A dictionary of epidemiology

A Dictionary of Epidemiology This page intentionally left blank A Dictionary of Epidemiology Fifth Edition Edited for the International Epidemiological Association by Miquel Porta Professor of Preventive Medicine & Public Health School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Senior Scientist, Institut Municipal d’Investigació Mèdica Barcelona, Spain Adjunct Professor of Epidemiology, School of Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Associate Editors Sander Greenland John M Last 2008 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective excellence in research, scholarship, and education Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 1983, 1988, 1995, 2001, 2008 International Epidemiological Association, Inc Published by Oxford University Press, Inc 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup-usa.org All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press This edition was prepared with support from Esteve Foundation (Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain) (http://www.esteve.org) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A dictionary of epidemiology / edited for the International Epidemiological Association by Miquel Porta; associate editors, John M Last [et al.].—5th ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978–0-19–531449–6 ISBN 978–0-19–531450–2 (pbk.) Epidemiology—Dictionaries I Porta, Miquel– II International Epidemiological Association RA651.D553 2000 614.4′03—dc21 00–037504 246897531 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Foreword To write a dictionary in any scientific discipline is a risky endeavor, because scientists often disagree The nature of science is not to reach consensus but to advance our knowledge by bringing conflicting ideas to critical examinations That is true also for how we define the concepts we use No dictionary will ever be able to satisfy all, nor should it try to The aim of the International Epidemiological Association (IEA) in cosponsoring this dictionary in its more than 20 years’ history has been to facilitate communication among epidemiologists—to develop a “common language” to the extent that this is possible We need a common language when we write papers, teach, and communicate findings to the public This “common language” changes over time, as anybody can see by reading the successive editions of this dictionary The language changes because our understanding of the concepts changes over time and new research options bring forward new concepts From the IEA, we want to thank John Last for his tremendous achievements as editor of the dictionary, and we are happy to welcome Miquel Porta as the new editor Miquel has provided the smooth transition we were looking for, and we are pleased to see that he continues the tradition of collaborating with leading epidemiologists worldwide to get the best possible result Jørn Olsen, Neil Pearce, and Chitr Sitthi-Amorn Current, coming, and past presidents, International Epidemiological Association www.ieaweb.org v This page intentionally left blank Foreword to the Fourth Edition, 2001 If I had to limit my professional bookcase to a single volume, I would choose this dictionary With many new entries, updates, and other refinements in the fourth edition, the dictionary has grown from the original slim pocket book into a mature and substantial volume John Last and his collaborators must be congratulated for their extraordinary devotion and productivity over the past 20 years, from which epidemiologists around the world have benefited The dictionary’s authority stems from its international recognition It is an immediate source for students and practitioners to verify their understanding of the increasing number of technical words in epidemiologic practice It clarifies concepts that may not have been understood in class, fills many gaps in anyone’s education, and jogs the memory of near-forgotten terms It has no equal in the field of epidemiology The International Epidemiological Association is proud to have had such a long-standing association with the dictionary We all hope this relationship will continue indefinitely in the future, even though John Last, being mortal, will not He has set a high standard for his successors We are grateful that he has prepared the way so well to ensure that the dictionary remains of contemporary relevance in the coming decades Charles du V Florey President, 1999–2002 International Epidemiological Association www.ieaweb.org vii This page intentionally left blank Preface There was virtually no Google, and no Wikipedia then, seemingly centuries ago, when the previous edition of this dictionary came out in 2001 And of the respected dictionaries, very little was “posted on the Internet.” Hard to believe How did we manage, how could we ever have worked? But we did, we surely did: with open minds, critical sense, intellectual rigor No google or wiki or information technology (IT) whatsoever will change that The need to the epidemiological work with “that.” Now we have thousands of webs and wikis with millions