Không đợc sử dụng so sánh hơn kém mà sử dụng so sánh bằng, khi so sánh phải xác định danh từ là đếm đợc hay không đếm đợc, vì đằng trớc chúng có many/much / half Ex: This encyclopedy
Trang 1COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
(SO SÁNH CỦA TÍNH TỪ VÀ TRẠNG TỪ)
I So sánh bằng ( Equal comparison)
1 Kh ă óng định: S1 + BE / V + AS + ADJ /ADV + AS + S2
2 Phủ định : S1 + BE / V NOT SO / AS + ADJ/ ADV + AS+ S2
Ex: This exercise is as difficult as that one
She cooks as well as her mother does
He isn’t so/ as intelligent as his brother
John doesn’t work so/ as hard as Mary
Tim drives as carefully as Peter does
Danh tõ còng cê thÓ ®îc dïng ®Ó so s¸nh trong tríng hîp nµy, nhng nªn nhí tríc khi so sanh ph¶i ®¶m b¶o r»ng danh tõ ®ê ph¶i cê c¸c tÝnh tõ t¬ng ®¬ng
S + V + the same + (noun) + as + noun/ pronoun
Ex: My house is as high as his.
My house is the same height as his.
The same as >< different from
Chó ý, trong tiÕng Anh (A-E), different than còng cê thÓ ®îc dïng nÕu sau chóng lµ mĩt
mÖnh ®Ò hoµn chØnh Tuy nhiªn tríng hîp nµy kh«ng phư biÕn vµ kh«ng ®a vµo c¸c bµi thi ng÷ ph¸p:
Ex: His appearance is different from what I have expected.
than I have expected.(A-E)
Danh tõ còng cê thÓ dïng ®Ó so s¸nh b»ng, nhng tríc khi so s¸nh ph¶i x¸c ®Þnh xem ®ê lµ danh tõ ®Õm ®îc hay kh«ng ®Õm ®îc, v× ®»ng tríc chóng cê mĩt sỉ ®Þnh ng÷ dïng víi 2 lo¹i danh tõ ®ê C«ng thøc:
Ex: He earns as much money as his father.
S + V + as + many/much/little/few + noun + as + noun/pronoun
Trang 2II So sánh hơn ( Comparative)
1 Với tính từ và trạng từ ngắn (có 1 âm tiết)
ADJ / ADV -ER
Ex: tall → taller fast → faster
large → larger hard → harder
* Chú ý:
+ Khi tinh từ có 1 âm tiết tận cùng bằng phụ âm, có nguyên âm đi trước ta phải gấp đôi phụ âm rồi mới thêm “ER”
Ex: hot hotter thin thinner
big bigger fat fatter
+ Khi tính từ có 1 âm tiết tận cùng bằng “y” có phụ âm đi trước đổi “y” thành “i” rồi thêm
“ER”, và tận cùng bằng “e” thì chỉ thêm “R” vào sau từ đó
Ex: dry drier ; large larger ; wide wider
+ Khi tinhs từ có 2 âm tiết tận cùng bằng “y”, “le”, “ow”, “er” thì được xem là tính từ ngắn Ex: happy happier ; gentle gentler ; narrow narrower ; clever cleverer
* MỘT SỐ DẠNG BẤT QUY TẮC:
Good → better well → better
Bad → worse badly→ worse
* So sânh về tính chất / hănh động cùa 2 người, 2 vật :
S + BE/ V + ADJ/ ADV + ER + THAN
Ex: Nam is taller than his sister
He works harder than his friend
*So s¸nh h¬n cê thÓ ®îc nhÍn m¹nh b»ng c¸ch cĩng thªm ‘much’ hoƯc ‘far’.
S + V + far/ much + Adj/ Adv + er + than + noun/ pronoun
eg Today is much hotter than yesterday.
2 Với tính từ / trạng từ dăi (có từ 2 đm tiết trở lín)
MORE + ADJ / ADV
Ex: beautiful → more beautiful quickly → more quickly
Careful → carefully dangerously → more dangerously
* So sânh về tính chất / hănh động cùa 2 người, 2 vật :
S + BE/ V + ADJ/ ADV + ER + THAN
Ex: Jane drives more carefully than Mary (does)
S1 + BE / V + ADJ / ADV –ER + THAN + S2
S1 + BE / V + MORE ADJ / ADV + THAN + S2
Trang 3John is more intelligent than Frank (is).
