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Steuerung und überwachung einer zeitprojektionskammer mit GEM auslese

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❙t❡✉❡r✉♥❣ ✉♥❞ Ü❜❡r✇❛❝❤✉♥❣ ❡✐♥❡r ❩❡✐t♣r♦❥❡❦t✐♦♥s❦❛♠♠❡r ♠✐t ●❊▼✲❆✉s❧❡s❡ ❉✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥ ③✉r ❊r❧❛♥❣✉♥❣ ❞❡s ❉♦❦t♦r❣r❛❞❡s ✭❉r✳ r❡r✳ ♥❛t✳✮ ❞❡r ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐s❝❤✲◆❛t✉r✇✐ss❡♥s❝❤❛❢t❧✐❝❤❡♥ ❋❛❦✉❧tät ❞❡r ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡♥ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥ ✈♦r❣❡❧❡❣t ✈♦♥ ❉✐♣❧✳ P❤②s✳ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❑❛✐s❡r ❛✉s ❊♠♠❡r✐❝❤ ❛♠ ❘❤❡✐♥ ❇♦♥♥ ✷✵✶✸ ■■ ■■■ ❆♥❣❡❢❡rt✐❣t ♠✐t ●❡♥❡❤♠✐❣✉♥❣ ❞❡r ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐s❝❤✲◆❛t✉r✇✐ss❡♥s❝❤❛❢t❧✐❝❤❡♥ ❋❛❦✉❧tät ❞❡r ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡♥ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥ ✶✳ ●✉t❛❝❤t❡r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘❡✐♥❤❛r❞ ❇❡❝❦ ✷✳ ●✉t❛❝❤t❡r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❑❧❛✉s ❉❡s❝❤ ❚❛❣ ❞❡r Pr♦♠♦t✐♦♥✿ ✵✸✳ ❋❡❜r✉❛r ✷✵✶✹ ❊rs❝❤❡✐♥✉♥❣s❥❛❤r✿ ✷✵✶✹ ■❱ ❩✉s❛♠♠❡♥❢❛ss✉♥❣ ❋ür ❡✐♥ t✐❡❢❡r❡s ❱❡rstä♥❞♥✐s ❞❡r st❛r❦❡♥ ❲❡❝❤s❡❧✇✐r❦✉♥❣ ✉♥❞ ❞❡s ❆✉❢❜❛✉s ❞❡r ◆✉❦❧❡♦♥❡♥ ✉♥t❡rs✉❝❤t ❞❛s ❈❇❊▲❙❆✴❚❆P❙✲❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ✐♠ ❘❛❤♠❡♥ ❞❡s ❙♦♥❞❡r❢♦rs❝❤✉♥❣s❜❡r❡✐❝❤s ❙❋❇✴❚❘❘ ✶✻ ✒❊❧❡❦tr♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐s❝❤❡ ❆♥r❡❣✉♥❣ s✉❜♥✉❦❧❡❛r❡r ❙②st❡♠❡✏ ❞❛s ❆♥r❡❣✉♥❣s✲ s♣❡❦tr✉♠ ❞❡r ❇❛r②♦♥❡♥ ♠✐t ❍✐❧❢❡ ✈♦♥ ▼❡s♦♥✲P❤♦t♦♣r♦❞✉❦t✐♦♥✳ ❯♠ ❞❛s ♣❤②s✐❦❛❧✐s❝❤❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠ ③✉ ✉♥t❡rstüt③❡♥ ✉♥❞ ③✉ ❡r✇❡✐t❡r♥✱ s♦❧❧ ❞❡r ❜❡st❡❤❡♥✲ ❞❡ ■♥♥❡♥❞❡t❡❦t♦r ✐♥ ❞❡♥ ❦♦♠♠❡♥❞❡♥ ❏❛❤r❡♥ ❞✉r❝❤ ❡✐♥❡ ❩❡✐t♣r♦❥❡❦t✐♦♥s❦❛♠♠❡r ✭❚✐♠❡ Pr♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❈❤❛♠❜❡r ✲ ❚P❈✮ ❡rs❡t③t ✇❡r❞❡♥✳ ❉✐❡ ▼ö❣❧✐❝❤❦❡✐t✱ ❙♣✉r❡♥ ❣❡❧❛❞❡♥❡r ❚❡✐❧✲ ❝❤❡♥ ✐♥ ❞❡r ❚P❈ ♠✐t ❤♦❤❡r Prä③✐s✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛❧❧❡♥ ❞r❡✐ ❘❛✉♠r✐❝❤t✉♥❣❡♥ ③✉ r❡❦♦♥str✉✐❡r❡♥✱ ❡r❧❛✉❜t ✉♥t❡r ❛♥❞❡r❡♠ ❞❡♥ ◆❛❝❤✇❡✐s ✈♦♥ ❣❡❧❛❞❡♥❡♥ ❘❡❛❦t✐♦♥s❦❛♥ä❧❡♥✱ ❞✐❡ ♠✐t ❞❡♠ ❈r②st❛❧✲❇❛rr❡❧✲❉❡t❡❦t♦r ❜✐s❤❡r ♥✐❝❤t ✉♥t❡rs✉❝❤t ✇❡r❞❡♥ ❦♦♥♥t❡♥✱ ♦❞❡r ❞✐❡ ❇❡st✐♠♠✉♥❣ ❞❡r ❚❡✐❧❝❤❡♥❛rt ❛✉s ❞❡♠ s♣❡③✐✜s❝❤❡♠ ❊♥❡r❣✐❡✈❡r❧✉st✳ ❊✐♥ ❡rst❡r ❚P❈✲Pr♦t♦t②♣ ♠✐t ●❊▼✲❋♦❧✐❡♥ ③✉r ▲❛❞✉♥❣s✈❡rstär❦✉♥❣ ✈♦r ❞❡r ❆✉s❧❡s❡❡✲ ❜❡♥❡ ✉♥❞ ❞❡♥ ♣❛ss❡♥❞❡♥ ❆❜♠❡ss✉♥❣❡♥ ❢ür ❞❛s ❈❇❊▲❙❆✴❚❆P❙✲❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ✇✉r❞❡ ✐♥ ❑♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ♠✐t ❞❡r ❚❯ ▼ü♥❝❤❡♥✱ ❞❡♠ ❉❡t❡❦t♦r❧❛❜♦r ❞❡r ●❙■ ✐♥ ❉❛r♠st❛❞t ✉♥❞ ❞❡♠ ❙t❡❢❛♥✲▼❡②❡r✲■♥st✐t✉t ❞❡r ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❲✐❡♥ ❣❡❜❛✉t ✉♥❞ ✐♠ ❘❛❤♠❡♥ ❞❡s ❋❖P■✲ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ❛♥ ❞❡r ●❙■ ❡r❢♦❧❣r❡✐❝❤ ❜❡✐ ♠❡❤r❡r❡♥ ❙tr❛❤❧③❡✐t❡♥ ❣❡t❡st❡t✳ ❩✉❞❡♠ ✇✉r❞❡♥ s②st❡♠❛t✐s❝❤❡ ❙t✉❞✐❡♥ ❛♥ ❡✐♥❡r ❦❧❡✐♥❡r❡♥ ❚❡st✲❚P❈ ♠✐t ❍✐❧❢❡ ❡✐♥❡r ❚❡st❇❡♥❝❤ ♠✐t ❡①✲ ③❡❧❧❡♥t❡r ❡①t❡r♥❡r ❙♣✉r❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❞✉r❝❤❣❡❢ü❤rt✳ ❉❛ ❞✐❡ ❣❡♥❛✉❡ ❑❡♥♥t♥✐s ❞❡r ❊❧❡❦tr♦♥❡♥❞r✐❢t❣❡s❝❤✇✐♥❞✐❣❦❡✐t ✐♥ ❞❡r ❚P❈ ❢ür ❞✐❡ ♣rä✲ ③✐s❡ ❘❡❦♦♥str✉❦t✐♦♥ ❞❡r ❚❡✐❧❝❤❡♥s♣✉r❡♥ ✈♦♥ ❣r♦ÿ❡r ❇❡❞❡✉t✉♥❣ ✐st✱ ✇✉r❞❡♥ ❞❡t❛✐❧❧✐❡rt❡ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥❡♥ ③✉r ❉r✐❢t❣❡s❝❤✇✐♥❞✐❣❦❡✐t ✉♥❞ ❞❡r❡♥ ❆❜❤ä♥❣✐❣❦❡✐t ✈♦♥ ä✉ÿ❡r❡♥ P❛r❛♠❡✲ t❡r♥✱ ✇✐❡ ❉r✐❢ts♣❛♥♥✉♥❣✱ ❉r✉❝❦✱ ●❛s③✉s❛♠♠❡♥s❡t③✉♥❣ ♦❞❡r ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r✱ ❞✉r❝❤❣❡❢ü❤rt✳ ❉✐❡ ❊r❣❡❜♥✐ss❡ ❞✐❡s❡r ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥❡♥ ③❡✐❣❡♥✱ ❞❛ss ❡✐♥❡ ❦♦♥st❛♥t❡ Ü❜❡r✇❛❝❤✉♥❣ ❞❡r ✉♥t❡r✲ s✉❝❤t❡♥ P❛r❛♠❡t❡r ❢ür ❡✐♥❡ s✐♥♥✈♦❧❧❡ ❱❡r✇❡♥❞✉♥❣ ❞❡r s✐♠✉❧✐❡rt❡♥ ❉r✐❢t❣❡s❝❤✇✐♥❞✐❣❦❡✐t ♥♦t✇❡♥❞✐❣ ✐st✳ ■♠ ❘❛❤♠❡♥ ❞✐❡s❡r ❆r❜❡✐t ✇✉r❞❡ ③✉ ❞✐❡s❡♠ ❩✇❡❝❦✱ s♦✇✐❡ ❢ür ❡✐♥❡♥ s✐❝❤❡r❡♥ ✉♥❞ ③✉✲ ✈❡r❧äss✐❣❡♥ ❇❡tr✐❡❜ ❞❡r ❜❡✐❞❡♥ ❚P❈s ✉♥❞ ❞❡r ❉❡t❡❦t♦r❡♥ ❛✉❢ ❞❡r ❚❡st❇❡♥❝❤✱ ❞✐❡ ❞❛❢ür ♥♦t✇❡♥❞✐❣❡ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡✱ ❡✐♥❡ ❞❛t❡♥❜❛♥❦❜❛s✐❡rt❡ ❙t❡✉❡r✉♥❣ss♦❢t✇❛r❡ s♦✇✐❡ ❡✐♥❡ ❣r❛♣❤✐✲ s❝❤❡ ❇❡♥✉t③❡r♦❜❡r✢ä❝❤❡ ❛✉❢❣❡❜❛✉t ✉♥❞ ❡♥t✇✐❝❦❡❧t✳ ▼✐t ❞✐❡s❡r s♦❣❡♥❛♥♥t❡♥ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧ ❦♦♥♥t❡♥ ❜❡✐ ❞❡♥ ❞✉r❝❤❣❡❢ü❤rt❡♥ ❙tr❛❤❧③❡✐t❡♥ ✉♥❞ ❚❡st♠❡ss✉♥❣❡♥ ③❛❤❧r❡✐❝❤❡ P❛r❛♠❡t❡r ✲ ③✉♠ ❇❡✐s♣✐❡❧ ❙♣❛♥♥✉♥❣❡♥✱ ❙trö♠❡✱ ●❛s✢✉ss ♦❞❡r ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡♥ ✲ ♠✐t ❞❡r ❡r❢♦r❞❡r❧✐✲ ❝❤❡♥ ●❡♥❛✉✐❣❦❡✐t ❣❡st❡✉❡rt✱ ü❜❡r✇❛❝❤t ✉♥❞ ❣❡s♣❡✐❝❤❡rt ✇❡r❞❡♥✳ ❉✐❡ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲●❯■ ③❡✐❝❤♥❡t❡ s✐❝❤ ❞❛❜❡✐ ❞✉r❝❤ ❡✐♥❡ ❉❛rst❡❧❧✉♥❣ ❞❡r ▼❡ss✇❡rt❡ ✐♥ ❊❝❤t③❡✐t ✉♥❞ ❡✐♥❡ ❡✐♥❢❛❝❤❡ ❇❡❞✐❡♥❜❛r❦❡✐t ❛✉s✳ ❆✉s ❞❡♥ ❩❡✐ts♣❡❦tr❡♥ ❞❡r ♠✐t ❞❡r ●❊▼✲❚P❈ ❛✉❢❣❡③❡✐❝❤♥❡t❡♥ ❉❛t❡♥ ❦♦♥♥t❡ ③✉❞❡♠ ❞✐❡ t❛tsä❝❤❧✐❝❤❡ ❉r✐❢t❣❡s❝❤✇✐♥❞✐❣❦❡✐t ❞❡r ❊❧❡❦tr♦♥❡♥ ✐♠ ❉r✐❢t✈♦❧✉♠❡♥ ❡①tr❛❤✐❡rt ✉♥❞ ♠✐t ❞❡♥ t❤❡♦r❡t✐s❝❤❡♥ ❱♦r❤❡rs❛❣❡♥ ❞❡r ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✈❡r❣❧✐❝❤❡♥ ✇❡r❞❡♥✳ ❍✐❡r❞✉r❝❤ ❦♦♥♥t❡ ❞❡r ❋❡❤❧❡r ❜❡✐ ❞❡r ❘❡❦♦♥str✉❦t✐♦♥ ❞❡r ❞❡r ❉❛t❡♥ ✈❡r❜❡ss❡rt ✇❡r❞❡♥✳ z ✲❑♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐❡rt ✉♥❞ ❞✐❡ ✇❡✐t❡r❡ ❆♥❛❧②s❡ ❱■ ❆❜str❛❝t ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❚✐♠❡ Pr♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❈❤❛♠❜❡r ✇✐t❤ ●❊▼ r❡❛❞♦✉t ❚♦ ❣❡t ❛ ❞❡❡♣❡r ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ♥✉❝❧❡♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ str♦♥❣ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❜✐♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♥ts ✐♥s✐❞❡✱ t❤❡ ❈❇❊▲❙❆✴❚❆P❙ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡s t❤❡ r❡s♦✲ ♥❛♥❝❡ s♣❡❝tr✉♠ ♦❢ ❜❛r②♦♥s ❜② ♠❡s♦♥ ♣❤♦t♦♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ s❝♦♣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❋❇✴❚❘❘ ✶✻ ✧❙✉❜♥✉❝❧❡❛r ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ▼❛tt❡r✧✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ s✉♣♣♦rt ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠✱ t❤❡ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ■♥♥❡r ❉❡t❡❝t♦r ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ r❡♣❧❛❝❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❚✐♠❡ Pr♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❈❤❛♠❜❡r ✭❚P❈✮ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❡①t ❢❡✇ ②❡❛rs✳ ❚❤✐s ❛❧❧♦✇s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❤❛r❣❡❞ r❡❛❝t✐♦♥ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥✬t ❜❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❈❇❊▲❙❆✴❚❆P❙ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ✉♣ t♦ ♥♦✇✱ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ❢♦r ♣❛rt✐❝❧❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❡♥❡r❣② ❧♦ss✳ ❆ ✜rst ♣r♦t♦t②♣❡ ✇✐t❤ ●❊▼ ❢♦✐❧s ❢♦r ❝❤❛r❣❡ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❢r♦♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❛❞♦✉t ♣❧❛♥❡ ❛♥❞ s✉✐t❛❜❧❡ s✐③❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❈❇❊▲❙❆✴❚❆P❙ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ✇❛s ❜✉✐❧t ✐♥ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❚❯ ▼✉♥✐❝❤✱ t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r② ♦❢ t❤❡ ●❙■ ✐♥ ❉❛r♠st❛❞t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❙t❡❢❛♥✲▼❡②❡r✲ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ❱✐❡♥♥❛✳ ❚❤❡ ❚P❈ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❝♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥❡❞ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧❧② ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❋❖P■ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ❛t t❤❡ ●❙■ ❞✉r✐♥❣ s❡✈❡r❛❧ t❡st ❜❡❛♠ ❝❛♠♣❛✐❣♥s✳ ❆❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ s②st❡♠❛t✐❝ st✉❞✐❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❝❛rr✐❡❞ ♦✉t ✇✐t❤ ❛ s♠❛❧❧❡r ❚❡st✲❚P❈ ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ ❚❡st❇❡♥❝❤ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ tr❛❝❦ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥✳ ❆s