Feeling good the science of well being

Feeling Good This page intentionally left blank Feeling Good The Science of Well-Being C ROBERT CLONINGER OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2004 OX-FORD Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sao Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Copyright © 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc Published by Oxford University Press, Inc 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York, 10016 http://www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cloninger, C Robert Feeling good: the science of well-being / C Robert Cloninger p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-19-505137-8 Health Psychiatry Psychophysiology Mind and body Consciousness Personality Philosophy of mind Happiness Love I Title RA776.C625 2004 613—dc22 2003190053 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper PREFACE To be truly happy people must learn to live in radically new ways Well-being only arises when a person learns how to let go of struggles, to work in the service of others, and to grow in awareness Prior approaches to feeling good have small or brief benefits because they separate the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual processes of living that must be in harmony for a happy life The introduction of modern drugs and psychotherapy techniques has not resulted in more people who are very happy with their lives than in the past Psychologists know much about the psychosocial skills of people who are happy but know little about their biology or spirituality Psychiatrists know much about the biomedical characteristics of people who are unhappy, but not those who are happy No one has integrated the psychosocial and biomedical knowledge that is available about wellbeing in a coherent developmental perspective Fortunately, psychosocial and biomedical approaches to well-being can be fully integrated, as is done in this book for the first time The path to well-being described here provides the foundation needed to transform human personality and cure mental disorders This ambitious book is a holistic account of the principles and mechanisms underlying the path to the good life—that is, a life that is happy, harmonious, virtuous, and wise "Feeling good" cannot be authentic or stable without "being good" because happiness is the effortless expression of coherent intuitions of the world Authentic happiness requires a coherent way of living, v vi Preface including the human processes that regulate the sexual, material, emotional, intellectual, and spiritual aspects of experience Sex, possessions, power, and friendships can be self-defeating or adaptive, depending on how aware people are of their goals and values The degree of coherence of human thoughts and social relationships can be measured in terms of how well our thoughts and relationships lead to the harmony and happiness of the good life This holistic approach quantifies the development of human self-awareness as a sequence of quantumlike steps, which has many implications for everyday life, neuroscience research, and the practice of mental health Likewise, my own understanding of personality had to be expanded step by step in order to account for observed phenomena, such as self-awareness, free will, creativity, and quantum-like gifts of the mind and spirit that could not be explained otherwise What eventually emerged is an integrated science of well-being that unifies all the traditional divisions of psychology, psychiatry, and neuroscience This book will interest a broad range of readers because of its wide scope It is intended for all open-minded people who are interested in understanding as much as they can about basic human needs, consciousness, creativity, and well-being It is written for the general reader as well as for students and practitioners in the fields of mental health The broad range of subject matter in the book required the writing to be accessible to any intelligent person because few people have expertise in all the fields into which it delves Even experts in one field or another will find much that is new and provocative throughout the book Each chapter contains all essential introductory material, as well as extensive references for further reading In addition to its broad scope, the book focuses in depth on the most fundamental questions about human life What is good? Who am I really? How can I be happy and creative? These are questions for which there are no complete or simple answers Those who think they already know the true answers will not want to read this book unless they are prepared to challenge their minds and reevaluate some cherished assumptions On the other hand, those who recognize the inexhaustible nature of the mysteries embedded in these questions will enjoy the book Useful general principles of living are described along with practical exercises for the mind to help in exploring the steps of the path to greater wisdom and wellbeing Such exercises are essential to experience different levels of consciousness directly, rather than viewing them as abstract concepts This book will also be of interest to theologians, philosophers, and social scientists because it provides contemporary scientific concepts and language for addressing the perennial human questions about being, knowledge, and conduct at the crux of civilized thought It is designed to help each of us to reflect and ponder the basic questions that everyone has about healthy living This book stimulates the reader to develop his or her own self-awareness without reliance on any external authority, including myself Preface vii This is the first of several books I intend to write on the science of well-being It is limited primarily to describing the foundations of normal development, especially the development of self-awareness The assessment and treatment of mental disorders will be considered in more depth in a second book because the principles of well-being must be recognized before psychopathology can be effectively understood The path of development of self-aware consciousness is described here from several interdependent perspectives, including physics, genetics, physiology, psychology, sociology, and philosophy However, my focus is on human psychobiology because no one can provide an adequate theory of everything A broad range of biomedical and psychosocial sciences is synthesized here to provide a solid foundation from which to understand both normal and abnormal development The principles derived from this foundation provide the clues that have long been needed for mental health to advance from a predominantly descriptive and empirical science to one that is founded solidly on a self-organizing theoretical understanding of the basic mechanisms of life Tentative intuitions about the mysteries of life are described and tested in rigorous scientific