encyclopedia of G re e k an d Roman Mythology Lu k e Rom a n a n d Mon ic a Rom a n Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman Mythology Copyright © 2010 by Luke Roman and Monica Roman All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher For information contact: Facts On File, Inc An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Roman, Luke Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology / Luke Roman and Monica Roman p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-8160-7242-2 (hc : alk paper) Mythology, Classical—Encyclopedias I Roman, Monica II Title III Title: Greek and Roman mythology BL715.R65 2009 292.1'303—dc22 2009001235 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755 You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Excerpts included herewith have been reprinted by permission of the copyright holders; the author has made every effort to contact copyright holders The publishers will be glad to rectify, in future editions, any errors or omissions brought to their notice Text design by Erika K Arroyo Composition by Hermitage Publishing Services Cover printed by Art Print, Taylor, Pa Book printed and bound by Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group, York, Pa Date printed: January, 2010 Printed in the United States of America 10 This book is printed on acid-free paper and contains 30 percent postconsumer recycled content Contents Introduction v A-to-Z Entries Selected Bibliography 525 Index 531 Introduction This reference work is designed to provide concise summaries of the major figures of classical mythology, and, at the same time, synopses and discussions of major works of Greek and Roman literature from the eighth century b.c.e through the second century c.e While there are many reference works on classical mythology, the distinctive feature of this encyclopedia is the inclusion of extensive discussion of classical authors and literary works to enable the study of ancient mythology in the light of ancient literature In addition, we have selectively documented the representation of the classical myths in visual art, ranging from ancient statues to famous paintings of the Renaissance and later eras Myths were not narrated solely in verbal form, and the artistic representations often surprise us by emphasizing scenes or dimensions of a story less prominent or even omitted in textual versions The underlying aim of this book is to enable the student to appreciate ancient myth in the light of ancient literature and fine art, rather than presenting myth as a fossilized set of stories abstracted from the multiple contexts of their telling Mythology and Literature in the Greek and Roman World At the most basic level, myths are simply stories The Greek word mythos, from which our word myth comes, had various meanings, including “speech,” “story,” and, later, “myth” or “fable.” In modern English, the term myth often implies a belief that is demonstrably false yet has nonetheless achieved widespread credence Magazines and newspapers contrast myths with the true facts gleaned from scientific study In the ancient world, by contrast, there was no strict, consistently applied division between mythic knowledge and rationally discovered truth Ancient philosophers and historians in some instances challenge the authority of myth as a fundamental source of knowledge, but they not wholly reject it For the archaic Greek poets Homer and Hesiod (ca eighth/seventh century b.c.e.), the traditional stories constitute divinely inspired knowledge The historian Herodotus (fifth century b.c.e.) never suggests that there is anything inherently false in traditional stories or myths; nor does he imply that there is any better basis for understanding history The Athenian historian Thucydides (fifth century b.c.e.) does claim that he has methods for bringing greater accuracy to the study of history yet refers to Homer’s Iliad in measuring the scale of past wars as a basis of comparison for the Peloponnesian War There was no clear dividing line between history and myth; indeed, it is not clear that the ancients had a clearly defined category corresponding to our “myth.” Rather, vi there were inherited stories, above all the stories of the poets, and these stories were sometimes questionable and sometimes contained an element of truth It was never the case that the ancients simply believed their myths with dogmatic insistence The divinely inspired Hesiod knew that the Muses mixed truth with falsehood Yet the classical writers frequently refer to myths as a source of knowledge of the past, and they almost never categorically equate myth with falsehood Ovid’s Metamorphoses (ca c.e.), arguably the most sophisticated treatment of myth surviving from the ancient world, traces a series of transformations from the dawn of creation down to the apotheosis of Julius Caesar Mythical figures such as Heracles, Midas, and Orpheus, Roman founder-figures such as Aeneas and Romulus, and the emerging mythology of the Roman imperial family all form part of a continuous narrative fabric In Ovid’s poem, the new myths of imperial power are not obviously or fundamentally different from the age-old stories of gods and heroes Philosophers mounted the most radical opposition to the authority of the traditional stories In classical Greece, the poets, and above all Homer, were still considered the prime sources of knowledge Homer offered not only precious insight into the past but also knowledge of the gods, religion, warfare, and proper conduct in all areas of life It is therefore not surprising that Plato, as he strove to define a new kind of knowledge called philosophy, challenged the authority of poetry and the poets’ stories Even so, Plato does not forgo mythic modes of exposition altogether Some of the more famous passages in Plato, such as the story of Er in the Republic, assume a mythic format Plato is not so much banishing myth from the realm of rational discourse as inventing a new style of philosophical mythmaking The Roman poet Lucretius (first century b.c.e.), a follower of the Greek philosopher Epicurus, continues the philosophical tradition of reworking inherited myths and fashioning new Introduction philosophically informed myths in the name of an antitraditionalist form of knowledge The uses of myth inevitably change across different periods and contexts, but characterizing the nature of such change is not a straightforward undertaking It is potentially misleading, for example, to suppose that classical authors’ attitude toward and use of mythology became more sophisticated over time There never was a phase of natural, unselfconscious mythmaking, despite the romantic tendency to posit one Homeric epic itself represents an immensely sophisticated narrative undertaking based on the skilled manipulation of mythological traditions Yet while mythographical self-consciousness, narrative sophistication, and awareness of multiple, diverging mythic traditions appear to have been present in the earliest extant poetry, later centuries did contribute at least one crucial factor to the dissemination and reworking of myth: the institution of the library The most famous library of the ancient world was the great library at Alexandria, Egypt, built and developed under the Ptolemies in the third and second centuries b.c.e The Ptolemies patronized eminent writer/scholars, some of whom served