mạng máy tính Mô hình TCP/IP

5/17/2013 Chng 3: Mụ hỡnh TCP/IP Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering Ni dung Gii thiu TCP/IP a ch IP Cu trỳc gúi tin IP K thut Subneting Cỏc giao thc tng internet Giao thc tng Transport Giao thc tng Application Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering 5/17/2013 Gii thiu TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol): B giao thc dựng trờn internet SPX/IPX (Sequenced Packet Exchange /Internetwork Packet eXchange): l giao thc chớnh c s dng h iu hnh mng Netware ca hóng Novell NetBEUI (Network Basic Input/Output System Extended User Interface): L giao thc chớnh c s dng h iu hnh Windows Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering Gii thiu Mụ hỡnh TCP/IP chia lm tng: Tng ng dng (Application Layer) Tng giao (Transport Layer) Tng Internet (Internet Layer) Tng truy cp mng (Network access Layer) Hanoi University of Industry Application Presentation Application Session Transport Transport Network Internet Data link Network Physical access GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering 5/17/2013 Cỏc giao thc tng ng vi cỏc tng HTTP Application Layer FTP TELNET SMTP Transsmission Control Protocol Transport Layer DNS User Datagram Protocol RARP Internet Layer SNMP ICMP Internet Protocol ARP Routing Protocols Network access Layer Hanoi University of Industry Ethernet FDDI Token Ring GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering Quỏ trỡnh úng gúi d liu Application DATA Transport Internet Network Ethernet Header Hanoi University of Industry TCP Header DATA IP Header TCP Header DATA IP Header TCP Header DATA GV: B Quc Bo Ethernet Trailer Faculty of Electronics Engineering 5/17/2013 địa IP v4 Faculty of Electronics Engineering Hanoi University of Industry Khái niệm Địa IP: định danh host mạng TCP/IP IP (IPv4) 232 = 4.228.250.625 tổ hợp Trình bày kiểu nhị phân octet Trình bày kiểu thập phân 0-255 Hanoi University of Industry 0-255 08:48 0-255 0-255 Faculty of Electronics Engineering 5/17/2013 Khái niệm Ví dụ: 10101100 00010000 00000100 10110101 172.016.004.181 172.16.4.181 10.12.258.151 Faculty of Electronics Engineering Hanoi University of Industry Cấu trúc địa IP Net ID Ví dụ: Hanoi University of Industry Host ID 10.16.1.124 Faculty of Electronics Engineering 10 5/17/2013 Phân lớp địa IP Lớp A NetID (7 bits) HostID Lớp B NetID (14 bits) HostID Lớp C 1 NetID (21 bits) Hanoi University of Industry HostID Faculty of Electronics Engineering Phân lớp địa IP Lớp D E Class D 1 NetID (20 bits) HostID Class E 1 1 NetID (19 bits) HostID Hanoi University of Industry Faculty of Electronics Engineering 5/17/2013 Phân lớp địa IP Lớp A NetID (7 bits) HostID 27- = 126 S mng ti a: S host ti a/mng: 224-2 = 16.777.214 Di a ch lp A: 1.0.0.1 - 126.255.255.254 Faculty of Electronics Engineering 13 Hanoi University of Industry Phân lớp địa IP Lớp A NetID (7 bits) HostID Ti a 126 mng vi ti a 16.777.214 host /mng: 1.0.0.1 - 126.255.255.254 Mi mng cha 16.777.214 host Network #1 Network #2 Network #126 126 mng khỏc Hanoi University of Industry Faculty of Electronics Engineering 14 5/17/2013 Phân lớp địa IP Lớp B NetID (14 bits) HostID Ti a 214 = 16.384 mng vi 216 - = 65.534 host/mng: 128.0.0.1 - 191.255.255.254 Mi mng cha 65.534 host Network #1 Network #2 Network #16.384 16.384 mng khỏc Faculty of Electronics Engineering 15 Hanoi University of Industry Phân lớp địa IP Lớp C 1 NetID (21 bits) HostID Ti a 221 = 2.097.152 mng vi 28 - = 254 host/mng: 192.0.0.1 - 223.255.255.254 Mi mng cha 254 host Network #1 Network #2 Network #2.097.152 2.097.152 mng khỏc Hanoi University of Industry Faculty of Electronics Engineering 