommodate, the makers name and the serial number of the raft If an empty raft is picked up these particulars will be radioed to the shore, and the name of the ship to which the raft belongs will very quickly be

obtained

Liferafts must never be inflated except in an emergency, and must never be inflated on deck, but either thrown overboard before inflation, or in the case of liferafts launched from davits, be hauled outboard before inflation Once a liferaft has been inflated it is to be kept inflated until it can be sent ashore for re-packing

Normal pressure in a liferaft is around 2 Ibs (.9 Kgs) per square inch, and if the set pressure is

exceeded a relief valve will blow Remember to ventilate the raft Topping-up and relief valves are supplied with bungs to keep out dirt and salt water, these bungs must be removed occasionally

during daylight in the tropics to allow the relief valves to blow-off due to the expansion of the gas in the heat They must also be removed whenever the buoyancy chambers are being topped-up Arch tubes, centre thwarts if any, and central pillars where fitted on a raft are always common

with one of the buoyancy chambers, but are fitted with non-return valves, so that if a puncture

occurs in the buoyancy chamber concerned, the arch, centre thwart, or pillar will not deflate

It sometimes happens that on tugging the painter to fire the gas bottle, only half the raft inflates

This is probably due to the fact that some rafts have two bottles, give the painter another tug which will most probably fire the second gas bottle and inflate the raft completely

Never in any circumstances interfere with the deflation plugs that are on the outside of the raft They are placed there solely for the use of the manufacturer or his agent, and are used to draw off

the last of the gas by suction, after testing and before re-packing Proper keys or valves for

deflating the floor are provided

The number of persons which a liferaft may accommodate shall be equal to:—

1 The greatest whole number obtained by dividing by 3.4 the volume, measured in cubic feet (or

by 96 the volume measured in cubic decimetres) of the main buoyancy chambers (arches, thwarts, and pillars are not to be included) when inflated

or

2 The greatest whole number obtained by dividing by 4 the area, measured in square feet (or by

3,720 the area measured in square centimetres), of the floor (which may include the thwart if fitted) of the liferaft when inflated

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Every liferaft designed for use with a single arm davit is to be specially constructed for the

Purpose, and is to be of sufficient strength to allow it to be safely lowered into the water when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment It is also required to have a means of

keeping it alongside the embarkation deck while persons embark, and two bowsing lines are attached to the raft for this purpose It must also be capable of being launched by being thrown overside in the same manner as any other liferaft These liferafts are always contained in a fabric

valise, and are provided with a shackle protruding through the valise to take the hook of the davit

fall

Single arm davits supplied for the launching of inflatable liferafts are required to have a hook attached to the fall that will automatically release the liferaft when it is waterborne

When the hook is hooked onto the liferaft a locking lever is closed by the operator Once the

liferaft has been hoisted, and the weight of the raft is on the hook, a red lanyard attached to the lever on the hook may be pulled, this will take off the safety catch, the hook however will not

become unhooked until the weight of the load is removed from the hook, as happens when the raft

becomes waterborne As soon as the weight of the load is removed the hook disengages

automatically To avoid the possibility of any accident being caused by the weight of the raft being taken possibly by the ship's side, most especially if the ship is rolling, it is best to leave the tripping

of the red lanyard until the raft is within a few feet of the water, for as long as the safety catch is in position, the hook cannot release the raft Incidentally, the hook cannot be closed without at the same time closing the lever and so locking the safety catch in position The hooks are polished and it is most important that they are not painted

Fibre giass containers, which are cylindrical is shape, may be stowed singly in cradles or either singly or in tiers on chutes, and are usually lashed with canvas bands and senhouse slips When in cradles they must be lifted and thrown overside When in tiers on chutes they may be released singly A fabric valise may be stowed in a box with collapsible sides, or on a shelf, but it must be so stowed that it will not be damaged by the weather, heat of the boilers, sparks, fumes from the

funnel, oil or be attacked by rats and must not be stowed on end

When handling an inflatable liferaft care must be taken not to damage it in any way Always handle by means of the handling tines Do not drop or throw it about Never stand on it after it has

been stowed Cases have occured where a fibre glass container has cracked with the weight of a person standing on it, so that water has entered the container and rendered the raft completely