as head librarians and worked on creating canonical texts of Greek literature (see Voyage of the Argonauts and Callimachus) This immense focus on literature forms part of a complex awareness of Greek culture in the wake of the conquests of Alexander the Great and subsequent division of the conquered territories among Greek ruling elites Some scholars have employed the term “diaspora” to describe this sustained engagement with Greek culture in locations geographically removed from the original Greek city-states The project of sustaining Greekness amid non-Greek native populations thus becomes inextricably related to the poet/scholar’s erudition and the production of canonical texts, which in turn furnish material for further erudite poetic creations enriched with a dense fabric of literary allusions Introduction Mythology in this period thus became an object of study and literary display, as well as a key repository of Greekness Mythography emerges as an area of study in its own right: Scholars, gifted with a vast library, are able to sift and compare different versions of myths and record them in texts of their own One key arena of mythographical knowledge is the writing of scholia, or commentaries on classic works, which require, among other forms of attention, mythological elucidation The postclassical period also saw the rise of new rationalizing interpretations of mythology such as the work of Euhemerus (fourth century b.c.e.), who saw the stories of the gods as being originally developed out of the deeds of great men It was not modern scholars, then, who first developed methodologies for the interpretation of myth but the ancients themselves Rationalizing approaches, however, did not constitute a rejection of myth per se, so much as a new mode of engagement with the inherited stories The increasingly cosmopolitan literary exploitation and perpetuation of myths deriving from the Greek city-states continued throughout the Roman period, above all in the period of the Second Sophistic Lucian (second century c.e.) drew on mythic figures and situations with erudite humor in his dialogues and satirical sketches Athenaeus (second/third century c.e.), in his Deipnosophistae (Philosophers at dinner), describes a series of banquets at which learned topics were discussed, including literature and mythology Lucian was from Samosata in Syria, while Athenaeus hailed from Naucratis in Egypt Greek culture by this period was a thoroughly cosmopolitan and diasporic phenomenon Throughout the Roman period, mythology formed part of the body of knowledge that conferred the status of an educated person in the broader Mediterranean world One of the locations where Greek mythology flourished was, of course, Rome The emperor Tiberius, while in retreat on the island of Rhodes, enjoyed discussing abstruse mythological questions, such as the name assumed by vii Achilles on the island of Scyros while disguised as a girl, or the identity of Hecuba’s mother Yet as the example of Tiberius also illustrates, too much Greekness could be seen in Rome as a bad thing, despite the fact that Romans assimilated Greek culture throughout their history in voracious and sometimes brilliant fashion A further layer of complexity arises in the question of Roman myths and gods The Romans had their own gods, rites, and, to a certain extent, their own traditional stories The Roman gods are popularly viewed as simply the “equivalent” of Greek gods Yet Roman gods such as Jupiter and Juno enjoyed their own independent existence and cult as Italic deities Over time, they were aligned with the Greek gods and merged on the mythological plane This book does not offer separate entries on Zeus and Jupiter, since in mythology they are best viewed together, yet it is important to remember the process of syncretization, not simply the outcome of their (apparent) common origin Whether or not there can be said to be a distinctly Roman mythology is a matter of contention There is little evidence for a narrative fabric of myths comparable to and autonomous of Greek mythology The Roman myths that exist—or, as they are often called, legends—concern quasi-historical figures, beginning with Romulus and including the great figures that people Livy’s history, such as Camillus and Coriolanus Yet this series of legends concerning the deeds of great men is clearly not quite the same thing as Greek mythology, with its stress on the supernatural and the interactions of men, gods, heroes, and monsters Ultimately, the Romans come to integrate their own legendary history with the myths of the Greek city-states Bridging figures, such as Aeneas, Heracles, Diomedes, Hippolytus, Evander, and Orestes, who, in some myths, travel from the Greek or Trojan world to Italy, and in some cases found cities, are particularly salient examples of such integration The resultant fusion is called “classical mythology” by modern textbooks viii Greek culture was the prestige culture for the Romans, and in assimilating it, the Romans were deliberately adding cultural prestige to their already established military and political supremacy Greek culture was present at Rome from the beginning not least because there were significant Greek communities in Italy, especially southern Italy Rome’s first writers, such as Ennius, came from a bi- or even trilingual background and were fluent in Greek language and culture The incorporation of Greek culture in Roman society began in earnest, however, in the late third and second centuries b.c.e., when Rome was reaching the definitive stage of military supremacy with the defeat of its major rival, Carthage The first known works of Roman literature adapt the major Greek genres: tragedy, comedy, and epic Yet even in this early period, adaptation of Greek literature served distinctively Roman ends, such as the commemoration of military victory and the deeds of eminent men The processes of Hellenization accelerate in the first century b.c.e., as Rome continues to absorb the cultural riches of the cities it conquered, and as the stakes of intra-elite competition intensify in the dangerous political environment of the late republic The generation of poets that flourished around the middle of the first century b.c.e marks a major watershed: Catullus and his contemporaries espouse the erudite poetics of the Alexandrians, explicitly following in the path of Callimachus and Apollonius This pattern equally defines the early works of Virgil and becomes the dominant paradigm among the Augustan poets Mythology is key in these developments: one need only cite Virgil’s Aeneid, Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Horace’s odes, and the love elegies of Propertius The Augustans, like Catullus, work on the Alexandrian model: They treat mythology with a sophisticated erudition fueled by an emerging book trade and Rome’s first public libraries The intensified Greekness of Roman poetry of the first century b.c.e does not mean, Introduction of course, that Roman interests were not being served Catullus’s mythological poetry confronts questions of social disintegration and compromised virility in late republican Rome, while Virgil’s Aeneid traces the hero Aeneas to Italy and, through this legendary narrative, ponders the immense contemporary task of repairing a damaged society Aeneas was a figure of special significance in the Augustan period, since Julius Caesar traced his