Industrial management

INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT I unitIntroduction : Concept, Development, application and scope of Industrial Management Productivity : Definition, measurement, productivity index, types of production system, Industrial Ownership MANAGEMENT – Traditional Author says that management is an art of getting things done through people where as modern authors says that management is a process of accomplishing certain objectives through the utilization of human and other resource MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS PLANNING ORAGANISING DIRECTING STAFFING IMPORTANCE OF MANAGEMENT        For the accomplishment of the goals For effective utilization of the resources Sound Organization Providing vision &Foresight For the harmony in work To help employees in achieving personal objective Development of the society and nation INDUSTRIAL MANGEMENT   Industrial management is now a branch of engineering which facilitates creation of management system and integrates same with people and their activities to utilize the resources Industrial management is structured approach to mange the operational activities of the organization SCOPE OF INDUSTRIAL MANGEMENT Related to Designing of the production system.(see notes) Relating to analysis & control of production operation.(see notes) APPLICATION OF THE INDUSTRIAL MANGEMNT Planning Function  For Designing Conversion System  For Scheduling Conversion System Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal Organizing Function  Organizing for conversion  Structuring of Operation Staffing  Job & Work Design  For Production & Operation Standard  For Payment system Controlling Function  Quality  Quantity  Time  Inventory  Cost  Maintenance PRODUCTIVITY Production is transformation of inputs into the output of commodity in a specific period of time with the given technology Production implies the creation of form, place and time utilities of different usable commodities and service Productivity measures the efficiency of the production system Or productivity may be defined as ratio between output and input Output means the amount produced or the number of items produced Input are the various sources employed like land Building, equipment, machinery, material, labor, etc Output Productivity = Input PRODUCTIVITY INDEX Performance Achieved (Effectiveness) PRODUCTIVITY INDEX= Input Resources Consumed (Efficiency)   Efficiency is the ratio of actual output attained to the standard expected output It measures of how well the resources are utilized to accomplish the target or result Effectiveness is the degree of accomplishing the objectives Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal Production System The production system can be viewed as a framework or skeleton of activities within which the creation of value can occur The difference between the value of input and the value of output represent the value created through production activities At the one end of the production system are the input and at the other end are output Connecting the input and output are a series of operations or processes, storage and inspections represent the simplified production system PRODUCTION SYSTEM Input Receiving Reports Row material Inventory Reports Operation - Schedules Production Manager Operation – Operation – Final inspection Finished goods storage Output Route Sheets Production Reports Time and Cost Record Inspection Reports Inventory Reports Shipping Orders INPUT OUTPUT MODEL (ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION SYSTEM)      It is one of the basic models of the production system Production system is the set of interconnected input output element It is made up of three component parts namely – Input, Output and Process A wide variety of inputs are transformed so that they give out a set of output The transforming process can be complicated and the design of an actual input and output system for manufacturing may be expensive and difficult Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal MATERIAL PLANT & MEN GOODES & SERVICES FACILITIES ENERGY INPUT INPUT PRODUTION PROCESS PRODUTION PROCESS OUTPUT OUTPUT Purpose to Increase Productivity: FOR MANAGEMENT     To produce good earning (profit) To clear the debt or loans acquired from different sources To sell more To stand better in the market FOR WORKERS     HIGHER WAGES Better Working Conditions Higher standard of living Job Security and Satisfaction FOR CUSTOMER  To reduced price of the article Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal INDUSTRIAL OWNER SHIP Sole Proprietorship State & Central Govt Partnership Joint Stock Company Co – operative Organization Sole Proprietorship Sole Proprietorship is that form of Industrial ownership in which Individual Exercise & enjoy all rights related to business in his own interest Merits –     Easy Formation Easy to Operate Secrecy Simplicity Demerits     Limited Resources Lack of Continuity Unlimited Liability Limited Managerial Ability Partnership Partnership may be defined as the relation between person who has agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all Merits      Legal Entity Risk Sharing More Funds Continuity Mutual Agency Demerits  Unlimited Liability Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal    Limited Resources Possibility Of Conflict Lack of Public Interest Joint Stock Company A joint stock Company means an association of several people who contributed money or moneys worth to a joint or common stock & employ it in same business & share among themselves the profit or loss arising from it Merits      Limited Liability Transfer of Interest Perpetual Existence Scope for Management Professional Management Demerits      Complexity in Formation Lack of Secrecy Impersonal Work Environment Numerous Regulation Delay In Decision Making Co – Operative Undertaking The Co – Operative society is voluntary association of person, who join together with the motive of welfare of the members and society Merits      Limited liability Economy in Operation Support From Government Stable Existence Ease of Formation Demerits      Limited Resources Inefficiency in Management Lack Of Secrecy Government Control Difference Of Opinion Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal II unitManagement Function : Principles of Management- Management Tools – time and motion study, work simplificationprocess charts and flow diagrams, Production Planning, Specification of Production requirements Management Function: Management Management is generic Management principles are general rather than specific to a type of firm or organization However, management is universal only if the manager has become familiar with the specific situation in which it is applied Production technology, customer characteristics and the culture of the industry are examples of specifics that managers need to learn to be effective in applying their generic management skills Management is creative problem solving This creative problem solving is accomplished through four functions of management: planning, organizing, leading and controlling The intended result is the use of an organization's resources in a way that accomplishes its mission