unserviceable

On small ships, which may sink quickly, and without allowing time for the crew to launch a lferaft, a hydrostatic release can be fitted Hydrostatic Release is a mechanism which operates automatically when a ship sinks At a depth of between 8 and 12 feet (2.4 and 3.7 m) water pressure will automatically release the raft The sinking ship pulls out the painter and so fires the gas bottle; a weak link parts and releases the raft from the ship Hydrostatic release gear may also

be released manually

On large passenger ships an electrical release may be attached to a raft at the after end of the ship, for use in emergency, such as “Man-overboard” Electrical release is also applied to the rafts on Hover-craft Emergency push buttons may be located in any part of the ship Immediately one is pressed an electro-magnet in the unit releases the raft lashings The container rolls overboard and the painter pays out until the restraint is sufficient to fire the gas bottle A weak link then parts, and the liferaft is left floating on the surface for a survivor to climb on board The electrical release may also be released manually

If required both the hydrostatic and electrical units can be combined, together with manual release facility The units are not compulsory

Under no circumstances is an inflatable liferaft ever to be inflated white on deck The two halves

of a fibre glass container will fly with considerable force Neither are any of the lashings on a

container or vatise to be undone prior to launching the liferaft A week link is incorporated which will break under the pressure from inflation when the gas bottle is fired

In the event of there being no weak link between the raft painter and the ship, and the ship

sinking with the painter still uncut, having been inflated and possibly containing survivors The

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buoyancy of the raft would be insufficient to break the painter, but in all probability the patch attaching the painter to the raft would pull off leaving the raft undamaged

* It is now recommended that every liferaft be marked both on the canopy and undemeath, with the name of the ship and the port of registry, or with the hiring Companies name and serial

number

2.2.2 RIGID LIFERAFTS

Every rigid liferaft shall be so constructed that if it is dropped into the water from its stowed

position, neither the raft nor its equipment will be damaged, and any raft which is designed for use with a launching appliance must be properly constructed and of sufficient strength to permit it to be

safely lowered into the water when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment

Air cases or buoyant material is to be placed as near as possible to the sides, and the deck area is to be situated within, that part of the raft which affords protection to the occupants The deck shall as far as possible prevent the ingress of water, and effectively support the occupants out of the

water

The raft is to be fitted with a cover of highly visible colour capable of protecting the occupants against injury whichever way up the raft is floating

The-equipment of the raft is to be so stowed that it is available whichever way up the raft is floating

The total weight of any raft carried in passenger ships together with its equipment shall not exceed 400 Ibs (180 kgs) Rafts carried in cargo ships may exceed 400 Ibs (180 kgs) if they are

capable of being launched from both sides of the ship, or if means are provided for putting them

into the water mechanically on either side of the ship

The raft must be at all times effective and stable when floating either way up

The number of persons which the liferaft shall be deemed fit to accommodate may be calculated

in the same manner as for an inflatable liferaft and by substituting buoyancy material for buoyancy tubes

The raft shall have a painter attached and a lifeline securely becketed around the outside and another handline fitted round the inside of the raft and is to be fitted at each opening with efficient means to enable persons in the water to climb aboard

The raft must not be affected by oil or oil products

Interior and exterior lights are to be fitted to both canopies

The raft is to be fitted with arrangements for towing, and is to be so stowed as to float free in the

event of the ship sinking It shall be marked with the name and port of registry of the ship, and the number of persons it is certified to accommodate, and will be provided with the same equipment as

an inflatable liferaft, except that it need not be provided with a pump or bellows, or with a repair outfit

Rigid liferafts may be launched by simply being thrown over the side, or by means of a single arm davit when they are suspended in strops and loaded at embarkation level

The “Floating Igloo”, a Norwegian invention with which a number of British ships are equipped, the only rigid liferaft approved for use by the Department of Trade It can be manufactured either

as a square or circular raft, from expanded plastic foam, and is covered with a strong coated nylon cloth This method of construction gives the raft body exceptional strength combined with

elasticity

To ensure that the raft is ready for immediate use on being launched, it is identical on both sides Each side being provided with a self-erecting canopy, operated by a tug on the painter or by

separate release lines The canopies are made from coated light reflecting nylon cloth, and are

each provided with two openings which may be closed to keep out weather A boarding ladder is

provided at each opening, and light reflecting tapes are fitted to all 4 sides and the top of each canopy

The rafts are supplied complete with full emergency equipment, rations, stowage platform and a

glass fibre reinforced plastic cover, which incorporates an automatic release system This is a tangible liferaft with which the’crew can become familiar whilst carrying out lifeboat