ancestry back to Aeneas via the hero’s son Ascanius/Iulus, and thus ultimately to the goddess Venus Greek mythology, as Ovid elegantly demonstrates in the closing books of his Metamorphoses, is adapted to serve Rome’s conversion of men into gods during the emergence of imperial government Other social uses of mythology were less tied to the prestige of a single family Greek mythology formed part of the idiom of educated speech (as demonstrated magnificently by Trimalchio’s bungling of mythology in Petronius’s Satyricon) and supplied rhetoricians and schoolboys with stock examples (exempla) with which to adorn their arguments Such developments might seem to provide support for the old view that the Romans were artificial and political, whereas the Greeks displayed a richly imaginative, almost childlike genius The notion of the originality of the Greeks versus the artificial imitations of the Romans still persists despite being an evident relic of romantic thought The Romans were deliberate, calculating, consciously imitative, and at times politically pragmatic in their adaptation of Greek mythology and literature, but this does not mean that they lacked genius and originality in their adaptation; nor is it true that the Greeks were free of deliberation, self-consciousness, artifice, and social and political motives in creating, adapting, and disseminating their own myths The Greeks deserve full credit for creating their myths, yet it is undeniable that some of the best versions of Greek mythology are Roman Introduction Studying Mythology Today In studying classical mythology, we need to consider not only the Greeks and Romans who made the myths but also our own role as readers and interpreters How we determine the meaning of a given myth? This question is as old as the myths themselves: As we have already mentioned, the ancients derived various meanings from their myths and applied different schemes of interpretation The last two centuries, however, have seen an unusually fertile range of approaches to the interpretation of mythology The main ones are enumerated in university-level courses and textbooks: ritualist, structuralist, psychoanalytic, sociological In each instance, the interpreter attempts to understand the deeper meaning of the myth for those who tell it In the sociological approach, for example, mythology is read as a “charter” for a society’s beliefs, a blueprint of social attitudes and codes While all these approaches have served to stimulate inquiry into classical mythology and have enabled important insights, they are all equally hampered by a questionable premise Modern methodologies of mythological interpretation have in common the notion that there is an underlying narrative that encodes a deeper meaning—a distillation of that society’s psychic impulses, social beliefs, systems of meaning, or ritual practices In short, modern interpretations of mythology tend to assume the existence of a stable set of stories that affirm social concepts Modern approaches for the most part—there are some exceptions—posit a stable entity designated as the myth, which exists independently of its individual manifestations and whose fundamental meaning can be elicited through the correct mode of interpretation Myths, however, undergo constant metamorphosis from telling to telling, as Ovid’s great poem demonstrates There is no such thing as the myth, since each author or visual artist tells the story in a different way and emphasizes different aspects of it Accord- ix ingly, there is no single, fundamental meaning; rather, the story’s meaning changes depending on the interests and emphases of its teller A major tendency of the modern discipline of mythology is to extract an independent set of myths from the literary texts and visual images that narrate them On this conception, an original, true story, or ur-story, underlies the numerous (imperfect, biased, partial) tellings The search for an ur-narrative is irresistible, not least because it suggests the promise of a fundamental set of stories that a society tells to itself as a collectivity Myths are sometimes described as the shared dreams of a culture that reveal a society’s underlying desires, anxieties, and contradictions Mythology, in this reading, furnishes a key for unlocking the secrets of the collective unconscious Sigmund Freud’s use of the Oedipus myth is a remarkable instance of such an ambition Yet this type of reading cannot justice to the diversity and richness of the ancient literary texts and the mutability of the myths themselves About This Book If one accepts, as we do, the Ovidian view of myth as a body of stories in constant flux, it is necessary to abandon the hope for a stable, transparent set of communal stories that produce a unified meaning Abandoning such hope, however, is far from dispiriting One is left with the rich diversity of texts and images that re-create the myths in their constantly shifting forms We have accordingly designed our reference book so as best to justice to the diversity of mythic narrative in literary and visual media Encyclopedias, dictionaries, and textbooks on mythology are, in fact, especially prone to editing out the diversity of classical myth and thereby effacing the importance of the different tellings There is an understandable tendency in any reference work to create the impression of factual consistency—in this instance, the impression that the classical myths are stable narratives easily susceptible Index 534 Ars Amatoria (Ovid) 83–84, 114, 383 Artemis (Diana) 84– 87, 85 Actaeon 10 Agamemnon 29 Agamemnon 32, 36, 37 Alcestis and Admetus 54 Aloadae 55 Apollo 75, 77 Asclepius 87 Athena 91 Callisto 108, 109 Cephalus 114, 115 Gigantomachy 178 Harmonia 186 Heroides 232 Hippolytus 234–240 Iliad 255 Ion 268 Iphigenia 273 Iphigenia among the Taurians 274, 277, 279 Iphigenia at Aulis 281, 286 Laodamia (1) 293 Leto 294 Libation Bearers 299 Niobe 339 Orestes 375 Phaedra 401 Procris 420 Thebaid 467 Asclepius (Asklepios) 76, 87–88, 243, 244, 444 Asteria 88 Astyanax 60, 88, 189, 502, 503, 505, 506 Atalanta (Atalante) 88–89, 89, 314, 318, 467, 478 Athamas 90, 265, 317, 413 Athena (Minerva) 90– 92, 91 Aglaurus and Herse 41 Ajax 43, 48 Arachne 78 Ares 79 Erichthonius 158 Eumenides 161–163, 165, 166 Gigantomachy 178 Gorgons 179, 180 Helen 193 Hephaestus 201, 202 Hera 204 Heracles 209, 214 Heracles 216, 219 Iliad 250–252, 255, 258 Ion 268, 270–272 Iphigenia among the Taurians 278, 279 Marsyas 304 Metamorphoses 317, 323, 324 Odyssey 344, 345, 347–349, 351– 354, 358 Oenone 373 Pandora 385, 386 Perseus 392–393 Poseidon 418 Suppliants 450 Thebaid 466, 467, 474, 479 Theogony 488 Trojan Women 502, 504–506 Zeus 522 Atlas 92–93, 93, 211, 233, 248 Atreus 94 Agamemnon 31, 34, 35, 41 Electra 154 Eumenides 160, 166 Iphigenia among the Taurians 275, 277–278 Iphigenia at Aulis 280 Libation Bearers 294 Orestes 375, 376, 379 Seneca the Younger 435 Thebaid 472 Trojan Women 504 Attis (Atys) 94–95, 112 Augustus (Roman emperor) Aeneas 14 Aeneid 15, 23, 24 Anchises 60 Eclogues 142 Fasti 171 Georgics 176–177 Heroides 227–228 Janus 289 Livy 302 Metamorphoses 319, 324, 331, 332 Ovid 383 Romulus 430 Virgil 509–510 Aurora See Eos Autonoe 95, 96, 98, 138, 185–186 B Bacchae (Euripides) 96–102 Ajax 47, 48 Autonoe 95 Cadmus 106, 107 Dionysus 138 Harmonia 185–186 Ino 264, 265 Bacchus See Dionysus Baucis and Philemon 102, 102–103, 318, 326 