SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT WHAT IS SOLID WASTE? • Solid or semi-solid material (including gases and liquids in containers) which are non soluble in nature are solid waste • It may be hazardous or not and includes agricultural refuse, demolition waste, industrial waste, mining residues, municipal garbage, and sewage sludge SOURCES OF WASTES • HOUSEHOLDS • BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIES • AGRICULTUR E • HOTELS TYPES OF SOLID WASTE Solid waste can be classified into different types depending on their source: • Household waste or municipal waste: includes food, paper, cardboard, plastic, textiles, leather, glass, metal, ashes, electronics waste etc • Industrial waste: includes toxic chemicals, oil, debris from construction site, packaging waste, ashes etc • Biomedical waste or hospital waste: medicine bottles, expired medicines, syringes, medical instruments such as scissors, blades etc • Agriculture waste: includes pesticides, crops, water coming from the fields also consists of small amount of toxic chemicals • Nuclear waste: includes radioactive substances coming from reactors, fuel (uranium, thorium, plutonium etc) Its highly dangerous and requires proper disposal • Hazardous waste: includes toxic chemical, acids, corrosive, ignitable and reactive materials, gases etc CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES ACCORDING TO THEIR PROPERTIES • Bio-degradable can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others) • Non-biodegradable cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, containers and others) SOLID WASTE COMPOSITION EFFECTS OF WASTE IF NOT MANAGED PROPERLY • • • • Affects our health Affects our socio-economic conditions Affects our coastal and marine environment Affects our climate WHAT SHOULD BE DONE? PLASMA GASSIFICATION • Plasma gasification is a new garbage disposal solution using plasma technology • Uses electrical energy and the high temperatures (4000°C to over 7000°C) created by an plasma torches • Almost completely breaks down the waste into syngas which are used to generate electricity • The remaining material (slag) is used to produced material for building projects WHAT IS PLASMA? • Fourth state of matter • It is an ionized gas at high temperature, capable of conducting current due to free electrons • Created by applying an electric arc to a lowpressure gas • Lightning is an example from nature PLASMA TORCHES • Consists of a tungsten rod (cathode) and a watercooled copper (anode) • Shaped in the form of a nozzle • Gas is introduced in the electrode gap and a dc arc is established between the electrodes to create plasma HOW PLASMA GASSIFIRE WORKS? • • • • • • • CONVEYER SYSTEM: Garbage is loaded on the conveyer belt Pushes into the pretreatment system by means of plunger PRETREATMENT MECHANISM: Use to make the entire system more efficient use grinders or crushers to reduce the size of the pieces of waste plasma torch can break down the smaller pieces faster Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level FURNACE • • • • Furnaces have an airlock system to allow garbage to come in while preventing the hot gases from escaping into the atmosphere Have multiple torches to break down all the matter into gases and slug Also features a drainage system to tap off the slag and a vent system to vent out the gases to withstand the intense heat, furnaces are lined with refractory material and often have a water-cooling system as well Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level SLUG DRAINAGE • Molten slag at the bottom of the furnace and helps in maintaining the high temperature inside the chamber • Occasionally slag must be drained from the furnace • slag drains away from the furnace and cools in a separate chamber • Slug is also used to produce some building materials MOLTEN SLAG DRAINING FROM A PLASMA FURNACE AFTER BURNING • Gases can pass through a secondary chamber where natural gas flames combust any remaining organic material in the gases • These extremely hot gases then pass through a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) system • where they heat water to form steam • This steam then turns a steam turbine to create electricity BYPRODUCTS OF THE PROCESS • SYNGAS: • A mixture of several gases but mainly comprises hydrogen and carbon monoxide • Can be used as a fuel source • SLUG: • Solid byproduct from the gasification process • The weight of the slag is about 20 percent of the weight of the original waste • The volume of the slag is about percent that of the original waste volume SUMMARY • Solid waste is hazardous to health so it has to be handled carefully and disposed properly in order to protect our health and to maintain good environment [...]