This chair is more comfortable than the other
He speaks English more fluently than I do
-NhÍn m¹nh : S1 + BE/ V + far/ much + Adj/ Adv -er + than + S2
S1 + BE/ V + far/much + more + Adj/Adv + than + S2
eg Hoa’s watch is much/ far more expensive than mine.
He reads much more rapidly than his brother.
Harry’s watch is far more expensive than mine
He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish.
*CHÚ Ý :So sânh kĩm hơn: S + BE/ V + less Adj/ Adv than + noun/ pronoun
eg My TV is less beautiful than yours.
He drives less carefully than I think.
III So sánh nhất ( superlative)
1 Với tính từ/ trạng từ ngắn
S + BE /V + THE + ADJ/ADV + EST + in ( danh tõ ®Õm ®îc sỉ Ýt) + of ( danh tõ ®Õm ®îc sỉ nhiÒu)
Ex: The Nile is the longest river in the world
She ran the fastest in this competition
2 Với tính từ và trạng từ dài:
S + BE /V +THE MOST + ADJ/ ADV + in ( danh tõ ®Õm ®îc sỉ Ýt)
+ of ( danh tõ ®Õm ®îc sỉ nhiÒu) Ex: This is the most interesting book
He speaks French the most fluently
Nga is the most inteligent of all the students
*Chú ý: Có những trường hợp giống như dạng so sánh hơn
Ex: hot the hottest ; large the largest ; happy the happiest
* MỘT SỐ DẠNG BẤT QUY TẮC:
Good / well→ the best
Bad/ badly → the worst
NOTE: Adj /Adv Comparative Superlative
- good/ well better the best
- bad/ badly worse the worst
- many/ much more the most
Trang 4- little less the least
- far farther the farthest(vÒ kho¶ng c¸ch)
further the furthest( vÒ thíi gian)
- near nearer the nearest(vÒ kho¶ng c¸ch)
the next( vÒ thø tù)
- late later the latest( vÒ thíi gian)
the last( vÒ thø tù)
- old older the oldest( vÒ tuưi t¸c)
elder the eldest( vÒ cÍp bỊc h¬n lµ tuưi t¸c)
IV So sánh kép ( Double comparatives) : Có 2 loại
1 So sánh đồng tiến : ( càng ngày càng , mỗi lúc một … ) → ch ỉ có 1 chủ từ
* Víi tÝnh tõ ng¾n: ADJ/ ADV + ER + AND + ADJ/ ADV + ER
Ex: The weather is hotter and hotter
Mr Brown drives faster and faster
The weather gets warmer and warmer
* Víi tÝnh tõ dµi: MORE AND MORE + ADJ/ ADV
Mrs White becomes more and more beautiful
He speaks more and more quickly
2 Cµng ngµy cµng Ýt , cµng ngµy cµng kÐm : LESS AND LESS + ADJ/ADV
eg He is less and less hard-working
3 So sánh lũy tiến (Cµng th× cµng )
* Víi tÝnh tõ ng¾n: THE + ADJ-ER + S+ V , THE + ADJ-ER + S + V
eg The darker it gets, the colder it is
* Víi tÝnh tõ dµi: THE MORE + ADJ , THE MORE ADJ
eg The more beautiful she is, the more miserable her husband is
The more difficult the lesson is, the harder we try
NOTE: NhiÒu khi hai vÕ kh«ng cïng mĩt lo¹i tÝnh tõ dµi hay ng¾n nhng cê thÓ sö dông lĨn lĩn
víi nhau.( hoƯc vÕ tríc tÝnh tõ, vÕ sau ®ĩng tõ hoƯc ngîc l¹i )
eg The more she smiles, the more graceful she is
Ex: The fatter they get, the more tired they feel
The larger the house is, the more expensive it is
The harder we study, the more easily we pass the exam
CHÚ Ý : Khi chỉ có môt vế có tính từ so sânh :
THE MORE + S + V , THE + ADJ -ER
THE MORE + ADJ + S + V
Ex: The more you study, the smarter you will become.