terms Sometimes the metaphorical descriptions of transcendental writers provided inspiration when their terms could be translated into a scientific form that was measured, tested, and refined in a stepwise manner It is wonderful to be living at a time when creative advances in science and culture allow a deep and inspiring understanding of what it means to be human We now have the opportunity to examine old, universal, human questions within a current, quantitative, scientific framework St Louis, Missouri C.R.C This page intentionally left blank ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book could not have been completed without the help of many others Fiona Stevens and Jeff House at Oxford University Press provided lucid editorial advice and steadfast encouragement over many years The Wallace Renard Professorship, the Sansone Family Center for Well-Being, and the U.S National Institutes of Health gave stable support that allowed me to work in creative freedom The collegial atmosphere characteristic of Washington University in St Louis, particularly in the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, has been conducive to the integration of psychosocial and biomedical approaches I have learned much from many colleagues all over the world, but especially the founding members of our local center, psychiatrist Dragan Svrakic, psychologist Richard Wetzel, anthropologist Tom Przybeck, physicist Nenad Svrakic, and administrator Gerri Wynne Our commitment to open-minded inquiry into fundamental human issues in the Center for WellBeing continues the spirit I first experienced in Plan II at the University of Texas in Austin under the leadership of philosopher John Silber Fortunately, the late psychiatrists Eli Robins and Samuel Guze wisely nurtured the same deep philosophical spirit in psychiatry at Washington University Writing this book has been a wonderful adventure shared with my family and friends My parents Morris and Concetta taught me much about the principles of coherent living by the example of their own fully engaged lives My wife, Sherry, and sons, Bryan and Kevin, are continual sources of inspiration and love as we all learn to follow the path of well-being together ix 360 Index Berne, Eric, 129 Biomorphogenesis, 315t, 317-8 Biopsychosocial paradigm See also Context-dependency adequacy for refinement, 260-3, 348-9 description, xvi, 231-3 scale-free dynamics, 319-321 See also Systems or networks Bipolar mood disorder, 147, 159 Bohm, David American quantum physicist, 196 observer is observed, 21, 206 See also Krishnamurti undivided wholeness, 194 Bohr, Niels Copenhagen interpretation of quantum phenomena, 194 no reality before measurement, 194 Botticelli, Sandor, 316 Bucke, Richard M., 203-5 Buddhism five levels of mental powers, 130 founder Gautama Buddha, 205-6 meditation, 111 renunciation, 112 three-fold path, 129 Brain energy states, 247-9 Brain imaging magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 233, 248-9 magnetoencephalography (MEG), 233 positron emission tomography (PET), 233, 248-9, 251 quantitative EEG See Electroencephalography Brain microstates See Self-aware consciousness Calvinism denial of theological virtues, 140 founding by John Calvin, 138 Freemasons and Illuminism, 139 original sin and predestination, 138 Protestant reformation, 141 Puritanism in America, 137-8 role of Beza and Knox, 138 Cardiovascular disease, 277, 279, 301 Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), 293-5, 294t-5t, 299-300 Chalmers, David, 199, 212 Character character cube, 46f definition, 38, 44 description, 45, 45t development, 47-9, 47t, 234-9 multidimensional description and measurement, 45 nonlinearity of character development, 48 psychobiology, 46-7 radical transformation, 68-9, 236, 258 relation to attention & steps of thought, 115-8, 220-4, 221t relation to concepts of human dignity, 202, 25 relation to concepts of mental selfgovernment, 49 stages of development, xx, 48, 49t, 80-2 stepwise nature of character development, 48, 49t Chardin, Teilhard de sense of convergence and width of thought, 158-9 sense of plenitude and elevation of thought, 158 stages of self-aware consciousness, 2, 29, 129 unitive sense and depth of thought, 2, 159 Chomsky, Noam, 44, 209-10, 276 Christianity divinity of Jesus Christ, 138 monism of Clement and Augustine, 140 Protestant reformers, 141-2 Chromosome chromatids, 283 chromatin matrix, 273, 278 chromatin remodeling, 281-2, 285 histone code, 282, 313 number in human genome, 278 Churchland, Paul and Patricia, 23 Clement of Alexandria (Egypt), 12t, 129 Cloning, 277 Cognition acceptance phase, 85-88 description, 80 innate modular structure, 210 measured by linear dimensions of TCI, 102 ordinary after age years, 53 Coherence aspect of irreducible triad of life, 318 basic human need, characteristic of living things, 204 as composite of all gifts of the spirit, 109 in complex adaptive systems, xx convergence of meanings in unitive consciousness, 92 cosmic coherence, 3, 106 See Universal unity of being Index EEC coherence in transcendental meditation, 255, 259 as efficient multi-tasking and creativity, 249 Gandhi as example of coherent person, 207-8 as health and well-being, 59, 103 mind-body coherence, 10 See Fallacies, mind-body dualism as organizing principle of psychotherapy, 343-6 personality, 1, 38, 109 physiology of brain, 245, 247-9 quantitative measurement of coherence in thought, 103, 113 quantum phenomenon, 207 in small-world systems, xxi theory of truth, 11,92 variety of meanings, 66 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor English romanticist, 148 influence on Emerson, 148 Complex phenotype, 274 Complex adaptive systems See Systems or networks COMT See Catechol-O-methyl-transferase Consciousness See also Self-aware consciousness "hard problem", 212 binding function and ego, 324, 327 collective unconscious of Jung, 71-2 See also Jung confusion from not distinguishing stages, 191 definition, as energy, 197 levels or states, 203, 250-1, 25It spiral path, 122-30, 123t, 125f, 127f topographical model of Freud, 80, 82-3 See also Freud Conservatism, 137-8 Contemplation barriers, 189 beneficial effects and clinical use, 83, 189 choiceless awareness, 92, 205 contemplative prayer, 61 definition as nonlocal consciousness, 37, 82-3, 203 description, 83, 94, 202-8, 203t facilitation, 200-2 fifth state of consciousness, 256 illuminative phase, 89-91 no measurement problem, 195 perspective visualized as spiral path, 114, 122 361 prevalence, 189-90, 19 It relation to sublimation, 93 third stage of self-aware consciousness, xx, 80 unitive phase, 91-95 Context-dependency of evolution, 279-80 of gene expression, 279 of learning and memory 50-51, 5It of molecular genetic systems, 277, 287 of selective breeding, 276-7 Contingent Negative Variation (CNV), 223 Conversion disorder, 224 Cooperativeness See also Attention; Thought; Free will modulator of