of papers, definitions, and discussions regarding terms at our very fingertips Many are truly authoritative You’ll find them – some, selected – duly referenced at the end of this book Yes, we googled and used the Wikipedia, “surfed” and “visited” many remote, beautiful places To surf, to post whew, these terms will soon be obsolete, won’t they? We continue to seek and to find meaning: in PubMed/Medline, in online textbooks and websites Foremost, within the main dictionaries,1–3 which we read often while writing this new edition, and which I hope you will always use in case of doubt or simply to enrich the definitions that we offer here (See pages 265 and 273–289) At—and through—“places” such as HighWire, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SciELO, ProQuest, Synergy, ISI Web of knowledge, Google, Yahoo, Live Search what yesterday was an unthinkable utopia has become an “achievable utopia,” in many places actually achieved daily: the infinite library, and with it the unlimited dictionary too I wish Borges were alive to enjoy it, if not actually to see it, since he was blind So what sense does it make, to craft a dictionary? Simple: in a radically new way, the “IEA dictionary,” “Last’s dictionary” can be as relevant—or more so— as it has been before Because we have again, as always, critically listened and read, thought, discussed, and selected terms, meanings and definitions With “that”: open minds, critical sense, common sense, intellectual rigor, creativity, flexibility, craftsmanship And because nowadays, with more “noise” than ever in history, sifting, decanting—selection with “that”—is more valuable than ever before You will judge, but writing this dictionary confirmed to me that it was perfectly feasible to achieve a normative purpose and an informative one With help of the highest possible academic level from many colleagues (duly acknowledged later), I tried to integrate two approaches to dictionary making: expert-opinion-based prescription (to aid production) and corpus-based description (to aid decoding).395 Meanings of scientific terms need to be proposed —and may occasionally be imposed—on the basis of expert advice; yet experts ix 275 References 41 Porta M, Fernandez E, Bolúmar F The “bibliographic impact factor” and the still uncharted sociology of epidemiology Int J Epidemiol 2006; 35:1130–1135 42 Pike MC, Krailo MD, Henderson BE, et al “Hormonal” risk factors, “breast tissue age” and the age-incidence of breast cancer Nature 1983; 303:767–770 43 Khoury MJ, Little J, Gwinn M, Ioannidis JP On the synthesis and interpretation of consistent but weak gene-disease associations in the era of genome-wide association studies Int J Epidemiol 2007; 36:439–445 44 Tukey J Exploratory Data Analysis Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1977 45 Barker DJP Developmental origins of adult health and disease J Epidemiol Community Health 2004; 58:114–115 46 Burden of Disease Unit, Harvard School of Public Health www.hsph.harvard.edu/ organizations/bdu 47 World Health Organization Burden of Disease Project www.who.int/healthinfo/ bodproject/en 48 World Health Organization Environmental Burden of Disease Series www.who.int/ quantifying_ehimpacts/national/en/index.html 49 Soskolne CL, Andruchow JE, Racioppi F Developing, Conducting and Disseminating Epidemiological Research: From Theory to Practice (In English, Russian and Azeri) United Nations Development Programme (Azerbaijan), World Health Organization (European Centre for Environment and Health (Rome, Italy), and the University of Alberta (Edmonton, Canada), 2007 50 Wittes JT, Colton T, Sidel VW Capture-recapture methods for assessing the completeness of ascertainment when using multiple information sources J Chronic Dis 1974; 27:25–36 51 Hook EB, Regal RR Capture-recapture methods in epidemiology Methods and limitations Epidemiol Rev 1998; 17:243–264 52 Chin J, ed Control of Communicable Disease Manual 17th ed Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 2000 53 Kupper LL, McMichael AJ, Spirtas R A hybrid epidemiologic study design useful in estimating relative risk J Am Stat Assoc 1975; 70:524–528 54 Rosenbaum PR The case-only odds ratio as a causal parameter Biometrics 2004; 60: 233–240 55 Gillespie IA, O’Brien SJ, Frost JA, et al A Case-case comparison of campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni infection: A toll for generating hypotheses Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8:937–942 56 McCarthy N, Giesecke J Case-case comparison to study causation of common infectious diseases Int J Epidemiol 1999; 28:764–768 57 Giesecke J Modern Infectious Disease Epidemiology New York: Arnold, 2002 58 Maclure M, Mittleman MA Should we use a case-crossover design? 