t❤❡ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♥ ❞r✐❢t ✈❡❧♦❝✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❚P❈ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✐s ❛ ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡①❛❝t tr❛❝❦ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ❞❡t❛✐❧❡❞ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞r✐❢t ✈❡❧♦❝✐t② ❛♥❞ ✐ts ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝② ♦♥ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ❞r✐❢t ✈♦❧t❛❣❡✱ ♣r❡ss✉r❡✱ ❣❛s ✢♦✇ ♦r t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡✱ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❝❛rr✐❡❞ ♦✉t✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞ ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❡①❛♠✐♥❡❞ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs t♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ ❛ r❡❛s♦♥❛❜❧❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❞r✐❢t ✈❡❧♦❝✐t✐❡s✳ ❋♦r t❤✐s ♣✉r♣♦s❡✱ ❛♥❞ t♦ ❡♥s✉r❡ ❛ s❛❢❡ ❛♥❞ st❛❜❧❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚P❈s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❞❡t❡❝t♦rs ♦♥ t❤❡ ❚❡st❇❡♥❝❤✱ t❤❡ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ❞❛t❛ ❜❛s❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ✉s❡r ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ✇❡r❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥str✉❝t❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦✳ ❲✐t❤ t❤✐s s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✱ ✐t ✇❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ♠❡❛s✉r❡✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ st♦r❡ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ✲ ❡✳❣✳ ✈♦❧t❛❣❡s✱ ❝✉rr❡♥ts✱ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡s ♦r ❣❛s ✢♦✇s ✲ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐❣❤ ♣r❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜❡❛♠ t✐♠❡s ❛♥❞ t❡st ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts ❝❛rr✐❡❞ ♦✉t✳ ❚❤❡ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲ ●❯■ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ❤❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❞✐s♣❧❛② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✐♥ r❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡✳ ❋r♦♠ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ●❊▼✲❚P❈✱ t❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❞r✐❢t ✈❡❧♦❝✐t✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♥s ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❡①tr❛❝t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ❡rr♦r ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛s ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❡❞ t❤✉s✱ ✐♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛✳ z ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❱■■■ ■♥❤❛❧ts✈❡r③❡✐❝❤♥✐s ✶ ❊✐♥❧❡✐t✉♥❣ ✶ ✶✳✶ P❤②s✐❦❛❧✐s❝❤❡ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶✳✷ ❉❛s ❈❇❊▲❙❆✴❚❆P❙✲❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✷✳✶ ❊▲❙❆ ✻ ✶✳✷✳✷ ❈❇❊▲❙❆✴❚❆P❙✲❆✉❢❜❛✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✳✷✳✸ ❊r✇❡✐t❡r✉♥❣ ❞❡s ❜❡st❡❤❡♥❞❡♥ ❆✉❢❜❛✉s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ❊✐♥❡ ❩❡✐t♣r♦❥❡❦t✐♦♥s❦❛♠♠❡r ❢ür ❞❛s ❈❇❊▲❙❆✴❚❆P❙✲❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ✼ ✶✻ ✷✶ ✷✳✶ ❆♥❢♦r❞❡r✉♥❣❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✷ ❋✉♥❦t✐♦♥s✇❡✐s❡ ❡✐♥❡r ❩❡✐t♣r♦❥❡❦t✐♦♥s❦❛♠♠❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✸ ●r✉♥❞❧❡❣❡♥❞❡ P❤②s✐❦ ③✉♠ ❇❡tr✐❡❜ ❡✐♥❡r ❩❡✐t♣r♦❥❡❦t✐♦♥s❦❛♠♠❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✸✳✶ ❊♥❡r❣✐❡✈❡r❧✉st ❣❡❧❛❞❡♥❡r ❚❡✐❧❝❤❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✸✳✷ ▲❛❞✉♥❣str❛♥s♣♦rt ✐♥ ●❛s❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✸✳✸ ▲❛❞✉♥❣s✈❡rstär❦✉♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✹ ❚❡st✲❚P❈ ✉♥❞ ❚❡st❇❡♥❝❤ ✷✳✺ ●❊▼✲❚P❈✲Pr♦t♦t②♣ ❢ür ❞❛s ❋❖P■✲ ✉♥❞ ❞❛s ❈❇❊▲❙❆✴❚❆P❙✲❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ✸✻ ✷✳✻ ■♥❜❡tr✐❡❜♥❛❤♠❡ ❞❡r ●❊▼✲❚P❈ ✐♠ ❋❖P■✲❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✼ ❑❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✽ ❉❡r Pr♦t♦t②♣ ✐♠ ❈❇❊▲❙❆✴❚❆P❙✲❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✾ ❉❡r ▼❛❣♥❡t ❢ür ❞❛s ❈❇❊▲❙❆✴❚❆P❙✲❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ✹✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥❡♥ ③✉r ❉r✐❢t❣❡s❝❤✇✐♥❞✐❣❦❡✐t ✹✼ ✸✳✶ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ss♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✷ ❙✐♠✉❧✐❡rt❡ ●❛s❣❡♠✐s❝❤❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✸ ▲♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧❡ ❉✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✹ ❚r❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧❡ ❉✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ✸✳✺ ❉r✐❢t❣❡s❝❤✇✐♥❞✐❣❦❡✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✺✳✶ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛❜❤ä♥❣✐❣❦❡✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✺✳✷ ❉r✉❝❦❛❜❤ä♥❣✐❣❦❡✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✺✳✸ ❆❜❤ä♥❣✐❣❦❡✐t ✈♦♥ ❞❡r ●❛s③✉s❛♠♠❡♥s❡t③✉♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✸✳✺✳✹ ❱❡r✇❡♥❞❜❛r❦❡✐t ❞❡r ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s❡r❣❡❜♥✐ss❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✹✳✶ ✹✼ ✻✸ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡✲❑♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡♥ ❢ür ❞✐❡ ●❊▼✲❚P❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❍♦❝❤s♣❛♥♥✉♥❣ ✹✳✶✳✷ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉rü❜❡r✇❛❝❤✉♥❣ ✉♥❞ ✲r❡❣❡❧✉♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✶✳✸ ●❛ss②st❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ❳ ■♥❤❛❧ts✈❡r③❡✐❝❤♥✐s ✹✳✷ ✹✳✸ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡✲❑♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡♥ ❢ür ❞✐❡ ❚❡st❇❡♥❝❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❍♦❝❤s♣❛♥♥✉♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✷✳✷ ◆✐❡❞❡rs♣❛♥♥✉♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✷✳✸ ❙♣❡✐❝❤❡r♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐❡r❜❛r❡ ❙t❡✉❡r✉♥❣ ✭❙P❙✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✷✳✹ ●❛ss②st❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲❙❡r✈❡r ✉♥❞ ◆❡t③✇❡r❦✐♥❢r❛str✉❦t✉r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✺✳✶ ✺✳✷ ✼✺ ✼✼ ❉❛t❡♥❜❛♥❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✺✳✶✳✶ ❑♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥st❛❜❡❧❧❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✺✳✶✳✷ ❉❛t❡♥t❛❜❡❧❧❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✺✳✶✳✸ ❇❡❢❡❤❧s✲◗✉❡✉❡✲❚❛❜❡❧❧❡ ✼✾ ✺✳✶✳✹ ❋❡❤❧❡rt❛❜❡❧❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✺✳✶✳✺ ▲♦❣❜✉❝❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ❉❛❡♠♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✳✷✳✶ ■♥✐t✐❛❧✐s✐❡r✉♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❍❛✉♣tr♦✉t✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✺✳✷✳✸ ❑♦♠♠✉♥✐❦❛t✐♦♥ ♠✐t ❞❡r ❉❛t❡♥❜❛♥❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✺✳✷✳✹ ❙❝❤♥✐ttst❡❧❧❡♥❦❧❛ss❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✺✳✸ ❲❡❜✲❖❜❡r✢ä❝❤❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✹ ●r❛♣❤✐s❝❤❡ ❇❡♥✉t③❡r♦❜❡r✢ä❝❤❡ ✭❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲●❯■✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✺✳✺ ❘✉♥✲❉❛t❡♥❜❛♥❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✺✳✶ ❉❛t❡♥❜❛♥❦ ✾✵ ✺✳✺✳✷ ●r❛♣❤✐s❝❤❡ ❇❡♥✉t③❡r♦❜❡r✢ä❝❤❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ▲❡✐st✉♥❣s❢ä❤✐❣❦❡✐t ❞❡r ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✾✷ ✾✸ ✻✳✶ ❍♦❝❤s♣❛♥♥✉♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✻✳✷ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✻✳✸ ❉r✉❝❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✻✳✹ ❑♦♥③❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡r ❉r✐❢t❣❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✻✳✺ ❊✐♥✢✉ss ❛✉❢ ❞✐❡ ❱❡r✇❡♥❞❜❛r❦❡✐t ❞❡r ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s❡r❣❡❜♥✐ss❡ ✾✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ❇❡st✐♠♠✉♥❣ ❞❡r ❉r✐❢t❣❡s❝❤✇✐♥❞✐❣❦❡✐t ✾✾ ✼✳✶ ❘❡❦♦♥str✉❦t✐♦♥ ❞❡r ❉❛t❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✳✷ ❇❡st✐♠♠✉♥❣ ❞❡r ❉r✐❢t❣❡s❝❤✇✐♥❞✐❣❦❡✐t ❛✉s ❞❡♥ ❉❛t❡♥ ✼✳✸ ✼✳✹ ✾✾ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✼✳✷✳✶ ❙❡❧❡❦t✐♦♥ ❞❡r ❊✐♥trä❣❡ ✼✳✷✳✷ ❇❡st✐♠♠✉♥❣ ü❜❡r ❞✐❡ ❣❡s❛♠t❡ ▲ä♥❣❡ ❞❡r ●❊▼✲❚P❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✼✳✷✳✸ ❆❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡ ❇❡st✐♠♠✉♥❣ ü❜❡r ❞✐❡ ❚❛r❣❡t♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ❉✐s❦✉ss✐♦♥ ❞❡r ❊r❣❡❜♥✐ss❡ ✼✳✸✳✶ ❙t❛❜✐❧✐tät ❞❡r ❉r✐❢t❣❡s❝❤✇✐♥❞✐❣❦❡✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✼✳✸✳✷ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛❜❤ä♥❣✐❣❦❡✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✼✳✸✳✸ P♦s✐t✐♦♥s❛❜❤ä♥❣✐❣❦❡✐t ✶✶✶ ✼✳✸✳✹ ❆❜❤ä♥❣✐❣❦❡✐t ✈♦♥ ❉r✉❝❦ ✉♥❞ ●❛s③✉s❛♠♠❡♥s❡t③✉♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ❲❡✐t❡r❡ ❆♥❛❧②s❡♥ ❞❡r ❉❛t❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ❩✉s❛♠♠❡♥❢❛ss✉♥❣ ✉♥❞ ❆✉s❜❧✐❝❦ ✶✶✼ ❆ P❧❛t✐♥❡♥❞❡s✐❣♥ ✶✶✾ ✷✵✷ ❆❜❜✐❧❞✉♥❣s✈❡r③❡✐❝❤♥✐s ✷✳✷✸ ❑r✽✸✲❊✐❝❤✉♥❣✿ ❊♥❡r❣✐❡❛✉✢ös✉♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✷✳✷✹ ●❊▼✲❚P❈ ✐♠ ❈r②st❛❧✲❇❛rr❡❧✲❉❡t❡❦t♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✷✳✷✺ ❘ü❝❦❢ür❥♦❝❤s ❞❡s ❆st❡r✐①✲❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✹✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✷✻ ❱♦r❣❡s❝❤❧❛❣❡♥❡ ❑♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡s s✉♣r❛❧❡✐t❡♥❞❡♥ ▼❛❣♥❡t❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✷✳✷✼ ▼❛❣♥❡t❢❡❧❞s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ❙❝❤♥✐tt ❞✉r❝❤ ❞❡♥ ❈r②st❛❧✲❇❛rr❡❧✲❉❡t❡❦t♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✷✳✷✽ ▼❛❣♥❡t❢❡❧❞s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ❉❛s ❘ü❝❦❢ü❤r❥♦❝❤ ✐♠ ❈❇❊▲❙❆✴❚❆P❙✲❆✉❢❜❛✉ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✷✳✷✾ ▼❛❣♥❡t❢❡❧❞s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ❣❡s❛♠t❡r ❈❇❊▲❙❆✴❚❆P❙✲❆✉❢❜❛✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✶ ●❯■ ③✉r ❊rst❡❧❧✉♥❣ ✈♦♥ ▼❛❣❜♦❧t③✲❊✐♥❣❛❜❡❞❛t❡✐❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✷ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ▲♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧❡ ❉✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ♠✐t ❇✲❋❡❧❞ ✺✵ ✸✳✸ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ▲♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧❡ ❉✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ♦❤♥❡ ❇✲❋❡❧❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✹ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✿ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧❡ ❉✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ♠✐t ❇✲❋❡❧❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✺ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✿ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧❡ ❉✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ♦❤♥❡ ❇✲❋❡❧❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✻ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ❉r✐❢t❣❡s❝❤✇✐♥❞✐❣❦❡✐t ♠✐t ❇✲❋❡❧❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✼ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ❉r✐❢t❣❡s❝❤✇✐♥❞✐❣❦❡✐t ♦❤♥❡ ❇✲❋❡❧❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✽ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛❜❤ä♥❣✐❣❦❡✐t ✐♥ ❆r❈❖2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✾ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛❜❤ä♥❣✐❣❦❡✐t ✐♥ ◆❡❈❖2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✸✳✶✵ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ❉r✉❝❦❛❜❤ä♥❣✐❣❦❡✐t ✐♥ ❆r❈❖2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✸✳✶✶ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ❉r✉❝❦❛❜❤ä♥❣✐❣❦❡✐t ✐♥ ◆❡❈❖2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✸✳✶✷ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ❑♦♥③❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥❛❜❤ä♥❣✐❣❦❡✐t ✐♥ ❆r❈❖2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✸✳✶✸ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ❑♦♥③❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥❛❜❤ä♥❣✐❣❦❡✐t ✐♥ ◆❡❈❖2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✸✳✶✹ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ❱❡r✉♥r❡✐♥✐❣✉♥❣❡♥ ♠✐t ❙❛✉❡rst♦✛ ✐♥ ❆r❈❖2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✸✳✶✺ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ❱❡r✉♥r❡✐♥✐❣✉♥❣❡♥ ♠✐t ❙❛✉❡rst♦✛ ✐♥ ◆❡❈❖2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✸✳✶✻ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ❱❡r✉♥r❡✐♥✐❣✉♥❣❡♥ ♠✐t ❲❛ss❡r ✐♥ ❆r❈❖2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✸✳✶✼ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ❱❡r✉♥r❡✐♥✐❣✉♥❣❡♥ ♠✐t ❲❛ss❡r ✐♥ ◆❡❈❖2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✷ ❲✲■❊✲◆❊✲❘ ▼P❖❉✲❈r❛t❡ ✐s❡❣ ❍P♥✸✵✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✳✸ ❆✉s❧❡s❡ ❞❡r Pt✶✵✵✲❙❡♥s♦r❡♥ ✹✳✹ ❯♠r❡❝❤♥✉♥❣ ❞❡r Pt✶✵✵✲❲✐❞❡rst❛♥❞s✇❡rt❡ ✐♥ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡♥ ✹✳✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✻✼ ✹✳✺ ❍✉❜❡r ✹✳✻ ❑ü❤❧✉♥❣sr✐♥❣ ❞❡r ❋r♦♥t✲❊♥❞✲❑❛rt❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✼ ❉✉❛❧✲❳P♦rt✲P❧❛t✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✽ ●❛ss❡♥s♦r❡♥ ❛♠ ▼❡❞✐❛✲❋❧❛♥s❝❤ ✹✳✾ ▲❛❜♦r♥❡t③❣❡rät❡ ❊❆✲P❙ ✸✵✶✻✲✷✵❇ ✉♥❞ ✹✳✶✵ ❙P❙ ❯♥✐❝❤✐❧❧❡r ❯❈✵✽✵❚✲❍ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❍❛♠❡❣ ✼✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✻✹✼❜ ●❛s✢✉ss✲✴❉r✉❝❦✲❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✹✳✶✷ ●❛ss②st❡♠ ❢ür ❞✐❡ ❚❡st❇❡♥❝❤ ✹✳✶✸ ▼❑❙ ✻✾ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✳✶✶ ❆✉❢❜❛✉ ❞❡s ●❛ss②st❡♠s ❢ür ❞✐❡ ❚❡st❇❡♥❝❤ ✹✵✹✵ ✻✼ ✹✳✶✹ ❋♦t♦ ❞❡s ●❛s♠❡sss②st❡♠s ❢ür ❞✐❡ ❚❡st✲❚P❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✺✳✶ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✿ ❋❧✉ss❞✐❛❣r❛♠♠ ❞❡s ❍❛✉♣t♣r♦❣r❛♠♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✺✳✷ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲❲❡❜✲❖❜❡r✢ä❝❤❡✿ ❙t❛rts❡✐t❡ ✽✽ ✺✳✸ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲●❯■ ●❊▼✲❚P❈✿ ❘❡❣✐st❡r❦❛rt❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✺✳✹ ❘✉♥✲❉❛t❡♥❜❛♥❦✲●❯■✿ ❘❡❣✐st❡r❦❛rt❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✻✳✶ ▲❛♥❣③❡✐tst❛❜✐❧✐tät ❙♣❛♥♥✉♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✻✳✷ ▲❛♥❣③❡✐tst❛❜✐❧✐tät ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❵❚P❈ ✲ ❍❱✬ ❵❘✉♥❉❇✬ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❆❜❜✐❧❞✉♥❣s✈❡r③❡✐❝❤♥✐s ✷✵✸ ✻✳✸ ▲❛♥❣③❡✐tst❛❜✐❧✐tät ❉r✉❝❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✳✶ ❉r✐❢t❣❡s❝❤✇✐♥❞✐❣❦❡✐t Ü❜❡rs✐❝❤t ✼✳✷ ❆♥❛❧♦❣✲❘✐♥❣✲❙♣❡✐❝❤❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✼✳✸ ❆♥❛❧②s❡✿ ❙❝❤♥✐tt❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✼✳✹ ❆♥❛❧②s❡✿ P♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❞❡r ❑❛♥t❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✼✳✺ ❆♥❛❧②s❡✿ P♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❞❡r ❑❛♥t❡♥ ✉♥❞ ❚❛r❣❡ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✼✳✻ ❆♥❛❧②s❡✿ P♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❞❡r ❑❛♥t❡ ✉♥❞ ❞❡s ❚❛r❣❡ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✼✳✼ ❊r❣❡❜♥✐ss❡✿ ❉r✐❢t❣❡s❝❤✇✐♥❞✐❣❦❡✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✼✳✽ ❊r❣❡❜♥✐ss❡✿ ❉r✐❢t❣❡s❝❤✇✐♥❞✐❣❦❡✐t P✐♦♥✲❙tr❛❤❧③❡✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✼✳✾ ❊r❣❡❜♥✐ss❡✿ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛❜❤ä♥❣✐❣❦❡✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✼✳✶✵ ❊r❣❡❜♥✐ss❡✿ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛❜❤ä♥❣✐❣❦❡✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✼✳✶✶ ❊r❣❡❜♥✐ss❡✿ P♦s✐t✐♦♥s❛❜❤ä♥❣✐❣❦❡✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✼✳✶✷ ❊r❣❡❜♥✐ss❡✿ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛❜❤ä♥❣✐❣❦❡✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✼✳✶✸ ❊r❣❡❜♥✐ss❡✿ ❆✉✢ös✉♥❣ ① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✳✶✹ ❊r❣❡❜♥✐ss❡✿ ❙♣✉r❛♥♣❛ss✉♥❣ ❚P❈✲❈❉❈ ✾✻ ✶✵✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ✼✳✶✻ ❊r❣❡❜♥✐ss❡✿ ❊♥❡r❣✐❡✈❡r❧✉st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ❆✳✶ ❙❝❤❛❧t♣❧❛♥ ❞❡r Pt✶✵✵✲❆✉s❧❡s❡♣❧❛t✐♥❡ ✶✶✾ ❆✳✷ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❞❡r Pt✶✵✵✲❆✉s❧❡s❡♣❧❛t✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵ ❆✳✸ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❞❡r ❉✉❛❧✲❳P♦rt✲P❧❛t✐♥❡ ✶✷✵ ❆✳✹ ❙❝❤❛❧t♣❧❛♥ ❞❡r ❉✉❛❧✲❳P♦rt✲P❧❛t✐♥❡ ❈✳✶ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲❲❡❜✲❖❜❡r✢ä❝❤❡✿ ❙t❛rts❡✐t❡ ❈✳✷ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲❲❡❜✲❖❜❡r✢ä❝❤❡✿ ▲❡t③t❡ ❲❡rt❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹ ❈✳✸ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲❲❡❜✲❖❜❡r✢ä❝❤❡✿ ❆❧t❡ ❲❡rt❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺ ❈✳✹ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲❲❡❜✲❖❜❡r✢ä❝❤❡✿ ➘♥❞❡r✉♥❣❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺ ❈✳✺ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲❲❡❜✲❖❜❡r✢ä❝❤❡✿ ❊✐♥st❡❧❧✉♥❣❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻ ❈✳✻ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲❲❡❜✲❖❜❡r✢ä❝❤❡✿ ▲♦❣❜✉❝❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽ ❈✳✼ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲❲❡❜✲❖❜❡r✢ä❝❤❡✿ Ü❜❡rs✐❝❤t ✶✷✾ ❈✳✽ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲●❯■ ●❊▼✲❚P❈✿ ❘❡❣✐st❡r❦❛rt❡ ❈✳✾ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲●❯■ ●❊▼✲❚P❈✿ ❘❡❣✐st❡r❦❛rt❡ ✼✳✶✺ ❊r❣❡❜♥✐ss❡✿ ❆✉✢ös✉♥❣ ③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❈✳✶✵ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲●❯■ ●❊▼✲❚P❈✿ ❘❡❣✐st❡r❦❛rt❡ ❈✳✶✶ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲●❯■ ●❊▼✲❚P❈✿ ❘❡❣✐st❡r❦❛rt❡ ❈✳✶✷ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲●❯■ ●❊▼✲❚P❈✿ ❘❡❣✐st❡r❦❛rt❡ ❈✳✶✸ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲●❯■ ●❊▼✲❚P❈✿ ❘❡❣✐st❡r❦❛rt❡ ❵❚P❈ ✲ ❍❱✬ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❵❚P❈ ✲ ●r❛♣❤s✬ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❵❚P❈ ✲ ❙♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❖♣s✬ ❵❙❡♥s♦rs✬ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❵▲♦❣❜♦♦❦✬ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❵❆♥❝✐❡♥t ❱❛❧✉❡s✬ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ✶✷✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✽ ❈✳✶✹ ❆✉s❣❛❜❡ ❛❧t❡r ❲❡rt❡ ♠✐t ❞❡r ●❯■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✾ ❵❚P❈ ✲ ❍❱✬ ✭❚❡st❇❡♥❝❤✮ ✳ ✳ ❵▼P❖❉ ❈r❛t❡✬ ✭❚❡st❇❡♥❝❤✮ ✳ ❚❡st❇❡♥❝❤✿ ❘❡❣✐st❡r❦❛rt❡ ❵▲♦✇ ❱♦❧t❛❣❡✬ ✭❚❡st❇❡♥❝❤✮ ❚❡st❇❡♥❝❤✿ ❘❡❣✐st❡r❦❛rt❡ ❵●❛s✰❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡✬ ✭❚❡st✲ ❈✳✶✺ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲●❯■ ❚❡st❇❡♥❝❤✿ ❘❡❣✐st❡r❦❛rt❡ ✶✹✵ ❈✳✶✻ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲●❯■ ❚❡st❇❡♥❝❤✿ ❘❡❣✐st❡r❦❛rt❡ ✶✹✶ ❈✳✶✼ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲●❯■ ✶✹✷ ❈✳✶✽ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲●❯■ ❇❡♥❝❤✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❈✳✶✾ ❘✉♥✲❉❛t❡♥❜❛♥❦✲●❯■✿ ❘❡❣✐st❡r❦❛rt❡ ❈✳✷✵ ❘✉♥✲❉❛t❡♥❜❛♥❦✲●❯■✿ ❘❡❣✐st❡r❦❛rt❡ ❈✳✷✶ ❘✉♥✲❉❛t❡♥❜❛♥❦✲●❯■✿ ❘❡❣✐st❡r❦❛rt❡ ❈✳✷✷ ❘✉♥✲❉❛t❡♥❜❛♥❦✲●❯■✿ ❘❡❣✐st❡r❦❛rt❡ ❵❘✉♥❉❇✬ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❵❘✉♥❉❇ ●r❛♣❤✬ ❵▲♦❣❜♦♦❦✬ ✳ ✳ ❵❊rr♦rs✬ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✸ ✶✹✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✽ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✽ ❚❛❜❡❧❧❡♥✈❡r③❡✐❝❤♥✐s ✶✳✶ P♦❧❛r✐s❛t✐♦♥s♦❜s❡r✈❛❜❧❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✶ P❛r❛♠❡t❡r ❞❡r ●❊▼✲❚P❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✶ ❊✐❣❡♥s❝❤❛❢t❡♥ ✈❡rs❝❤✐❡❞❡♥❡r ●❛s❣❡♠✐s❝❤❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✶ ●❛s❦♦rr❡❦t✉r❢❛❦t♦r❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✻✳✶ ▲❡✐st✉♥❣s❢ä❤✐❣❦❡✐t ❞❡r ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲❑♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ❇✳✶ ❑❛❧✐❜r✐❡r✉♥❣ ❞❡r Pt✶✵✵✲❆✉s❧❡s❡ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷ ❇✳✷ ❑❛❧✐❜r✐❡r✉♥❣ ❞❡r Pt✶✵✵✲❆✉s❧❡s❡ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷ ❊✳✶ ❉r✐❢t❣❡s❝❤✇✐♥❞✐❣❦❡✐t❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✾ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r✈❡r③❡✐❝❤♥✐s ❬✶❪ ❬✷❪ ❚❤♦♠s♦♥✱ ❏✳❏✳ ❈❛t❤♦❞❡ ❘❛②s ❘✉t❤❡r❢♦r❞✱ ❊r♥❡st ❈♦❧❧✐s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛❧♣❤❛ P❛rt✐❝❧❡s ✇✐t❤ ▲✐❣❤t ❆t♦♠s❀ ❆♥ ❆♥✲ ✿ ✳ ❚❤❡ P❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤✐❝❛❧ ▼❛❣❛③✐♥❡✱ ✹✹✭✷✾✸✮✱ ✶✽✾✼✳ ✿ ♦♠❛❧♦✉s ❊✛❡❝t ✐♥ ◆✐tr♦❣❡♥✳ ❚❤❡ P❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤✐❝❛❧ ▼❛❣❛③✐♥❡✱ ✸✼✭✷✷✷✮✿✺✸✼✕✽✼✱ ✶✽✾✼✳ ❬✸❪ ❈❤❛❞✇✐❝❦✱ ❏✳ ✿ ❚❤❡ ❊①✐st❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ◆❡✉tr♦♥✳ Pr♦❝✳ ❘♦②✳ ❙♦❝✳✱ ✶✸✻✭✽✸✵✮✿✻✾✷✕✼✵✽✱ ✶✾✸✷✳ ❬✹❪ ❇♦❤r✱ ◆✐❧s ✿ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❆t♦♠s ❛♥❞ ▼♦❧❡❝✉❧❡s✱ P❛rt ■✳ ❚❤❡ P❤✐❧♦s♦✲ ♣❤✐❝❛❧ ▼❛❣❛③✐♥❡✱ ✷✻✭✶✮✿✶✕✷✺✱ ✶✾✶✸✳ ❬✺❪ ❋r✐s❝❤✱ ❘✳ ❙t❡r♥✱ ❖✳ ✿ Ü❜❡r ❞✐❡ ♠❛❣♥❡t✐s❝❤❡ ❆❜❧❡♥❦✉♥❣ ✈♦♥ ❲❛ss❡rst♦✛✲ ✉♥❞ ♠♦❧❡❦ü❧❡♥ ✉♥❞ ❞❛s ♠❛❣♥❡t✐s❝❤❡ ▼♦♠❡♥t ❞❡s Pr♦t♦♥s✳ ■✳ ❩❡✐ts❝❤r✐❢t ❢ür P❤②s✐❦✱ ✽✺✭✶✲✷✮✿✹✕✶✻✱ ✶✾✸✸✳ ❬✻❪ ❊st❡r♠❛♥♥✱ ■✳ ✉♥❞ ❙t❡r♥✱ ❖✳ ✿ Ü❜❡r ❞✐❡ ♠❛❣♥❡t✐s❝❤❡ ❆❜❧❡♥❦✉♥❣ ✈♦♥ ❲❛ss❡r✲ st♦✛♠♦❧❡❦ü❧❡♥ ✉♥❞ ❞❛s ♠❛❣♥❡t✐s❝❤❡ ▼♦♠❡♥t ❞❡s Pr♦t♦♥s✳ ■■✳ ❩❡✐ts❝❤r✐❢t ❢ür P❤②✲ s✐❦✱ ✽✺✭✶✲✷✮✿✶✼✕✷✹✱ ✶✾✸✸✳ ❬✼❪ ❆♥❞❡rs♦♥✱ ❍✳▲✳ ❋❡r♠✐✱ ❊✳ ▲♦♥❣✱ ❊✳❆✳ ✉♥❞ ▼❝❆❧❧✐st❡r✱ ❘✳❲✳ ✿ ❊❧❛st✐❝ ❙❝❛tt❡r✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✶✽✽✲▼❡✈ ❊❧❡❝✲ ✱ ✱ ◆❛❣❧❡✱ ❉✳❊✳ ✿ ❚♦t❛❧ ❈r♦ss ❙❡❝✲ t✐♦♥s ♦❢ P♦s✐t✐✈❡ P✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❍②❞r♦❣❡♥✳ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳✱ ✽✺✿✾✸✻✕✾✸✻✱ ▼❛r ✶✾✺✷✳ ❬✽❪ ✉♥❞ ❍♦❢st❛❞t❡r✱ ❘✳ tr♦♥s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ Pr♦t♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❆❧♣❤❛ P❛rt✐❝❧❡✳ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳✱ ✶✵✷✿✽✺✶✕✽✺✻✱ ▼❛② ✶✾✺✻✳ ❬✾❪ ❍❛♥❞✱ ▲✳◆✳ ▼✐❧❧❡r✱ ❉✳●✳ ✱ ✉♥❞ ❲✐❧s♦♥✱ ❘✳ ✿ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝ ❛♥❞ ▼❛❣♥❡t✐❝ ❋♦r♠ ❋❛❝✲ t♦rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ◆✉❝❧❡♦♥✳ ❘❡✈✳ ▼♦❞✳ P❤②s✳✱ ✸✺✿✸✸✺✕✸✹✾✱ ❆♣r ✶✾✻✸✳ ❬✶✵❪ ●❡❧❧✲▼❛♥♥✱ ▼✉rr❛② ✿ ❆ s❝❤❡♠❛t✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❜❛r②♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♠❡s♦♥s✳ P❤②s✐❝s ▲❡t✲ t❡rs✱ ✽✭✸✮✿✷✶✹✕✷✶✺✱ ✶✾✻✹✳ ❬✶✶❪ ❩✇❡✐❣✱ ●❡♦r❣❡ ✿ ❆♥ ❙❯3 ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r str♦♥❣ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ s②♠♠❡tr② ❛♥❞ ✐ts ❜r❡❛❦✐♥❣✿ P❛rt ■✳ ✭❈❊❘◆✲❚❍✲✹✵✶✮✿✷✹ ♣✱ ✶✾✻✹✳ ❬✶✷❪ ❩✇❡✐❣✱ ●❡♦r❣❡ ✿ ❆♥ ❙❯3 ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r str♦♥❣ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ s②♠♠❡tr② ❛♥❞ ✐ts ❜r❡❛❦✐♥❣✿ P❛rt ■■✳ ✭❈❊❘◆✲❚❍✲✹✶✷✮✿✽✵ ♣✱ ✶✾✻✹✳ ❬✶✸❪ ❙t❡✐♥✱ ❙✳ ❆t✇♦♦❞✱ ❲✳❇✳ ❇❧♦♦♠✱ ❊✳❉✳ ❈♦ttr❡❧❧✱ ❘✳▲✳ ❉❡❙t❛❡❜❧❡r✱ ❍✳❈✳ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥ ❙❝❛tt❡r✐♥❣ ❛t ✹✲❉❡❣r❡❡s ✇✐t❤ ❊♥❡r❣✐❡s ♦❢ ✹✳✺✲●❡❱ ✲ ✷✵✲●❡❱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ❡t ❛❧✳✿ ✳ P❤②s✳❘❡✈✳✱ ❉✶✷✿✶✽✽✹✱ ✶✾✼✺✳ ❬✶✹❪ ❬✶✺❪ ❇❡r✐♥❣❡r✱ ❏✳ ❘❡✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ P❤②s✐❝s ●r❡❡♥❜❡r❣✱ ❖s❝❛r ❲✳ ❙♣✐♥ ❛♥❞ ✉♥✐t❛r②✲s♣✐♥ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❛ ♣❛r❛q✉❛r❦ ❡t ❛❧✳✿ ✳ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❉✱ ✽✻✿✵✶✵✵✵✶✱ ✷✵✶✷✳ ✿ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❜❛r②♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♠❡s♦♥s✳ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ▲❡tt✳✱ ✶✸✿✺✾✽✱ ✶✾✻✹✳ ❬✶✻❪ ●r♦ss✱ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❏✳ ❲✐❧❝③❡❦✱ ❋r❛♥❦ ✿ ❯❧tr❛✈✐♦❧❡t ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ♦❢ ♥♦♥✲❛❜❡❧✐❛♥ ✉♥❞ ❣❛✉❣❡ t❤❡♦r✐❡s✳ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ▲❡tt✳✱ ✸✵✿✶✸✹✸✕✶✷✹✻✱ ✶✾✼✸✳ ❬✶✼❪ ❲✐❦✐♠❡❞✐❛ ❈♦♠♠♦♥s ✿ ❊♠✐ss✐♦♥ss♣❡❦tr✉♠ ❆r❣♦♥✳ ♦r❣/✇✐❦✐/❋✐❧❡✿❆r❣♦♥❴❙♣❡❝tr✉♠.