and objectives Planning is the ongoing process of developing the business' mission and objectives and determining how they will be accomplished Planning includes both the broadest view of the organization, e.g., its mission, and the narrowest, e.g., a tactic for accomplishing a specific goal Organizing is establishing the internal organizational structure of the organization The focus is on division, coordination, and control of tasks and the flow of information within the organization It is in this function that managers distribute authority to job holders Staffing is filling and keeping filled with qualified people all positions in the business Recruiting, hiring, training, evaluating and compensating are the specific activities included in the function In the family business, staffing includes all paid and unpaid positions held by family members including the owner/operators Directing is influencing people's behavior through motivation, communication, group dynamics, leadership and discipline The purpose of directing is to channel the behavior of all personnel to accomplish the organization's mission and objectives while simultaneously helping them accomplish their own career objectives Controlling is a four-step process of establishing performance standards based on the firm's objectives, measuring and reporting actual performance, comparing the two, and taking corrective or preventive action as necessary The American Luther Gulick and Brit Lydnall Urwick expanded Fayol's list to seven executive management activities summarized by the acronym POSDCORB:        planning: determine objectives in advance and the methods to achieve them; organizing: establish a structure of authority for all work; staffing: recruit, hire and train workers; maintain favourable working conditions; directing: make decisions, issue orders and directives; coordinating: interrelate all sectors of the organisation; reporting: inform hierarchy through reports, records and inspections; budgeting: depend on fiscal planning, accounting and control Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal Each of these functions involves creative problem solving (Figure 4.2 from Higgins, page 118) Creative problem solving is broader than problem finding, choice making or decision making It extends from analysis of the environment within which the business is functioning to evaluation of the outcomes from the alternative implemented Henri Fayol, the father of the school of Systematic Management, was motivated to create a theoretical foundation for a managerial educational program based on his experience as a successful managing director of a mining company In his day, managers had no formal training and he observed that the increasing complexity of organisations would require more professional management Principles of Management A principle refers to a fundamental truth It establishes cause and effect relationship between two or more variables under given situation They serve as a guide to thought & actions Therefore, management principles are the statements of fundamental truth based on logic which provides guidelines for managerial decision making and actions These principles are derived: a On the basis of observation and analysis i.e practical experience of managers b By conducting experimental studies There are 14 Principles of Management described by Henri Fayol Division of Labor a Henry Fayol has stressed on the specialization of jobs b He recommended that work of all kinds must be divided & subdivided and allotted to various persons according to their expertise in a particular area c Subdivision of work makes it simpler and results in efficiency d It also helps the individual in acquiring speed, accuracy in his performance e Specialization leads to efficiency & economy in spheres of business Party of Authority & Responsibility a Authority & responsibility are co-existing b If authority is given to a person, he should also be made responsible c In a same way, if anyone is made responsible for any job, he should also have concerned authority d Authority refers to the right of superiors to get exactness from their sub-ordinates whereas responsibility means obligation for the performance of the job assigned e There should be a balance between the two i.e they must go hand in hand f Authority without responsibility leads to irresponsible behavior whereas responsibility without authority makes the person ineffective Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal Principle of One Boss a A sub-ordinate should receive orders and be accountable to one and only one boss at a time b In other words, a sub-ordinate should not receive instructions from more than one person because - It undermines authority Weakens discipline Divides loyalty Creates confusion Delays and chaos Escaping responsibilities Duplication of work Overlapping of efforts c Therefore, dual sub-ordination should be avoided unless and until it is absolutely essential d Unity of command provides the enterprise a disciplined, stable & orderly existence e It creates harmonious relationship between superiors and sub-ordinates Unity of Direction a Fayol advocates one head one plan which means that there should be one plan for a group of activities having similar objectives b Related activities should be grouped together There should be one plan of action for them and they should be under the charge of a particular manager c According to this principle, efforts of all the members of the organization should be directed towards common goal d Without unity of direction, unity of action cannot be achieved e In fact, unity of command is not possible without unity of direction Basis Unity of command Unity of direction Meaning It implies that a sub-ordinate should receive orders & instructions from only one boss It means one head, one plan for a group of activities having similar objectives Nature It is related to the functioning of personnel’s It is related to the functioning departments, or organization as a whole Necessity It is necessary for fixing responsibility of each subordinates It is necessary for sound organization Advantage It avoids conflicts, confusion & chaos It avoids duplication of efforts and wastage Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal of of resources Result It leads to relationship better superior sub-ordinate It leads to smooth running of the enterprise Therefore it is obvious that they are different from each other but they are dependent on each other i.e unity of direction is a pre-requisite for unity of command But it does not automatically comes from the unity of direction Equity a Equity means combination of fairness, kindness & justice b The employees should be treated with kindness & equity if devotion is expected of them c It implies that managers should be fair and impartial while dealing with the subordinates d They should give similar treatment to people of similar position e They should not discriminate with respect to age, caste, sex, religion, relation etc f Equity is essential to create and maintain cordial relations between the managers and subordinate g But equity does not mean total absence of harshness h Fayol was of opinion that, “at times force and