movement of thought, 118 relation to free will, 56, 118, 121 relation to personality disorder See Personality disorder TCI character scale See Character Creativity based on intuition and gifts, 210-13 definition, 328 empirical findings, 329-34, 331t-2t interpretive models, 334-6 predictions from coherence theory, 337, 338f tests of predictions, 336-43, 337t, 340f Crick, Francis, 313 Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, 83, 207 See also Flow states Damasio, Antonio, 199t, 346-8 Darwin, Charles, 334 Default state of brain activity, 200 Defense Style Questionnaire, 48 Deism, 138-9 Dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT), 279 Dennett, Daniel, 23, 198-200, 199t Depressive disorders, 326 Descartes, Rene, 20 See also Dualism (Cartesian) Development See also Creativity; Epigenetics; Evolution acquired characteristics, 276-7 child development, 25 See also Erikson; Freud; Piaget cultural See Inheritance, cultural of language, 209-10 See also Chomsky non-algorithmic nature of creativity, 328 personality development See Temperament; Character 362 Index Development (continued) of psychopathology See Psychopathology stepwise nature, 234-9 DFT See Diagnosis of Frequency of Thoughts DHR See Diagnosis of Human Relationships Diagnosis of Frequency of Thoughts (DFT) x matrix of thought, 98-114, 99t, 108t description of detailed method, 162 description of global method, 112-4, 153-7 example of detailed DFT measuring Emerson, 162, 162t example of global DFT measuring Emerson, 151-4, 152t inadequacy of state-trait distinction, 151 influence of serenity, 155-6, 156t influences unique to each individual, 204 meaning of frequency of thought waves, 247 reliability and validity, 154-7 serene mental status for diagnosis, 154 Diagnosis of Human Relationships (DHR) description of method, 166-9 example of detailed DRH, 176t idiographic and dynamic variability, 151 influence on psychosocial development, 144, 210 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) See also Gene as book of life, 313 conserved sequences or orthologs, 290 DNA-protein code, 269, 313 long-term memory of cell, 278, 313 methylation, 280-1, 284 protein coding elements, transcriptome, 269, 267 repetitive elements, 269-70, 278, 283 self-replicating helix, 313 Domains of life, 288 See also Life Dopamine receptor genes, 296, 299-305 Dualism See also Universal unity of being assumption of contemporary neuroscientists, 262-3, 346-8 assumption of contemporary psychologists, 4-5 assumption of humanists, 19-26 assumption of negative philosophers, 14, 14t as Cartesian-Mendelian paradigm in genetics, 273, 301 problem of "the one and the many" in philosophy, 140 Eaves, Lindon, 293 Ego, 159, 324 Einstein, Albert, 193-4, 197 Electroencephalography (EEC) correlates of levels of consciousness, 250-3, 25It frequency bands, 250-1, 251t quantitative spectral analysis, 233, 250-1 Emerson, Ralph Waldo See also American Transcendentalist Movement; Thoreau adversarial model of friendship, 145, 161 authenticity of faith, 143 autocratic style, 145 brothers, 147 children, 171 chronology of mean and range of thoughts, 152t, 162t conservative late-life behavior, 174 creative adult character, 150 disciples, 164-7, 165t early life, 145-8 early personality, 147 early skepticism, 148 Emerson's illumination, 143, 157-64 first marriage, 149 founder of American Transcendentalists, 143 on gifts, 64 ideas in common with later existentialists, 25 on "infinitude of private man", 145, 161 influence of Coleridge, 143, 148 influence of Hegel, 24 influence of Kant, 143 influence of Montaigne, 148 influence of negative philosopher Hume, 148 influence of positive philosophers, 148 intellectual interests, 147-8 international acclaim, 144 on love, 67 major public life events, 145, 146t missed opportunity with Lamartine, 172 opponents, 144, 168-9 personal journal, 144 role as family patriarch, 149 role as lecturer and pastor, 148-151 role as minister, 147, 149 role in American Renaissance, 144 second marriage, 164, 173 secondary narcissism and depression, 171, 173 on self-reliance, 145 sensitive adult temperament, 150, 173 Index social relations, 166-175 splits Unitarians, 142 Emotion evolution, 95-6, 96t third step in thought, 96-7, 97t Energy definition, 213, 245 possible basis of all reality, 197 Enlightenment Period, 11 Environment, childhood See also Geneenvironment interaction influence on personality, 237, 300 Epigenesis, 270 See also Epigenetics Epigenetics See also Complex phenotypes; Systems or networks coined by Waddington, 271 definition, xvi, 269 epigenetic states, 270 genomic revolution, 269 of human personality, 290-303 mechanisms of epigenetic inheritance, 283-5, 284f relation to personality development, 271 variable gene expression in monozygotic twins, 286 Episodic memory See Self-aware consciousness Epistasis, 277 Erikson, Erik expanding social radius, 190, 234f extension of Freud, 234 integrity versus despair, 204 modification by Vaillant, 234 stages of development and TCI, 48, 49t stepwise nature of development, 234-9 eukaryotic organisms See Domains of life Evolution adaptive evolution, 281, 286-7 out of Africa migration, 304 as a creative process, 271 of human creativity, 95-6, 303-5 as learning by genome, 287 Mendelian models, 273 neo-Darwinian model of natural selection, 287 phylogeny of learning, 95-6, 96t punctuated equilibria, 275, 286, 317 relation to consciousness, 273 as a self-aware process, shifting balance theory, 275 Existentialism, 25 See also Transcendentalism; SelfTranscendence Eysenck, Hans, 293, 330 363 Fallacies in science dichotomous concept of consciousness, 222 mind-body dualism (Cartesian error), xviii reductionism (Aristotelian error), xix, 6-9 Ferenczi, Sandor, 190 Fibonacci series, 314-6 Fields, 204, 245 Fisher, Ronald, 272 Fitness See also Systems or networks fitness landscapes, 275 reproductive fitness, 275 Flexibility See Free will; Cooperativeness Flow states See also State of diagnosis; Contemplation changes in kindness, 73-4 changes in subjective time, 70, 73-4 creativity, 82 Csikszentmihalyi, 83, 207 definition, 70, 83, 207 description, 86 simultaneity of awareness and action, 83 Following the path of the psyche definition, 327t like attraction of gravity, 159 Frankl, Viktor, 105-6 Franklin, Benjamin, 138-9 Freedom relation to chance in materialism, property of unity in monism of Spinoza, 7-8 Free will See also Cooperativeness "deep problem", 220 definition, 69-70, 220, 326, 327t description of process in substance dependence, 124—5 experiments of Libet, 219-22 quantum-like properties, xv relation to Cooperativeness, 56, 216, 222 spiritual phenomenon, 37, 327 unpredictability of personality development, 61, 73 French paradox, 140 Freud, Sigmund artificiality of ego boundaries, 27 dream processes, 250 dualistic world view, 26 founder of psychoanalysis, 26, 232 free association, 81-2, 189 See also Metacognition inevitability of