What is life

Tardigrade QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture Life A Short Summary QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture Slime Mold What is Life? • Composed of organic compounds • Resistance to entropy (disorder) – Requires energy (must be able to gather and process (metabolize) energy) • Ability to maintain a controlled environment – Requires ability to be isolated from environment • Information storage • Self replication – Including ability to pass on information • Ability to adapt to its environment – Undergoes biological evolution Life on Earth: Organic Compounds Important Elements •Oxygen(O) •Carbon (C) •Hydrogen (H) •Nitrogen (N) •Phosphorous (P) •Sulfur (S) Human Alfalfa Bacteria 62.8% 19.4% 9.3% 5.1% 0.6% 0.6% 77.9% 11.3% 8.7% 0.8% 0.7% 0.1% Carbon is found in all organic compounds 73.7% 12.1% 9.9% 3.0% 0.6% 0.3% Why Carbon? • Small and Abundant • 4th most abundant element in the Solar System • Bonds with a lot of different atoms • Forms lots of different organic compounds • Forms long chains (polymers) • Forms very strong bonds • Hard to destroy (Stable) • Bonds “store” a lot of energy • Forms compounds that are water soluble Life on Earth: Organic Compounds Types of Organic Compounds Lipids - (H,C (hydrocarbons))  Fats and Oils  cell membranes & energy storage Carbohydrates - (C, H, O)  Sugars, Starches and Cellulose  energy storage & structure Life on Earth: Organic Compounds Types of Organic Compounds Amino Acids  Proteins - (C, H, O, N, S)  Enzymes - catalysts for chemical reactions  also Hair, silk, fingernails, etc Nucleic Acids - (C, H, O, N, P)  DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)  RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)  store & transfer genetic information Organic Compounds Not Alive Cells Organisms Alive Life on Earth: Controlled Environment Cell Eukaryote Prokaryote Prokaryote - E coli • Small ([...]... Cloning (Mitosis) Life on Earth: Self Replication Complete Organism Sexual Reproduction (Meiosis) Fertilization (Combination of genes from 2 parents) Sperm & Egg What is Life? (Reminder) • Composed of organic compounds • Resistance to entropy (disorder) – Requires energy (must be able to gather and process (metabolize) energy) • Ability to maintain a controlled environment – Requires ability to be isolated... and multi-cellular Life on Earth: Controlling Entropy Gathering Energy Photosynthesis Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight > Sugar + Oxygen Chemosynthesis Hydrogen Sulfide + Carbon Dioxide + Water + Oxygen + Geothermal Heat > Sugar + Sulfuric Acid Chloroplasts Life on Earth: Controlling Entropy Releasing Energy Respiration Sugar + Oxygen > Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy Mitochondria Life on Earth: Information... Chromosome Numbers Life on Earth: Information Storage DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA - Ribonucleic Acid Replication DNA Transcription RNA Translation Protein The Universal Genetic Code AUG - UGC - CAU - AAA - UGA Start - Cysteine - Histidine - Lysine - Stop DNA Translation Instructions: How to make proteins from amino acids Genetics Produce Variety Life on Earth: Self Replication Life on Earth: Self... biological evolution How is Life Organized: Taxonomy (Linnaeus) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Subspecies Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Homididae Homo sapiens sapiens Animalia Chordata Osteichthyes Salmoniformes Salmonidae Onchorhynchus tshawytscha Plantae Pinophyta Pinopsida Pinales Cupressaceae Sequoia sempervirens Human King Salmon Coast Redwood Kingdoms of Life Single Celled -... Single Celled - prokaryotes and eukaryotes • Archaea (“extremophiles”) • Bacteria (“germs” & blue-green algae) • Protista (one-celled eukaryotes) Metazoans - multicellular, eukaryotes • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia Extremophiles (Archea) Thermophiles Halophiles Cryophiles Methanogens Bacteria Protista Fungi Plantae ... Replication Cloning (Mitosis) Life on Earth: Self Replication Complete Organism Sexual Reproduction (Meiosis) Fertilization (Combination of genes from parents) Sperm & Egg What is Life? (Reminder) •.. .What is Life? • Composed of organic compounds • Resistance to entropy (disorder) – Requires energy (must be able to gather and process... Start - Cysteine - Histidine - Lysine - Stop DNA Translation Instructions: How to make proteins from amino acids Genetics Produce Variety Life on Earth: Self Replication Life on Earth: Self Replication