The more you learn, the more you forget.
Trang 5V So sánh đa bội
Tơng đơng cấu trúc tiếng Việt: gấp rỡi, gấp hai
Không đợc sử dụng so sánh hơn kém mà sử dụng so sánh bằng, khi so sánh phải xác định danh từ là đếm đợc hay không đếm đợc, vì đằng trớc chúng có many/much / half
Ex: This encyclopedy costs twice as much as the other one.
Ex:Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year
Ngữ pháp hiện đại ngày nay, đặc biệt là ngữ pháp Mỹ cho phép dùng so sánh hơn kém đến gấp 3 lần trở lên, nhng đối với gấp 2 hoặc 1/2 thì tuyệt đối không
Các lối nói: twice that many/twice that much = gấp đôi ngần ấy chỉ đợc dùng trong khẩu ngữ, không đợc dùng để viết
Ex: We have expected 80 people at that rally, but twice that many showned up (twice as many
as that number).
VI Cấu trúc No sooner than = Vừa mới thì đã
Chỉ dùng cho thời Quá khứ và thời Hiện tại, không dùng cho thời Tơng lai
No sooner đứng ở đầu một mệnh đề, theo sau nó là một trợ động từ đảo lên trớc chủ ngữ để
nhấn mạnh, than đứng ở đầu mệnh đề còn lại:
No sooner + auxiliary + S + V + than + S + V
Ex: No sooner had we started out for California than it started to rain (Past)
Một ví dụ ở thời hiện tại (will đợc lấy sang dùng cho hiện tại)
Ex: No sooner will he arrive than he want to leave.(Present)
Một cấu trúc tơng đơng cấu trúc này:
No sooner than = Hardly/Scarely when
Ex: Scarely had they felt in love each other when they got maried.
Lu ý: No longer = not anymore = không nữa, dùng theo cấu trúc:
S + no longer + Positive Verb
VII Những cách nói khác có tính cách so sánh.
a Other than : khác I want to read other novels than these.
b Rather than: hơn là We want to be poor rather than rich.
c Had better: nên You’d better stay at home than go fishing.
d Had rather hoặc Would rather: thích hơn We’d rather watch a film than read a book.
6 Danh từ cũng có thể đợc dùng trong so sánh:
S + V + as + many/ much/ little/ few + noun +as + noun/ pronoun.
hoặc S + V + more/ fewer/ less + noun + than + noun/ pronoun.
eg He earns as much money as his brother.
I have more books than she does.
Bội số + so sỏnh bằng
Trang 6EXERCISE 1: Completes the following sentences with comparatives or superlatives Use the words in brackets and add any other necessary words.
1 Sometimes I feel all of my friends are ( intelligent)……… I am, and yet, sometimes they tell me that they think I am ( smart)……… person … the class
2 Mercury is ( close)……… planet to the sun It moves around the sun
( fast)………any other planet in the solar system
3 One of ( popular) ………… ….holidays………Vietnam is New Year’s
4 In terms of area, (large) ……… state……… United states is Alaska, but it has one of ( small) ……… populations………….all the states
5 Nothing is ( important)……….good health Certainly, gaining health is much ( important)……… ……enjoying good health
6 You can trust her You will never meet a ( honest)……….person………she is
7 Both Bangkok and Venice are famous for their waterways, but Bangkok has ( extensive)
……….canals……….Venice has
8 I feel ( safe)……… …in a plane …………I do in a car
9 My friend has studied many languages He thinks Japanese is (difficult)……… all the languages he has studied
10 One of ( bad)……… nuclear accidents…… the world occurred at Chernobyl in 1986
11 Jakarta is ( large)……… city in Indonesia
12 Mountain climbing takes ( strength)……….walking on a level path
13 The (short)……… ….distance between two points is straight line
14 Cheese usually tastes ( good)……….…… at room temperature than it does just after you take it out of the refrigerator
15 I think learning a second language is ( hard)………learning chemistry or mathematics
Exercise 2: Choose the best answer
1 Her illness is……… serious than we first thought
2 It is… today than it was yesterday
3 You are driving too fast Can you drive…………?
A a bit slowly B a bit more slowly C slowly a bit D slowlier
4 Mary is one of………girls in our class
A the most intelligent B the more intelligent
C most intelligent D more intelligent
5 Tom is………….of the brothers
6 Is this ……….pen you’ve got
A the cheap B the cheapest C cheapest D cheaper
7 My job is boring I’d like to do something………
A interesting B most interesting C more interesting D intersrestingly
8 Mercedes is ………car of all
A the most expensive B the more expensive
C more expensive D the expensive
Trang 79 Your hair has……….colour as mine.