harshness might become necessary for the sake of equity” Order a This principle is concerned with proper & systematic arrangement of things and people b Arrangement of things is called material order and placement of people is called social order c Material order- There should be safe, appropriate and specific place for every article and every place to be effectively used for specific activity and commodity d Social order- Selection and appointment of most suitable person on the suitable job There should be a specific place for every one and everyone should have a specific place so that they can easily be contacted whenever need arises Discipline a According to Fayol, “Discipline means sincerity, obedience, respect of authority & observance of rules and regulations of the enterprise” b This principle applies that subordinate should respect their superiors and obey their order c It is an important requisite for smooth running of the enterprise d Discipline is not only required on path of subordinates but also on the part of management e Discipline can be enforced if - There are good superiors at all levels - There are clear & fair agreements with workers - Sanctions (punishments) are judiciously applied Initiative a Workers should be encouraged to take initiative in the work assigned to them b It means eagerness to initiate actions without being asked to so Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal levels of nitrogen dioxide These and a number of other hazardous air pollutants are emitted with the various numbers of activities that we carry out during the day which are the main causes of air pollution Factory Chimneys Home Furnaces Burning Refuse Burning fuel for light Heat, power and transportation, Gaseous emissions from automobiles Effects of Air Pollution:  Irritation of eyes, nose, mouth and throat  Reduced lung functioning  Asthma attacks  Respiratory symptoms such as coughing and wheezing  Increased respiratory disease such as bronchitis  Reduced energy levels  Headaches and dizziness  Disruption of endocrine, reproductive and immune systems  Neurobehavioral disorders  Cardiovascular problems  Cancer  Premature death  Air pollution is responsible for Visibility reduction produced by the scattering of light from the surfaces of air-borne particles  Material Damage to structural metals, surface coatings, fabrics and other materials is a frequent and widespread effect of air pollution  Air pollution is also responsible for Agricultural damage A large number of food, forage and crops have been shown to be damaged by air pollutants  Physiological effects on Man and Domestic Animals like lung carcinoma, optic irritation, changes in blood chemistry etc  Psychological Effects  Many diseases could be caused by air pollution without their becoming apparent for a long time Diseases such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and heart disease may all eventually appear in people exposed to air pollution  Air pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide also have harmful effects on natural ecosystems They can kill plants and trees by destroying their leaves, and can kill animals, especially fish in highly polluted rivers Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal Prevention of Air Pollution  Carpool- This will help to reduce the number of vehicles on the already congested roads  Always keep your car tuned properly so that it remains in a good condition  Save energy- Try to use minimum amounts of natural gas and even electricity Whenever possible, avoid      the use of air conditioner and use a fan instead Always buy recycled products Reuse things such as paper and plastic bags, paper etc This will contribute a lot towards reducing the effects of air pollution and global warming Avoid the use of firecrackers You don’t really need it to express your feeling of happiness Go in for water-based paints instead of varnishes If you really cannot avoid using your car, plan your work systematically to reduce air pollution Water pollution It may be defined as something that adversely and unreasonably impairs the beneficial use of water It includes addition of anything to water which changes the natural quality of water so that the downstream user does not receive the natural water of the stream Water pollution may also be defined as the addition to a natural body of water of any material which diminishes the optimal economic use of the water by the population which it serves Classification of Water Pollutants These may be classified into the following categories: A Chemical Pollutants These may be organic and inorganic pollutants The major consideration with respect to organic materials is the depletion of dissolved oxygen Oil will form surface films, phenols will affect the taste and odor of water and refractory organics will cause death of fish and other aquatic life Undesirable results from the discharge of inorganic materials include changes in the PH of the water caused by soluble salts and toxicity caused by heavy metals or other toxic materials B Physical Pollutants These include the following: (a) Color (b) Turbidity (c) Temperature (d) Suspended Solids (e) Foam (f) Radio-Activity C Physiological Pollutants Undesirable taste and odor present in water used for drinking or food processing is objectionable to the consumer Taste and odor of water can easily change if chlorophenols is present in it, even in every small quantities D Biological Pollutants Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal The single most important process in the water treatment plant is disinfections, which helps insure the absence of pathogenic organisms in the drinking water These pollutants cause bacterial bone diseases, amoebic dysentery, cholera etc E Radioactive Pollutants The discharge of radioactive waste material into a receiving body Other Water pollutants include insecticides and herbicides, food processing waste, pollutants from livestock operations, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metals, chemical waste and others ADDITIONAL FORMS OF WATER POLLUTION Three last forms of water pollution exist in the forms of petroleum, radioactive substances, and heat Petroleum often pollutes waterbodies in the form of oil, resulting from oil spills The previously mentioned Exxon Valdez is an example of this type of water pollution These large-scale accidental discharges of petroleum are an important cause of pollution along shore lines Besides the supertankers, off-shore drilling operations contribute a large share of pollution One estimate is that one ton of oil is spilled for every million tons of oil transported This is equal to about 0.0001 percent Radioactive substances are produced in the form of waste from nuclear power plants, and from the industrial, medical, and scientific use of radioactive materials Specific forms of waste are uranium and thorium mining and refining The last form of water pollution is heat Heat is a pollutant because increased temperatures result in the deaths of many aquatic organisms These decreases in temperatures are caused when a discharge of cooling water by factories and power plants occurs Causes of Water Pollution Farmers often use chemicals to hinder bug infestations