Bellerophon 103–104, 117, 388–389 Bibliotheca See Library Boreadae (Calais and Zetes) 104, 105, 186, 381, 408 Boreas 104–105, 339, 381 Briseis 30, 105, 224, 226, 250, 284 C Cacus 106, 211 Cadmus 106–107 Ares 80 Bacchae 96–99, 101 Europa 167 Harmonia 185, 186 Ino 264–265 Oedipus at Colonus 363 Phoenician Women 411 Caesar, Julius 14, 23, 24, 60, 73, 241, 319– 332, 471 Calais and Zetes See Boreadae Calchas 29, 32, 44, 107–108, 250, 282 Callimachus 108, 286, 287, 320, 327 Callirhoe (1) 108 Callirhoe (2) 108 Callirhoe (3) 108 Callisto (Kallisto) 78, 79, 86, 108–109, 204, 317 Index Calypso 92, 109, 109– 110, 342, 344, 345, 352, 356 Capaneus 110, 247, 439, 440, 454, 462– 469, 483, 523 Cassandra 110 Agamemnon 31 Agamemnon 33, 35, 39, 40 Andromache 62 Apollo 76 Clytaemnestra 119 Electra 148 Hecuba 190–192 Hymen 245 Iliad 256 Trojan Women 502, 504, 505 Castor and Polydeuces/Pollux See Dioscuri Catullus 9, 81, 110– 113, 390, 431 centaur 113–114 Cephalus (Kephalus) 86, 114–115, 317, 420 Cerberus 115, 115, 183, 184, 211, 215, 392, 507 Ceres See Demeter Ceyx See Alcyone and Ceyx Charities See Graces Charon 18, 49, 53, 116, 116, 184 Charybdis 116, 318, 347 Chimaera 103, 116– 117, 388, 507 Chione 75, 117, 222 Chiron 117 Achilleid 2–4, Achilles 535 Actaeon 10 Asclepius 87 centaur 114 Iris 287 Jason 290 Peleus 389 Voyage of the Argonauts 512 Chloris See Flora Chrysaor 117–118 Circe 118 Aeneid 26 Glaucus (1) 179 Hades (underworld) 184 Jason 290 Medea 306 Metamorphoses 318, 329, 330 Odyssey 346–347, 353, 356 Scylla (2) 433–434 Sirens 443 Telemachus 459 Clytaemnestra 118–119 Agamemnon 31 Agamemnon 31–36, 39–41 Andromache 62 Atreus 94 Electra 143–154 Eumenides 161–163, 165 Hecuba 190–193 Iphigenia among the Taurians 276, 278 Iphigenia at Aulis 280–285 Leda 293 Libation Bearers 295–301 Odyssey 351 Orestes 374 Orestes 375–377, 379, 380 Suppliants 450 Trojan Women 504 Clytie (Clytia) 119 Coeus (Koios) 119–120 Coronis 76, 87, 120 Creon (1) 120 Antigone 66, 67 Antigone 67–70 Heracles 209 Oedipus at Colonus 361, 362, 364, 365 Oedipus the King 366, 368, 372 Phoenician Women 410–412 Suppliant Women 452, 453, 456 Thebaid 468–470, 476, 482, 483 Creon (2) 120, 307– 310, 312 Crius (Krius) 120–121 Cronus (Kronos) 121–122 Aphrodite 72 Gaia 174 giants 177 Hades (god) 182 Metis 332 Rhea 429 Theogony 487 Uranus 508 Zeus 521, 522 Cupid See Eros Cybele 20, 94, 112, 122–123 Cyclopes 123 Cyclops 124, 125 Gaia 174 Metamorphoses 329 Odyssey 346, 354, 355 Polyphemus 415–417 Zeus 521–522 Cyclops (Euripides) 123–127, 432 Cydippe See Acontius and Cydippe D Daedalus 128 Aeneid 18 Ars Amatoria 83 Icarus 248 Metamorphoses 327 Minos 334, 335 Minotaur 335 Pasiphae 387 Danae 128–130, 129, 392, 393, 397 Danaids See Danaus and Danaids Danaus and Danaids 130 Aeneid 28 Heroides 225, 227–228 Prometheus Bound 423–424 Seven against Thebes 439 Suppliants 446, 447, 452 Suppliant Women 455 Daphne 75, 76, 130– 131, 131, 317, 319 Deianira 131–132, 132 Achelous centaur 114 Heracles 212, 213 Heroides 224–225, 228 Metamorphoses 318 Nessus 339 Trachiniae 494–500 Index 536 Demeter (Ceres) 132–133 Erysichthon 160 Homeric Hymns 241 Metamorphoses 317 Pelops 390 Persephone 391, 392 Phoenician Women 410 Pindar 414 Suppliant Women 452, 453 Thebaid 477 Triptolemus 501 Demophon (2) and Acamas 133–134, 205, 206, 208, 224 Deucalion and Pyrrha 134, 157–158, 248, 317, 421 Dialogues of the Gods (Lucian) 134, 158, 159 Diana See Artemis Dido 134–136, 135 Aeneas 14 Aeneid 16–18, 25, 26 Hades (underworld) 185 Heroides 224, 229, 230 Metamorphoses 329 Thebaid 472 Diodorus Siculus 136 Asclepius 87 Attis 94 Cadmus 106, 107 Chiron 117 Cybele 122 Demophon (2) and Acamas 134 Heracles 211–213 Library of History 302 Phineus 408 Selene 434 Sisyphus 444 Diomedes 136–137 Achilleid Aeneas 13 Aphrodite 73 Ares 79 Glaucus (2) 179 Homer 240 Iliad 251–253, 255, 259 Metamorphoses 330 Odysseus 342 Dione 137, 458 Dionysus (Bacchus) 137–139, 138 Antiope (1) 71 Ariadne 81, 82 Aristophanes 83 Autonoe 95 Bacchae 96–101 Callirhoe (3) 108 Catullus 112, 113 Cyclops 123–125, 127 fauns 172 Gigantomachy 178 Ino 265 Ion 268 Medea 312 Metamorphoses 317 Midas 332 Orphic Hymns 382 Pan 384–385 satyrs 432 Semele 434–435 Sileni 441 Silenus 442 Thebaid 463–465, 472 Dioscuri (Castor and Polydeuces or Pollux) 139–140 Agamemnon 29 Demophon (2) and Acamas 132 Electra 146, 148, 149 Helen 195, 196, 198, 199 Leda 293 Dis See Hades E Echidna 81, 141, 507 Echo 141, 337 Eclogues (Virgil) 141– 143, 442, 509, 510 Electra (1) 143, 143– 155, 276, 294–299, 374–379 Electra (3) 143 Electra (Euripides) 118, 119, 143, 143– 149, 153, 374, 375, 379 Electra (Sophocles) 118–119, 143, 149– 155, 283, 284, 374 Endymion 155, 434 Ennius 155–156 Eos (Aurora) 114–115, 156–157, 200, 420, 434 Epaphus 157, 266 Ephialtes and Otus See Aloadae Epimetheus 157–158, 248, 385, 420–421, 518 Erichthonius (Erecthonius) 41, 91, 92, 158, 270, 271 Erinyes See Furies Eros (Cupid) 158– 160, 159 Amores (Ovid) 57 Aphrodite 72, 73 Apollo 76 Apuleius 78 Daphne 130 Phaedra 402 Psyche 427–428 Trachiniae 498 Voyage of the Argonauts 511 Erysichthon 132, 160, 327 Eteocles 160 Antigone 66, 67 Antigone 67, 70 Oedipus at Colonus 361, 362 Oedipus the King 371 Phoenician Women 409–412 Polynices 415 Seven against Thebes 435–438, 440, 441 Thebaid 461–463, 465–467, 469, 470, 482 Eumenides (Aeschylus) 147–148, 160–166, 173, 361, 364, 374 Euripides 166–167 Adrastus 11, 12 Aegeus 12, 13 Aeolus (1) 28 Agamemnon 29, 31 Ajax 47, 48 Alcestis 48–54 Andromache 60–65 Antigone 66–67 Apollo 76 Artemis 86 Astyanax 88 Autonoe 95 Bacchae 96 Cadmus 106, 107 Clytaemnestra 118, 119 Cyclops 123–127 Index Dionysus 138 Electra 143–149, 153 Electra (1) 143 Eurystheus 169 Harmonia 185–186 Hecuba 188–189 Hecuba 189–193 Helen 194–200 Heracleidae 205–208 Heracles 213 Heracles 214–220 Heroides 227 Hippolytus 234 Hippolytus 234–240 Hyllus 245 Hymen 245 Ino 264, 265 Ion 266–273 Iphigenia 273 Iphigenia among the Taurians 273–280 Iris 287 Jason 289–291 Laodamia (2) 293 Libation Bearers 299 Medea 306 Medea 307–314 Menelaus 315 Neoptolemus 338 Orestes 374–375 Orestes 375–381 Peleus 390 Phaedra 401 Phoenician Women 409–413 Proteus 427 satyrs 432 Suppliant Women 452–457 Thebaid 472 Trachiniae 499 Trojan Women 502–507 Voyage of the Argonauts 515 537 Europa 106, 107, 167– 169, 168, 317, 401 Eurus 169, 340, 521 Eurydice See Orpheus and Eurydice Eurystheus 54, 143, 169, 204–211, 213, 215, 254 Evander 19, 21, 169–170 F Fabulae (Hyginus) Alcmene 54 Athamas 90 Cadmus 106, 107 Coronis 120 Ino 264, 265 Pasiphae 387 Scylla (1) 432, 433 Sirens 443 Tereus 460 Fasti (Ovid) 171 Ares 79 Asclepius 87–88 Athena 91, 92 Attis 94 Cacus 106 Cronus 121 Europa 167, 168 Flora 172 Hermes 220, 221 Pleiades 415 Zephyrus 520, 521 Fates (Moirai, Parcae) 171–172 Achilles Catullus 112–113 Meleager 314 Nyx 340 Prometheus Bound 424 Thebaid 467 Zeus 522 fauns 172 Faunus See Pan Flora (Chloris) 172, 521 François Vase Amphitrite 58 Ariadne 82 Atalanta 89 centaur 114 Dionysus 139 Hephaestus 202 Iris 287 Meleager 314–315 Theseus 491 Furies (Erinyes) 173 Agamemnon 40 Cronus 121 Electra 151, 152, 154 Eumenides 160–166 Iphigenia among the Taurians 276, 277 Libation Bearers 296, 299, 301 Orestes 374 Orestes 377, 378, 380 Seven against Thebes 437 Suppliant Women 454 Thebaid 469, 472–474 Uranus 508 G Gaia (Ge) 174 Cronus 121 Cyclopes 123 Eumenides 165 Furies 173 giants 177 Gigantomachy 178 Prometheus Bound 425 Seven against Thebes 438 Suppliants 448 Theogony 486–488 Titans 