A the same B different C as same D as different
10 Do it as……… as you can
11 Tom and Peter are the same height
A Tom is as tall as Peter B Tom isn’t as tall as Peter C Tom and Peter are very tall
12 The air in the big city is more polluted than it is in the countryside
A The air in the countryside is fresh and clean
B The air both in the countryside and in the city are polluted
C The air in a big city isn’t as fresh and clean as the air in the countryside
14 Living in a dormitory isn’t as comfortable as living at home
A It’s more comfortable to live in a dormitory than at home
B It’s more comfortable to live at home than in a dormitory
C Living at home is less comfortable than living in s dormitory
15 Some school subjects interest me, but others don’t
A Some school subjects are as interesting as others
B Some school subjects aren’t as interesting as others
C All school subjects interest me
16 I think that no city is more beautiful than Paris
A I think Paris is the most beautiful city in the world
B I think Paris is as beautiful as other cities in the world
C I think Paris is less beautiful than other cities in the world
17 Can you understand words more easily than gestured?
A Do you find it difficult to understand gesture?
B Is it easy for you to understand gesture than words?
C Are you better at understanding words than gestures?
18 Home computers used to be much more expensive
A Home computers are more expensive than they used to be
B Home computers are much more expensive than they used to be
C home computers aren’t as expensive as they used to be
19.That’s the best meal I’ve ever eaten
A I’ve never eaten a good meal B I’ve never eaten a better meal
C I’ve never eaten the best meal
20 Sue don’t know as much as Italian than I do
A Sue knows more Italian than I do B Sue knows as much Italian than I do
C Sue knows as much Italian as I do,
EXERCISE II: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1 He studies his two brothers
a much better than b more better than c more good than d very better than
2 The worker was his boss expected, so he was offered a raise
a more hard-working b as hard-working than
c more hard - working than d more hard - working as
3 you study for the exams, you will do it
a The harder / the better b The more / the much
c The harder / the much d The more hard / the more good
4 My neighbor is driving me mad! It seems that it is at night he plays his music!
Trang 8a the less / the more loud b the less/ less
c the more / the more loudlier d the later/ the louder
5 Thanks to the progress of science and technology, our lives have become
a more and more good b better and better
c the more and more good d the more hard / the more good
6 The Sear Tower is building in Chicago
a taller b the more tall c the tallest d taller and taller
7 Petrol is it used to
a twice as expensive as b twice expensive more than
c twice more than expensive d more expensive than twice
8 Peter is John
a younger and more intelligent than b more young and intelligent than
c more intelligent and younger than d the more intelligent and younger than
9 San Diego is town in Southern in California
a more nice and nice b the nicer c the nicest d nicer and nicer
10 It gets when the winter is coming
a cold and cold b the coldest and coldest
c colder and colder d more and more cold
11 Robert does not have Peter does
12 The Mekong Delta is deltas in Vietnam
a the largest of the two b the more larger of the two
c one of the largest d one of the larger
13 As she did so, her parents became
a the angriest b the most angry c the more angry d angrier and angrier
14 People should eat and do to reduce the risk of heart disease
a less fat / more exercise b less and less fat / the more exercise
c the less fat / the more exercise d fatter/ more exercise
15 He spent a year in India and loves spicy food the food is, he likes it
a The hotter / the more and more b The hotter / the more
c The more and more hot / the more d The hottest / the most
16 Of course you can come to the party,
a the more and merrier b the more and the merrier
c the more and merrier d the more and more merrier
17 I feel I did yesterday
a much more tired than b many more tired than
c as many tired as d as more tired as
18 She is a spectator
a more an athlete than b more of an athlete than
c an athlete more than d an athlete of more than
19 His house is mine
a twice as big as b as twice big as c as two times big as d as big as twice
20 It gets to understand what professor has explained
a the more difficult b more difficult than
c difficult more and more d more and more difficult
21 You must drive slower in built up areas you drive in the city, it
Trang 9a The faster and faster/ the more b The faster/ the more probable
c The more and more fast / the more and more probable d The more fastly/ the probable