... being exposed to the waste • Recycle if possible • Minimize and prevention GENERATION OF MSW(MT/Y) METHODS OF DISPOSALS These are the following methods for disposal of the solid waste • • • • • • LAND FILLS INCINARATION BIOLOGICAL REPROCESSING RECYCLING OCEAN DUMPING PLASMA GASSIFICATION SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY LAND FILL • It is the most traditional method of waste disposal • Waste is directly... used for redevelopment as it might be too polluted INCINERATION • Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of solid waste at 1000 deg C • waste materials are converted into ash, flue gas, and heat • The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and gases due to organic waste • the heat generated by incineration is used to generate electric power ADVANTAGES... wastes include the following materials that are commonly found in the workplace • Batteries • Fluorescent lamps • Pesticides • Thermometers (containing mercury) • Used oil SOLUTION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE • The government can increase regulations on the disposal of hazardous waste • Provide incentives to create less waste • Industries can break down chemical compounds into less dangerous forms • Store waste. ..EFFECTS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE • When hazardous wastes are released in the air, water, or on the land, they can spread or contaminate our environment • When rain falls on soil at a waste site, it can carry hazardous waste deeper into the ground and the can pollute ground-water • Every year, major health problems result from hazardous waste like cancer, repertory condition, heart... borrow pits • Disposed waste is compacted and covered with soil to prevent vermin and wind-blown litter • Gases generated by the decomposing waste materials are often burnt to generate power • It is generally used for domestic waste ADVANTAGES • Landfill site is a cheap waste disposal option for the local council • Jobs will be created for local people • Lots of different types of waste can be disposed... HAZARDOUS WASTE Sources of hazardous wastes include: • Research and academic laboratories • Shops and repair facilities • Art and theater departments • Facility maintenance and grounds • Power Plant operations • Experimental Farm operations CHARACTERISTICS • • • • • Hazardous Wastes are defined as wastes that exhibit the following characteristics: Ignitable Corrosive Reactivity Toxic UNIVERSAL HAZARDOUS WASTES... demolition debris, sewage sludge, dredge material, waste chemicals, and nuclear waste • Sometime hazardous and nuclear waste are also disposed but these are highly dangerous for aquatic life and human life also ADVANTAGES • Convenient • Inexpensive • Source of nutrients for fishes and marine mammals • Vast amount of space is available • All type of wastes are disposed DISADVANTAGES • There are three... container and let to stay there until it decomposes RECYCLING • It is basically processing or conversion of a waste item into usable forms • Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles, and electronics • But recycling is not a solution to managing every kind of waste material • For many items like plastic bags, plastic wrap, yogurt cups, margarine container etc recycling... harmful chemicals and greenhouse gases from rubbish • Saves space required as Waste Disposal Landfill • Reduce financial expenditure in the economy • it helps in conserving a lot of energy resources like petroleum and coal deposits SAVING THROUGH RECYCLING • When aluminum is recycled - considerable saving in cost • Making paper from waste saves 50% energy • Every tone of recycled glass saves energy equivalent... waste and gases due to organic waste • the heat generated by incineration is used to generate electric power ADVANTAGES • Minimum of land is needed compared to other disposal methods • The weight of the waste is reduced to 25% of the initial value • No risk of polluting local streams and ground waters as in landfills • Incineration plants can be located close to residential areas • Gases are used to generate ... demolition waste, industrial waste, mining residues, municipal garbage, and sewage sludge SOURCES OF WASTES • HOUSEHOLDS • BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIES • AGRICULTUR E • HOTELS TYPES OF SOLID WASTE Solid waste. ..WHAT IS SOLID WASTE? • Solid or semi -solid material (including gases and liquids in containers) which are non soluble in nature are solid waste • It may be hazardous or... following methods for disposal of the solid waste • • • • • • LAND FILLS INCINARATION BIOLOGICAL REPROCESSING RECYCLING OCEAN DUMPING PLASMA GASSIFICATION SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY LAND FILL