493 Typhoeus 507 Uranus 508 Zeus 522 Galatea 174–175, 175, 318, 329, 338, 415–417 Ganymede 126, 175– 176, 176, 187, 506 Georgics (Virgil) 14–15, 176–177, 427, 434, 509, 510 giants 177–178, 178 Gigantomachy 178–179 Apollo 75 giants 177–178 Heracles 212 Ion 271 Metamorphoses 322, 323 Pierides 413 Selene 434 Seven against Thebes 439 Zeus 522 Glaucus (1) (Glaukos) 179, 244, 433, 501–502 Glaucus (2) 136, 179, 251, 253, 254, 432 Gorgons 179–180, 180 Atlas 93 Graeae 181 Ion 268, 271, 272 Perseus 392, 393 Thebaid 474 Graces (Charities, Gratiae) 180–181, 181, 336, 522 Graeae (Graiai) 180, 181, 393 Index 538 H Hades (Pluto, Dis) 182–184, 183 Hades (underworld) 184, 185 Persephone 391, 392 Sisyphus 444 Thebaid 466, 474 Zeus 522 Hades (underworld) 184–185 Aeneid 18–19 Cerberus 115 Charon 116 Hades (god) 182–184 Orpheus and Eurydice 382 Persephone 391–392 Pirithous 415 Styx 446 Tartarus 458 Thebaid 474 Theseus 491 Typhoeus 507 Harmonia 185–186 Adrastus 12 Amphiaraus 57 Cadmus 107 Callirhoe (2) 108 Electra 153 Hephaestus 201 Seven against Thebes 440 Thebaid 462, 463, 480 Harpies 17, 104, 186, 408 Hebe 160, 186–187, 213 Hecate 178, 187 Hector (Hektor) 187– 188, 188 Achilleid Achilles Ajax 42, 43 Ajax 46 Andromache 63 Astyanax 88 Iliad 250–259, 261, 263–264 Metamorphoses 328 Paris 386 Patroclus 387 Priam 419–420 Thebaid 477 Trojan Women 503, 506 Hecuba 76, 188–189, 189–190, 318, 328, 502–506 Hecuba (Euripides) 31, 189–193, 207 Hekatonkheires See Hundred-Handed Ones Helen 193–194, 194 Achilleid 1, 3, Aeneid 16 Agamemnon 31, 33, 34, 38–39, 41 Andromache 63 Aphrodite 73 Demophon (2) and Acamas 132 Electra 148 Herodotus 224 Heroides 224, 225, 228, 229, 232 Iliad 250 Iphigenia at Aulis 280, 281, 284, 285 Leda 293 Menelaus 315 Odysseus 341, 342 Odyssey 345, 348, 350, 353, 355, 356 Oenone 373 Orestes 375–381 Paris 386 Protesilaus 427 Theseus 490–491 Trojan Women 503, 505, 506 Helen (Euripides) 194–200 Helen 193, 194 Iphigenia among the Taurians 277, 280 Iphigenia at Aulis 283, 285 Menelaus 315 Proteus 427 Helenus 17, 27, 61, 200, 251, 402, 404 Heliades 200, 402 Helios (Sol) 200 Clytie 119 Eos 156 Medea 312 Odyssey 347 Phaethon 402 Selene 434 Hephaestus (Vulcan) 200–203, 202 Aeneid 19 Aphrodite 72 Athena 91 Epimetheus 157 Hera 203 Iliad 254, 260 Ion 270 Pandora 385, 386 Prometheus 421 Prometheus Bound 422, 425 Thebaid 480 Hera (Juno) 203, 203–205 Aeneid 15, 17, 20, 22, 24 Alcyone and Ceyx 55 Aloadae 55 Arcas 79 Ares 79 Artemis 84, 85 Dionysus 138 Echo 141 Epaphus 157 Helen 193 Helen 194–196, 199 Hesperides 233 Hymen 245 Iliad 250–253, 255, 258, 260 Io 265–266 Iris 286, 287 Ixion 287 Oenone 373 Sarpedon 432 Semele 434 Sirens 443 Suppliants 447 Thebaid 467, 468, 470, 473, 482 Zeus 522–524 Heracleidae (Euripides) 169, 205–208, 213, 245, 287 Heracles (Euripides) 213, 214–220 Heracles (Hercules) 208–214, 209 Achelous Aeneid 19 Ajax 42 Alcestis 49–53 Alcmene 54 Amazons 56 Amphitryon 59 Andromeda 65 Antiope (2) 71 Apollo 75, 77 Artemis 86, 87 Athena 92 Atlas 92, 93 Boreadae 104 Cacus 106 Index centaur 113, 114 Cerberus 115 Charon 116 Chiron 117 Chrysaor 118 Deianira 131–132 Eileithyia 143 Eurystheus 169 Gigantomachy 178 Hades (god) 183 Hades (underworld) 185 Hebe 187 Hera 204 Heracleidae 207–208 Heroides 224–225, 228 Hesperides 233 Hydra of Lerna 243 Hylas 244 Hyllus 245 Hypsipyle 246–247 Iliad 254 Ion 271 Iris 287 Laomedon 293 Metamorphoses 318 Nemean Lion 337–338 Nessus 339 Omphale 373 Persephone 392 Philoctetes 405, 407, 408 Prometheus Bound 424, 426 Theocritus 485 Theogony 487 Trachiniae 494–500 Voyage of the Argonauts 510 Zeus 523 Hermaphroditus 220, 317 539 Hermes (Mercury) 220–223, 221 Aeneid 17, 18 Aglaurus and Herse 42 Apollo 75 Argus 81 Atlas 92 Baucis and Philemon 102–103 Circe 118 Dialogues of the Gods 134 Eumenides 161 Gigantomachy 178 Gorgons 180 Homeric Hymns 241 Iliad 255, 256, 264 Io 266 Ion 267, 269 Ixion 287, 288 Metamorphoses 317 Perseus 392–393 Prometheus Bound 424, 426 Thebaid 461, 465, 478 Zeus 522 Hermione 223 Andromache 60–64 Helen 196 Heroides 224, 227 Menelaus 315 Neoptolemus 338 Orestes 374 Orestes 375–379 Hero and Leander 223, 225, 231–232 Herodotus 197, 223– 224, 265, 266, 333, 335, 492 Heroides (Ovid) 28, 223, 224–232, 247, 490 Herse See Aglaurus and Herse Hesiod 232 Amphitrite 58 Ares 79 Athena 90 Boreas 104 Chimaera 116 Cronus 121 Echidna 141 Eos 156 Epimetheus 157 Eros 158 Fates 172 Gaia 174 Graces 180–181 Hecate 187 Iliad 257 Iris 286 Muses 336 Nereids 338 Nyx 340 Pleiades 415 Prometheus 420, 421 Sphinx 445 Styx 446 Theogony 486–488 Titans 493 Works and Days 516–519 Zeus 522 Hesione 212, 233, 459 Hesperides 92, 211, 233, 340 Hestia 91, 233–234 Hippolytus 234, 234 Amazons 56 Aphrodite 73 Artemis 86 Asclepius 87 Heroides 224, 229 Phaedra 401–402 Theseus 490 Hippolytus (Euripides) 86, 234, 234–240, 401 Homer 240–241 See also Homeric Hymns; Iliad; Odyssey Aeneid 22, 26, 27 Chimaera 117 Cronus 121 Dione 137 Metamorphoses 320 Odysseus 343 Thebaid 473, 476, 479, 480 Theogony 486 Trojan Women 505 Voyage of the Argonauts 511–515 Homeric Hymns 241 Anchises 59 Aphrodite 72 Apollo 74, 75 Ares 79 Artemis 84, 86 Asclepius 87 Athena 91 Cybele 122 Dionysus 137, 138 Eos 156 Hermes 221 Iris 286 Maia 304 Selene 434 Horace 241–242, 431 Horae (Horai, Seasons) 242, 522 Hundred-Handed Ones (Hekatonkheires) 174, 242, 487, 493, 521–522 Hyacinthus (Hyakinthos) 76, 242–243, 521 Index 540 Hydra of Lerna 210, 214, 218, 243, 243, 494, 507 Hygeia 243–244 Hyginus 85, 244, 247 See also Fabulae Hylas 213, 244–245, 485 Hyllus 205, 213, 245, 318, 495, 496, 498, 500 Hymen (Hymenaeus) 245–246 Hyperion 246 Hypnos (Hypnus) 246 Hypsipyle 246–247 Achilleid Heroides 224, 229–230 Thebaid 463, 464, 472, 473, 476, 478–479 I Ianthe See Iphis (3) and Ianthe Iapetus (Iapetos) 248 Icarus 83, 128, 248– 249, 249, 335 Iliad (Homer) 249–264 Achilleid 3, Achilles 7–9 Aeneas 13 Agamemnon 29–30 Agamemnon 36–38 Ajax 45 Andromache 60 Aphrodite 71, 73 Ares 79 Artemis 84–85 Astyanax 88 Athena 91 Atreus 94 Bellerophon 103, 104 Cassandra 110 Chimaera 116 Diomedes 136 Dione 137 Dionysus 138 Fates 172 Graces 180, 181 Hades (god) 182 Hector 187–188 Helen 193, 194 Helen 197, 199 Hephaestus 201, 202 Heroides 226 Homer 240 Hypnos 246 Iris 286, 287 Meleager 314 Menelaus 315 Metamorphoses 328, 331 Nestor 339 Niobe 339 Nyx 340 Odysseus 342 Odyssey 350–352, 354, 355, 358, 359 Peleus 390 Philoctetes 405 Poseidon 418 Priam 419 Thebaid 477 Voyage of the Argonauts 511–513 Imagines (Philostratus) 1, 58, 174, 175, 222, 264, 415–416, 521 Ino 264–265 Athamas 90 Bacchae 96, 98 Dionysus 138 Metamorphoses 317 Phrixus 413 Thebaid 476 Voyage of the Argonauts 512 Io 265–266 Argus 81 Epaphus 157 Hera 203–204 Hermes 222 Heroides 227 Metamorphoses 317 Prometheus Bound 423–427 Suppliants 447, 452 Ion (Euripides) 76, 266–273 Iphigenia 30, 273 Agamemnon 29, 31 Agamemnon 32, 36, 37 Artemis 86 Electra 150, 153 Hecuba 191 Helen 197 Ion 269, 270 Iphigenia among the Taurians 273–280 Iphigenia at Aulis 280–286 Libation Bearers (Aeschylus) Libation Bearers Lucretius 303 Metamorphoses 328 Orestes 375 Suppliants 450 Iphigenia among the Taurians (Euripides) 273–280 Helen 197, 199 Heracles 218, 219 Ion 269, 270 Iphigenia 273 Iphigenia at Aulis 285 Orestes 374–375 Iphigenia at Aulis (Euripides) 29, 118, 119, 273, 280–286 Iphis (1) 286, 454, 457 Iphis (2) and Anaxarete 286 Iphis (3) and Ianthe 286 Iris 286–287 Aeneid 18, 20 Apollo 74 Artemis 84 Heracles 215–217, 219 Iliad 250, 252–254 Styx 446 Thebaid 468 