conflict, 26-7 multiple creative discoveries, 211, 332 project for a scientific psychology, xvii 364 Index Freud, Sigmund (continued) rejection of oceanic feelings and faith, 27, 189 stages of psychosexual development, 48, 49t, 234-235 Frieden, Roy, 196-7 Gandhi, Mahatma, 13t, 58, 65, 94, 207-8, 211 Gardner, Howard, 211, 329 Gates of self-aware consciousness analogy for major steps in consciousness, 82, 90, 105, 109 of dualism (to illumination), 69 of humanity, 105, 109, HOt intimacy as gateway to adulthood, 236 of psyche (to unconscious), HOt, 111 of rational intuition, 106, 109, HOt Gene See also Genomics; Epigenetics adaptive mutations, 276 alleles, 272 definition, 272 exons and introns, 273 genotype, 273 mutation, 273, 281, 334 paramutation, 285 regulatory and structural genes, 277 relation to phenotype, 273 See also Complex phenotype Gene-environment interaction, 300-303 See also DNA Genomics comparative, 286 genomic revolution, 269 Giftedness See Gifts Gifts See also Contemplation; Creativity; Intuition basis of creativity, 73, 191 definition, 6, 63, 209 examples of gifts of mind, 63^1, 209 examples of gifts of spirit, 63-5 psychological characteristics, 211-2, 212t quantum-like properties, xv, 62, 65, 192, 211-2 relation to contemplative thinking, 191 savant syndrome, 64, 209 spiritual phenomenon, 37 Godel, Kurt, 25, 90, 92, 260 Good See Love; Truth; Universal unity of being definition, 5-6, 107 nondual aspects of truth and love, 107 relation to evil, 9-10 relation to God and unity of being, sole condition and guarantee of wellbeing, Greek Classical Age, 11, 12t Grucza, Rick, 208 Guze, Samuel, ix, 199t Habit definition, 98 evolution, 95-6, 96t reduction in self-awareness, 98 relation to behavioral (associative) conditioning, 40 relation to procedural memory, 50 relation to temperament, 39-40 Haeckel, Ernst, 95, 287 Haldane, John Burdon S., 287 Happiness See also Well-being definitions, 4-5, 5t the good life, 4-5 the happy life, 4-5, 92 prevalence studies, 29, 128f, 129t relation to personality coherence, 3, 28, 127-30, 128f, 129t as third stage of self-aware consciousness, 72 Harm Avoidance association with COMT, 294 association with serotonin transporter promoter, 294-5 clinical associations, 294-5 description See also Temperament development, 43 elevation by character, 101 gene-environment interactions, 294 influence on immaturity, 43-44, 43t inheritance, 292-5, 292t modulates sexuality, 100 nonlinear influence on startle and affect, 296-7, 297f Hartley, David, 141 Health See Coherence Hedonism, 5, 14t, 123t Hegel, George Wilhelm Friedrich description of path of consciousness, 23, 79-80 on Kant, 22-3 on Plato and Aristotle, 24 positive philosopher, 13, 13t, 58, 129 pure consciousness as nondual love, 24 transcendentalist, 13, 35 Heidegger, Martin, 24 Hierarchy of life systems description, xx-xxi, 314-5 Index quantum-like properties, xxi, 316-7 small-world properties, 320 Higgs field, 65, 197 Hippocampus, 53 Hitler, Adolf, 17 Holistic medicine See Biopsychosocial paradigm; Coherence Homer on functions of soul, 70 positive philosopher, 11, 12t Humanism See also Adler; Descartes; Frankl; Freud; Jaspers; Jung; Kant; Locke; Nietzsche assumptions, 20 definition, 19-20, 35 relation to psychology of character, 20 Hume, David negative philosopher, 13 skeptical (eliminative) materialist, 23, 35, 198 Husserl, Edmund, 24 Huxley, Aldous, 13 Huxley, Julian, 2, 341 Idealism See Kant; Freud Illumination definition, 89-90 EEC characteristics, 244t, 252-3 enlargement of self-awareness, 186 examples, Bucke, 203-4; Emerson, 15763; Russell, 90-91; Thoreau, 17984; others, 205, 330-2 oceanic feelings, 27, 91, 106, 244 psychosocial consequences, 236, 255-6, 258-60 radical transformation of personality, 236, 258 role in creativity See Creativity self-actualization, 106 See also Peak experiences; Maslow stage of self-aware consciousness, 89-90, 106 Imprinting, 281, 285 Industrial Revolution, 13 Information definition based on observer participancy, 197 definition in relation to entropy, 197 Frieden's information theory, 196 possible basis of reality, 196 Wheeler's phrase "it from bit", 196 Inheritance (models and mechanisms) complex, 271, 274 365 Cultural, 260, 273 See also Inheritance, cultural epigenetic models See Epigenetics imprinting, 281, 285 Lamarckian, 272, 274 Mendelian, 271-3, 337-4 multifactorial threshold models, 277 neo-Darwinian, 273, 285 nonlinear models, 273-4, 277 paramutation, 285 Inheritance of acquired characteristics canalization, 276 functional importance, xvi stabilizing selection, 276 Inheritance, cultural conceptual bridges of understanding, 341 definition in great apes and humans, 95 evolution, 95, 96t models and measurement, 260, 273 of IQ, 260 Inheritance of personality additive genetic factors, 292-3 adoption studies, 291, 293 gene-environment interactions, 296, 300303 gene-gene interactions, 296, 299-300 importance of stabilizing selection, 296 nonlinearity, 296-299, 301-3 twin studies, 292-3 variables shared by children reared together, 293 variables unique to each individual, 292 Innate ideas See also Recollection according to Deism, 139 according to Emerson, 143, 160 according to Kant, 21 according to Plato, 160 Inseparability See Nonlocality Instinct, 96t Integrity, 236, 256 See also Authenticity Intellect distinction from rational intuition, 3, 6, 11 finite limits of, 7, 25 Intelligence, integrated complementary roles of intuition and empiricism, 8, 24-6 definition, xvi, 11, 106 Hegel as example, 21 heightened awareness, 11 Krishnamurti as example, 93 Montaigne as example, 207 nondual aspects of truth and love, 107, 207 relation to patience and joy, 207 relation to pure rational intuition, 11, 106 366 Index Intention fourth step in thought, 96-8, 97t intentionality, 198 International Affective Picture System, 116, 116t, 120 See also Lang Intuition See also Insight; Integrated intelligence association with certainty of conviction, 3-4 awareness of cognitive schemas or forms, 35,97 corrects Aristotelian reductive error, xix definition, xix, 97 development See Self-aware consciousness evolution, 95-6, 96t initial step in thought, xix, xxii, 8, 97, 97t need for purification, 4, 8, 25-6 not algorithmic, xix, 328 Platonic forms as objects of intuitive senses, 54-8 rationality of intuition, 11 See also Coherence and Recollection relation of intuitive learning to personality, 51 relation to recognition and recollection memory, 51 role in well-being, 8, 25-6 Islam See also Arabic Golden Age al'Arabi, 10 al-Ghazali, 11, 129 Ali, 64, 174 founder Mohammed, 205 James, William, 17-9, 17t, 35, 193 Jaspers, Karl, 24-5 Jewish prophets, 11, 12t Joyce, Peter, 48, 224 Jung, Carl, 71-2, 189-90, 344 Kant, Immanuel basis of human dignity, 21 categorical imperative, 21 definition of character, 44 experience as manifold, living multiplex, 97, 113-4 influence on Emerson, 143 influence on Freud, 22 influence on Hegel, 22 legislative