or other diseases from damaging or ruining their crops They may also use chemicals to enhance the growth of their crops Either way, these chemicals seep into the ground water or run off into lakes, creeks, or rivers, causing water pollution Farmland that is irrigated and treated with chemicals in the form of fertilizers or pesticides is a major contributor to water pollution Industrial processes produce toxic waste containing heavy metals When heavy metals filter into water, they are fatal to marine life Shellfish and fresh fish are staple menu items for people around the world Humans are affected by the heavy metals ingested by the fish and shellfish, causing health problems and sometimes death The heavy metals in water have also been linked to severe birth defects, a damaged or suppressed immune system, cancer, fertility problems, and developmental problems in children The construction industry is also at fault for contaminating our water resources with cement, lubricants, plastics and metals Rivers and lakes are also polluted from heavy silt or sediment run-off from construction sites Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal Wastewater Treatment Raw sewage includes waste from sinks, toilets, and industrial processes Treatment of the sewage is required before it can be safely buried, used, or released back into local water systems In a treatment plant, the waste is passed through a series of screens, chambers, and chemical processes to reduce its bulk and toxicity The three general phases of treatment are primary, secondary, and tertiary During primary treatment, a large percentage of the suspended solids and inorganic material is removed from the sewage The focus of secondary treatment is reducing organic material by accelerating natural biological processes Tertiary treatment is necessary when the water will be reused; 99 percent of solids are removed and various chemical processes are used to ensure the water is as free from impurity as possible Agriculture, including commercial livestock and poultry farming, is the source of many organic and inorganic pollutants in surface waters and groundwater These contaminants include both sediment from erosion cropland and compounds of phosphorus and nitrogen that partly originate in animal wastes and commercial fertilizers Animal wastes are high in oxygen demanding material, nitrogen and phosphorus, and they often harbor pathogenic organisms Wastes from commercial feeders are contained and disposed of on land; their main threat to natural waters, therefore, is from runoff and leaching Control may involve settling basins for liquids, limited biological treatment in aerobic or anaerobic lagoons, and a variety of other methods Sources of Water Pollution  Domestic Life  Industry  Agriculture  Wildlife Watering  Propagation of Fish and other aquatic life  Swimming and bathing pools Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal  Boating poands/lakes  Water power generation  Transport etc Major Effects of Water Pollution The effects of water pollution are numerous (as seen above) Some water pollution effects are recognized immediately, whereas others don’t show up for months or years Additional effects of water pollution include: 1) The food chain is damaged When toxins are in the water, the toxins travel from the water the animals drink to humans when the animals’ meat is eaten 2) Diseases can spread via polluted water Infectious diseases such as typhoid and cholera can be contracted from drinking contaminated water This is called microbial water pollution The human heart and kidneys can be adversely affected if polluted water is consumed regularly Other health problems associated with polluted water are poor blood circulation, skin lesions, vomiting, and damage to the nervous system In fact, the effects of water pollution are said to be the leading cause of death for humans across the globe 3) Acid rain contains sulfate particles, which can harm fish or plant life in lakes and rivers 4) Pollutants in the water will alter the overall chemistry of the water, causing changes in acidity, temperature and conductivity These factors all have an affect on the marine life 5) Marine food sources are contaminated or eliminated by water pollution 6) Altered water temperatures (due to human actions) can kill the marine life and affect the delicate ecological balance in bodies of water, especially lakes and rivers Water pollution effects have a huge impact on our environment and health The delicate balance between nature and humans can be protected, but it will take efforts on all fronts to prevent and eliminate water pollution locally and globally Other Effects: Waterborne diseases caused by polluted drinking water:  Typhoid  Amoebiasis  Giardiasis  Ascariasis  Hookworm Waterborne diseases caused by polluted beach water:  Rashes, ear ache, pink eye  Respiratory infections Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal  Hepatitis, encephalitis, gastroenteritis, diarrhoea, vomiting, and stomach aches Conditions related to water polluted by chemicals (such as pesticides, hydrocarbons, persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals etc):  Cancer, incl prostate cancer and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma  Hormonal problems that can disrupt reproductive and developmental processes  Damage to the nervous system  Liver and kidney damage  Damage to the DNA  Exposure to mercury (heavy metal): o In the womb: may cause neurological problems including slower reflexes, learning deficits, delayed or incomplete mental development, autism and brain damage o In adults: Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, and even death Other notes: The effects of water pollution are far-reaching and affect not only the environment, but human beings and animals as well Water pollution affects our oceans, lakes, rivers, and drinking water, making it a widespread and global concern Numerous diseases, health problems, and even fatalities have been associated with water pollution Water is considered polluted when chemicals, pathogens, or contaminants are detected Human beings have the most crucial impact on our water resources They also have the ability to control or eliminate water pollution  Water pollution may also result from interactions between water and contaminated soil, as well as from deposition of air contaminants (such as acid rain)  Damage to people may be caused by fish foods coming from polluted water (a well known example is high mercury levels in fish)  Damage to people may be caused by vegetable crops grown / washed with polluted water (author’s own conclusion) Soil contamination Some soil pollutants are: hydrocarbons, solvents and heavy metals Causes cancers including leukaemia  Lead in soil is especially hazardous for young children causing developmental damage to the brain  Mercury can increase the risk of kidney damage; cyclodienes can lead to liver toxicity  Causes neuromuscular blockage as well as depression of the central nervous system  Also causes headaches, nausea, fatigue, eye irritation and skin rash Other notes: Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal  Contact with contaminated soil may be direct (from using parks, schools