Ixion 287–288 centaur 113 Hades (underworld) 185 Hera 204 Metamorphoses 326 Sisyphus 444 Tantalus 458 Tityus 493, 494 Zeus 523 J Janus 289 Jason 289–291, 290 Aeetes 12 Aeneid 27 Alcestis 51 Apollonius of Rhodes 77 Athamas 90 Circe 118 Hecuba 192 Heroides 224, 225, 228, 229 Hylas 244 Index 541 Hypsipyle 246, 247 Ion 272 Medea 305–306 Medea 307–314 Metamorphoses 317, 330 Scylla (2) 434 Thebaid 464, 480 Voyage of the Argonauts 510–515 Jocasta 291 Oedipus 359, 360 Oedipus the King 366, 367, 371 Phoenician Women 409–412 Seven against Thebes 437 Thebaid 466, 479 Jove See Zeus Juno See Hera Jupiter See Zeus K Kallisto See Callisto Kephalus See Cephalus Koios See Coeus Kore See Persephone Krius See Crius Kronos See Cronus L Laius 292 Josasta 291 Oedipus 359, 360 Oedipus the King 366–371 Seven against Thebes 435, 437 Thebaid 461, 463, 474 Laocoon 16, 292, 292 Laodamia (1) 292–293 Laodamia (2) 225, 231, 293, 427 Laomedon 293 Leander See Hero and Leander Leda 139, 195, 196, 198, 293, 293–294, 506 Leto (Latona) 294 Apollo 74, 75, 77 Artemis 84, 85, 87 Hera 204 Iris 286–287 Niobe 339 Zeus 522 Libation Bearers (Aeschylus) 294–301 Electra 149, 151–154 Eumenides 162, 163 Orestes 377, 379, 380 Scylla (1) 432 Library (Bibliotheca) (Apollodorus) 301–302 Actaeon 10 Aglaurus and Herse 41, 42 Alcmene 54 Aloadae 55 Amazons 56 Amphitrite 58 Apollo 75, 76 Argus 80, 81 Artemis 84, 85 Charybdis 116 Chiron 117 Cronus 121 Eos 156 Gigantomachy 178 Heracles 212 Hermes 221 Icarus 248 Minos 333–335 Pasiphae 387 Perseus 392 Procris 420 Scylla (1) 432, 433 Scylla (2) 433 Silenus 442 Sirens 443 Sisyphus 443, 444 Tereus 460 Library of History (Diodorus Siculus) 302 Asclepius 87 Attis 94 Cadmus 106, 107 Chiron 117 Cybele 122 Diodorus Siculus 136 Heracles 211–213 Phineus 408 Selene 434 Livy 23, 106, 169, 170, 211, 302, 320 Lucretius 177, 302–303 M Maia 304, 522 Mars See Ares Marsyas 304–305, 305 Apollo 75, 77 Athena 91 Attis 94 Cybele 122 Metamorphoses 324 Muses 336 Medea 305–307, 306 Aeetes 12 Aegeus 13 Alcestis 51, 52 Ariadne 81 Bacchae 100 Circe 118 Electra 148 Eros 159 Hecuba 192 Heroides 224, 225, 228–230 Hypsipyle 247 Ion 272 Jason 290, 291 Metamorphoses 317 Theseus 489 Trachiniae 497 Voyage of the Argonauts 510, 511, 513, 515 Medea (Euripides) 12, 13, 227, 239, 289– 291, 306, 307–314, 515 Meleager (Meleagros) 86, 88, 131, 252, 295, 314–315, 490 Memnon 156, 315, 339 Menelaus 315–316 Agamemnon 31, 32, 36, 38, 41 Ajax 44, 45 Andromache 61–64 Electra 150, 153 Helen 193, 194 Helen 195–199 Hermione 223 Iliad 250–252, 254, 257 Iphigenia at Aulis 280–282, 284, 285 Neoptolemus 338 Nestor 339 Odyssey 345, 348, 350–353 Orestes 374 Orestes 375–380 Paris 386 Index 542 Proteus 427 Trojan Women 503, 505 Mercury See Hermes Merope (1) 316, 381, 415 Merope (2) 316 Metamorphoses (Ovid) 316–332 Actaeon 10 Aeacus 12 Alcyone and Ceyx 55 Alpheus and Arethusa 56 Aphrodite 71, 72 Apollo 75, 76 Arachne 78 Ares 79, 80 Artemis 86 Asclepius 87 Athamas 90 Atlas 92, 93 Attis 94 Baucis and Philemon 102–103 centaur 113–114 Coronis 120 Cronus 121, 122 Daphne 130, 131 Eos 156 Epaphus 157 Eros 158, 159 Europa 167 fauns 172 giants 177 Hades (god) 182–183 Hera 203–204 Hermaphroditus 220 Hermes 222 Heroides 230, 231 Hippolytus 240 Hymen 245 Icarus 248–249 Ino 264, 265 Io 265, 266 Iphis (2) and Anaxarete 286 Iphis (3) and Ianthe 286 Iris 286 Ixion 287 Midas 332 Minos 333, 334 Narcissus 337 Orpheus and Eurydice 382 Pan 385 Pomona 417–418 Procris 420 Pygmalion 428 Scylla (1) 432–433 Scylla (2) 433 Silenus 442 Tereus 460 Vertumnus 509 Metis 90, 332, 488, 521, 522 Midas 332–333, 333 Apollo 75 Dionysus 139 Metamorphoses 318, 326 Pan 385 Silenus 442, 443 Minerva See Athena Minos 128, 184, 248, 333–335, 334, 335, 387, 432–433 Minotaur (Minotauros) 81, 128, 334, 335, 335, 387, 490, 491 Mnemosyne 335–336, 336 Moirai See Fates Muses 336, 336 Achilleid Apollo 75, 77 Graces 180 Heracles 215 Iliad 256–257 Metamorphoses 317, 322–323 Mnemosyne 335 Odyssey 344 Pierides 413 Sirens 443 Thebaid 466 Theogony 486, 488 Works and Days 516, 519 Zeus 522 N Narcissus 141, 337, 337 Nemean Lion 210, 214, 337–338, 507 Neoptolemus 338 Aeneid 16 Andromache 60–64 Hecuba 189 Hermione 223 Orestes 374 Orestes 376, 378 Philoctetes 402–408 Trojan Women 502, 504 Neptune See Poseidon Nereids 58–59, 137, 174–175, 338, 340 Nessus 114, 131, 212, 318, 338–339, 494, 496–499 Nestor 250–253, 260, 261, 318, 328, 339, 345 Niobe 75, 84, 294, 317, 324, 325, 339 Notus 339–340, 521 Nymphs 340 Callirhoe (2) 108 Callisto 108–109 Calypso 109–110 Daphne 130 Echo 141 Flora 172 Hesperides 233 Nereids 338 Oceanids 341 Oenone 373 Pan 385 Pomona 417–418 Sileni 441 Sirens 443 Syrinx 457 Thetis 491 Zeus 522–523 Nyx 172, 340 O Oceanids 108, 119, 137, 332, 340, 341 Oceanus (Okeanos) 341, 422–426 Octavian See Augustus (Roman emperor) Odysseus (Ulysses) 341–343, 342 Achilleid 2, Achilles Aeneid 26 Aeolus (1) 28 Agamemnon 31 Agamemnon 33 Ajax 42 Ajax 43–46 Athena 92 Calypso 110 Circe 118 Cyclops 123–127 Diomedes 136 Eos 156 Hades (underworld) 184–185 Hecuba 189, 190 Heroides 224 Index Iliad 250–253, 261 Iphigenia at Aulis 284 Metamorphoses 318, 328, 329 Neoptolemus 338 Odyssey 343–359 Palamedes 384 Penelope 390 Philoctetes 402–407 Polyphemus 415, 416 Poseidon 418 Scylla (2) 434 Sirens 443 Thebaid 473 Tiresias 493 Trojan Women 502–504 Voyage of the Argonauts 512–515 Odyssey (Homer) 343– 359, 344, 346 Aeneid 26 Ajax 42 Ajax 45 Amphion and Zethus 58 Amphitrite 58 Antiope (1) 71 Athena 92 Boreas 105 Calypso 110 Charybdis 116 Circe 118 Clytaemnestra 119 Cyclops 123, 125, 126 Eos 156 Fates 171 Hades (underworld) 184 Helen 197, 199 Homer 240 543 Iliad 261 Ixion 287 Menelaus 315 Metamorphoses 329 Neoptolemus 338 Nereids 338 Odysseus 342 Orestes 374 Penelope 390 Polyphemus 415, 416 Poseidon 418 Proteus 427 Scylla (2) 433, 434 Sirens 443 Telemachus 459 Tereus 460 Voyage of the Argonauts 513, 514 Oedipus 359, 359–360 Ajax 47, 48 Antigone 70 Creon (1) 120 Laius 292 Oedipus at Colonus 360–365 Oedipus the King 365–372 Phoenician Women 409–412 Seven against Thebes 435, 437, 441 Sphinx 445 Thebaid 461, 466, 469, 472, 473, 477, 479 Oedipus at Colonus (Sophocles) 66, 120, 360–365, 412, 415 Oedipus the King (Sophocles) 120, 359– 360, 363–365, 365– 372, 412, 445, 492 Oenone 224, 229, 373, 386 Omphale 212, 373, 499 Oresteia (Aeschylus) Aeschylus 29 Agamemnon 31–41 Alcestis 52 Atreus 94 Eumenides 160– 166 Hecuba 190, 192 Iphigenia among the Taurians 278 Iphigenia at Aulis 283, 284 Libation Bearers 294 Orestes 374 Orestes 377, 380 Philoctetes 407 Suppliants 449–451 Trojan Women 504 Orestes 373–375 Agamemnon 33, 35, 39 Andromache 60–63 Electra 143–155 Electra (1) 143 Eumenides 160–163, 165, 166 Furies 173 Hermione 223 Heroides 224, 227 Ion 270 Iphigenia 273 Iphigenia among the Taurians 274– 276, 278, 279 Iphigenia at Aulis 280–283 Libation Bearers 294–301 Menelaus 315 Neoptolemus 338 Oedipus at Colonus 364 Orestes 375–380 Suppliants 450 Orestes (Euripides) 338, 375–381 Orion 184, 202, 381, 415 Orithyia (Oreithyia) 381 Orpheus and Eurydice 381–382, 382 Alcestis 53 Antigone 69 Georgics 177 Hades (god) 183 Hymen 245 Metamorphoses 318, 327–328 Muses 336 Persephone 391 Sirens 443 Thebaid 464 Orphic Hymns 382 Apollo 74 Ares 79 Artemis 84 Asclepius 87, 88 Dionysus 137 Hermes 220 Hygeia 244 Selene 434 Silenus 442 Ovid 382–383 See also Fasti; Metamorphoses Aeneid 25 Aeolus (1) 28 Apollo 75, 76 Ars Amatoria 83–84 Cephalus 114 Eos 156 Gigantomachy 178 Hera 203–204 Heracles 