freedom and cooperativeness, 21-2 rational idealist principles, 20-3, 35 sensibility and intelligibility, 21-2 Kohut, Heinz, 84, 190 See also Narcissism Kraepelin, Emil, xvii, 232 Krishnamurti, Jiddu choiceless awareness, 92, 205 description of stages of awareness of problems, 80 example of integrated intelligence, 93 method of meditation, 88, 91, 93 "Observer is the observed", 21, 92, 206 positive philosopher, 13, 13t transcendentalist, 13, 35 Lamartine, Alphonse de on gifts, 64 on life and love, 67, 205 positive philosopher, 13, 13t, 172 role in 1848 French revolution, 172 Lang, Peter J., 115-6 Language See Development Learning and memory definition, 38 evolution, 95-6, 96t relation to personality, 38 types of learning and memory, 50-54, 5If Lehmann, Dietrich, 242-7, 243f, 244t Leonardo da Vinci, 11, 12t, 58, 316 Letting go See Self-transcendence; Contemplation reconciliation of conflicts, 107, 109 relation to acceptance, 85-7 relaxation response, 250, 254 transcending, 254, 344 Libet, Benjamin, 219-222 Life book of life, 313 See DNA domains of life, 288 irreducible triad of fundamental forces, 317-319 reality as biofeedback, 95 unity of life, 313-7 Lifestyle choices, 279-80, 285-6 Listening to the psyche See also Contemplation definition, 66-9, 94, 326, 327t description of reduced listening See PTSD enlightens thought like pleasant light, 94,158 living quality of recollection, 66-7 primacy of intuition in thought, 66 property of nonlocality, 62, 326 Locke, John influence on Unitarianism, 141-2 philosophical principles, 20 Index Loevinger, Jane, 235-7, 256, 258-9 Love See also Good; Truth; Cooperativeness definition, 67 as human spontaneity, not convenience, 16, 73 nondual aspect of the good, 107 as recognition of beauty, 55t, 56-7, 67, 72, related to coherence, not renunciation, 6, 112 role in well-being, Macchiavelli, Nicolo, 16 Mach, Ernst, 193 Maslow, Abraham, 116, 203 See also Illumination; Peak experiences Materialism critique by cognitive neuroscientists, 44, 200 critique by quantum physicists, 198-200 definition, 23, 35 dualistic (rational) materialists, 20, 23 skeptical (eliminative) materialists, 23 Matrix model of human thought, 99t, 108t See also Thought McClintock, Barbara, 276 Meditation See also Metacognition fourth state of consciousness, 256 mindfulness, 61, 89, 244, 252-5 second stage of awareness, xx, 80-2 silence of the mind, 84-5, 88, 94 See also Silence of the mind transcendental meditation (TM), 252, 254-60 union in nature, 201-2 See also Union in nature Memory See Learning and memory Mendel, Gregor, 333-4 See also Inheritance Mental disorder See Psychopathology Mental health See Well-being Mentalizing ability See Mind Merton, Robert, 330, 333, 339 Metacognition See also Meditation definition, 80 free association, 81-2, 189 induction of second stage awareness, 889 perspective described by matrix structure of thought, 102 second stage of self-aware consciousness, 80-2 Meyer, Adolf, 232 367 Mind See also Psyche; Spirit; Self-aware consciousness coordinated with brain, 10 definition, 36, 50 development of implicit and explicit mentalizing, 53 episodic memory as "mind 2", 50 mindfulness See Meditation semantic memory as "mind 1", 50 theory of mind or mentalizing, 53, 119 Mitosis, 271,283, 334 Montaigne, Michel de, 11, 148, 207, 256 See also Emerson; Positive philosophy Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus See Gifts Mozart effect, 256 Mulder, Roger, 48, 224 Multitasking, 84, 122 Murray, Henry, 103, 105 Narcissism primary, 103 self-aware or secondary, 171, 173 Needs basic triad, xv, sexual aspects of thought, 102-3 Negative philosophy assumptions, 14-6, 14t definition, 13 destructive, self-limiting nature, 16-7 exemplars, 13 hedonism and wish fulfillment, 5, 15 pragmatic theory of truth, 15, 17 radical individualism, 14 sophists, 14 tests of assumptions See Dualism, Pragmatism, Hedonism Newtonian physics See Physics, classic Nietzsche, Friedrich, 20 Noncausality examples, xviii, 205 property of path of the psyche, 62, 328 recognition leading to reverence, 205 Nonlocality action at a distance, 193 evidence from entangled particles, 69 property of listening to the psyche, 62, 69 Novelty Seeking description See Temperament development, 43-4 diagnosis of personality subtypes, 41-2, 42f evolution, 303-5 368 Index Novelty Seeking (continued) gene-environment interaction, 300-1 gene-gene interaction, 299-301 influence on immaturity, 43-4, 43t inheritance, 292-3, 299-303 modulated by character, 105, 220-22 modulation of material desires, 104-5 nonlinear modulation of behavior, 297299, 298f, 299f relationship to dopamine modulation, 299-301, 303-5 Oceanic feelings See Illumination Ogburn, William F., 33 It, 334, 336, 340 Ontogeny See Epigenesis, Psychosocial development P300 evoked potential, 220 Palindrome, 281 Paradigms biomedical (of disease categories), xvii, 231-2 biopsychosocial, 231-3, 263 degenerate, 232, 260-3 dualistic examples, xvii, 231 paradigm shifts, xxii, 39, 269 psychosocial (of the person), xvii, 231 Paramutation, 285 Pascal, Blaise, 25 Path of the psyche See also Self-aware consciousness corrects error of body-mind dualism, xviii definition, 72 description of mechanisms of movement, 124-30 empirical evidence in attention regulation, 119-122 empirical evidence in character development, xviii, 122-30 empirical evidence in emotion, xviii, 114122 historical evidence in cultural development, 23-4, 29 nonlinearity of personality development, 62, 122-30 property of noncausality, 62 spiral form, 122-9, 123t, 125f, 127f, 232, 234f three dimensions of movement, 114-118 See also Chardin Path of the soul See Path of the psyche Path to well-being See Path of the psyche Peak experiences, 190, 19It See also Illumination Persistence description See Temperament development, 43 gene-gene interaction, 300 influence on immaturity, 43, 43t inheritance, 292-3 modulated by character, 105-6 modulation of intellectual thought, 99, 99t, 100 nonlinear influence on thought, 301-3, 302f Personality See Character; Coherence; Temperament; Self as abstractions of thought, 113-4, 114t, 239-40 allocentric context in second stage, 109, HOt content recognized in first stage of awareness, 102 definition, 38, 113-4, 239-40 development See Path of the Psyche; Thought hierarchy of models as levels of awareness, 109, HOt hierarchy of models, 38, 102 matrix structure in second stage of awareness, 102 nonlinear dynamics in second stage of awareness, 102 spiral path in third stage of awareness, 114, 122-7 Personality disorder character measures of, 44-6, 46f coherent treatment methods, 223-4, 343-6 conventional treatment outcomes, 48-9 cube of character subtypes, 46f cube of temperament subtypes, 42f radical transformation, 68-9, 236, 258 temperament subtypes, 41-3, 42f, 120 transcendental treatment methods, 61 Phenomenology See also Husserl; Heidegger; Jaspers definition, 24 examples, 24 Phidias, 12t, 316 