22 He finds Physics other science subjects
a far more difficult than b many more difficult than
c too much more difficult than d more much difficult than
23 he drank, he became
a More/ more violent b The most / the most violent
c The more/ the more violent d The less / less violent
24 Mary was of the two sisters
a the clever b as clever as c the cleverer d the cleverest
25 French is a language to learn than English is
a difficult b more difficult c most difficult d more and more difficult
26 The cuisine of France is
a more famous than that of England b famous than the cuisine of England
c more famous than which of England d as famous than that of England
27 Earning has always been the thing that pleases him most he
becomes, he is
a The more rich / the more happy b The richest / the happiest
c The richer / the happier d Richer and richer / happier and happier
28 The fast we finish,
a the sooner we can leave b we can leave sooner and sooner
c the sooner can we leave d we can leave the sooner
29 Of all athletes, Alex is
a the less qualified b the less and less qualified
c the more and more qualified d the least qualified
30 The climber was seventy miles in the wrong direction and got
a more panicked b the more panicked c more than panicked d more and more panicked
31 The more you pull on it, it gets
a the tightest b the tighter c the more tightest d the most tightest
32 Flower oils are of the ingredients used in making perfume
a among expensive b being most expensive
c among the most expensive d expensive
33 John doesn’t work his brother
a as hard as b as hardly as c more hardly than d hardlier than
34 live in Ho Chi Minh city than in the whole of the rest of the country
a As much as people b More people
35.The more money peter makes, the more his wife spends
a.Peter spends more money than his wife b.Peter and his wife both make money c.Peter spends the money his wife makes d.Peter’s wife keeps spending their money 36.The exam was much easier than he had expected
a The exam was much easier that he finished it all
b He did not find the exam as difficult as he had thought
c It’s possible for him to perform well on the exam
d He had expected that the exam was easy
37.Peter drives more carefully than Tom
a.Peter is a more careless driver than Tom b.Tom doesn’t drive as carefully as Peter c.Peter isn’t a more careful driver than Tom d.Tom driver less careful than Peter
Trang 1038.The book interested me more than the film.
a I thought the book was more interesting than the film
b In my opinion the film was not as interesred as the book
c I thought the book didn’t interest me as the film
d In my opinion the film bored me than the book
39 The South of England is drier tha the north
a There is not as much rain in the south of England as in the north
b There is not as dry in the north of England as in the south
c There is not so dry in the south of England as in the north
d There are more than in the north of England as in the south
40 They understand more than we do
A We don’t understand as much as they do B We don’t understand anything at all
C They understand everything inside out D They are very intelligent
41 It is much more difficult to speak English than to speak French
A To speak French is more difficult than to speak English
B To speak English is more difficult than to speak French
C Speaking English is more difficult than to speak French
D Speaking French is not as difficult as to speaking
English
42 My interview lasted longer than yours
A Your interview wasn’t as short as mine
B Y o ur interview was shorter than mine
C Your interview was as long as mine D Y our interview was longer than mine
43 When I was younger, I used to go climbing more than I do now
A Now I don’t go climbing anymore B I used to go climbing when I younger
C Now I don’t go climbing as much as I did D I don’t like going climbing any more
44 Your coffee is not as good as mine
A Mine is better than yours C My coffee is better than yours
B My coffee is better than your D My coffee is more good than yours
45 I can't cook as well as my mother does
A My mother can cook better than I can B My mother can't cook better than I can
C mother can cook well than I can D I can cook better than my mother
can
46 Murder is the most serious of all crimes
A Murder is very serious C Everyone is very afraid of murder
B No crime is more serious than murder D Murder is the dangerous crime
47 No one in this class is as tall as Richard
A Richard is the tallest in this class C Richard is the most tall in this class
B Richard is taller than in this class D Richard is more tall than in this class
49 This is the best music I have ever heard
A I’ve never heard better music than this B I’ve never heard such a good music as this
C I’ve never heard so good music as this D This is the first time I’ve heard this good music