etc) or indirect (by inhaling soil contaminants which have vaporized)  Soil contamination may also result from secondary contamination of water supplies and from deposition of air contaminants (for example, via acid rain)  Contamination of crops grown in polluted soil brings up problems with food security  Since it is closely linked to water pollution, many effects of soil contamination appear to be similar to the ones caused by water contamination Land Pollution Land pollution basically is about contaminating the land surface of the Earth through dumping urban waste matter indiscriminately, dumping of industrial waste, mineral exploitation, and misusing the soil by harmful agricultural practices Land pollution includes visible litter and waste along with the soil itself being polluted The soil gets polluted by the chemicals in pesticides and herbicides used for agricultural purposes along with waste matter being littered in urban areas such as roads, parks, and streets Land Pollution Comprises Of: Solid Waste and Soil Pollution Solid Waste: Semisolid or solid matter that are created by human or animal activities, and which are disposed because they are hazardous or useless are known as solid waste Most of the solid wastes, like paper, plastic containers, bottles, cans, and even used cars and electronic goods are not biodegradable, which means they not get broken down through inorganic or organic processes Thus, when they accumulate they pose a health threat to people, plus, decaying wastes also attract household pests and result in urban areas becoming unhealthy, dirty, and unsightly places to reside in Moreover, it also causes damage to terrestrial organisms, while also reducing the uses of the land for other, more useful purposes Some of the sources of solid waste that cause land pollution are: Wastes from Agriculture: This comprises of waste matter produced by crop, animal manure, and farm residues Wastes from Mining: Piles of coal refuse and heaps of slag Wastes from Industries: Industrial waste matter that can cause land pollution can include paints, chemicals, and so on Solids from Sewage Treatment: Wastes that are left over after sewage has been treated, biomass sludge, and settled solids Ashes: The residual matter that remains after solid fuels are burned Garbage: This comprises of waste matter from food that are decomposable and other waste matter that are not decomposable such as glass, metal, cloth, plastic, wood, paper, and so on Soil Pollution: Soil pollution is chiefly caused by chemicals in pesticides, such as poisons that are used to kill agricultural pests like insects and herbicides that are used to get rid of weeds Hence, soil pollution results from:   Unhealthy methods of soil management Harmful practices of irrigation methods Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal Land pollution is caused by farms because they allow manure to collect, which leaches into the nearby land areas Chemicals that are used for purposes like sheep dipping also cause serious land pollution as diesel oil spillages What are the Consequences of Land Pollution? Land pollution can affect wildlife, plants, and humans in a number of ways, such as:     Cause problems in the respiratory system Cause problems on the skin Lead to birth defects Cause various kinds of cancers The toxic materials that pollute the soil can get into the human body directly by:     Coming into contact with the skin Being washed into water sources like reservoirs and rivers Eating fruits and vegetables that have been grown in polluted soil Breathing in polluted dust or particles How can Land Pollution be prevented?      People should be educated and made aware about the harmful effects of littering Items used for domestic purposes ought to be reused or recycled Personal litter should be disposed properly Organic waste matter should be disposed in areas that are far away from residential places Inorganic matter such as paper, plastic, glass and metals should be reclaimed and then recycled Noise Pollution Definition: The present generation and the coming generations have to solve three grave problems, namely, population poverty and pollution if they have to survive Pollution being the most dangerous problem likes cancer in which death is sure but slow Environment pollution is assuming dangerous proportions all through the globe and India is not free from this poisonous disease This is the gift of modern living, industrialization and urbanization Unless timely action is taken we have a forbid and bleak future for the world The word noise is derived from the Latin term nausea It has been defined as unwanted sound, a potential hazard to health and communication dumped into the environment with regard to the adverse effect it may have on unwilling ears Noise is defined as unwanted sound Sound, which pleases the listeners, is music and that which causes pain and annoyance is noise At times, what is music for some can be noise for others Section (a) of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 includes noise in the definition of ‘air pollutant’ Section 2(a) air pollution means any solid, liquid or gaseous substance including noise present in the atmosphere such concentration as may be or tent to injurious to human beings or other living creatures or plants or property or environment According to Encyclopedia Britannica: In acoustic noise is defined as any undesired sound Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal Noise- a sound; a harsh disagreeable sound, or such sound; a din Pollution- an excessive or annoying degree of noise in a particular area, e.g from traffic or aero plane engines Noise can be described as sound without agreeable musical quality or as an unwanted or undesired sound Thus noise can be taken as a group of laud, non harmonious sounds or vibrations that are unpleasant and irritating to ear Measurement: A decibel is the standard for the measurement of noise The zero on a decibel scale is at the threshold of hearing, the lowest sound pressure that can be heard, on the scale acc To smith, 20 db is whisper, 40 db the noise in a quiet office 60 db is normal conversation, 80 db is the level at which sound becomes physically painful The Noise quantum of some of the cities in our country indicate their pitch in decibel in the nosiest areas of corresponding cities, e.g Delhi- 80 db, Kolkata - 87,Bombay-85, Chennai-89 db etc Sources of Noise Pollution: Noise pollution like other pollutants is also a by1 Product of industrialization, Urbanizations and Modern civilization Broadly speaking, the noise pollution has two sources, i.e industrial and non- industrial The industrial source includes the noise from various industries and big machines working at a very high speed and high noise intensity Non- industrial source of noise includes the noise created by transport/vehicular traffic and the neighborhood noise generated by various noise pollution can also be divided in the categories, namely, natural and manmade Most leading noise sources will fall into the following categories: roads traffic, aircraft, railroads, construction, industry, noise in buildings, and consumer products Road Traffic Noise: In the city, the main sources of