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drills and inspections The equipment canister which is sunk in the centre of the floor, can be

" opened from either side The permanent buoyancy cannot be affected by puncturing or leakage it never needs to be righted, and the lower canopy filling with water gives the raft tremendous

stability The materials used provide excellent protection and insulation from extremes of temperature Surveys inspections and repairs can all be carried out on board the ship

STRAGE VALISE _ FRE Gontainer Đrdie ms fig 2.2.8

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al arrangement © 01 gravity and the n system of DSL Iferafts th their cffeclive anti-capsize

trance design make it easy f shipwrecked peopic the | feratt trom the sure a high degren o aga ast capsize

fig 2.2.4

1 Throw liferaft (in container or valise) over board, after painter has been belayed to ship 2 Initiate inflating process by tug on painter The internal pressure causes the container or valise straps to part at appropriate places

3 The DSL liferaft unfolds and erects its roof automatically until it is full inflated

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fig 2.2.5

The sketch shows all details of design and equipment

Outside illumination (1), rescue quoit with line (2), ventilation aperture (3), instructions plate (4), reinflating/deflating valve (5), survival pack (6), rainwater tapping point (7), instructions (8), rainwa- ter catching gear (9), entrance closing covers (10), paddles (11), bag with bellows and repait kit

(12), outer grab line (13), battery activated by water (14), pressure gas cylinder with tear-open val-

ve (15), boarding ladder (16), painter (17), anti-capsize bag (18), drogue (19), drogue retrieving li- ne (20), overpressure valve (21), inner grab line (22), arch (23), inflatable double roof (24), inflata- ble double bottom (25) boyant knife (26) inside light (27)

“ =1 ` a

Lowerabie liferaits can be boarded from the ship's deck, in an emergency This is a decisive adva- ntage for passenger ships The liferaft is launched with its occupants on board, just like ordinary (rigid) lifeboats But the occupants are immediately protected against water and coid by the thent roof of the raft And a liferaft is hardly in danger of being smashed against the ship’s side

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9986 of fig 2.2.7

The important features:

lowering shackle (1), rescue quoit with line (2), outside light (3), ventilation aperture (4), reinflating/ deflating valve (5), instructions plate (6), rainwater tapping point (7), instructions (8), paddies (9), survival pack (10), rainwater catching gear (11), bellows bag and repair kit (12), entrance closing

covers (13), warp (14), battery activated by water (15), pressure gas cylinder with tear-open valve

(16), boarding ladder (17), painter (18), anti-capsize bag (19), drogue (20), outer grab line (21), drogue warp (22), overpressure valve (23), inner grab line (24), inflatable double bottom (25), arch

(26), inflatable double roof (27), boyant knife (28), inside light (29), lowering straps (30), release

hook (31)

fig 2.2.9 Single Seater Life Raft

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2.2.3 LIFERAFT EQUIPMENT

THE NORMAL EQUIPMENT OF EVERY LIFERAFTS SHALL CONSIST OF: † one buoyant rescue quoit, attached to not less than 30 m of buoyant line;

-2 one knife of the non-folding type having a buoyant handle and lanyard attached and stowed in pocket on the exterior of the canopy near the point at which the painter is attached to the liferaft In addition, a liferaft which is permitted to accommodate 13 persons or more shall be provided with a second knife which need not be of the non-folding type;

.3 for a liferaft which is permitted to accommodate not more than 12 persons, one buoyant bailer For a liferaft which is permitted to accommodate 13 persons or more, two buoyant bailers;

.4 two sponges;

.5 two sea-anchors each with a shock-resistant hawser and tripping line, one being spare and the other permanently attached to the liferaft in such a way that when the liferaft inflates or is

waterborne it will cause the literaft to lie oriented to the wind in the most stable manner The

strength of each sea-anchor and its hawser and tripping line shall be adequate for all sea conditions The sea-anchors shall be fitted with a swivel at each end of the line and shall be of a

type which is unlikely to turn inside-out between its shroud lines; 6 two buoyant paddles;

.7 three tin-openers, safety knives containing special tin-opener blades are satisfactory for this

requirement;

.8 one first-aid outfit in a waterproof case capable of being closed tightly after use; 9 one whistle or equivalent sound signal;

-10 four rocket parachute flares complying with the requirements of regulation 35;

-11 six hand flares complying with the requirements of reguiation 36;

