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CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER III. CHAPTER IV. CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI. CHAPTER VII. CHAPTER VIII. CHAPTER IX. CHAPTER X. CHAPTER XI. CHAPTER XII. CHAPTER XIII. CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER III. CHAPTER IV. CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI. CHAPTER VII. CHAPTER VIII. CHAPTER IX. CHAPTER X. CHAPTER XI. CHAPTER XII. CHAPTER XIII. 1 Outlines of Greek and Roman Medicine, by James Sands Elliott This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Outlines of Greek and Roman Medicine Author: James Sands Elliott Release Date: May 5, 2007 [EBook #21325] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREEK AND ROMAN MEDICINE *** Produced by Suzanne Lybarger, LN Yaddanapudi, Brian Janes and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net OUTLINES OF GREEK AND ROMAN MEDICINE [Illustration: From Wellcome's Medical Diary (Copyright) By permission of Burroughs Wellcome & Co. ASKLEPIOS The ancient Greek Deity of Healing.] OUTLINES OF GREEK AND ROMAN MEDICINE BY JAMES SANDS ELLIOTT, M.D., Ch.B.(Edin.) Editor of the "New Zealand Medical Journal," Honorary Surgeon to the Wellington Hospital, New Zealand. Illustrated milford house inc. boston This Milford House edition is an unabridged republication of the edition of 1914. Published in 1971 by MILFORD HOUSE INC. Boston, Massachusetts Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 76-165987 Standard Book Number 0-87821-036-9 Printed in the U.S.A. TO MY FATHER Outlines of Greek and Roman Medicine, by 2 PREFACE. I was stimulated to write these Outlines of Greek and Roman Medicine by a recent sojourn in the south-eastern part of Europe. The name of the book defines, to some extent, its limitations, for my desire has been to give merely a general outline of the most important stages in the advancement of the healing art in the two Empires to which modern civilization is most deeply indebted. There are a few great works on the history of medicine by continental writers, such, for instance, as those by the German writers, Baas, Sprengel, and Puschmann, but, generally speaking, the subject has been much neglected. I cherish the hope that this little work may appeal to doctors, to medical students, and to those of the public who are interested in a narration of the progress of knowledge, and who realize that the investigation of the body in health and disease has been one of the most important features of human endeavour. The medical profession deserves censure for neglect of its own history, and pity 'tis that so many practitioners know nothing of the story of their art. For this reason many reputed discoveries are only re-discoveries; as Bacon wrote: "Medicine is a science which hath been, as we have said, more professed than laboured, and yet more laboured than advanced; the labour having been, in my judgment, rather in circle than in progression. For I find much iteration, and small progression." Of late years, however, the History of Medicine has been coming into its kingdom. Universities are establishing courses of lectures on the subject, and the Royal Society of Medicine recently instituted a historical section. The material I have used in this book has been gathered from many sources, and, as far as possible, references have been given, but I have sought for, and taken, information wherever it could best be found. As Montaigne wrote: "I have here only made a nosegay of culled flowers, and have brought nothing of my own but the thread that ties them together." I have to express my indebtedness to my friend, Mr. J. Scott Riddell, M.V.O., M.A., M.B., C.M., Senior Surgeon, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, for his great kindness in reading the proof-sheets, preparing the index and seeing this book through the press and so removing one of the difficulties which an author writing overseas has to encounter; also to my publishers for their courtesy and attention. JAMES SANDS ELLIOTT. Wellington, New Zealand. January 5, 1914. CONTENTS. PAGE Outlines of Greek and Roman Medicine, by 3 CHAPTER I. EARLY ROMAN MEDICINE. 1 Origin of Healing Temples Lectisternium Temple of Æsculapius Archagathus Domestic Medicine Greek Doctors Cloaca Maxima Aqueducts State of the early Empire CHAPTER I. 4 CHAPTER II. EARLY GREEK MEDICINE. 13 Apollo Æsculapius Temples Serpents Gods of Health Melampus Homer Machaon Podalarius Temples of Æsculapius Methods of Treatment Gymnasia Classification of Renouard Pythagoras Democedes Greek Philosophers CHAPTER II. 5 CHAPTER III. HIPPOCRATES. 25 His life and works His influence on Medicine CHAPTER III. 6 CHAPTER IV. PLATO, ARISTOTLE, THE SCHOOL OF ALEXANDRIA, AND EMPIRICISM. 39 Plato Aristotle Alexandrian School Its Origin Its Influence Lithotomy Herophilus Erasistratus Cleombrotus Chrysippos Anatomy Empiricism Serapion of Alexandria CHAPTER IV. 7 CHAPTER V. ROMAN MEDICINE AT THE END OF THE REPUBLIC AND THE BEGINNING OF THE EMPIRE. 