Philosophy See also Existentialism; Hedonism; Humanism; Materialism; Idealism; Phenomenology; Negative philosophy; Positive philosophy; Scholasticism; Skepticism; Stoicism branches (basic questions), of well-being, 1-29 Index Physics, classic (Newtonian) assumptions about causality, 192, 192t, 199t definition, 192, 195 inadequacy as model of self-aware consciousness, 66 thought is inconsequential, 192-3 Physics, quantum See also Nonlocality; Noncausality; Coherence basic characteristics, 62, 269 Copenhagen interpretation See Bohr definition, 195-6 evidence of quantum phenomena in brain function, 329, 342-3 explanatory model of self-aware consciousness, 62 field theory, 66, 197 See also Higgs field measurement problem, 195 post-Copenhagen interpretation See Bohm, Frieden, Stapp punctuated equilibria, 286, 317 quantum-like properties of insight learning, 208-210, 342 shock of recognition, 269 Physics, relativistic, 192-3, 192t, 199t See also Einstein Piaget, Jean, 48-9, 49t, 235 Planes of thought See Thought Plato allegory of the cave, 19 influence on Cloninger, 8-9 interpretation by Augustine, 5-6 Platonic forms as objects of intuitive senses, 109 positive philosopher, 9-13, 12t significance according to Whitehead, 29 Positive philosophy assumptions, 9-11, 9t coherence See Coherence; Unity; Universal unity of being constructive nature, 13 definition, evidence for assumptions, 316-7 exemplars, 11-13, 12t-13t noncausality See Creativity; Free will; Gifts nonlocality See Contemplation; Illumination perennial nature, xxiii, 13 perpetually revolutionary, 173 result of contemplative thought, 204 tests of quantum-like assumptions coherence See Coherence; Unity; Universal unity of being 369 noncausuality See Creativity; Freewill; Gifts nonlocality See Contemplation; Illumination Positive psychology, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) definition, 126 relation to low listening to psyche, 125 relation to personality traits, 126 Pragmatism, 14-5, 14t, 17 Priestley, Joseph, 141-2 Procedural learning definition, 50 dissociation from semantic and episodic memory, 52 effect of striatal lesions, 52 relation to temperament, 40 Protagoras, 13-4 See Negative philosophy Przybeck, Thomas, ix, 100, 102 Psyche See also Listening to the psyche; Mind; Path of the psyche; Soul; Spirit analogy of world-wide Internet, 322-8 definition, xix, 35-6, 69 description by James of healthy and sick souls, 17t, 18 magnitude or level as a gift, 71, 216, 325, 327t three basic functions, 68-9, 325 Psychiatry See also Psychopathology definition, xix divisions, 231-2 Psychoanalysis See also Erikson, Free association; Freud; Gabbard; Kohut; Vaillant; Winnicott assumptions contradicted by wisdom and well-being, 239 descriptive and nonpredictive, 238-9 mental processing distorts reality, 26, 97 Psychobiology, 46, 232 See also Biopsychosocial paradigm Psychology behavioral psychology, 47, 141 See also Temperament biological psychology, 40 See also Psychobiology cognitive psychology, 47, 96-7 See also Self-aware consciousness definition, xix evolutionary psychology, 216 See also Evolution humanistic psychology, 143 See also Rogers personality psychology, 25, 38 370 Index Qualia of beauty and love, 57 of being (agency), 55 defined as subjective awareness, intuition, 55 of freedom of will (voluntary selection), 56 of goodness and unity (cosmic sense), 58 quantification with TCI, 54 relation to levels of self-aware consciousness, 54 of truth and faith, 57 Quantum field theory, 197 See also Physics, quantum levels of recognition memory, 54-8, 55t qualitative and quantitative measurement, 54 recollection of innate ideas, 54, 160 relation to episodic or self-aware consciousness, 51, 97 relation to TCI Self-directedness, 116 Reconciliation of conflicts See Sublimation; Transcendence Reflexes defense (fight or flight), 104, 249 modulation by personality, 104, 249-250, 250t orienting, 119 startle, 250, 296-7 Relationships, human See Diagnosis of Human Relationships (DHR) Relaxation response, 250, 254 Renaissance European, 11 American, 144 Repression, 220 Reward Dependence description See Temperament development, 43 influence on immaturity, 43-4, 43t inheritance, 292-3 modulated by character, 105 modulates emotionality and succorance, 105 Robins, Eli, ix, 199t Rogers, Carl happy life, 2, self-actualization, 103, 106, 143 Russell, Bertrand, 90-91 Ramanujan, Srinivasa, 63 Rand, Ayn, 13 Reality testing as following the path of the psyche, 217, 327 influence on movement of thought, 126 as self-directedness and impartiality, 1167, 119, 123, 217 Reason See also Intuition, rationality; Mind concepts of, 6-9, 24-6 evolution, 95-6, 96t as intellect, mind 1, semantic learning, 50, 96-7 nondual nature of pure reason, 24 Recollection See also Intuition; Self-aware consciousness as cognitive schemas, 97 definition, 51-2 distinction from knowledge of facts, 97 initial step in thought See Thought Sartre, Jean-Paul, 25 Savant syndrome See Gifts Scholastism, 12t Schiller, Friedrich, 82 Schizophrenia, 245, 295, 295f Schrodinger, Erwin on order in living things, 204-5 quantum physicist and monistic philosopher, 194, 204 Science of well-being alternative names, clinical implications, 343-6 compatibility with Platonic or positive philosophy, 8-9 nonreductive research paradigm, 260-3, 348-9 view of consciousness and will, 219-25, 346-8 Seager, William, 199, 200 Psychology (continued) positive branch, See also Positive psychology self psychology, 84 See also Kohut social psychology, 137, 151 See also Psychosocial development transpersonal or integrative psychology, 61, 203 Psychopathology hierarchy of disorder, 54-8, 55t unstable extremes of complex systems, 296 Psychosocial development example See American Transcendentalist Movement four phases of movements, 144, 184-6, 185t principles of, 151 scale-free dynamics, 319-21 Index Self critique of concept, 49-50 definition, 44 development, 47-9, 49t dualistic model of personality, 38 individual differences in character, 45—7 Self-actualization See Illumination Self-aware consciousness assumptions about causality, 192-200, 192t, 199t basic phenomena See Gifts; Listening to psyche; Path of the psyche basis for idiographic dynamic quality of personality, 52-3 basis of vicarious experience and recollection, xx, 53 definition as episodic memory, 51, It definition as mind-brain microstate sequence, 241 definition as scale-free system, 241 developmental steps, 48, 49t, 53, 54-9, 55t, 96-7 differentiation from mirror recognition, 3, 53 dissociation from procedural and semantic learning, 52 effect of hippocampal lesions, 53 elevation, width, and depth, 115-8, 117t enlargement from contemplation See Illumination experiments on emotional aspects, 114-6, 116t first-stage See Cognition fundamental properties, 191-8 human capacity to reactivate, 98 See also Recollection materialist concept of privacy, 36 modulation by character dimensions, 2147, 220-5 