❥♣❣✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❤tt♣✿//❝♦♠♠♦♥s.✇✐❦✐♠❡❞✐❛ ✭❛❜❣❡r✉❢❡♥ ❛♠ ✷✻✳ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ✷✵✻ ❬✶✽❪ ❬✶✾❪ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r✈❡r③❡✐❝❤♥✐s ◆❛❦❛♠✉r❛✱ ❑✳ ✈❛♥ P❡❡✱ ❍❛r❛❧❞ ❡t ❛❧✳✿ ❘❡✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ♣❛rt✐❝❧❡ ♣❤②s✐❝s✳ ❏✳ P❤②s✳✱ ●✭✸✼✮✿✵✼✺✵✷✶✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ∆✭✶✷✸✷✮ ❡t ❛❧✳✿ P❤♦t♦♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ π ✲♠❡s♦♥s ♦✛ ♣r♦t♦♥s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ t♦ ❊✭γ ✮ ❂ ✸ ●❡❱✳ ❚❤❡ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ P❤②s✐❝❛❧ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ❆✱ ✸✶✭✶✮✿✻✶✕ ✼✼✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ❬✷✵❪ ❈r❡❞é✱ ❱♦❧❦❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✿ P❤♦t♦♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ η ✲▼❡s♦♥s ♦✛ Pr♦t♦♥s ❢♦r ✵✳✼✺ ●❡❱ ❃ ❊✭γ ✮ ❃ ✸ ●❡❱✳ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ▲❡tt✳✱ ✾✹✿✵✶✷✵✵✹✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✷✶❪ ▲ör✐♥❣✱ ❯❧r✐❝❤ ▼❡ts❝❤✱ ❇❡r♥❛r❞ ❈✳ ✱ ✉♥❞ P❡tr②✱ ❍❡r❜❡rt ❘✳ ✿ ❚❤❡ ❧✐❣❤t ❜❛r②♦♥ s♣❡❝tr✉♠ ✐♥ ❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈✐st✐❝ q✉❛r❦ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ ✐♥st❛♥t♦♥✲✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ q✉❛r❦ ❢♦r❝❡s✿ ❚❤❡ ♥♦♥✲str❛♥❣❡ ❜❛r②♦♥ s♣❡❝tr✉♠ ❛♥❞ ❣r♦✉♥❞✲st❛t❡s✳ ❊✉r✳ P❤②s✳ ❏✳✱ ❆ ✶✵✿✸✾✺✕✹✹✻✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❬✷✷❪ ❬✷✸❪ ❚✐❛t♦r✱ ▲♦t❤❛r ♣❡rs✳ ❑♦♠♠✳ ❆♥✐s♦✈✐❝❤✱ ❆✳❱✳ ❑❧❡♠♣t✱ ❊✳ ◆✐❦♦♥♦✈✱ ❱✳❆✳ ❙❛r❛♥ts❡✈✱ ❆✳❱✳ ♠❛✱ ❯✳ ◆✉❝❧❡♦♥ r❡s♦♥❛♥❝❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦✉rt❤ r❡s♦♥❛♥❝❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✿ ✱ ✷✵✶✸✳ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✿ ✳ ✉♥❞ ❚❤♦✲ ❊✉r✳ P❤②s✳ ❏✳✱ ❆ ✹✼✿✶✺✸✱ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❬✷✹❪ ❇❛r❦❡r✱ ■✳❙✳ ❉♦♥♥❛❝❤✐❡✱ ❆✳ ✱ ✉♥❞ ❙t♦rr♦✇✱ ❏✳❑✳ ✿ ❈♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✐♥ ♣s❡✉❞♦s❝❛❧❛r ♣❤♦t♦♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✳ ◆✉❝❧✳P❤②s✳✱ ❇ ✾✺✿✸✹✼✕✸✺✻✱ ✶✾✼✺✳ ❬✷✺❪ ❈❤✐❛♥❣✱ ❲✳ ✉♥❞ ❚❛❜❛❦✐♥✱ ❋✳ ✿ ❈♦♠♣❧❡t❡♥❡ss r✉❧❡s ❢♦r s♣✐♥ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❜❧❡s ✐♥ ♣s❡✉✲ ❞♦s❝❛❧❛r ♠❡s♦♥ ♣❤♦t♦♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✳ P❤②s✳ ❘❡✈✳ ❈✱ ✺✺✿✷✵✺✹✕✷✵✻✻✱ ✶✾✾✼✳ ❬✷✻❪ ❚❤✐❡❧✱ ❆♥♥✐❦❛ ✿ ❇❡st✐♠♠✉♥❣ ❞❡r ❉♦♣♣❡❧♣♦❧❛r✐s❛t✐♦♥s♦❜s❡r✈❛❜❧❡♥ ● ✐♥ π ✲P❤♦t♦✲ ♣r♦❞✉❦t✐♦♥✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✶✷✳ ❬✷✼❪ ●♦tts❝❤❛❧❧✱ ▼❛♥✉❡❧❛ ❞✐❡ ❘❡❛❦t✐♦♥ γ ♣ → ♣π ✿ ❇❡st✐♠♠✉♥❣ ❞❡r ❉♦♣♣❡❧♣♦❧❛r✐s❛t✐♦♥s♦❜s❡r✈❛❜❧❡♥ ❊ ❢ür ❛♠ ❈❇❊▲❙❆✴❚❆P❙✲❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✶✷✳ ❬✷✽❪ ▼ü❧❧❡r✱ ❏♦♥❛s ♦♥ γ♣ → ✿ ▼❡ss✉♥❣ ❞❡r ❉♦♣♣❡❧♣♦❧❛r✐s❛t✐♦♥s♦❜s❡r✈❛❜❧❡♥ ❊ ✐♥ ❞❡r ❘❡❛❦t✐✲ ♣η0 ♠✐t ❞❡♠ ❈❇❊▲❙❆✴❚❆P❙✲❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✶✸✳ ✐♥ ❱♦r❜❡r❡✐t✉♥❣✳ ❬✷✾❪ ❍❛rt♠❛♥♥✱ ❏❛♥ ✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✶✸✳ ✐♥ ❱♦r❜❡r❡✐t✉♥❣✳ ❬✸✵❪ ❙❡✐❢❡♥✱ ❚♦❜✐❛s ✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✶✸✳ ✐♥ ❱♦r❜❡r❡✐t✉♥❣✳ ❬✸✶❪ ❍✐❧❧❡rt✱ ❲♦❧❢❣❛♥❣ ✿ ❚❤❡ ❇♦♥♥ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥ ❙tr❡t❝❤❡r ❆❝❝❡❧❡r❛t♦r ❊▲❙❆✿ P❛st ❛♥❞ ❢✉t✉r❡✳ ❊✉r✳ P❤②s✳ ❏✳✱ ❆ ✷✽✭s✵✶✮✿✶✸✾✕✶✹✽✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❬✸✷❪ ❋r♦♠♠❜❡r❣❡r✱ ❋r❛♥❦ ❤tt♣✿//✇✇✇✲❡❧s ✿ ❊❧❡❦tr♦♥❡♥✲❙tr❡t❝❤❡r✲❆♥❧❛❣❡ ❊▲❙❆✳ ❛.♣❤②s✐❦.✉♥✐✲❜♦♥♥.❞❡/❇❡s❝❤❧❡✉♥✐❣❡r/❊▲❙❆✲✷✵✶✸✲✶.❣✐❢✱ ✷✵✶✸✳ ✭❛❜❣❡r✉❢❡♥ ❛♠ ✷✻✳ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❬✸✸❪ ❬✸✹❪ ❬✸✺❪ ❇●❖✲❖❉ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ❤tt♣✿//❜❣♦✲♦❞.♣❤②s✐❦.✉♥✐✲❜♦♥♥.❞❡ ❲❛❧t❤❡r✱ ❉✐❡t❡r ♣❡rs✳ ❑♦♠♠✳ ❑❛♠♠❡r✱ ❙✉s❛♥♥❡ ❙tr❛❤❧♣♦❧❛r✐♠❡tr✐❡ ❛♠ ❈❇❊▲❙❆✴❚❆P❙ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ✳ ✿ ✳ ✱ ✷✵✶✸✳ ✿ t❛t✐♦♥✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ✳ ❉✐ss❡r✲ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r✈❡r③❡✐❝❤♥✐s ❬✸✻❪ ❬✸✼❪ ✷✵✼ ❋r♦♠♠❜❡r❣❡r✱ ❋r❛♥❦ ♣❡rs✳ ❑♦♠♠✳ ❋♦r♥❡t✲P♦♥s❡✱ ❑❛t❤r✐♥ ❉✐❡ P❤♦t♦♥❡♥♠❛r❦✐❡r✉♥❣s❛♥❧❛❣❡ ✿ ✱ ✷✵✶✸✳ ✿ ❢✉❡r ❞❛s ❈r②st❛❧✲ ❇❛rr❡❧✴❚❆P❙✲❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ❛♥ ❊▲❙❆✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ❬✸✽❪ ❇r❛❞t❦❡✱ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✿ ❆ ♥❡✇ ❢r♦③❡♥✲s♣✐♥ t❛r❣❡t ❢♦r ✹π ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ◆✉❝❧✳ ■♥str✉♠✳ ▼❡t❤✳✱ ❆ ✹✸✻✿✹✸✵✱ ✶✾✾✾✳ ❬✸✾❪ ❍❛♠♠❛♥♥✱ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ✿ ❆✉❢❜❛✉ ❡✐♥❡s ❋❧üss✐❣✇❛ss❡rst♦✛t❛r❣❡ts ③✉r ❉✉r❝❤❢ü❤r✉♥❣ ✈♦♥ ❑❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥s♠❡ss✉♥❣❡♥ ❛♠ ❈r②st❛❧✲❇❛rr❡❧✲❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ❛♥ ❊▲❙❆✳ ❉✐♣❧♦♠❛r✲ ❜❡✐t✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ❬✹✵❪ ❋❧❡♠♠✐♥❣✱ ❍♦❧❣❡r ✿ ❊♥t✇✉r❢ ✉♥❞ ❆✉❢❜❛✉ ❡✐♥❡s ❩❡❧❧✉❧❛r❧♦❣✐❦✲❚r✐❣❣❡rs ❢ür ❞❛s ❈r②st❛❧✲❇❛rr❡❧✲❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ❛♥ ❞❡r ❊❧❡❦tr♦♥❡♥❜❡s❝❤❧❡✉♥✐❣❡r❛♥❧❛❣❡ ❊▲❙❆✳ ❉✐ss❡r✲ t❛t✐♦♥✱ ❘✉❤r✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦❝❤✉♠✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❬✹✶❪ ❆❦❡r✱ ❊✳ ❡t ❛❧✳✿ ❚❤❡ ❈r②st❛❧ ❇❛rr❡❧ s♣❡❝tr♦♠❡t❡r ❛t ▲❊❆❘✳ ◆✉❝❧✳ ■♥str✉♠✳ ▼❡t❤✳✱ ❆ ✸✷✶✿✻✾✕✶✵✽✱ ✶✾✾✷✳ ❬✹✷❪ ❇ös❡✱ ❙❛❜✐♥❡ ✿ ▼♦❞✐✜❦❛t✐♦♥ ✉♥❞ ❚❡st ❞❡s ▲✐❝❤t♣✉❧s❡rs②st❡♠s ❢ür ❞❡♥ ❈r②st❛❧✲❇❛r✲ r❡❧✲❆✉❢❜❛✉ ❛♥ ❊▲❙❆✳ ❉✐♣❧♦♠❛r❜❡✐t✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❬✹✸❪ ❋✉♥❦❡✱ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ✿ ❯♥t❡rs✉❝❤✉♥❣❡♥ ③✉r ❊♥❡r❣✐❡❛✉✢ös✉♥❣ ✈♦♥ ❈s■✲❑r✐st❛❧❧❡♥ ♠✐t ❍♦❝❤❣❡s❝❤✇✐♥❞✐❣❦❡✐ts✲❆❉❈s✳ ❉✐♣❧♦♠❛r❜❡✐t✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❬✹✹❪ ❲❡♥❞❡❧✱ ❈❤r✐st♦♣❤ ✿ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ✉♥❞ ❆✉❢❜❛✉ ❡✐♥❡s ❙③✐♥t✐❧❧❛t✐♦♥s❞❡t❡❦t♦rs ③✉r ■❞❡♥✲ t✐✜③✐❡r✉♥❣ ❣❡❧❛❞❡♥❡r ❚❡✐❧❝❤❡♥ ✐♠ ❈r②st❛❧✲❇❛rr❡❧✲❱♦r✇ärts❞❡t❡❦t♦r✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❬✹✺❪ ❋ös❡❧✱ ❆♥❣❡❧❛ ✿ ❊♥t✇✐❝❦❧✉♥❣ ✉♥❞ ❇❛✉ ❡✐♥❡s ■♥♥❡♥❞❡t❡❦t♦rs ❢ür ❞❛s ❈r②st❛❧✲❇❛r✲ r❡❧✲❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ❛♥ ❊▲❙❆✴❇♦♥♥✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥✱ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❆❧❡①❛♥❞❡r✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❊r✲ ❧❛♥❣❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❬✹✻❪ ●rü♥❡r✱ ▼❛r❝✉s ✿ ▼♦❞✐✜❦❛t✐♦♥ ✉♥❞ ❚❡st ❞❡s ■♥♥❡♥❞❡t❡❦t♦rs ❢ür ❞❛s ❈r②s✲ t❛❧✲❇❛rr❡❧✲❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t✳ ❉✐♣❧♦♠❛r❜❡✐t✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❬✹✼❪ ❍❛rt♠❛♥♥✱ ❏❛♥ ✿ ❩❡✐t❦❛❧✐❜r✐❡r✉♥❣ ✉♥❞ P❤♦t♦♥❡♥✢✉ss❜❡st✐♠♠✉♥❣ ❢ür ❞❛s ❈r②s✲ t❛❧✲❇❛rr❡❧✲❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ❛♥ ❊▲❙❆✳ ❉✐♣❧♦♠❛r❜❡✐t✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❬✹✽❪ ❑❛✐s❡r✱ ❉❛✈✐❞ ✿ ❆✉❢❜❛✉ ✉♥❞ ❚❡st ❞❡s ●❛s✲❷❡r❡♥❦♦✈✲❉❡t❡❦t♦rs ❢ür ❞❡♥ ❈r②st❛❧✲ ❇❛rr❡❧✲❆✉❢❜❛✉ ❛♥ ❊▲❙❆✳ ❉✐♣❧♦♠❛r❜❡✐t✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐✲ tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ❬✹✾❪ ❑♦♥r❛❞✱ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ✿ ❖rtss❡♥s✐t✐✈❡r ❉❡t❡❦t♦r ❢ür ❤♦❝❤❡♥❡r❣❡t✐s❝❤❡ P❤♦t♦♥❡♥ ❜❡✐ ❤ö❝❤st❡♥ ❘❛t❡♥✳ ❉✐♣❧♦♠❛r❜❡✐t✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ✷✵✽ ❬✺✵❪ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r✈❡r③❡✐❝❤♥✐s ❉✐❡❧♠❛♥♥✱ ❏❡ss✐❝❛ ✿ ❊♥t✇✐❝❦❧✉♥❣✱ ❆✉❢❜❛✉ ✉♥❞ ❚❡st ❡✐♥❡s ❉❡t❡❦t♦rs ③✉r ❇❡st✐♠✲ ♠✉♥❣ ❞❡s P❤♦t♦♥❡♥✢✉ss❡s ❛♥ ❞❡r ❇♦♥♥❡r P❤♦t♦♥❡♥♠❛r❦✐❡r✉♥❣s❛♥❧❛❣❡✳ ❉✐♣❧♦♠✲ ❛r❜❡✐t✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❬✺✶❪ ❲✐♥♥❡❜❡❝❦✱ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞❡r ✿ ❊♥t✇✐❝❦❧✉♥❣ ✉♥❞ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t✐❡r✉♥❣ ❡✐♥❡s ✉♥✐✈❡rs❡❧✲ ❧❡♥✱ ❋P●❆ ❜❛s✐❡rt❡♥ ❚r✐❣❣❡r♠♦❞✉❧s ❢ür ❞❛s ❈r②st❛❧✲❇❛rr❡❧✲❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ❛♥ ❊▲❙❆✳ ❉✐♣❧♦♠❛r❜❡✐t✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❬✺✷❪ ❍♦♥✐s❝❤✱ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ✿ ❯♥t❡rs✉❝❤✉♥❣❡♥ ③✉ ❡✐♥❡r ♥❡✉❡♥ ❆✈❛❧❛♥❝❤❡✲P❤♦t♦❞✐♦❞❡♥✲ ❆✉s❧❡s❡ ❢ür ❞❛s ❈r②st❛❧✲❇❛rr❡❧✲❑❛❧♦r✐♠❡t❡r✳ ❉✐♣❧♦♠❛r❜❡✐t✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲ ❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✾✳ ❬✺✸❪ ❯r❜❛♥✱ ▼❛rt✐♥ ✿ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❆✈❛❧❛♥❝❤❡ P❤♦t♦❞✐♦❞❡s ❢♦r ❛ ♥❡✇ ❘❡❛❞♦✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈r②st❛❧ ❇❛rr❡❧ ❈❛❧♦r✐♠❡t❡r✳ ❉✐♣❧♦♠❛r❜❡✐t✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❬✺✹❪ ❬✺✺❪ ✈❛♥ P❡❡✱ ❍❛r❛❧❞ ♣❡rs✳ ❑♦♠♠✳ ❉r✐♥❤❛✉s✱ ❏♦rr✐t ❆✉❢❜❛✉ ✉♥❞ ❚❡st ❡✐♥❡r ✸①✸✲❈s■✭❚❧✮✲❑r✐st❛❧❧♠❛tr✐① ❛♠ ❣❡✲ ✿ ✱ ✷✵✶✸✳ ✿ t❛❣❣t❡♥ P❤♦t♦♥❡♥str❛❤❧ ❛♥ ❊▲❙❆✳ ❉✐♣❧♦♠❛r❜❡✐t✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✶✷✳ ❬✺✻❪ ❲✐♥♥❡❜❡❝❦✱ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞❡r ✿ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❙t✉❞✐❡s ❢♦r ❛ ❚r❛❝❦✐♥❣ ❯♣❣r❛❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈r②st❛❧ ❇❛rr❡❧ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ❛t ❊▲❙❆ ❛♥❞ ■♥st❛❧❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❚r❛❝❦✐♥❣ ❚❡st ❇❡♥❝❤✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛✲ t✐♦♥✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ❬✺✼❪ ❙❝❤♠✐t③✱ ❘♦♠❛♥ ✿ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥❡♥ ③✉♠ ◆❛❝❤✇❡✐s ❣❡❧❛❞❡♥❡r ❚❡✐❧❝❤❡♥ ❢ür ❞❛s ❈r②s✲ t❛❧✲❇❛rr❡❧✲❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ❛♥ ❊▲❙❆✳ ❉✐♣❧♦♠❛r❜❡✐t✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❬✺✽❪ ❋❛❜❜✐❡tt✐✱ ▲❛✉r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✿ ❚❤❡ P❆◆❉❆ ●❊▼✲❜❛s❡❞ ❚P❈ Pr♦t♦t②♣❡✳ ◆✉❝❧✳ ■♥str✳ ▼❡t❤✳ ❆✱ ✻✷✽✿✷✵✹✕✷✵✽✱ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❬✺✾❪ ❑❡t③❡r✱ ❇❡r♥❤❛r❞ ✿ ❚❤❡ P❆◆❉❆ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ❛t ❋❆■❘✳ ■♥t✳ ❏✳ ▼♦❞✳ P❤②s✳ ❆✱ ✷✶✿✺✻✼✺✕✺✻✽✺✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❬✻✵❪ ➘②stö✱ ▲✳ ❡t ❛❧✳✿ ❆♥ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❆❝❝❡❧❡r❛t♦r ❋❛❝✐❧✐t② ❢♦r ❇❡❛♠s ♦❢ ■♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❆♥t✐♣r♦t♦♥s✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❈♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❘❡♣♦rt✳ ❬✻✶❪ ◆②❣r❡♥✱ ❉❛✈✐❞ ✿ ❚❤❡ ❚✐♠❡✲Pr♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❈❤❛♠❜❡r ✲ ❆ ♥❡✇ 4π ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ❢♦r ❝❤❛r❣❡❞ ♣❛rt✐❝❧❡s✳ ■♥✿ P❊P ❙✉♠♠❡r ❙t✉❞②✱ ❙❡✐t❡♥ ✺✽✕✼✽✱ ✵✽ ✶✾✼✹✳ P❊P✲✶✹✹✳ ❬✻✷❪ ◆②❣r❡♥✱ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❘✳ ✉♥❞ ▼❛r①✱ ❏❛② ◆✳ ✿ ❚❤❡ ❚✐♠❡ Pr♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❈❤❛♠❜❡r✳ P❤②s✳ ❚♦❞❛②✱ ✸✶✿✹✻✕✺✸✱ ✶✾✼✽✳ ❬✻✸❪ ❲❡♥✐❣✱ ❙✐❡❣❢r✐❡❞ ✿ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛r❣❡✲s❝❛❧❡ ❚P❈ s②st❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈❊❘◆ ❤❡❛✈② ✐♦♥ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ◆❆✹✾✳ ◆✉❝❧✳ ■♥str✳ ▼❡t❤✳ ❆✱ ✹✵✾✿✶✵✵✕✶✵✹✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ ❬✻✹❪ ❆❝❦❡r♠❛♥♥✱ ❑✳ ❍✳ ❡t ❛❧✳✿ ❚❤❡ ❙❚❆❘ t✐♠❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❝❤❛♠❜❡r✳ ◆✉❝❧✳ P❤②s✳ ❆✱ ✻✻✶✿✻✽✶✕✻✽✺✱ ✶✾✾✾✳ ❬✻✺❪ ❚❤❡ ❆▲■❈❊ ❈♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ✿ ❆▲■❈❊ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❘❡♣♦rt✿ ❚✐♠❡ Pr♦❥❡❝t✐✲ ♦♥ ❈❤❛♠❜❡r✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐s❝❤❡r ❇❡r✐❝❤t✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r✈❡r③❡✐❝❤♥✐s ❬✻✻❪ ❆❧♠❡✱ ❏✳ ✷✵✾ ❡t ❛❧✳✿ ❚❤❡ ❆▲■❈❊ ❚P❈✱ ❛ ❧❛r❣❡ ✸✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ tr❛❝❦✐♥❣ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❢❛st r❡❛❞♦✉t ❢♦r ✉❧tr❛✲❤✐❣❤ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝✐t② ❡✈❡♥ts✳ ◆✉❝❧✳ ■♥str✳ ▼❡t❤✳ ❆✱ ✻✷✷✿✸✶✻✕✸✻✼✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❬✻✼❪ ❑❛♣♣❧❡r✱ ❙t❡❢❢❡♥ ●✳ ✿ P❛rt ■■ ♦❢ ■■✿ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ●❊▼✲❜❛s❡❞ ❚P❈ ❘❡❛❞♦✉t ❢♦r ❋✉t✉r❡ ❈♦❧❧✐❞❡r ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥✱ ❑❛r❧sr✉❤❡r ■♥st✐t✉t ❢ür ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ■❊❑P✲❑❆✴✷✵✵✹✲✶✼✳ ❬✻✽❪ ❙♦❜❧♦❤❡r✱ ❇❧❛♥❦❛ ❚P❈✳ ✿ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥sst✉❞✐❡♥ ③✉ ●❊▼✲❋♦❧✐❡♥ ❢ür ❞✐❡ ❆✉s❧❡s❡ ❡✐♥❡r ❉✐♣❧♦♠❛r❜❡✐t✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤✲❲❡st♣❤ä❧✐s❝❤❡ ❚❡❝❤♥✐s❝❤❡ ❍♦❝❤s❝❤✉❧❡ ❆❛❝❤❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❬✻✾❪ ❙❛✉❧✐✱ ❋❛❜✐♦ ✿ ●❊▼✿ ❆ ♥❡✇ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ❢♦r ❡❧❡❝tr♦♥ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❣❛s ❞❡t❡❝t♦rs✳ ◆✉❝❧✳ ■♥str✳ ▼❡t❤✳ ❆✱ ✸✽✻✿✺✸✶✕✺✸✹✱ ✶✾✾✼✳ ❬✼✵❪ ❇❛❧❧✱ ▼✳ ❇ö❤♠❡r✱ ❋✳❱✳ ❉ør❤❡✐♠✱ ❙✳ ❍ö♣♣♥❡r✱ ❈✳ ❑❡t③❡r✱ ❇✳ ❑♦♥♦✲ r♦✈✱ ■✳ ◆❡✉❜❡rt✱ ❙✳ P❛✉❧✱ ❙✳ ❘❛✉❝❤✱ ❏✳ ❯❤❧✱ ❙✳ ❱❛♥❞❡♥❜r♦✉❝❦❡✱ ▼✳ ❇❡r❣❡r✱ ▼✳ ❇❡r❣❡r✲❈❤❡♥✱ ❏✳✲❈✳ ❈✉s❛♥♥♦✱ ❋✳ ❋❛❜❜✐❡tt✐✱ ▲✳ ▼ü♥③❡r✱ ❘✳ ❆r♦r❛✱ ❘✳ ❋rü❤❛✉❢✱ ❏✳ ❑✐➨✱ ▼✳ ▲❡✐❢❡❧s✱ ❨✳ ❑❧❡✐♣❛✱ ❱✳ ❍❡❤♥❡r✱ ❏✳ ❑✉♥❦❡❧✱ ❏✳ ❑✉r③✱ ◆✳ P❡t❡rs✱ ❑✳ ❘✐s❝❤✱ ❍✳ ❙❝❤♠✐❞t✱ ❈✳ ❏✳ ❙❝❤♠✐tt✱ ▲✳ ❙❝❤✇❛❜✱ ❙✳ ❙♦②❦✱ ❉✳ ❱♦ss✱ ❇✳ ❲❡✐♥❡rt✱ ❏✳ ❇❡❝❦✱ ❘✳ ❑❛✐s❡r✱ ❉✳ ▲❛♥❣✱ ▼✳ ❙❝❤♠✐t③✱ ❘✳ ❲❛❧t❤❡r✱ ❉✳ ❇ü❤❧❡r✱ P✳ ▼ü❧❧♥❡r✱ P✳ ❩♠❡s❦❛❧✱ ❏✳ ❍❡r♠❛♥♥✱ ◆✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❙t✉❞② ❢♦r t❤❡ P❆◆❉❆ ❚✐♠❡ Pr♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❈❤❛♠❜❡r ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✉♥❞ ✿ ✳ ❆r❳✐✈ ❡✲♣r✐♥ts✱ ✷✵✶✷✳ ❬✼✶❪ ❑❡t③❡r✱ ❇✳ ❇❛❝❤♠❛♥♥✱ ❙✳ ❈❛♣❡á♥s✱ ▼✳ ❉❡✉t❡❧✱ ▼✳ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✱ ❏✳ ❑❛♣♣❧❡r✱ ❙✳ ❑♦♥♦r♦✈✱ ■✳ P❛✉❧✱ ❙✳ P❧❛❝❝✐✱ ❆✳ ❘❡✐s✐♥❣❡r✱ ❑✳ ❘♦♣❡❧❡✇✲ s❦✐✱ ▲✳ ❙❤❡❦❤t♠❛♥✱ ▲✳ ❙❛✉❧✐✱ ❋✳ ●❊▼ ❞❡t❡❝t♦rs ❢♦r ❈❖▼P❆❙❙ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✉♥❞ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✿ ✳ ■❊❊❊ ❚r❛♥s✳ ◆✉❝❧✳ ❙❝✐✳✱ ✹✽✿✶✵✻✺✕✶✵✻✾✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❬✼✷❪ ❑❡t③❡r✱ ❇✳ ❆❧t✉♥❜❛s✱ ▼✳❈✳ ❉❡❤♠❡❧t✱ ❑✳ ❊❤❧❡rs✱ ❏✳ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✱ ❏✳ ●r✉❜❡✱ ❇✳ ❑❛♣♣❧❡r✱ ❙✳ ❑♦♥♦r♦✈✱ ■✳ P❛✉❧✱ ❙✳ P❧❛❝❝✐✱ ❆✳ ❘♦♣❡❧❡✇s❦✐✱ ▲✳ ❙❛✉❧✐✱ ❋✳ ❙❝❤♠✐tt✱ ▲✳ ❙✐♠♦♥✱ ❋✳ ❚r✐♣❧❡ ●❊▼ tr❛❝❦✐♥❣ ❞❡t❡❝t♦rs ❢♦r ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✉♥❞ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✿ ❈❖▼P❆❙❙✳ ■❊❊❊ ❚r❛♥s✳ ◆✉❝❧✳ ❙❝✐✳✱ ✹✾✿✷✹✵✸✕✷✹✶✵✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❈❊❘◆✲❖P❊◆✲✷✵✵✷✲✵✵✹✳ ❬✼✸❪ ❇❡♥❝✐✈❡♥♥✐✱ ●✳ ❡t ❛❧✳✿ ❆ tr✐♣❧❡ ●❊▼ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ✇✐t❤ ♣❛❞ r❡❛❞♦✉t ❢♦r ❤✐❣❤ r❛t❡ ❝❤❛r❣❡❞ ♣❛rt✐❝❧❡ tr✐❣❣❡r✐♥❣✳ ◆✉❝❧✳ ■♥str✳ ▼❡t❤✳ ❆✱ ✹✽✽✿✹✾✸✕✺✵✷✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❬✼✹❪ ❇❡♥❝✐✈❡♥♥✐✱ ●✳ ✉♥❞ ❉♦♠❡♥✐❝✐✱ ❉✳ ✿ ❆♥ ✉❧tr❛✲❧✐❣❤t ❝②❧✐♥❞r✐❝❛❧ ●❊▼ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ❛s ✐♥♥❡r tr❛❝❦❡r ❛t ❑▲❖❊✲✷✳ ◆✉❝❧✳ ■♥str✳ ▼❡t❤✳ ❆✱ ✺✽✶✿✷✷✶✕✷✷✹✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ❬✼✺❪ ❆❜❜❛♥❡♦✱ ❉✳ ❡t ❛❧✳✿ ❈❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ●❊▼ ❉❡t❡❝t♦rs ❢♦r ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈▼❙ ▼✉♦♥ ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠✳ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❬✼✻❪ ❑❧❡✐♥❦♥❡❝❤t✱ ❑♦♥r❛❞ ✿ ❉❡t❡❦t♦r❡♥ ❢ür ❚❡✐❧❝❤❡♥str❛❤❧✉♥❣✳ ❚❡✉❜♥❡r ❙t✉❞✐❡♥❜ü✲ ❝❤❡r ✿ P❤②s✐❦✱ ✸r❞ ❆✉❢❧❛❣❡✱ ✶✾✾✷✳ ❬✼✼❪ ❍❛✉s❝❤✐❧❞✱ ▼✳ ❍❡✉❡r✱ ❘✳❉✳ ❑❧❡✐♥✇♦rt✱ ❈✳ ▲✉❞✇✐❣✱ ❏✳ ▼♦❤r✱ ❲✳ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ❡t ❛❧✳✿ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❖P❆▲ ❥❡t ❝❤❛♠❜❡r✳ ◆✉❝❧✳ ■♥str✳ ▼❡t❤✳ ❆✱ ✸✶✹✿✼✹✕ ✽✺✱ ✶✾✾✷✳ ❬✼✽❪ ❇❧✉♠✱ ❲❛❧t❡r ❘✐❡❣❧❡r✱ ❲❡r♥❡r ✱ ✉♥❞ ❘♦❧❛♥❞✐✱ ▲✉✐❣✐ ✇✐t❤ ❉r✐❢t ❈❤❛♠❜❡rs✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ✶st ❆✉❢❧❛❣❡✱ ✶✾✾✸✳ ✿ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ✷✶✵ ❬✼✾❪ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r✈❡r③❡✐❝❤♥✐s ◆❡✉❜❡rt✱ ❙❡❜❛st✐❛♥ ✿ ❆ ●❊▼✲❜❛s❡❞ ❚P❈ ❢♦r P❆◆❉❆ ✲ ❉❡t❡❝t♦r ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ Pr♦t♦t②♣❡ ❉❡s✐❣♥✳ ❉✐♣❧♦♠❛r❜❡✐t✱ ❚❡❝❤♥✳ ❯♥✐✈✳ ▼ü♥❝❤❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✽✵❪ ▲♦t③❡✱ ❙✈❡♥ ✿ ■♦♥ ❇❛❝❦❞r✐❢t ▼✐♥✐♠✐s❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ●❊▼✲❇❛s❡❞ ❚P❈ ❘❡❛❞♦✉t✳ ❉✐s✲ s❡rt❛t✐♦♥✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤✲❲❡st♣❤ä❧✐s❝❤❡ ❚❡❝❤♥✐s❝❤❡ ❍♦❝❤s❝❤✉❧❡ ❆❛❝❤❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❬✽✶❪ ❲❡✐t③❡❧✱ ◗✉✐r✐♥ ✿ Pr❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ▼❡s♦♥ ❙♣❡❝tr♦s❝♦♣②✿ ❉✐✛r❛❝t✐✈❡ Pr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛t ❈❖▼P❆❙❙ ❛♥❞ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ●❊▼✲❜❛s❡❞ ❚P❈ ❢♦r P❆◆❉❆✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥✱ ❚❡❝❤♥✳ ❯♥✐✈✳ ▼ü♥❝❤❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❬✽✷❪ ❬✽✸❪ ●r✉♣❡♥✱ ❈✳ ❚❡✐❧❝❤❡♥❞❡t❡❦t♦r❡♥ ❇❛❝❤♠❛♥♥✱ ❙✳ ❆✳ ❇r❡ss❛♥ ❑❡t③❡r✱ ❇✳ ❉❡✉t❡❧✱ ▼✳ ❘♦♣❡❧❡✇s❦✐✱ ▲✳ ❙❛✉❧✐✱ ❋✳ ❇♦♥❞❛r✱ ❆✳❊✳ ❇✉③✉❧✉ts❦♦✈✱ ❆✳❋✳ ❙❤❡❦❤t♠❛♥✱ ▲✳■✳ ❙♦❦♦❧♦✈✱ ❆✳ ❚❛t❛r✐♥♦✈✱ ❆✳❆✳ ❱❛s✐❧❡✈✱ ❆✳ ❑❛♣♣❧❡r✱ ❙✳ ❙❝❤✉❧t❡✱ ❊✳❈✳ P❡r❢♦r✲ ✿ ✳ ❇■✲❲✐ss✳✲❱❡r❧❛❣✱ ✶st ❆✉❢❧❛❣❡✱ ✶✾✾✸✳ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✉♥❞ ✿ ♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ●❊▼ ❞❡t❡❝t♦rs ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤ ✐♥t❡♥s✐t② ♣❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❜❡❛♠s✳ ◆✉❝❧✳ ■♥str✉♠✳ ▼❡t❤♦❞s P❤②s✳ ❘❡s✳✱ ❆✱ ✹✼✵✭❈❊❘◆✲❊P✲✷✵✵✵✲✶✶✻✳ ✸✮✿✺✹✽✕✺✻✶✱ ❆✉❣ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❬✽✹❪ ❉ør❤❡✐♠✱ ❙✈❡rr❡ ✿ ❚r❛❝❦ ❘❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ❙❡t✉♣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❈❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ●❊▼✲❚P❈ ❛t ❊▲❙❆✳ ❉✐♣❧♦♠❛r❜❡✐t✱ ❚❡❝❤♥✳ ❯♥✐✈✳ ▼ü♥❝❤❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ❬✽✺❪ ❇❛✉♠✱ ●✳ ❑②②♥ärä✐♥❡♥✱ ❏✳ ✱ ✉♥❞ ❚r✐♣❡t✱ ❆✳ ✿ ❈❖▼P❆❙❙✿ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧ ❢♦r ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ♠✉♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦t♦♥ ❛♣♣❛r❛t✉s ❢♦r str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ s♣❡❝tr♦s❝♦♣②✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐s❝❤❡r ❇❡r✐❝❤t ❈❊❘◆✲❙P❙▲❈✲✾✻✲✶✹✳ ❙P❙▲❈✲P✲✷✾✼✱ ❈❊❘◆✱ ●❡♥❡✈❛✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ❬✽✻❪ ▼❛❧❧♦t✱ ●✳❑✳ ✿ ❚❤❡ ❈❖▼P❆❙❙ s♣❡❝tr♦♠❡t❡r ❛t ❈❊❘◆✳ ◆✉❝❧✳ ■♥str✳ ▼❡t❤✳ ❆✱ ✺✶✽✭✶✕✷✮✿✶✷✶✕✶✷✹✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬✽✼❪ ❱❛♥❞❡♥❜r♦✉❝❦❡✱ ▼❛①❡♥❝❡ ✿ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❈❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ▼✐❝r♦✲ P❛tt❡r♥ ●❛s ❉❡t❡❝t♦rs ❢♦r ■♥t❡♥s❡ ❇❡❛♠s ♦❢ ❍❛❞r♦♥s✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥✱ ❚❡❝❤♥✳ ❯♥✐✈✳ ▼ü♥❝❤❡♥✱ ✷✵✶✷✳ ❬✽✽❪ ❍✐❧❞❡♥❜r❛♥❞✱ ❑✳❉✳ ✿ ❖♥❡ ②❡❛r ♦❢ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ ✬❋❖P■✬✿ ❘❡s✉❧ts ❛♥❞ st❛t✉s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✹ ♣✐ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ❢❛❝✐❧✐t② ❛t ❙■❙ ✴ ❊❙❘✳ ●❙■ ◆❛❝❤r✳✱ ✾✶✲✵✷✿✻✕✶✻✱ ▼❛r ✶✾✾✷✳ ❬✽✾❪ ❍❛rt♠❛♥♥✱ ❖❧❛❢ ◆✳ ✿ ❚❤❡ ❋❖P■ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ❛t ●❙■✲❙■❙✳ ❞❡/♣✉❜//❝♦♥❢/♦❧❛❢❴♦❡♣❣✷✵✶✵.♣❞❢✳ ❤tt♣✿//✇✇✇✲❢♦♣✐.❣s✐ Pr❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ ✻✵t❤ ❆♥♥✉❛❧ ▼❡❡t✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆✉str✐❛♥ P❤②s✐❝❛❧ ❙♦❝✐❡t②❀ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ❙❛❧③❜✉r❣✱ ❆✉str✐❛✱ s❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✶✵t❤✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❬✾✵❪ ❘②✉✱ ▼✳❙✳ ❍♦♥❣✱ ❇✳ ❑❛♥❣✱ ❚✳■✳ ✱ ✱ ✉♥❞ ❋❖P■ ❑♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ✿ ❋❖P■ ❉❡t❡❝t♦r ❢♦r ❍❡❛✈②✲✐♦♥ ❈♦❧❧✐s✐♦♥ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ❛t ❙■❙✴●❙■✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑♦r❡❛♥ P❤②s✐❝❛❧ ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✺✾✭✷✮✿✶✻✵✺✕✶✻✵✽✱ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❬✾✶❪ ❙❝❤♠✐t③✱ ❘♦♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✿ ❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ●❊▼✲❚P❈ ♣r♦t♦t②♣❡ ✇✐t❤ 83m ❑r✳ ❏■◆❙❚✱ ✷✵✶✹✳ ❬✾✷❪ ❉②❞❛❦✱ ❋✳ ✿ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❍❆❘P ❚P❈ ❦r②♣t♦♥ ❞❛t❛✳ ❍❆❘P ♠❡♠♦✱ ✵✹✲✶✵✸✱ ❆♣r ✷✵✵✹✳ ✶✵ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬✾✸❪ ❑♦❝❤✱ ❍✳ ❆♠s❧❡r✱ ❈✳ ❆❦❡r✱ ❊✳ ✱ ✱ ✉♥❞ ❆r♠str♦♥❣✱ ❚✳ ✿ Pr♦♣♦s❛❧✿ t❤❡ ❝r②st❛❧ ❜❛rr❡❧✳ ♦❛✐✿❝❞s✳❝❡r♥✳❝❤✿✼✷✺✺✵✼✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐s❝❤❡r ❇❡r✐❝❤t ❈❊❘◆✲P❙❈❈✲✽✺✲✺✻✳ P❙❈❈✲P✲ ✾✵✱ ❈❊❘◆✱ ●❡♥❢✱ ❙❝❤✇❡✐③✱ ✶✾✽✺✳ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r✈❡r③❡✐❝❤♥✐s ❬✾✹❪ ❍♦❜❧✱ ❆✳ ✉♥❞ ✷✶✶ ▼❡②❡r✲❘❡✉♠❡rs✱ ▼✳ ✿ ❇❛rr❡❧✲▼❛❣♥❡t✲❙t✉❞✐❡✱ Pr♦❥❡❝t✲◆♦✳ ✶✽✶✷✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐s❝❤❡r ❇❡r✐❝❤t ✶✽✶✷✲❇P✲✼✹✸✷✲✵✱ ❆❈❈❊▲ ✭❥❡t③t ❇r✉❦❡r ❊❙❚✮✱ ❇❡r❣✐s❝❤ ●❧❛❞✲ ❜❛❝❤✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ❬✾✺❪ ❬✾✻❪ ❈❙❚ ✲ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✳ ❤tt♣✿//✇✇✇.❝st.❝♦♠/✳ ❇✐❛❣✐✱ ❙t❡♣❤❡♥ ❋r❛♥❝✐s ✿ ❆ ♠✉❧t✐t❡r♠ ❇♦❧t③♠❛♥♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❞r✐❢t ✈❡❧♦❝✐t②✱ ❞✐❢✲ ❢✉s✐♦♥✱ ❣❛✐♥ ❛♥❞ ♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝✲✜❡❧❞ ❡✛❡❝ts ✐♥ ❆r❣♦♥✲▼❡t❤❛♥❡✲✇❛t❡r✲✈❛♣♦✉r ♠✐①t✉r❡s✳ ◆✉❝❧✳ ■♥str✳ ▼❡t❤✳ ❆✱ ✷✽✸✿✼✶✻✕✼✷✷✱ ✶✾✽✾✳ ❬✾✼❪ ❇ö❤♠❡r✱ ❋❡❧✐① ❱❛❧❡♥t✐♥ ✿ ❆ ❍✐❣❤✲❘❛t❡ ❚✐♠❡ Pr♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❈❤❛♠❜❡r ❢♦r P❆◆❉❆ ✲ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❙t✉❞✐❡s ❛♥❞ ●P❯✲❜❛s❡❞ ❚r❛❝❦ ❋✐♥❞✐♥❣✳ ❉✐♣❧♦♠❛r❜❡✐t✱ ❚❡❝❤♥✳ ❯♥✐✈✳ ▼ü♥❝❤❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ❬✾✽❪ ❇✐❛❣✐✱ ❙t❡♣❤❡♥ ❋r❛♥❝✐s ✿ ▼❆●❇❖▲❚❩ ❚r❛♥s♣♦rt ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦✲ ❣r❛♠ ✭❉❛t❛ ❜❛s❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝r♦ss s❡❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❣❛s❡s ✸✵ ❣❛s❡s✮✳ ◆✉❝❧✳ ■♥str✳ ▼❡t❤✳ ❆✱ ✷✼✸✿✶✕✷✱ ✶✾✽✽✳ ❬✾✾❪ ❇✐❛❣✐✱ ❙t❡♣❤❡♥ ❋r❛♥❝✐s ✿ ▼❆●❇❖▲❚❩✱ Pr♦❣r❛♠ t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ❣❛s tr❛♥s♣♦rt ♣❛✲ r❛♠❡t❡rs✳ ❈❊❘◆✱ ❤tt♣✿//r❡❢.✇❡❜.❝❡r♥.❝❤/r❡❢/❈❊❘◆/❈◆▲/✷✵✵✵/✵✵✶/♠❛❣❜♦❧t③✳ ❱❡rs✐♦♥ ✽✳✾✳✼✳ ❬✶✵✵❪ ❱❡❡♥❤♦❢✱ ❘♦❜ ✿ ❈❤♦♦s✐♥❣ ❛ ❣❛s ♠✐①t✉r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❆▲■❈❊ ❚P❈✳ ❆▲■❈❊✲■◆❚✲✷✵✵✸✲ ✷✾✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❬✶✵✶❪ ❙❤❛r♠❛✱ ❆r❝❤❛♥❛ ✿ Pr♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦❢ s♦♠❡ ❣❛s ♠✐①t✉r❡s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ tr❛❝❦✐♥❣ ❞❡t❡❝t♦rs✳ ✶✾✾✽✳ ❬✶✵✷❪ ❇r❡③✐♥❛✱ ❈❤r✐st♦♣❤ ✿ ❆ ●❊▼ ❜❛s❡❞ ❚✐♠❡ Pr♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❈❤❛♠❜❡r ✇✐t❤ ♣✐①❡❧ r❡❛❞✲ ♦✉t✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧❤❡❧♠s✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✶✸✳ ❬✶✵✸❪ ❲✲■❊✲◆❊✲❘ ❬✶✵✹❪ ✐s❡❣ ❙♣❡③✐❛❧❡❧❡❦tr♦♥✐❦ ●♠❜❍✿ ✿ ▼P❖❉ ❍❱✫▲❱ P♦✇❡r ❙✉♣♣❧② ❙②st❡♠ ✲ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ▼❛♥✉❛❧✱ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❍✐❣❤ ❱♦❧t❛❣❡ P♦✇❡r ❙✉♣♣❧② ❊❍❙ ✽✵ ✈✈① ✲ ❖♣❡✲ r❛t♦r✬s ♠❛♥✉❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❬✶✵✺❪ ✐s❡❣ ❙♣❡③✐❛❧❡❧❡❦tr♦♥✐❦ ●♠❜❍✳ ❤tt♣✿//✇✇✇.✐s❡❣✲❤✈.❝♦♠/❞❡/✳ ❬✶✵✻❪ ❲✲■❊✲◆❊✲❘✱ P❧❡✐♥ ✫ ❇❛✉s ●♠❜❍ ❬✶✵✼❪ ✐s❡❣ ❙♣❡③✐❛❧❡❧❡❦tr♦♥✐❦ ●♠❜❍✿ ✳ ❤tt♣✿//✇✇✇.✇✐❡♥❡r✲❞.❞❡/✳ ✶✾✏✴✶❍❊ ✲ ❍♦❝❤s♣❛♥♥✉♥❣s✲◆❡t③❣❡rät ❞❡r ❇❛✉✲ r❡✐❤❡ ❍P❙ ✸✵✵ ❲ ✉♥❞ ✽✵✵ ❲ ✲ ❇❡❞✐❡♥✉♥❣s❛♥❧❡✐t✉♥❣✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❬✶✵✽❪ ❙②st❡♠❞❡s✐❣♥s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ◆■ ▲❛❜❱■❊❲ ❬✶✵✾❪ ❍✉❜❡r✿ ❬✶✶✵❪ ▲❛♥tr♦♥✐①✿ ❬✶✶✶❪ ✳ ❤tt♣✿//✇✇✇.♥✐.