211, 212 Index 544 Hero and Leander 223 Heroides 224–232 Hymen 245 Hypsipyle 247 Iphis (2) and Anaxarete 286 Iphis (3) and Ianthe 286 Iris 286 Pasiphae 387 Theseus 490 P Palamedes 136, 384 Pan (Faunus) 75, 172, 332, 333, 384–385, 434, 457 Pandora 157, 202, 385–386, 421, 487, 517–518, 523 Parcae See Fates Paris (Alexander) 386 Achilleid 1–2, Agamemnon 32, 36 Hector 187 Helen 193, 194 Helen 194, 195, 197 Heroides 225, 228, 229, 232 Horace 242 Iliad 250–252 Iphigenia among the Taurians 277 Iphigenia at Aulis 280 Menelaus 315 Philoctetes 402 Trojan Women 502, 503, 505 Pasiphae 333–335, 387, 433 Patroclus (Patroklos) 387–388, 388 Achilleid Achilles Diomedes 136 Hector 188 Iliad 252–255, 259, 262–264 Odyssey 352, 354 Thebaid 477 Pausanias 388 Alpheus and Arethusa 56 Amphitrite 58 Amphitryon 59 Antiope (1) 71 Arcas 78 Attis 94 Cadmus 106, 107 Hippolytus 238 Sisyphus 443, 444 Tereus 460 Pegasus 103, 104, 117, 118, 388–389, 389 Peirithous See Pirithous Peleus 60–64, 112, 113, 264, 318, 327, 389–390, 512 Peloponnesian War 64, 197, 206, 284, 456, 491–492, 502 Pelops 31, 35, 390, 414 Penelope 390 Eos 156 Heroides 224 Odysseus 341, 342 Odyssey 344, 345, 348–351, 353, 354, 356, 357, 359 Telegonus 459 Tereus 460 Voyage of the Argonauts 513 Penthesilea 7, 56, 79, 390–391, 391 Pentheus 41, 51, 96– 101, 138, 265, 312, 472 Persephone (Prosperina, Kore) 391–392 Aphrodite 72 Demeter 132 Hades (god) 182–184 Hades (underworld) 184, 185 Metamorphoses 317 Orphic Hymns 382 Sirens 443 Sisyphus 444 Triptolemus 501 Perseus 93, 392–394, 393 Andromeda 65, 66 Atlas 93 Danae 128, 129 Gorgons 180 Graeae 181 Heracles 208, 209, 212 Metamorphoses 317 Persians 397 Persians (Aeschylus) 34, 394–401 Phaedra 73, 86, 224, 228–229, 234–239, 401–402, 490 Phaethon 157, 200, 317, 402, 521 Philoctetes 47, 48, 402, 402–408 Philoctetes (Sophocles) 338, 364, 402–408, 500 Philostratus 1, 58, 174, 175, 222, 264, 415–416, 521 Phineus 66, 104, 186, 408 Phoebe 165, 408–409 Phoenician Women (Euripides) 67, 409– 413, 472 Phrixus 12, 90, 265, 413, 511–512 Pierides 323, 413 Pindar 48, 87, 103, 338, 388–390, 413–414 Pirithous (Peirithous) 102, 113, 326, 414– 415, 490–491 Pleiades 92, 109–110, 304, 316, 381, 415 Pluto See Hades Polynices 415 Adrastus 12 Amphiaraus 57 Antigone 66, 67 Antigone 67–70 Eteocles 160 Oedipus at Colonus 361, 362, 364 Oedipus the King 371 Phoenician Women 409, 410, 412 Polynices 415 Seven against Thebes 435–437, 439, 440 Suppliant Women 454 Thebaid 461–463, 465–467, 469, 470, 474, 481 Polyphemus 415–417, 416 Cyclops 123–127 Galatea 175 Metamorphoses 320, 329 Odyssey 346, 353–355 Index Polyphemus 416, 417 Theocritus 485 Voyage of the Argonauts 512, 513 Polyxena 189, 190, 192, 417, 502–504 Pomona 318, 327, 417, 417–418, 509 Poseidon (Neptune) 418–419, 419 Achilleid Aeneas 13 Amphitrite 58 Danaus and Danaids 130 Demeter 132 Gigantomachy 178 Hades (god) 182 Iliad 251, 253, 255 Laocoon 292 Laomedon 293 Metamorphoses 318 Minos 333–334 Minotaur 335 Odyssey 343–345, 352 Pasiphae 387 Suppliants 449 Theseus 488–490 Triton 501, 502 Trojan Women 502–506 Zeus 522 Priam 419–420 Aeneid 16, 17 Agamemnon 36, 37, 39 Amazons 56 Hecuba 189–191, 193 Iliad 250, 256, 264 545 Neoptolemus 338 Odyssey 350 Procris 86, 114, 420 Prometheus 420–421 Chiron 117 Dialogues of the Gods 134 Epaphus 157 Epimetheus 157 Hephaestus 201, 202 Iapetus 248 Pandora 385 Prometheus Bound 421–427 Theogony 487, 488 Works and Days 517–518 Zeus 522, 523 Prometheus Bound 29, 265, 266, 421, 421– 427, 422 Propertius 244, 427, 509 Prosperina See Persephone Protesilaus 225, 231, 293, 427 Proteus 195–197, 199, 315, 427 Psyche 73, 78, 159, 160, 427–428 Pygmalion 134, 231, 327, 428 Pylades Electra 143–146, 149–152 Iphigenia 273 Iphigenia among the Taurians 274– 276, 278 Libation Bearers 295, 296, 299, 301 Orestes 374, 375 Orestes 376, 378– 380 Pyrrha See Deucalion and Pyrrha R Rhea 121, 182, 429, 521 Rome Aeneas 13–14 Catullus 110–113 Cronus 121–122 Ennius 155–156 Livy 302 Metamorphoses 330–332 Romulus 429–430 Romulus 23, 26, 60, 302, 330, 331, 429–430 S Sappho 224, 225, 431 Sarpedon 253–254, 260, 292, 431–432 satyrs 432 Scylla (1) 317, 334, 432–433 Scylla (2) 179, 318, 320, 347, 433, 433–434 Seasons See Horae Selene 155, 200, 434 Semele 10, 96, 137, 138, 204, 434–435, 522 Seneca the Younger 94, 240, 435 Seven against Thebes Adrastus 11 Capaneus 110 Creon (1) 120 Hypsipyle 247 Iphis (1) 286 Suppliant Women 452–457 Thebaid 460, 471, 472 Seven against Thebes (Aeschylus) 57, 66, 411, 435–441, 454, 482 Sileni 123, 172, 432, 441 Silenus 123–127, 142, 304–305, 332–333, 441, 442, 442–443 Sirens 347, 356, 443 Sisyphus 185, 443– 444, 458, 493, 494, 523 Sol See Helios Sophocles 444–445 See also Ajax; Antigone; Electra; Iphigenia at Aulis; Oedipus at Colonus; Oedipus the King; Trachiniae Euripides 167 Heracleidae 206 Libation Bearers 299 Neoptolemus 338 Sparta Andromache 60, 64 Helen 198 Heracleidae 207 Menelaus 315 Odyssey 345 Orestes 378 Persians 394 Suppliant Women 456 Sphinx 120, 360, 369– 370, 445, 445, 507 Statius 1–7, 446 See also Thebaid Styx 7, 18, 116, 184, 341, 446, 460 Index 546 Suppliants (Aeschylus) 130, 206, 439, 446–452 Suppliant Women (Euripides) 11, 12, 206, 452–457 Syrinx 385, 457 T Tantalus 458 Agamemnon 29 Agamemnon 31, 35 Clytaemnestra 119 Hades (underworld) 184–185 Orestes 375, 379 Pelops 390 Pindar 414 Sisyphus 444 Tityus 493, 494 Zeus 523 Tartarus 121, 287, 444, 458–459, 493, 521, 522 Telamon 46, 47, 198, 459, 512 Telegonus 343, 459 Telemachus 459–460 Iliad 261–262 Menelaus 315 Odysseus 341–343 Odyssey 344, 345, 347–349, 351– 354, 356 Palamedes 384 Tereus 460 Tethys 460 Thebaid (Statius) 3, 5– 7, 11–12, 57, 247, 440, 446, 460–484 Thebes Antigone 67–71 Ares 80 Bacchae 96–102 Cadmus 106–107 Creon (1) 120 Eteocles 160 Heracles 209 Heracles 215–220 Oedipus 359–360 Oedipus at Colonus 361, 365 Oedipus the King 365–372 Phoenician Women 409–413 Polynices 415 Seven against Thebes 435–441 Suppliant Women 453, 454, 456 Thebaid 460–484 Theia 484 Themis 165, 484 Theocritus 142, 174– 175, 213, 415–416, 484–485, 512 Theogony (Hesiod) 486–488 Amphitrite 58 Ares 79 Athena 90 Chimaera 116 Cronus 121 Echidna 141 Eos 156 Eros 158 Fates 172 Gaia 174 Graces 180–181 Hecate 187 Hesiod 232 Iris 286 Muses 336 Nereids 338 Nyx 340 Prometheus 420, 421 Sphinx 445 Styx 446 Works and Days 516–519 Zeus 522 Theseus 488–491, 489 Aegeus 12–13 Amazons 56 Ariadne 81, 82 Callimachus 108 Catullus 112 Daedalus 128 Dioscuri 139 Hades (god) 183 Helen 193 Heracles 215–220 Heroides 225, 228 Hippolytus 234 Hippolytus 235– 239 Metamorphoses 317–318, 326 Minos 334–335 Minotaur 335 Oedipus at Colonus 361–363, 365 Persephone 392 Phaedra 401 Pirithous 414–415 Suppliant Women 453–456 Thebaid 470, 483 Thetis 491 Achilleid 1–2, 4, 6, Achilles 7, Andromache 60–64 Catullus 112, 113 Dionysus 138 Hephaestus 201, 203 Iliad 250, 254 Metamorphoses 327 Peleus 389, 390 Styx 446 Zeus 522 Thucydides 491–492 Thyestes 13, 35, 41, 94, 153, 492 Tibullus 492 Tiresias 492–493 Achilleid Antigone 69, 70 Bacchae 96–97, 99, 101 Hades (underworld) 184 Odysseus 343 Odyssey 347, 352 Oedipus the King 366, 369–370 Phoenician Women 410, 412 Thebaid 463, 472, 474, 479 Titans 493 Atlas 92–94 Coeus 119–120 Crius 120–121 Cronus 121–122 Cyclopes 123 Dione 137 Gaia 174 Hades (underworld) 185 Hyperion 246 Iapetus 248 Metis 332 Mnemosyne 335–336 Oceanus 341 Phoebe 408–409 Rhea 429 Tethys 460 Theia 484 Themis 484 Theogony 487 Uranus 508 Tityus (Tityos) 493–494 Apollo 75, 77 