psychophysiology of stages, 249-53 regulatory hypothesis about gene expression, 288-90, 289t related brain networks, 53-4 scale-free dynamics, 319-21 second-stage See Metacognition; Meditation stepwise development, 48-9 tests for measurement, 52-3 third-stage See Contemplation three stages, xx, 79, 109-14, HOt transcendental concept of field of consciousness, 70 transcendental concept of nonlocal internet, 36 unique human ability, xvi, 3, 52, 98, 288 371 Self-awareness See Self-aware consciousness Self-directedness Modulator of movement of thought See Attention; Thought; Path of the psyche; Reality testing TCI character scale See Character; Personality disorder Self-efficacy, 223-4, 235 See also Bandura; Erikson Self-object differentiation, 52, 224 Self-Transcendence See also Transcendence; Transcendentalism as bridge between dual and nondual consciousness, 25, 190 definition of personality trait, 25, 45, 106 descriptions by Frankl, Loevinger, Vaillant, 236 modulator of movement of thought See Thought recognition of limits of intellect, 25 relation to creativity and illumination, 106, 190 relation to somatization and repression, 117-8 relation to well-being, 127-9, 128f, 129t TCI character dimension See Character Semantic Differential Scale, 115 Semantic memory See Mind definition, 50, 51t dissociation from procedural and episodic memory, 52 effect of medial temporal lesions, 52 as factual knowledge, declarative memory, 51, 53-4 relation to character traits, 53^1-, 59 Serenity of the psyche definition, 205-6, 327 description and measurement, 218 examples, 207 needed for precision of rational intuition, 154-6 relation to compassion, 205-6 Serotonin receptor/transport genes, 294-5, 299-300, 304 Sexual aspects of thought elevation, 103 needs, 102 Skepticism See Materialism; Negative philosophy; Sophism Silence of the mind (meditation), 84-5 Simonton, Dean, 329-30, 334-6 Social radius, 236, 325 See Erikson, Vaillant 372 Index Sophism See Negative philosophy; Protagoras Soma, xix, 36 Soul See Psyche Space, 197 Spinoza, Benedict de monism See Universal unity of being; Freedom perfection is reality, 106, 109 positive philosopher, 7-11, 13, 346-7 stages of thought, 347 Spiral patterns of life, 72, 122-7, 314-6 See also Path of the psyche Spirit See also Mind; Psyche definitions of spiritual parameters, 213-8, 327 definitions, 35-6, 60 spiritual phenomena See Free will; Gifts; Contemplation Spiritual interest, 184-5, 185t, 218 Spontaneity See Noncausality Stages of psychosocial development See Self-aware consciousness Stapp, Henry critique of materialism, 198-200 definitions of physical theories, 195-6 quantum physicist, 196 State of diagnosis in creative flow states, 82-3 in free association (mobile attention), 81-2 in method of DFT, 154 in upward spiral of thought, 123 Sternberg, Robert, 211, 329 Stoicism, 138 Stress, 26-9, 201 Sublimation definition, 93 inadequacy of vows of renunciation, 112 reconciliation of conflicts, 98 relation to plane of thought, 107 relation to third stage of self-aware consciousness, 98, 107 Substance dependence, 104, 124-25, 223-4 Superconsciousness, 68, 161 Svrakic, Dragan, ix, 46, 48, 50, 173 Svrakic, Nenad, ix, 48, 336 Systems or networks complex adaptive systems, 270, 277, 2856 dynamics of complex systems, 319-21, 323-4 global adaptive optimum, 319 hierarchy of systems, 285-6, 313-317 punctuated equilibria, 270, 275, 286, 317 scale-invariant (scale-free) networks, 310-328, 323f-4f small world networks, 319-21, 323f-4f TCI See Temperament and Character Inventory Temperament critique of temperament model, 44 definition, 38-9 development, 43 materalist model of personality, 38-42 multidimensional description and measurement, 40-42, 411 prediction of immaturity of character, 43,43t relation to associative (procedural) learning, 40 relation to behavioral conditioning, 3940,44 relation to planes of thought, 98-109, 99t, 249-50, 250t temperament cube, 42, 42f, 117a temperament dichotomy of William James, 17t Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) character dimensions See Character character subscales and thought dynamics, 101, 221-23 correlational structure, 291, 29It description, 44-47 heritabiity of dimensions, 292-3, 292t See Inheritance of personality how to order See website, http://www psychobiology.wustl.edu measures of personality disorder and maturity, 46 subscales as measures of thought content, 100 temperament dimensions See Temperament Theory causal theories of physics and consciousness, 198-9, 199t of dancing, 72 incomplete theories, 38, 198 of mental states and traits, 151 of mind, 53, 119 See also Mind of multiple intelligences, 64, 211 of natural selection of Darwin, 287 of Neo-Darwinian evolution, 273 quantum field theory, 197 of space, 197-8 See also Physics, quantum unified field theory, 197 Index Thoreau, Henry David commercial failure, 177, 185 creative works, 183-4, 183t devaluation in Emerson's eulogy, 184 illumination, 180-3 major public life events, 179, 179t method of "walking", 183 patronage of Emerson, 175-8 personality profile, 179-80 range of thought over time, 180-2, 181t-3t spiritual and cultural interest of mature works, 183-5 torchbearer of truth, 184 Thought See also Diagnosis of Frequency of Thought (DFT) atoms of thought, 244-5 basic characteristics, 240, 246, 246t brain macrostates of temporal EEG frequencies, 241 brain microstates of spatial EEG topography, 241-5, 243f as cognitive chunks, 232 hierarchical ranking of thoughts, 101-2, 353-7 matrix of dualistic thought, 99t matrix of nondualistic thought, 108t mind-brain microstates and thought, 232, 242, 257 movement in time, 114-8 See also Path of the psyche movement of thought and TCI measures, 100-118 nonlinearity of development and change, 48,61, 101 planes of thought and related conflicts, 98-114 quantitative ranking of thoughts, 112, 353-7 quantum features of thought, 112-3, 113t regulation of affect and attention, 114122, 116t-7t spiral path of consciousness, 122-130, 123t, 125f, 127f steps in thought, 96-7, 97t, 113, 220-2, 221t structural invariance despite time scales, 101 subplanes of thought and TCI measures, 98-109, 99t temperamental aspects of planes of thought, 249-50, 250t Time arrow of, 70 definition, 70 373 relation to path of psyche, 70 relativistic nature, 193 subjective sense of time, 52, 70 Toronto Alexithymia Scale, 118 Transcendence See also Jung definition, 24-5, 344 distinction between process and trait, 25, 344 elevation of conflicts, 344 Transcendentalism See also Emerson, Ralph definition, 35 foundation in positive philosophy, 147-8 ideas in common with existentalism, 25 phase of positive philosophy, 13, 13t response to Unitarianism in America, 137 Treatment of mental disorders curative transformation See Personality disorder palliative, x, v Truth awareness by the wise, focus of science and philosophy, nondual aspect of the good See Good; Love object of intuitive