traffic noise are the motors and exhaust system of autos , smaller trucks, buses, and motorcycles This type of noise can be augmented by narrow streets and tall buildings, which produce a canyon in which traffic noise reverberates Air Craft Noise: Now-a-days , the problem of low flying military aircraft has added a new dimension to community annoyance, as the nation seeks to improve its nap-of the- earth aircraft operations over national parks, wilderness areas , and other areas previously unaffected by aircraft noise has claimed national attention over recent years Noise from railroads: The noise from locomotive engines, horns and whistles, and switching and shunting operation in rail yards can impact neighboring communities and railroad workers For example, rail car retarders can produce a high frequency, high level screech that can reach peak levels of 120 dB at a distance of 100 feet, which translates to levels as high as 138, or 140 dB at the railroad worker’s ear Construction Noise: The noise from the construction of highways, city streets, and buildings is a major contributor to the urban scene Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal Construction noise sources include pneumatic hammers, air compressors, bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks (and their back-up signals), and pavement breakers Noise in Industry: Although industrial noise is one of the less prevalent community noise problems, neighbors of noisy manufacturing plants can be disturbed by sources such as fans, motors, and compressors mounted on the outside of buildings Interior noise can also be transmitted to the community through open windows and doors, and even through building walls These interior noise sources have significant impacts on industrial workers, among whom noise- induced hearing loss is unfortunately common Noise in building: Apartment dwellers are often annoyed by noise in their homes, especially when the building is not well designed and constructed In this case, internal building noise from plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners, and fans, can be audible and annoying Improperly insulated walls and ceilings can reveal the soundof-amplified music, voices, footfalls and noisy activities from neighboring units External noise from emergency vehicles, traffic, refuse collection, and other city noises can be a problem for urban residents, especially when windows are open or insufficiently glazed Noise from Consumer products:Certain household equipment, such as vacuum cleaners and some kitchen appliances have been and continue to be noisemakers, although their contribution to the daily noise dose is usually not very large Harmful Effects of Noise Pollution: On Human Being, Animal and Property: Noise has always been with the human civilization but it was never so obvious, so intense, so varied & so pervasive as it is seen in the last of this century Noise pollution makes men more irritable The effect of noise pollution is multifaceted & inter related The effects of Noise Pollution on Human Being, Animal and property are as follows: I It decreases the efficiency of a man:- Regarding the impact of noise on human efficiency there are number of experiments which print out the fact that human efficiency increases with noise reduction A study by Sinha & Sinha in India suggested that reducing industrial booths could improve the quality of their work Thus human efficiency is related with noise II Lack of concentration:- For better quality of work there should be concentration , Noise causes lack of concentration In big cities , mostly all the offices are on main road The noise of traffic or the loud speakers of different types of horns divert the attention of the people working in offices III Fatigue:- Because of Noise Pollution, people cannot concentrate on their work Thus they have to give their more time for completing the work and they feel tiring IV Abortion is caused: - There should be cool and calm atmosphere during the pregnancy Unpleasant sounds make a lady of irriative nature Sudden Noise causes abortion in females V It causes Blood Pressure: - Noise Pollution causes certain diseases in human It attacks on the person’s peace of mind The noises are recognized as major contributing factors in accelerating the already existing tensions of modern living These tensions result in certain disease like blood pressure or mental illness etc Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal VI Temporary of permanent Deafness:- The effect of nose on audition is well recognized Mechanics , locomotive drivers, telephone operators etc All have their hearing Impairment as a result of noise at the place of work Physictist, physicians & psychologists are of the view that continued exposure to noise level above 80 to 100 db is unsafe, Loud noise causes temporary or permanent deafness VII EFFECT ON VEGETATION Poor quality of Crops:- Now is well known to all that plants are similar to human being They are also as sensitive as man There should be cool & peaceful environment for their better growth Noise pollution causes poor quality of crops in a pleasant atmosphere VIII EFFECT ON ANIMAL:- Noise pollution damage the nervous system of animal Animal looses the control of its mind They become dangerous IX EFFECT ON PROPERTY:- Loud noise is very dangerous to buildings, bridges and monuments It creates waves which struck the walls and put the building in danger condition It weakens the edifice of buildings Legal Control: Constitution of India Right to Life: - Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees life and personal liberty to all persons It is well settled by repeated pronouncements of the Supreme Court that right to life enshrined in Article 21 is not of mere survival or existence It guarantees a right of persons to life with human dignity Any one who wishes to live in peace, comfort and quiet within his house has a right to prevent the noise as pollutant reaching him Right to Information:- Every one has the right to information know about the norms and conditions on which Govt permit the industry which effect the environment Right to Religion and Noise: - Right to religion does not include right to perform religious activities on loud speaker and electronic goods which produce high velocity of noise Directive Principal of State Policy: - The state has the object to make the enviorment pollution free Fundamental Duties: - every citizen of the country has the fundamental duty to clean the environment (b) Cr.P.C Section 133 Here Section 133 is of great importance Under Crpc Section 133 the magisterial court have been empowered to issue order to remove or abate nuisance caused by noise pollution Sec 133 empower an executive magistrate to interfere and remove a public nuisance in the first instance with a conditional order and then with a permanent one The provision can be utilized in case of nuisance of environment nature He can adopt immediate measure to prevent danger or injury of a serious land to the public For prevention of danger to human life, health or safety the magistrate can direct a person to abstain from certain acts (c) I.P.C Public Nuisance 268-295 Chapter IV of Indian Penal code deals with offences