Index Artemis 84, 87 Hades (underworld) 184, 185 Sisyphus 444 Tantalus 458 Zeus 523 Trachiniae (Sophocles) 158, 159, 214, 217, 245, 494–500 Triptolemus 132, 317, 501 Triton 418, 501–502 Trojan War Achilleid 1–2 Aeneid 15, 16, 19–21, 27, 28 Agamemnon 29– 31 Agamemnon 31–33, 35, 36, 38 Ajax 42 Amazons 56 Andromache 60 Andromache 63, 64 Apollo 75 Ares 79 Artemis 84–85 Athena 91 Cassandra 110 Diomedes 136– 137 Electra 147, 148 Glaucus (2) 179 Hector 187–188 Helen 193–194 Helen 197, 199 Iliad 249–264 Iphigenia among the Taurians 274, 277, 279–280 Iphigenia at Aulis 280–286 Laomedon 293 Metamorphoses 318, 328 547 Nestor 339 Odysseus 342 Odyssey 350, 351, 355 Orestes 374 Orestes 375, 380 Paris 386 Patroclus 387 Penthesilea 391 Persians 399 Philoctetes 402 Philoctetes 402– 405 Poseidon 418 Priam 419–420 Protesilaus 427 Sarpedon 431–432 Trojan Women 502–507 Trojan Women (Euripides) 88, 188– 189, 218, 245, 502–507 Turnus 14, 15, 20–22, 25, 26, 28, 330, 507 Twelve Labors Achelous Amazons 56 Antiope (2) 71 Atlas 92 Cacus 106 Cerberus 115 Charon 116 Chrysaor 118 Eurystheus 169 Hades (god) 183 Heracles 210–211, 213, 214 Heracles 215–218 Hesperides 233 Hydra of Lerna 243 Nemean Lion 338 Typhoeus 436, 439, 487–488, 507, 522 U Ulysses See Odysseus Uranus 508 Aphrodite 72 Cronus 121 Cyclopes 123 Furies 173 Gaia 174 giants 177 Prometheus Bound 425 Theogony 486–487 Titans 493 Zeus 522 V Venti See Anemoi Venus See Aphrodite Vertumnus 318, 327, 418, 509 Virgil 509–510 See also Aeneid; Eclogues; Georgics Voyage of the Argonauts (Apollonius) 510–515 Aeneid 26 Apollonius of Rhodes 77 Ariadne 81 Circe 118 Eros 158, 159 Heroides 229 Hylas 244 Hypsipyle 246, 247 Iris 286, 287 Jason 289–291 Medea 305–306 Metamorphoses 330 Phineus 408 Scylla (2) 433, 434 Sirens 443 Vulcan See Hephaestus W Works and Days (Hesiod) 104, 121, 232, 415, 487, 516–519 Z Zephyrus (Zephros, Zephyr) 76, 172, 340, 520, 520–521 Zeus (Jupiter, Jove) 521–524, 523 Actaeon 10 Aeneid 20, 22 Agamemnon 32, 35, 36 Amphitryon 59 Anchises 59 Antiope (1) 71 Ares 79 Argus 81 Asclepius 88 Athena 90 Baucis and Philemon 102–103 Callisto 108–109 Cronus 121 Danae 128, 129 Dionysus 138 Electra 148 Eumenides 164, 165 Europa 167, 168 Fates 172 Ganymede 175–176 Gigantomachy 178 Hades (god) 182 Hera 203–204 Heracles 208, 209 Heracles 216–217, 219 Hermes 222 Hypnos 246 Index 548 Iliad 250–256, 258, 260 Io 265–266 Ixion 287 Leda 293 Leto 294 Metamorphoses 324, 331–332 Metis 332 Muses 336 Pandora 385 Poseidon 418 Prometheus 420, 421 Prometheus Bound 422–426 Rhea 429 Sarpedon 432 Semele 434 Suppliants 447, 448, 452 Thebaid 461, 465, 467–469, 472, 473, 479, 482, 483 Theogony 487, 488 Trachiniae 499 Trojan Women 506 Typhoeus 507 Voyage of the Argonauts 512 Works and Days 516–518 [...]... Evander Evander agrees to the alliance and extends his hospitality to Aeneas As they are performing the rites of Heracles, Evander takes the occasion of the feast to give a colorful explanation of the origins of these rites They were in memory of Heracles’ killing of Cacus for having stolen his cattle Evander then offers a history of Latium from the earliest period and a tour of key sites of proto -Roman. .. son to avenge him, and Aegisthus was born of their union When he grew up, Aegisthus became Clytaemnestra’s lover and helped her to kill Agamemnon, son of Atreus Agamemnon’s son Orestes later killed Aegisthus Aeneas Trojan hero and founder of the Roman race Son of Venus (Aphrodite) and Anchises Father of Ascanius (also Iulus) Aeneas is the hero of Virgil’s Aeneid and one of the heroes of Homer’s Iliad... poet’s “final hand.” The poem, despite these minor flaws, is a masterpiece and constitutes Virgil’s most ambitious treatment of his central themes: violence and civilization, the immense labor of creating and sustaining human society, and the land of Italy itself as the site of violent struggle, idyllic habitation, exilic nostalgia, and agricultural toil At the opening of the third book of the Georgics,... mythology, a mythology intertwined with diverse places and traditions of the Italian mainland and Sicily, where Greek meets Roman, and Rome emerges out of a diversity of Italic peoples Such origins-stories, or etiologies, are not uncommon in GrecoRoman antiquity Typically ancient cities had stories of their founders and foundation narratives that they preserved and embroidered with great civic pride There is... Neptune and asks him to oppose the ship carrying Paris, robber and profaner of hospitality Neptune replies that the war between Greece and Troy has been ordained by Jupiter (see Zeus) and cannot be prevented: He consoles her with a prophecy of Achilles’ heroic career She conceives of another plan and seeks out the dwelling of Chiron, who has charge of Achilles Chiron eagerly runs to meet her and leads... religious dimensions Second, in adapting Roman historical legend to the epic form, he incorporates and assimilates within his poetic vision Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, Apollonius of Rhodes’s Voyage of the Argonauts, and the Annales of the Roman epic poet Ennius, to name only his most important models The task of writing the classic epic of Roman civilization near the end of the first century b.c.e was not... guide him on his journey: the portent of the white sow, the dangers of Scylla and Charybdis, the importance of offering prayers to Juno, the necessity of consulting the Sibyl of Cumae They then sail off, avoiding Charybdis and passing by Aetna; as they pass the island of the Cyclopes, they stop to rescue Achaemenides, a Greek who was stranded there when Ulysses’s crew left hastily They depart just in... Domitian, the successor to both his brother Titus and his father, Vespasian These ideas, however, must remain tentative and relatively undeveloped due to the unfinished state of Statius’s epic Achilles A Greek hero Son of Peleus, king of Phthia of Thessaly, and Thetis, a sea nymph and daughter of Neseus Achilles is the central character of Homer’s Iliad and Statius’s Achilleid Other sources include Apollodorus’s... criteria are at work in determining the inclusion and extent of literary entries: the importance of the work in literary terms and its relevance to our understanding of mythology xi The myths of the classical world may be classed among the richest legacies of Western civilization We hope that our reference work contributes to the understanding and enjoyment of these astonishing stories A 6 Achelous A... Minos and Rhadamanthys Aeetes A ruler of Colchis Son of Helios and Perseis (a sea nymph) Classical sources are Apollodorus’s Library (1.9.1, 1.9.23), Apollonius of Rhodes’s Voyage of the Argonauts (2.1,140– 4.240), Diodorus Siculus’s Library of History (4.45.1–49), Hesiod’s Theogony (956), Homer’s Odyssey (10.135), and Hyginus’s Fabulae (3, 12, 22, 23) Aeetes was the brother of Circe and Pasiphae and .. .encyclopedia of G re e k an d Roman Mythology Lu k e Rom a n a n d Mon ic a Rom a n Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman Mythology Copyright © 2010 by Luke Roman and Monica Roman All rights... imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Roman, Luke Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology / Luke Roman and Monica... designed to provide concise summaries of the major figures of classical mythology, and, at the same time, synopses and discussions of major works of Greek and Roman literature from the eighth century