senses, 57-8 Tulving, Endel, 50-4, 5It Understanding See Qualia of truth; Selftranscendence Union in nature meditation description, 201 means to growing in awareness and faith, 68 oceanic feelings and ecstasy, 67-8 Unitarianism basic assumptions, 140-2 basis in deism, 140 influence of behavioral psychology, 141 influence of Locke's materialism, 141 reaction to Calvinism, 138 See Calvinism relation to Arian teachings, 140-1 See Arius of Alexandria role of William Ellery Channing, 142-3, 167-8, 168t split caused by Emerson's transcendentalism, 142 Universal unity of being as cosmos, 203, 314 definition, 3, 7, 9, 140 essential assumption for adequate science, 317 evidence from creativity, 341-3 evidence of unity of all life, 313-7, 315t 374 Index Universal unity of being (continued) hierarchical organization, 314-7, 315t noncausal property, 203-5 nonlocal property, 9, 202-3, 203t, 207 Vaillant, George, 190, 234-9, 234f, 238f, 239t Vice definition, 123-4 examples, 123 Virtue aspect of coherence, definition, 5, 126 examples, 123, 126 moral and theological virtues, 107 Voltaire, 11, 12t, 89 Voluntariness See Qualia of freedom; Cooperativeness Waddington, Conrad, 271-2, 275-9 Watson, James, 313 Well-being See also Happiness association with coherence of personality, 28, 127-9 basic parameters of, 321-9, 327t choiceless awareness, 91-95 definition, goodness as necessary and sufficient condition, inadequacy of extrinsic means, xvi, 4-5, 8-9 incompatibility with negative philosophy, 19 result of coherent way of living, 5, 343-6 willing without wanting, 92 Wetzel, Richard, ix Wheeler, John Archibald, 196, 199 Whitehead, Alfred North, 29, 90 Whitman, Walt, 65, 167-8 Will See also Free will definition, 220 will to freedom, 102 See also James will to meaning, 103 See also Frankl will to pleasure See Freud will to power, 104 See also Adler Winner, Ellen, 211-2 Winnicott, Donald, 84, 103, 190 Wisdom conditions for developing, 343-6 definition, descriptions, 236, 220-2 See also Coherence development, 63, 107, 236 measured by TCI spiritual subscales for action, 220-2, 22It Wright, Sewall, 274-5, 287 Wundt, Wilhelm, xvii, 114 [...]... awareness The study of the individual differences in self-aware consciousness may be called the science of well- being, the science of consciousness, or the science of personality The three names are synonymous because well- being, wisdom, and coherence of personality all depend on the level of a person's growth along the same path of development Because of the vast scope of human consciousness, the science of. .. integrate the paradigm of disease with the paradigm of the person My work on the integration of body and mind has required me to question my most basic assumptions about human nature I found that there were two basic errors that have blocked the progress of a science of well- being; these basic errors are the fallacies of dualism and reductionism The first of these fallacies is the Cartesian error of separating... beauty?" The words may vary but the essence of the questions about being, knowledge, or conduct remains the same Human beings seek answers to these questions as their basis for the goals and values of life Even the therapists, teachers, and philosophers who deal with these questions in their profes1 2 Feeling Good sions need help from others to cope with their personal fears, struggles, and lack of awareness... well- being Accordingly, I describe some techniques of clinical assessment and treatment that other mental health practitioners can learn to promote well- being in thought and in relationships Some of these techniques are briefly described in this book on the biopsychosocial foundations of the science of well- being The clinical methods of the science of well- being will be considered in more depth in a second... paradigm of the person Later, the biomedical approach and categorical diagnosis began to dominate the field of psychiatry along with advances in basic neuroscience and psychopharmacology Unfortunately, each part of the science of mental health—that is, the paradigm of the person and the paradigm of disease categories—is an inadequate basis to understand the relations of the body and the mind The psychosocial... studying the genetics of personality, functional brain imaging, and statistical dy- Introduction xix namics been available to measure and understand the mechanisms underlying individual differences in the development of well- being The second error blocking the progress of the science of well- being is the Aristotelian fallacy of reducing thought to the algorithmic processing of physical sensations The Aristotelian... consciousness Finally, in the last few years I recognized that recent developments in the quantitative measurement of thought, brain imaging, genetics, and the statistical dynamics of complex adaptive systems provided an adequate way of describing and testing my intuitions about the science of wellbeing in rigorous scientific terms Each of the biopsychosocial foundations of the science of well- being is examined... has love of himself, he must wish for well- being What makes well- being possible? According to Plato and Augustine, living in virtue was only possible for one who recognized the coherence of the universal unity of being and who sought to understand the truth of this unity through love Love does not involve renunciation or rejection of any aspect of living The coherence of the universal unity of being is... are often effective for acute relief of some symptoms of mental disorder Despite the use of modern therapies, how ever, there has been no overall increase in the proportion of people in the community who are happy and satisfied with their life The meager progress by psychiatry and psychology in understanding the science of well- being is in part related to a failure to integrate major advances in other... Coherence of Being, 50 The Transcendental Phenomena of Development, 60 3 The Measurement and Movement of Human Thought, 79 The Path of the Psyche, 79 Experiencing the Stages of Self-Aware Consciousness, 84 XI xii Contents Description and Measurement of Thought, 95 Movement of Thought in Time, 114 Brain Regulation of Attention and Affect, 119 The Spiral Path of Consciousness, 122 4 The Social Psychology of ... 25 0-3 30 AD 35 4-4 30 AD 48 0-5 47 AD ARABIC GOLDEN AGE Ali Al-Farabi Al-Biruni Al-Ghazali Ibn Al-Arabi Arabia Turkistan Afghanistan Iran Spain 60 0-6 61 AD 87 8-9 50 AD 97 3-1 048 AD 105 9-1 111 116 9-1 240 WESTERN... 103 5-9 62 BC 92 7-8 40 BC 8th C BC 77 7-6 80 BC 64 9-5 70 BC GREEK CLASSICAL AGE Pythagoras Phidias Plato Diogenes Archimedes Greece Greece Greece Greece Greece 57 5-5 00 BC 49 3-4 30 BC 42 8-3 48 BC 40 0-3 20... Germany Scotland 107 9-1 144 120 0-1 280 126 6-1 308 WESTERN RENAISSANCE Petrarch Boccaccio Brunelleschi Leonardo 12 Italy Italy Italy Italy 130 4-1 374 131 3-1 375 137 7-1 446 145 2-1 519 (Continued) A Brief