16 5/17/2013 Hanoi University of Industry 19:06 Faculty of Electronics Engineering Phân lớp địa IP Ví dụ 15.17.65.81 181.187.9.131 192.164.234.7 127.0.12.7 Hanoi University of Industry Faculty of Electronics Engineering 18 5/17/2013 Sample internet 19:06 Hanoi University of Industry Faculty of Electronics Engineering Các địa IP dành riêng Địa mạng (Network Address) 198.150.11.15 198.150.11.16 172.16.151.15 172.16.151.19 172.16.0.0 198.150.11.0 a ch mng trng HCN Internet Tt c cỏc bit phn host bng Hanoi University of Industry Faculty of Electronics Engineering 10 5/17/2013 C bn v nh tuyn Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering111 Cỏc giao thc nh tuyn Trong mụ hỡnh OSI nh tuyn l chc nng ca lp nh tuyn l quỏ trỡnh tỡm ng i hiu qu nht t thit b ny ti thit b khỏc trờn mng Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering112 56 5/17/2013 Cỏc giao thc nh tuyn Cung cp cỏc tin trỡnh chia s thụng tin nh tuyn Cho phộp cỏc router giao tip vi cp nht v trỡ bng nh tuyn Vớ d mt s giao thc nh tuyn: Routing Information Protocol (RIP), Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP) Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering113 Quyt nh ng i Vic quyt nh ng i c thc hin trờn router bng vic so sỏnh a ch ớch vi bng nh tuyn v quyt nh ng i tt nht Quyt nh ng l vic quyt nh gi gúi tin cng no cú th ti ớch Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering114 57 5/17/2013 Bng nh tuyn Bng nh tuyn cha cỏc thụng tin v nh tuyn, gm cỏc thụng tin: Giao thc nh tuyn a ch mng ớch Next-hop, Metric Giao din Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering115 GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering116 Bng nh tuyn Hanoi University of Industry 58 5/17/2013 Metric Metric l mt tham s xõy dng da trờn cỏc c im ca ng i, thụng thng l cỏc tham s: Bandwidth tr tin cy Hop count Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering117 Link state v distance vector Distance-Vector Protocols (RIP, IGRP, EIGRP): Xỏc nh khong cỏch v hng vector i vi bt k liờn kt no mng Gi tt c hay mt phn bng nh tuyn n router k cn theo mt chu k nht nh Link State Protocols (OSPF, IS - IS): Cỏc router ch gi qung bỏ trng thỏi ng liờn kt cú s thay i Vic tớnh ng da vo c s d liu ti router chn ng i ngn nht Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering118 59 5/17/2013 Tng Transport Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering119 GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering120 TCP v UDP Hanoi University of Industry 60 5/17/2013 TCP TCP cung cp mt mch o gia cỏc ng dng u cui Cú cỏc c im: Hng kt ni (connection-oriented) Tin cy Chia cỏc message thnh cỏc segments Lp ghộp li cỏc messages ti trm ớch Truyn li nu khụng nhn c Cỏc giao thc dựng TCP: FTP, SMTP, HTTP, Telnet Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering121 UDP UDP truyn d liu khụng tin cy, vi cỏc c im:: Khụng hng kt ni (Connectionless.) Khụng tin cõy (Unreliable) Truyn ton b messages (datagrams) Khụng bỏo nhn Cỏc giao thc ca UDP: TFTP, SNMP, DHCP, DNS Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering122 61 5/17/2013 nh dng phn Header ca TCP Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering123 Di port bytes: 65535 < 255 : Dựng cho cỏc ng dng cụng cng 255 - 1023 : Cỏc port c dnh cho cỏc nh sn xut cỏc ng dng > 1023 : l cỏc port khụng ng ký Cỏc h thng cui s dng s port la chn cỏc ng dng phự hp Host ngun gỏn port ngun ban u mt cỏch linh ng, thụng thng >1023 Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering124 62 5/17/2013 Port C TCP v UDP s dng tham s port truyn thụng tin lờn lp cao hn Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering125 GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering126 Port Hanoi University of Industry 63 5/17/2013 Tng Application Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering127 DNS DNS l mt h thng s dng trờn internet chuyn t tờn thnh a ch IP H thng DNS c thit lp phõn cp v to cỏc server DNS cú cỏc mc khỏc Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering128 64 5/17/2013 DNS com edu gov vnn Hanoi University of Industry fr com GV: B Quc Bo uk edu gov Faculty of Electronics Engineering129 DNS: Resolve www.yahoo.com Request Reply vnn Address of www.yahoo.com Hanoi University of Industry Address of com server Address of yahoo.com server com yahoo Address of www.yahoo.com GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering130 65 5/17/2013 FTP File Transfer Protocol (FTP) l mt dch v truyn file hng kt ni, tin cy dựng TCP Khi copy file t server, u tiờn FTP thit lp mt kt ni gia server v client, sau kt ni c thit lp, d liu bt u c truyn Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering131 TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) l dch v khụng hng kt ni s dng UDP TFTP c thit k nh gn v d thc hin TFTP thng c s dng trờn router truyn cỏc file cu hỡnh, file nh h iu hnh router TFTP cú th ghi, c, read, write, hay cỏc file n hoc i t mt server xa, nhng khụng th lit kờ th mc v hin ti cha cung cp cụng c xỏc thc ngi dựng Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering132 66 5/17/2013 HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) lm vic vi World Wide Web, Web browser l chng trỡnh ng dng client server Mt Web browser th hin d liu di cỏc nh dng multimedia Mt trang Web c to bng ngụn ng HTML, a ch ca nú c gi l b nh v ti nguyờn hp nht URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering133 Telnet Phn mm Telnet client cú kh nng cho phộp truy nhp t xa vo host ang chy chng trỡnh ng dng Telnet server thc hin cỏc cõu lnh trờn host ny Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering134 67 5/17/2013 SMTP Cỏc Email servers giao tip vi s dng Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) gi v nhn mail Cỏc giao thc m mail client thng s dng l POP3 v IMAP4 Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering135 SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) l giao thc dựng tao i cỏc thụng tin qun lý mng Mt mng c qun lý bng SNMP bao gm: Network management system (NMS) Managed device Agents Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering136 68 5/17/2013 DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) l dch v cho phộp cỏc thit b trờn mng c cu hỡnh a ch IP v cỏc thụng tin khỏc t ng t DHCP server tham gia mng Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering137 DHCP DHCP Server1 DHCP Client DHCP client broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER packet DHCP servers broadcast a DHCPOFFER packet DHCP client broadcasts a DHCPREQUEST packet DHCP Server1 broadcasts a DHCPACK packet Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering138 69 5/17/2013 DHCP Quỏ trỡnh lm mi IP DHCP Server2 DHCP Client DHCP Server1 50% 100% of lease 87.5% 50% of of oflease lease lease duration duration has has expired expired Client sends DHCPREQUEST packet DHCPfails client packet If the client tosends renewaaits itsDHCPREQUEST lease, lease, after after 50% 87.5% of of thethe lease lease has duration then expired, has expired, the DHCP then lease thegeneration DHCP leaseprocess renewalstarts process overwill Server1 sends a DHCPACK begin again with againa after DHCP87.5% client ofbroadcasting the lease duration apacket DHCPDISCOVER has expired DHCP Hanoi University of Industry GV: B Quc Bo Faculty of Electronics Engineering139 70