51 Asclepiades of Prusa Themison of Laodicea Methodism Wounds of Julius Cæsar Systems of Philosophy State of the country Roman quacks Slaves and Freedmen Lucius Horatillavus CHAPTER V. 8 CHAPTER VI. IN THE REIGN OF THE CÆSARS TO THE DEATH OF NERO. 63 Augustus His illnesses Antonius Musa Mæcenas Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Seneca Astrology Archiater Women poisoners Oculists in Rome CHAPTER VI. 9 CHAPTER VII. PHYSICIANS FROM THE TIME OF AUGUSTUS TO THE DEATH OF NERO. 72 Celsus His life and works His influence on Medicine Meges of Sidon Apollonius of Tyana Alleged miracles Vettius Valleus Scribonius Longus Andromachus Thessalus of Tralles Pliny CHAPTER VII. 10 [...]... Bust of Æsculapius face p 13 " II. Hygeia, the Greek Deity of Health " 15 " III. Facade of Temple of Asklepios, restored (Delfrasse) " 18 " IV. Health Temple, restored (Caton) " 20 OUTLINES OF Greek and Roman Medicine 16 CHAPTER I 17 CHAPTER I EARLY ROMAN MEDICINE Origin of Healing Temples Lectisternium Temple of Æsculapius Archagathus Domestic Medicine Greek Doctors Cloaca Maxima Aqueducts State of. .. Alexandria a number of very learned men, who lived within its walls and were provided with salaries, the whole system closely resembling a university Grammar, prosody, mythology, astronomy and philosophy were studied, and great attention was given to the study of medicine Euclid was the teacher of Mathematics, and Hipparchus of Alexandria was the father of Astronomy The teaching of medicine and of astronomy... glorify their nationality, and their beliefs, their rites, and their superstitions, were all for the glory of mighty Rome Educated Romans were able to speak and write both Latin and Greek, and the latter language was the vehicle used by men of science and of letters The population of the city of Rome at the beginning of the Augustan age was not less than half a million of people, and probably exceeded this... project of making it the point of union of two, or rather of three worlds In a new city named after himself, Europe, Asia and Africa were to meet and hold communion." The School of Alexandria became, after the decay of Greek culture, the centre of learning for the world, and when the Empire of Alexander the Great was subdivided, the Egyptian share fell to the first Ptolemy, who, under the direction of Aristotle,... the island of Cos, made illustrious by the name of Hippocrates, it is strange to find that he has no fame now other than that of being regarded in the confused minds of the people as one of the numerous saints of the Greek Church.[6] "When," says Littré, "one searches into the history of medicine and the commencement of science, the first body of doctrine that one meets with is the collection of writings... practise medicine, but studied it as a branch of philosophy, and instead of observing and investigating, attempted to solve the problems of health and disease by intuition and speculation His conceptions were inaccurate and fantastic He elaborated the humoral pathology of Hippocrates The world, he thought, was composed of four elements: fire consisting of pyramidal, earth of cubical, air of octagonal, and. .. study of Nature; he attained the great honour of being the founder of the sciences of Comparative Anatomy and Natural History, and contributed largely to the medical knowledge of his time Aristotle went to Athens and became a follower of Plato, and the close companionship of these two great men lasted for twenty years At the age of 42, Aristotle was appointed by Philip of Macedon tutor to Alexander... idea of establishing public institutions for the relief of the sick and the poor did not enter the minds of the ancient Romans Before considering the state of the healing art throughout the period of the Roman Empire, it is necessary to devote the next chapters to a consideration of the rise and progress of medical science in Greece, for it cannot be too strongly emphasized that Roman philosophy and Roman. .. festival of Greek origin It was a time of prayer and sacrifice; the images of the gods were laid upon a couch, and a meal was spread on a table before them These festivals were repeated as occasion demanded, and the device of driving a nail into the temple of Jupiter to ward off "the pestilence that walketh in darkness," and "destruction that wasteth at noonday" was begun 360 B.C As evidence of the want of. .. BEGINNING OF THE EMPIRE Asclepiades of Prusa Themison of Laodicea Methodism Wounds of Julius Cæsar Systems of Philosophy State of the country Roman quacks Slaves and Freedmen Lucius Horatillavus Asclepiades of Prusa, in Bithynia, was a famous physician in Rome early in the first century before Christ He studied both rhetoric and medicine at Alexandria and at Athens He began as a teacher of rhetoric . Co. ASKLEPIOS The ancient Greek Deity of Healing.] OUTLINES OF GREEK AND ROMAN MEDICINE BY JAMES SANDS ELLIOTT, M.D., Ch.B.(Edin.) Editor of the "New Zealand Medical. " 20 OUTLINES OF Greek and Roman Medicine CHAPTER XIII. 16 CHAPTER I. EARLY ROMAN MEDICINE. Origin of Healing Temples Lectisternium Temple of Æsculapius