❝♦♠/❧❛❜✈✐❡✇/❞/✳ ❇❡tr✐❡❜s❛♥❧❡✐t✉♥❣ ✲ ❯♥✐❝❤✐❧❧❡r ✐♠ ❚♦✇❡r❣❡❤ä✉s❡ ♠✐t ❈❈✲P✐❧♦t✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ❳P♦rt✴❳❈❤✐♣ ❙♦❈ ✲ ❯s❡r ●✉✐❞❡✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ▼ü❧❧♥❡r✱ P❤✐❧✐♣♣ ✿ ●❊▼ ❜❛s❡❞ ❚✐♠❡ Pr♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❈❤❛♠❜❡r ♣r♦t♦t②♣❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ P❆◆✲ ❉❆ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ✲ ●❛s s②st❡♠ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ tr❛❝❦✐♥❣ st✉❞✐❡s✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛✲ t✐♦♥✱ ❙t❡❢❛♥✲▼❡②❡r✲■♥st✐t✉t ❞❡r ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❲✐❡♥✱ ✷✵✶✷✳ ❬✶✶✷❪ ❙❡♥s✐r✐♦♥ ❆●✿ ❬✶✶✸❪ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❙♣❡❝✐❛❧t✐❡s✿ ♥✉❛❧✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❆❙❋✶✹✵✵ ❇✐❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ▼❛ss ❋❧♦✇ ▼❡t❡r ✲ ▼❛♥✉❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ▼✺✶✵✵ ❍❡❛✈② ■♥❞✉str✐❛❧ Pr❡ss✉r❡ ❚r❛♥s❞✉❝❡r ✲ ▼❛✲ ✷✶✷ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r✈❡r③❡✐❝❤♥✐s ❬✶✶✹❪ P♦❧❧✐♥ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝ ●♠❜❍✿ ❬✶✶✺❪ ❙✐❡♠❡♥s✿ ❆❱❘✲◆❊❚✲■❖✲❇♦❛r❞ ✲ ❍❛♥❞❜✉❝❤✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❙■▼❆❚■❈ ❆✉t♦♠❛t✐s✐❡r✉♥❣ss②st❡♠❡ ❙✼✲✸✵✵✱ ❊❚ ✷✵✵▼ ❊①✲ P❡r✐♣❤❡r✐❡✲ ❜❛✉❣r✉♣♣❡♥ ●❡rät❡❤❛♥❞❜✉❝❤✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ❬✶✶✻❪ ▼❑❙ ■♥str✉♠❡♥ts✿ ▼✉❧t✐ ❈❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❋❧♦✇ ❘❛t✐♦✴Pr❡ss✉r❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r ❚②♣❡ ✻✹✼❇ ✲ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❛♥✉❛❧✱ ✶✾✾✾✳ ❬✶✶✼❪ ❚❡❧❡❞②♥❡ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ ■♥str✉♠❡♥ts✿ ❖P❊❘❆❚■◆● ■◆❙❚❘❯❈❚■❖◆❙ ❋❖❘ ▼♦✲ ❞❡❧ ✸✶✾✵ ❙❡r✐❡s ❚r❛❝❡ ❖①②❣❡♥ ❆♥❛❧②③❡r✱ ✶✾✾✾✳ ❬✶✶✽❪ ❆✉str❡❣❡s✐❧♦✱ ❆✳ ✿ ❑♦♠♣❛❦t❡s ●❛s♠❡sss②st❡♠ ❢ür ❚P❈✲Pr♦t♦t②♣ ✈♦♥ P❆◆❉❆✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐s❝❤❡r ❇❡r✐❝❤t✱ ▼ü♥❝❤❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❬✶✶✾❪ ❚❤✐❡❧✱ ❆♥♥✐❦❛ ✿ ❆✉❢❜❛✉ ❡✐♥❡r ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r❣❡st❡✉❡rt❡♥ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥tü❜❡r✇❛❝❤✉♥❣ ❢ür ❞❡♥ ❈r②st❛❧✲❇❛rr❡❧✲❆✉❢❜❛✉ ❛♥ ❊▲❙❆✳ ❉✐♣❧♦♠❛r❜❡✐t✱ ❘❤❡✐♥✐s❝❤❡ ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤✲❲✐❧✲ ❤❡❧♠s✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇♦♥♥✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❬✶✷✵❪ P♦st❣r❡❙◗▲ ❬✶✷✶❪ ❍❛♠❡❣ ■♥str✉♠❡♥ts ●♠❜❍✿ ✳ ❤tt♣✿//✇✇✇.♣♦st❣r❡sq❧.♦r❣/✳ P♦✇❡rs✉♣♣❧② ❍▼P ✹✵✸✵ ✴ ❍▼P ✹✵✹✵ ✲ ❍❛♥❞❜✉❝❤ ✴ ▼❛♥✉❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ❬✶✷✷❪ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲❲❡❜s❡✐t❡ ❞❡r ●❊▼✲❚P❈ ❤tt♣✿//❞❧❞❝s✵✶.❣s✐.❞❡/s❧♦✇❝♦♥ ❙❧♦✇❈♦♥tr♦❧✲❲❡❜s❡✐t❡ ❞❡r ❚❡st❇❡♥❝❤ ✳ ✳ tr♦❧/✳ ❬✶✷✸❪ ❡/s❧♦✇❝♦♥tr♦❧/✳ ❬✶✷✹❪ ❬✶✷✺❪ ❤tt♣✿//t❜s❧♦✇.❝❜.✉♥✐✲❜♦♥♥.❞ ◗t Pr♦❥❡❝t ❍♦st✐♥❣ ◗t Pr♦❥❡❝t ❤tt♣✿//qt✲♣r♦❥❡❝t.♦r❣/ ●◆❯ ●◆❯ ▲❡ss❡r ●❡♥❡r❛❧ P✉❜❧✐❝ ▲✐❝❡♥s❡ ✭▲●P▲✮ ❤tt♣✿//✇✇✇.❣♥✉.♦r❣/❧✐❝❡♥ ✿ ✳ ✳ ✿ ✳ s❡s/❧❣♣❧✲✸.✵.❞❡.❤t♠❧✳ ❬✶✷✻❪ ▼✉s❛✱ ▲✳ ✉♥❞ ❙❛❢❛r✐❦✱ ❑✳ ✿ ▲❡tt❡r ♦❢ ■♥t❡♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❯♣❣r❛❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆▲■❈❊ ❊①♣❡r✐✲ ♠❡♥t✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐s❝❤❡r ❇❡r✐❝❤t ❈❊❘◆✲▲❍❈❈✲✷✵✶✷✲✵✶✷✳ ▲❍❈❈✲■✲✵✷✷✱ ❈❊❘◆✱ ●❡♥❡✈❛✱ ❆✉❣ ✷✵✶✷✳ ❬✶✷✼❪ ❑❡t③❡r✱ ❇❡r♥❤❛r❞ ❢ür ❞✐❡ ●❊▼✲❚P❈ ❆▲■❈❊ ❚P❈ ❑♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛✲ t✐♦♥❡♥ ❆ t✐♠❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❝❤❛♠❜❡r ❢♦r ❤✐❣❤✲r❛t❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts✿ ❚♦✇❛r❞s ❛♥ ✉♣✲ ✱ ✉♥❞ ✿ ❣r❛❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ④❆▲■❈❊⑥ ④❚P❈⑥✳ ◆✉❝❧✳ ■♥str✳ ▼❡t❤✳ ❆✱ ✼✸✷✭✵✮✿✷✸✼✕✷✹✵✱ ✷✵✶✸✳ ❁❝❡✿t✐t❧❡❃❱✐❡♥♥❛ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ■♥str✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✷✵✶✸❁✴❝❡✿t✐t❧❡❃✳ ❬✶✷✽❪ ❬✶✷✾❪ ❘❡♥❢♦r❞t✱ ❘❛✐♥❡r ♣❡rs✳ ❑♦♠♠✳ ❆❧✲❚✉r❛♥②✱ ▼✳ ❇❡rt✐♥✐✱ ❉✳ ❑❛r❛❜♦✇✐❝③✱ ❘✳ ❑r❡s❛♥✱ ❉✳ ▼❛❧③❛❝❤❡r✱ P✳ ❙t♦❝❦♠❛♥♥s✱ ❚✳ ❯❤❧✐❣✱ ❋✳ ❚❤❡ ❋❛✐r❘♦♦t ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✿ ✱ ✷✵✶✸✳ ✱ ✱ ✱ ✉♥❞ ✱ ✿ ✱ ✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P❤②✲ s✐❝s✿ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❙❡r✐❡s✱ ✸✾✻✭✷✮✿✵✷✷✵✵✶✱ ✷✵✶✷✳ ❬✶✸✵❪ ❇r✉♥✱ ❘❡♥❡ ✉♥❞ ❘❛❞❡♠❛❦❡rs✱ ❋♦♥s ✿ ❘❖❖❚ ✲ ❆♥ ♦❜❥❡❝t ♦r✐❡♥t❛t❡❞ ❞❛t❛ ❛♥❛✲ ❧②s✐s ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✳ ◆✉❝❧✳ ■♥str✳ ▼❡t❤✳ ❆✱ ✸✽✾✭✶✕✷✮✿✽✶✕✽✻✱ ✶✾✾✼✳ ❬✶✸✶❪ ❇ö❤♠❡r✱ ❋❡❧✐① ❱❛❧❡♥t✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✿ ❋✐rst ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❞❊✴❞① ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❧❛r❣❡ ●❊▼✲ ❜❛s❡❞ ❚P❈✳ ◆✉❝❧✳ ■♥str✳ ▼❡t❤✳ ❆✱ ✷✵✶✸✳ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r✈❡r③❡✐❝❤♥✐s ❬✶✸✷❪ ✷✶✸ ❘❛✉❝❤✱ ❏♦❤❛♥♥❡s ✿ P❛tt❡r♥ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ❤✐❣❤✲r❛t❡ ●❊▼✲❚P❈✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P❤②s✐❝s✿ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❙❡r✐❡s✱ ✸✾✻✭✷✮✿✵✷✷✵✹✷✱ ✷✵✶✷✳ ❬✶✸✸❪ ❍ö♣♣♥❡r✱ ❈✳ ◆❡✉❜❡rt✱ ❙✳ ❑❡t③❡r✱ ❇✳ ✱ ✱ ✉♥❞ P❛✉❧✱ ❙✳ ♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦r ❚r❛❝❦ ❋✐tt✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❈♦♠♣❧❡① ❉❡t❡❝t♦r ❙②st❡♠s✳ ✻✷✵✿✺✶✽✕✺✷✺✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ✿ ❆ ◆♦✈❡❧ ●❡♥❡r✐❝ ❋r❛✲ ◆✉❝❧✳ ■♥str✳ ▼❡t❤✳ ❆✱ ✷✶✹ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r✈❡r③❡✐❝❤♥✐s ❉❛♥❦s❛❣✉♥❣ ❊✐♥❡ s♦❧❝❤❡ ❆r❜❡✐t ✐st ❛❧❧❡✐♥❡ ♥✐❝❤t ③✉ s❝❤❛✛❡♥✱ ❞❛❤❡r ♠ö❝❤t❡ ✐❝❤ ♠✐❝❤ ❛❜s❝❤❧✐❡ÿ❡♥❞ ❜❡✐ ❛❧❧❡♥ ❞❛♥❦❡♥✱ ❞✐❡ ♠✐r ❜❡✐♠ ●❡❧✐♥❣❡♥ ❞✐❡s❡r ❉♦❦t♦r❛r❜❡✐t ❣❡❤♦❧❢❡♥ ❤❛❜❡♥✳ ●❛♥③ ❤❡r③❧✐❝❤ ❞❛♥❦❡ ✐❝❤ ♠❡✐♥❡♠ ❈❤❡❢✱ Pr♦❢✳ ❘❡✐♥❤❛r❞ ❇❡❝❦✳ ❊r ❤❛t ♠✐r ✐♥ ❞❡♥ ❧❡t③t❡♥ ❏❛❤r❡♥ ❞✐❡ ▼ö❣❧✐❝❤❦❡✐t ❣❡❣❡❜❡♥✱ ❛♥ ❞✐❡s❡♠ s♣❛♥♥❡♥❞❡♥ ✉♥❞ ✈✐❡❧❢ä❧t✐❣❡♥ ❚❤❡♠❛ ③✉ ❛r✲ ❜❡✐t❡♥ ✉♥❞ ❞❛❞✉r❝❤ ♥❡✉❡ ❊r❢❛❤r✉♥❣❡♥ ✉♥❞ ❊✐♥❜❧✐❝❦❡ ③✉ ❜❡❦♦♠♠❡♥✳ Pr♦❢✳ ❑❧❛✉s ❉❡s❝❤ ❞❛♥❦❡ ✐❝❤ s❡❤r ❢ür ❞✐❡ Ü❜❡r♥❛❤♠❡ ❞❡s ❩✇❡✐t❣✉t❛❝❤t❡♥s✱ ❡❜❡♥s♦ ✇✐❡ Pr♦❢✳ ❯❧❢✲●✳ ▼❡✐ÿ♥❡r ✉♥❞ P❉ ❉r✳✲■♥❣✳ ❆①❡❧ ◆♦t❤♥❛❣❡❧ ❛❧s ✇❡✐t❡r❡♥ ▼✐t❣❧✐❡❞❡r♥ ♠❡✐♥❡r Pr♦♠♦t✐♦♥s❦♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥✳ ❊✐♥ ❣r♦ÿ❡r ❉❛♥❦ ❣❡❤t ❛♥ ❇❡r♥❤❛r❞ ❑❡t③❡r✱ ❙✈❡rr❡ ❉÷r❤❡✐♠✱ ▼❛rt✐♥ ❇❡r❣❡r✱ ❋❡❧✐① ❇ö❤✲ ♠❡r ✉♥❞ ❞✐❡ ❛♥❞❡r❡♥ ❑♦❧❧❡❣❡♥ ❞❡r ●❊▼✲❚P❈✲❑♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ❢ürs ❋ör❞❡r♥ ✉♥❞ ❋♦r❞❡r♥✱ s❝❤❧❛✢♦s❡ ◆ä❝❤t❡✱ ❢r✉str✐❡r❡♥❞❡ ❚❛❣❡ ✉♥❞ tr♦t③❞❡♠ ❥❡❞❡r ▼❡♥❣❡ ❙♣❛ÿ ✐♥ ●❡♥❢✱ ❉❛r♠✲ st❛❞t ✉♥❞ ❇♦♥♥✳ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ▲❛♥❣✱ ❉✐❡t❡r ❲❛❧t❤❡r✱ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❋✉♥❦❡✱ ❍❛♥s✲●❡♦r❣ ❩❛✉♥✐❝❦ ✉♥❞ ❇❡r♥❞ ❱♦ss ❤❛❜❡♥ ♠✐r ❜❡✐ ③❛❤❧r❡✐❝❤❡♥ t❡❝❤♥✐s❝❤❡♥ ❋r❛❣❡♥ ❤❡❧❢❡♥ ❦ö♥♥❡♥ ✉♥❞ ❤❛tt❡♥ ✐♠♠❡r ❡✐♥ ♦❢✲ ❢❡♥❡s ❖❤r ❢ür ♠✐❝❤✳ ▼❡✐♥❡♥ ❩✐♠♠❡r♥❛❝❤❜❛r♥ ❘♦♠❛♥ ❙❝❤♠✐t③ ✉♥❞ ▼❛rt✐♥ ❯r❜❛♥ ❞❛♥❦❡ ✐❝❤ s❡❤r ❢ür ❞✐❡ ❣❡✲ ♠❡✐♥s❛♠❡ ❩❡✐t ✉♥❞ ❞❛ss s✐❡ ♠✐❝❤ ✭✉♥❞ ❞✐❡ ❑❛✛❡❡♠❛s❝❤✐♥❡✮ s♦ ❧❛♥❣❡ ❡rtr❛❣❡♥ ❤❛❜❡♥✳ ❈❤r✐st♦♣❤ ❇r❡③✐♥❛✱ ❊r✐❝ ●✉t③ ✉♥❞ ▼❛♥✉❡❧❛ ●♦tts❝❤❛❧❧ ❜✐♥ ✐❝❤ s❡❤r ❞❛♥❦❜❛r ❢ür ❞✐❡ ✈❡r✲ ❣♦ss❡♥❡ r♦t❡ ❚✐♥t❡ ✉♥❞ ✐❤r❡ ❤✐❧❢r❡✐❝❤❡♥ ❇❡♠❡r❦✉♥❣❡♥ ✉♥❞ ❆♥r❡❣✉♥❣❡♥✳ ❉❡♥ ❑♦❧❧❡❣❡♥ ❞❡r ❆r❜❡✐ts❣r✉♣♣❡ ❇❡❝❦ ✴ ❚❤♦♠❛ ♠ö❝❤t❡ ✐❝❤ ❢ür ❞✐❡ ♥❡tt❡ ❆t♠♦s♣❤ä✲ r❡ ❞❛♥❦❡♥✱ ✐♥ ❞❡r ❞❛s ❆r❜❡✐t❡♥ ❛✉❝❤ ♥❛❝❤ ✈✐❡❧❡♥ ❏❛❤r❡♥ ♥♦❝❤ ❙♣❛ÿ ♠❛❝❤t❡ ✉♥❞ ♠❛♥ ❥❡❞❡r③❡✐t ❛✉❝❤ ü❜❡r ❚❤❡♠❡♥ ❛✉ÿ❡r❤❛❧❜ ❞❡r P❤②s✐❦ r❡❞❡♥ ❦❛♥♥✳ ❆✉❢ ❞✐❡ ❯♥t❡rstüt③✉♥❣ ♠❡✐♥❡r ❋❛♠✐❧✐❡ ✉♥❞ ❋r❡✉♥❞❡ ❦♦♥♥t❡ ✐❝❤ ♠✐❝❤ ✐♠♠❡r ✈❡r❧❛ss❡♥✱ ❡❜❡♥s♦ ✇✐❡ ❛✉❢ ❞❡r❡♥ ❆❜❧❡♥❦✉♥❣ ③✉r r✐❝❤t✐❣❡♥ ❩❡✐t✳ ▼❡✐♥ ❣röÿt❡r ❉❛♥❦ ❣❡❤t ❛♥ ♠❡✐♥❡ ❋r❛✉ ❈❤r✐st✐♥❛✿ ❋ür ❡✐♥❢❛❝❤ ❆❧❧❡s✱ ✈♦r ❛❧❧❡♠ ❛❜❡r ❢ür ✐❤r❡♥ ●❧❛✉❜❡♥ ❛♥ ♠✐❝❤ ✉♥❞ ✐❤r❡ ●❡❞✉❧❞✳ ✷✶✻ [...]... ✇❡r❞❡♥✳ ■♥ ❩❡✐t♣r♦❥❡❦t✐♦♥s❦❛♠♠❡r♥✱ ✇✐❡ s✐❡ ✐♥ ♠❡❤r❡r❡♥ ❣r♦ÿ❡♥ ❊①✲ ❑❛♣✐t❡❧ ✷✳ ❊✐♥❡ ❩❡✐t♣r♦❥❡❦t✐♦♥s❦❛♠♠❡r ❢ür ❞❛s ❈❇❊▲❙❆✴❚❆P❙✲❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t Driftkathode Gasverstärkung Driftvolumen D t Ausleseebene ✷✹ Y Z Teilchenspur X Feldkäfig und Spannungsteiler E ❆❜❜✐❧❞✉♥❣ ✷✳✷✿ ❆✉❢❜❛✉ ✉♥❞ ❋✉♥❦t✐♦♥s♣r✐♥③✐♣ ❡✐♥❡r ❚P❈✳ ♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❡♥✱ ❜❡✐s♣✐❡❧s✇❡✐s❡ ◆❆✹✾ ❬✻✸❪✱ ❙❚❆❘ ❬✻✹❪ ♦❞❡r ❆▲■❈❊ ❬✻✺✱ ✻✻❪✱ ✐♠ ❊✐♥s❛t③ s✐♥❞✱ ✇✐r❞ ❞✐❡s❡ ❱❡rstär❦✉♥❣ ... s rr r t trtsr ỹr s Prt Driftkathode Gasverstọrkung Driftvolumen D t Ausleseebene Y Z Teilchenspur X Feldkọfig und Spannungsteiler E tsr r P rt sss r st s r s rstọr r rtrrtr

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