.12 two buoyant smoke signals complying with the requirements of regulation 37;

-13 one waterproof electric torch suitable for Morse signalling together with one spare set of

batteries and one spare bulb in a waterproof container;

-14 an efficient radar reflector;

-15 one daylight signalling mirror with instructions on its use for signalling to ships and aircraft; -16 one copy of the life-saving signals referred to in regulation V/16 on a waterproof card or ina waterproof container;

-17 one set of fishing tackle;

-18 a food ration totalling not less than 10.000 kj for each person the liferaft is permitted to

accommodate; these rations shall be kept in airtight packaging and be stowed in a watertight

container;

-19 watertight receptacles containing a total of 1.5 | of fresh water for each person the liferatt is permitted to accommodate, of which 0.5 | per person may be replaced by a de-salting apparatus

capable of producing an equal amount of fresh water in 2 days;

.20 one rustproof graduated drinking vessel;

.21 six doses of anti-seasickness medicine and one seasickness bag for each person the liferaft

is permitted to accommodate; 22 instructions on how to survive;

-23 instructions for immediate action;

.24 thermal protective aids complying with the requirements of regulation 34 sufficient for 10% of the number of persons the liferaft is permitted to accommodate or two, whichever is the greater

2.3 RESCUE BOAT

As the name implies the rescue boat is primarily meant for rescue actions, be it persons from

own ship or other persons in peril During such actions the boat will normally be manned by 3 persons wearing immersion suits One person manoeuvres the boat and the other two retrieve

persons from the sea

The rescue boat is also part of the ships own life-saving appliances with a capacity of persons as lifeboat

The boat is equipped with davit hooks with on-load release after the boat is waterborne This

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facilitates launching when the ship is making way Care must be taken so that swinging blocks do

not cause injury to people in the boat

The rescue boat may be recovered with persons on board Make sure to study the enclosed detailed instructions regarding safety devices which must be checked, before holsting with people

onboard is initiated

The rescue boat is provided with radar reflector Even if this is not particularly effective it is better than nothing and may make it easier for the ship to keep track of the boat in bad visibility The reflector should therefore be rigged if conditions are such that the ship may loose sight of the

rescue boat fig 2.3.4 2.4 ESCAPE SLIDES

Inflatable marine escape slides are becoming increasingly popular Authorities and shipowners

are realizing that the escape slide is an extremely safe appliance Quick to release, easy to

operate and comfortable for passengers being evacuated from high density ferries with high freeboard There are various designs Slides with one track and slides with two tracks and capacity to evacuate up to 360 passengers within 30 minutes as required by IMO The inflatable escape slide can be stowed up to 15m above water level

An escape slide system consists of 4 main components As steel stowage box containing the

deflated slide and inflation (Nz) bottles The slide (or chute) itself The embarkation platform located at the foot of the slide And finally a number of liferafts, e.g eight 45-man liferafts for each

slide The operation procedure is very similar to the way of operating aircraft escape slides In a

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ferry the stowage box would most often be built into the shipside in connection with a saloon By pulling one handle the system becomes accessible and inflates in 2-3 minutes Evacuation down

the slide can begin The embarkation platform functions as a buffer zone until the first liferafts have

been thrown overboard, inflated and marshalled to the platform

fig 2.4.1

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When abandoning the ship you should aim at boarding the survival craft without being wet However it can be necessary to jump into the water before boarding the boat or raft If that is necessary always remember:

1) Never jump head first into the water

2) Jump legs first

3) Hold tight on to your life preserver 4) Do not jump into the boat or rait

5) Jump into the water as close as possible to the boat or raft

—The boat commander, in charge of launching Starts engine

—A second in command tn charge if the boat commander is not available

— Two persons put in the drain plugs, release lashings, make ready bowsing tackles As soon as the lifeboat has been lowered to the embarkation deck, the bowsing tackles to be rigged Thereafter, release tricing pendants

— One person passes out toggle painter, makes fast forward on the ship Lowers embarkation ladder Helps crew and passengers to embark safely

— One person stands by at the brake operating lever Lower away when ordered to do so

One or more of the above functions can be performed by the same person —The raft commander —in charge of the launching

— A second in command —In charge of the launching if the raft commander is not available Helps crew and passengers to embark safely

—A person stands by at the davit Lowers away by order from the raft commander

— A person assists when preparing the raft for launching and in the operation of the davit

One or more of the above functions can be performed by the same person