relating to public health, safety, decency , morals under Sections 268, 269, 270, 279, 280, 287, 288, 290 291 294 Noise pollution can be penalized with the help of above section Private Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal remedies suits in the area may related to public nuisance under A299 This article punishment in case of Public nuisance law of torts covers A person is guilty of public nuisance who does any act or is guilty of an illegal omission which causes any common injury, danger, or annoyance to the pubic or to the people in general who dwell or occupy property in the vicinity or which must necessarily cause injury, obstruction danger or annoyance to persons who may have occasion to use any public right A common nuisance is not excused on the ground that it causes some convenience or advantage Who ever commits a public nuisance in any case not otherwise punishable by this code, shall be punished with fine, which may extend to Rs 200 (d) Law of Torts Noise pollution is considered as civil wrong:Under law of torts , a civil suit can be filed claiming damages for the nuisance For filing a suit under law of torts a plaintiff is required to comply with some of the requirement of tort of nuisance which are as follows:1 There should be reasonable interference Interference should be with the use & enjoyment of land In an action for nuisance actual damage is required to be proved As a general rule either the presence or absence of malice does not matter But in some cases deviation from the rule has been made (e) Factories Act Reduction of Noise and Oil of Machinery:- The Factories Act does not contain any specific provision for noise control However, unde the Third Schedule Sections 89 and 90 of the Act, noise induced hearing loss, is mentioned as notifiable disease Similarly, under the Modal Rules, limits for noise exposure for work zone area have been prescribed (f) Motor Vehicle Act Provision Relation to use of horn and change of Engine:- In Motor veichle Act rules regarding use horns and any modification in engine are made (g) Noise Pollution Control Rule 2000 under Environment Protection Act 1996 :Further for better regulation for noise pollution There are The Noise Pollution ( Regulation and Control ) Rules, 2000 – in order to curb the growing problem of noise pollution the government of India has enacted the noise pollution rules 2000 that includes the following main provisions:# The state government may categories the areas in the industrial or commercial or residential # The ambient air quality standards in respect of noise for different areas have been specified # State government shall take measure for abatement of noise including noise emanating from vehicular movement and ensure that the existing noise levels not exceed the ambient air quality standards specified under these rules # An area not less than 100 m around hospitals educations institutions and court may be declare as silence are for the purpose of these rules # A loud speaker or a public address system shall not be used except after obtaining written permission from the authority and the same shall not be used at night Between 10 pm to am # A person found violating the provisions as to the maximum noise permissible in any particular area shall be liable to be punished for it as per the provision of these rules and any other law in force Schedule (see rule 3(l) and 4(l) Ambient Air Quality Standards in respect of Noise Area Code Category of Area/Zone Limits in dB(A) Leq * Day Time NightTime (A) Industrial area 75 70 (B) Commercial area 65 55 (C) Residential area 55 45 Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal (D) Silence Zone 50 40 Conclusion:We have made the law relating to noise pollution but there is need to creating general awareness towards the hazardous effects of noise pollution Particularly, in our country the people generally lack consciousness of the ill effects which noise pollution creates ad how the society including they themselves stand to beneficiary preventing generation and emission of noise pollution The target area should be educational institutions and more particularly school The young children of impressionable age should be motivated to desist from playing with firecrackers, use of high sound producing equipments and instruments on festivals, religious and social functions, family get-togethers and celebrations etc which cause noise pollution Suitable chapters can be added into textbooks, which teach civic sense to the children and teach them how to be good and responsible citizen which would include learning by heart of various fundamental duties and that would obliviously include learning not to create noise pollution and to prevent if generated by others Holding of special talks and lectures can be organized in the schools to highlight the menance of noise pollution and the role of the children in preventing it Environmental Pollution Effects on Animals Air Pollution  Acid rain (formed in the air) destroys fish life in lakes and streams  Excessive ultraviolet radiation coming from the sun through the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere which is eroded by some air pollutants, may cause skin cancer in wildlife  Ozone in the lower atmosphere may damage lung tissues of animals Water Pollution (23)  Nutrient pollution (nitrogen, phosphates etc) causes overgrowth of toxic algae eaten by other aquatic animals, and may cause death; nutrient pollution can also cause outbreaks of fish diseases  Chemical contamination can cause declines in frog biodiversity and tadpole mass  Oil pollution (as part of chemical contamination) can negatively affect development of marine organisms, increase susceptibility to disease and affect reproductive processes; can also cause gastrointestinal irritation, liver and kidney damage, and damage to the nervous system  Mercury in water can cause abnormal behavior, slower growth and development, reduced reproduction, and death  Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may cause declines, deformities and death of fish life  Too much sodium chloride (ordinary salt) in water may kill animals (24) Other notes:  We also assume that some higher forms of non-aquatic animals may have similar effects from water pollution as those experienced by humans, as described above (author’s own conclusion) Soil Contamination (25)  Can alter metabolism of microorganisms and arthropods in a given soil environment; this may destroy some layers of the primary food chain, and thus have a negative effect on predator animal species  Small life forms may consume harmful chemicals which may then be passed up the food chain to larger animals; this may lead to increased mortality rates and even animal extinction Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal Environmental Pollution Effects on Trees and Plants Air Pollution  Acid rain can kill trees, destroy the leaves of plants, can infiltrate soil by making it unsuitable for purposes of nutrition and habitation  Ozone holes in the upper atmosphere can allow excessive ultraviolet radiation from the sun to enter the Earth causing damage to trees and plants  Ozone in the lower atmosphere can prevent plant respiration by blocking