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Diana Petitti Sierra Madre, California, USA Aileen Plant Perth, Western Australia, Australia Miquel Porta Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain Zoran Radovanovic Safat, Kuwait and Belgrade, Yugoslavia Mati Rahu Tallinn, Estonia Gloria Ramirez Santiago de Chile, Chile Jose Rigau Atlanta, Georgia, USA Chris Rissell Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Ken Rothman Boston, Massachusetts, USA Contributors Michael Ryan... Illinois, USA Abby Lippman Montreal, Quebec, Canada Irvine Loudon Oxford, England, UK Shi Luyan Wuhan, China Johan Mackenbach Rotterdam, Netherlands Ahmid Mandil Dammam, Saudi Arabia Arturo Martí-Carvajal Valencia, Venezuela John McCallum Canberra, ACT, Australia Ian McDowell Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Contributors Robert McKeown Columbia, South Carolina, USA Rick McLean Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Tony... USA Maurice King Leeds, England, UK Tord Kjellström Auckland, New Zealand Dan Krewski Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Nino Künzli Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain Diana Kuh London, England, UK Chandrakant Lahariya, New Delhi, India Stephen Lambert Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Henk Lamberts Amsterdam, Netherlands Ron Laporte Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA John Last Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Diana Lauderdale Chicago,... Oakland, California, USA B Burt Gerstman San Jose, California, USA Alan Gibbs Manchester, England, UK Philippe Grandjean Odense, Denmark xxii Nicola Grandy Paris, France Sander Greenland Los Angeles, California, USA Duane Gubler Atlanta, Georgia, USA Charles Guest Canberra, ACT, Australia Tee Guidotti Washington, DC, USA Gordon Guyatt Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Philip Hall Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada... Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Bob Spasoff Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Hans Storm Copenhagen, Denmark David Streiner Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Ezra Susser New York, New York, USA Mervyn Susser New York, New York, USA Kazuo Tajima Nagoya, Japan José A Tapia Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA xxiv Michel Thuriaux Geneva, Switzerland Karen Trollope-Kumar Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Elena Tschishowa Berlin, Germany Jan Vandenbroucke... McMichael Canberra, Australia Curtis Meinert Baltimore, Maryland, USA Jaime Miranda London, England, UK David Moher Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Alfredo Morabia New York, New York, USA Salah Mostafa Cairo, Egypt Norman Noah London, England, UK Patricia O’Campo Baltimore, Maryland, USA Jørn Olsen Aarhus, Denmark Nigel Paneth Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Skip Payne Tiffin, Ohio, USA Neil Pearce Wellington, New Zealand... Anders Ahlbom Stockholm, Sweden Mohamed Farouk Allam Córdoba, Spain Álvaro Alonso Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Douglas Altman London, England, UK Janet Byron Anderson Rocky River, Ohio, USA Kunio Aoki Nagoya, Japan Haroutune Armenian Baltimore, Maryland, USA, and Yerevan, Armenia Mary Jane Ashley Toronto, Ontario, Canada John Bailar III Chicago, Illinois, USA Michael Baker Wellington, New Zealand Olga Basso... Bruce Ames and colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley See carcinogen Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 6 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA) A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contribution of categorical independent variables to the variance of the mean of a continuous dependent variable The observations are classified according to their categories for each of the independent variables,... Boniface London, England, UK Knut Borch-Johnsen Horsholm, Denmark Ric Bouvier Kew, Victoria, Australia Annette Braunack-Mayer Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Clive Brown Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago Ross Brownson St Louis, Missouri, USA Jim Butler Canberra, ACT, Australia Lee Caplan Atlanta, Georgia, USA Iain Chalmers Oxford, England, UK Yue Chen Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Bernard Choi Ottawa,... Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA Michael Wolfson Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Hiroshi Yanagawa Jiichi, Japan Kue Young Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada A Dictionary of Epidemiology This page intentionally left blank A ABATEMENT The process of reducing or minimizing public health dangers and nuisances, usually supported by regulation or legislation; e.g., noise abatement, pollution abatement ABC APPROACH ... Mackenbach Rotterdam, Netherlands Ahmid Mandil Dammam, Saudi Arabia Arturo Martí-Carvajal Valencia, Venezuela John McCallum Canberra, ACT, Australia Ian McDowell Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Contributors... Porta Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain Zoran Radovanovic Safat, Kuwait and Belgrade, Yugoslavia Mati Rahu Tallinn, Estonia Gloria Ramirez Santiago de Chile, Chile Jose Rigau Atlanta, Georgia, USA Chris... Australia, Australia Alan Hinman Decatur, Georgia, USA Walter Holland London, England, UK Mar a- Graciela Hollm-Delgado Montreal, Quebec, Canada D’Arcy Holman Perth, Western Australia, Australia Ernest