stomata (openings in leaves) and negatively affecting plants’ photosynthesis rates which will stunt plant growth; ozone can also decay plant cells directly by entering stomata Water Pollution  May disrupt photosynthesis in aquatic plants and thus affecting ecosystems that depend on these plants  Terrestrial and aquatic plants may absorb pollutants from water (as their main nutrient source) and pass them up the food chain to consumer animals and humans  Plants may be killed by too much sodium chloride (ordinary slat) in water  Plants may be killed by mud from construction sites as well as bits of wood and leaves, clay and other similar materials  Plants may be killed by herbicides in water; herbicides are chemicals which are most harmful to plants Soil Contamination  May alter plant metabolism and reduce crop yields  Trees and plants may absorb soil contaminants and pass them up the food chain Environmental Pollution Effects on Wider Environment Apart from destroying the aquatic life in lakes and streams, acid rain can also corrode metals, damage surfaces of buildings and monuments, and cause soil acidification Pollution of water may cause oxygen depletion in marine environments and severely affect the health of whole ecosystems Environmental Pollution - Conclusion Environmental pollution is causing a lot of distress not only to humans but also animals, driving many animal species to endangerment and even extinction The Tran boundary nature of environmental pollution makes it even more difficult to manage – you cannot build stone walls along the borders of your country or put customs cabins at every point of entry to regulate its flows into your country Everything on our planet is interconnected, and while the nature supplies us with valuable environmental services without which we cannot exist, we all depend on each other’s actions and the way we treat natural resources Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal It’s widely recognized that we are hugely overspending our current budget of natural resources – at the existing rates of its exploitation, there is no way for the environment to recover in good time and continue “performing” well in the future Perhaps we should adopt a holistic view of nature – it is not an entity that exists separately from us; the nature is us, we are an inalienable part of it, and we should care for it in the most appropriate manner Only then can we possibly solve the problem of environmental pollution Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal [...]... Anuja Agarwal Management tools Classic Tools There's an elusive balance between chasing after each new management tool or method, and ignoring the fact that we have actually learned some things about management over the past 100,000 years The best tools are those which stand the test of time, and which give you a lot of leverage over common problems Quality Control Charts Other Quality Management Tools... connections between items have been drawn, the connections are counted Those with the most connections will usually be the most important factors to focus on Project Pathways for Management One of the common features of modern management thinking is its focus on methodologies for problemsolving Dr Deming used the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle Marshall-Qualtec espouses a seven-step problem Prepared by: Dr Vandana... on the status and progress of work Affinity Diagram The affinity diagram, or KJ method (after its author, Kawakita Jiro), wasn't originally intended for quality management Nonetheless, it has become one of the most widely used of the Japanese management and planning tools The affinity diagram was developed to discovering meaningful groups of ideas within a raw list In doing so, it is important to let... specifically for building consensus are used Cause & Effect Diagram The cause & effect diagram is the brainchild of Kaoru Ishikawa, who pioneered quality management processes in the Kawasaki shipyards, and in the process became one of the founding fathers of modern management The C&E diagram is also known as the fishbone diagram because it was drawn to resemble the skeleton of a fish, with the main causal categories... long as the method is continued Time studies are applied today to industrial as well as service organizations, including banks, schools and hospitals Once a new work method is developed, the time study must be changed to agree with the new method Methods-Time Measurement (MTM) is a predetermined motion time system that is used primarily in industrial settings to analyse the methods used to perform any... customers in the most efficient and economical way Therefore efficient management of the production function is of utmost importance in order to achieve this objective Production system is a system whose function is to convert a set of inputs into a set of desired outputs Production system is depicted under with help of chart Production management involves the managerial decisions regarding design of the... many processes, it is important to notice special causes of variation as soon as they occur Prepared by: Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal Other Quality Management Tools Relations Diagram (or Interrelationship Digraph) Relations Diagrams are drawn to show all the different relationships between factors, areas, or processes Why are they worthwhile? Because... cost of living, work assigned, financial position of the business, wage rate prevailing etc d Logical & appropriate wage rates and methods of their payment reduce tension & differences between workers & management creates harmonious relationship and pleasing atmosphere of work e Fayol also recommended provision of other benefits such as free education, medical & residential facilities to workers 10 Stability... then downwards with the help of E and F to G which will take quite some time and by that time, it may not be worth therefore a gang plank has been developed between the two e Gang Plank clarifies that management principles are not rigid rather they are very flexible They can be moulded and modified as per the requirements of situations 12 Sub-Ordination of Individual Interest to General Interest a An... Dr Vandana Mittal,Dr.Ansar-Ul-Haque,Dr.Raj Kumari,Ms Surat Pyari & Ms Anuja Agarwal satisfaction of the group Many different tools can be used to build consensus In fact, all the tools used in quality management contribute to consensus For example, a well-run brainstorming session can get lots of ideas out onto the table and give everyone a chance for input Still, most groups approach a point where ... Management- Management Tools – time and motion study, work simplificationprocess charts and flow diagrams, Production Planning, Specification of Production requirements Management Function: Management. .. requirements Management Function: Management Management is generic Management principles are general rather than specific to a type of firm or organization However, management is universal only if the... effective in applying their generic management skills Management is creative problem solving This creative problem solving is accomplished through four functions of management: planning, organizing,